University of Dundee

Distalising maxillary molars – how do you do it?

Almuzian, Mohammed; Alharbi, Fahad; McIntyre, Grant

Published in:
Orthodontic Update

Publication date:
2016

Document Version
Peer reviewed version

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Citation for published version (APA):

Almuzian, M., Alharbi, F., & McIntyre, G. (2016). Distalising maxillary molars – how do you do it? Orthodontic
Update, 9(2), 42-50.

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Orthodontics

Distalising maxillary molars – how do you do it?

Mohammad Almuzian BDS (Hons), MFDS RCS(Edin), MFD RCS(Irel), MJDF RCS(Eng),

MSc(Orth), MSc.HA (USA), DClinDent(Orth) (Glasg), MOrth RCS(Edin), MRCDS

Ortho(Aus), IMOrth RCS(Eng)/RCPS(Glasg). Honorary StR in Orthodontics, Glasgow Dental

Hospital & School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK

Fahad Alharbi Orthodontic PhD student, Dundee Dental Hospital & School, 2 Park Place,

Dundee, DD1 4HR, UK

Jill White BDS, FDSRCPS, MOrth RCS(Edin), PhD, FDS(Orth) RCPS(Glasg), Consultant

Orthodontist, Glasgow Dental Hospital & School, 378 Sauchiehall St., Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK

Grant McIntyre BDS, FDS RCPS(Glasg), MOrth RCS(Edin), PhD, FDS(ORTH)

RCPS(Glasg), FDS RCS (Edin), FHEA. Consultant / Honorary Reader in Orthodontics,

Dundee Dental Hospital & School, 2 Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HR, UK

Correspondence to:

Dr GT McIntyre, Dundee Dental Hospital and School, 2 Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HR, UK.

E-mail: [email protected]

1
Distalising maxillary molars – how do you do it?

Abstract

Maxillary molar distalisation has been used in orthodontics for over 100 years. This

technique has been used to increase space in the maxillary arch for relief of crowding;

correction of a Class II molar relationship and reduction of an increased overjet. A plethora

of appliances have been developed over the years with each having advantages and

disadvantages. This article details the indications and contra-indications for maxillary molar

distalisation and details the various appliances that are available to clinicians, presenting the

available evidence supporting the use of these various appliances.

Clinical relevance

Clinicians should be familiar with the clinical indications for maxillary molar distalisation, the

potential unwanted effects and how these can be minimised. Clinicians should also

appreciate how molar distalisation can be incorporated with other aspects of orthodontic

care.

Objective

After reading this paper, the primary care dentist and specialist orthodontist will have an in-

depth knowledge of the methods for distalising maxillary molars as part of orthodontic care.

2
Introduction

Angle used headgear appliances to apply traction to retract the maxillary molars in cases

with Class II division I malocclusion.1 Molar distalisation is the term that is now used for

lengthening the dental arch by posterior movement of the buccal segment teeth in order to

provide space in the maxillary arch. 2 Distal movement of the maxillary molars is mainly used

to correct a class II molar relationship,3,4 to reduce a mild-moderately increased overjet 5 or

for treatment of midline deviation problems.6 As an interceptive measure, maxillary molar

distalisation can also provide space for spontaneous eruption of ectopic canines. This has

been shown to have a success rate of 80% compared to 50% in a control group.7 In addition;

molar distalisation can be used to regain lost space caused by mesial migration of molars in

premolar crowding cases and to upright maxillary first permanent molars when they are

impacted against maxillary deciduous second molars.8,9

Limitations and contraindications

The indications for, and contraindications of, maxillary molar distalisation are summarised in

Table 1. Most distalisation techniques result in loss of anchorage in the form of incisor

proclination and are therefore contraindicated where the incisors are already proclined,

where the overjet is increased or for patients with a protrusive profile. Molar distalisation

should be avoided in cases with thin labial bone and gingival problems due to the risk of

gingival recession and bone dehiscence associated with any resultant incisor

proclination.3,10-12 Additionally, distalisation of the maxillary molars is not advised in patients

with a high Frankfort-mandibular plane angle or an anterior open bite. This is because the

majority of molar distalisation methods are extrusive in nature, resulting in a wedging effect

that may open the occlusion.11,13,14 Buccally flared maxillary molars are a further

contraindication to molar distalisation since a force applied buccally to the centre of rotation

may cause further buccal tipping. This is due to the cortical bone of these teeth being less

3
resistant than palatal bone which favours buccal tipping. This in turn, may compromise the

overbite and cause a backwards rotation of the mandible.15

Maxillary molar distalisation is not a solution to significant crowding (more than 6mm) since

the actual maximum amount of space gained is somewhat disappointing at between 2mm-

2.5mm.16 Maxillary molar distalisation should be used with caution in cases with posterior

crossbites since the distalised molars tend to occlude more palatally to the wider part of the

opposing mandibular dental arch. This can be counteracted by incorporating a midpalatal

screw in the distalisation appliance (see Pendulum appliance and nudger appliance sections

below), activated twice per week to create expansion in the molar region.17 Moreover, as the

maxillary molar is tipped distally, it has a tendency to rotate around the palatal roots Commented [A1]: I thought that this part should be clear and
specific.
depending on the site of applied force, buccal or palataldisto-palatally. This is thought to be

due to the nature of the buccal cortical bone surrounding these teeth; andIf the distalisation

technique include a palatally applied force, as in Pendulum appliance, placing approximately

30 degrees of rotation in the terminal legs of the Pendulum/Pend-X springs can compensate

for this.18 One important fact to consider is the depth of the palatal vault as intraoral molar

distalisation appliances that rely on palatal bone anchorage are not effective in cases with a

shallow palatal vault.19

Molar distalisation techniques

Contemporary maxillary molar distalisation techniques are shown in Figure 1.

Mini-Distalisation techniques

These include the use of brass wire ligatures, elastomeric separators and steel spring clip

separators which all act by disimpacting molars that are mesially impacted against an

adjacent tooth. Mini-distalising has been shown to assist partially erupted, tipped and

impacted molars to erupt normally.20 Other methods include the Halterman appliance

(Figure 2) 21
and the Humphrey appliance, the latter consisting of a Nance appliance

4
attached to the deciduous molars and a welded ‘S’ shaped wire spring bonded to the mesial

ridge of the ectopic molar using composite (Figure 3).

Macro-Distalisation techniques

Macro-distalisation methods have been investigated in a number of studies (Table 2). In

general, the macro-distalisation techniques can be subdivided into:

1. Compliance Appliances

One of the most well-known methods of maxillary molar distalisation is headgear. It is

attached via a facebow to molar bands on the maxillary first permanent molars in a high or

low pull direction depending on the overbite (figure 4). The force level used is 300-350gm

per side and if the appliance is worn 14 hours/day around 2-3mm of molar distalisation can

be achieved.16

Removable functional appliances can be considered as a compliance-dependent maxillary

molar distalisation technique. One of the effects of functional appliances is correction of the

molar relationship. This is achieved by a combination of skeletal changes (19% in the

maxillary base and 22% in the mandibular base) as well as dentoalveolar changes (26% in

the maxillary dentition and 33% in the mandibular dentition).22

A removable appliance (nudgerNudger appliance) can be used for maxillary molar

distalisation. Either palatal finger springs (0.6mm wire) or screws can be used as the active

component (Figure 5). A Southend clasp on the incisors and Adams clasps for the molars

(when a screw is used) and premolars (except the tooth to be moved) aid with appliance

fixation. An anterior or posterior biteplate may be required to disengage the occlusion and

permit uprighting of the tilted permanent molar (as well as reduction of an increased

overbite). Anchorage loss normally manifests as an increase in the overjet.23

A nudgerNudger appliance and headgear in combination can be used for maxillary molar

distalisation to achieve bodily tooth movement. The combination system consists of an

5
upper removable appliance (URA) with palatal finger springs (activation of 2-3mm) that act to

tip the crown of the molar distally. High-pull headgear worn at night, directed above the

centre of rotation of the molar, acts to distalise the root and hold the crown movement

achieved during the day-time wear of the URA.24 In addition, the headgear provides a

method of reinforcing the anchorage during subsequent retraction of the anterior teeth.

Ferro et al 25 showed an average of 3.6mm of molar distal movement and 0.7mm of

anchorage loss when a nudgerNudger appliance was used in conjunction with cervical

headgear.

Additionally, a removable appliance can also be used for en masse maxillary molar

distalisation. The standard design of an en masse removable appliance described by

McCallin consisted of Adams clasps for the maxillary first permanent molars and first

premolars, L-shaped rests over the first molars and headgear tubes soldered to the bridges

of the Adams clasps on the first permanent molars. A coffin spring to provide expansion is

embedded in the heat-cured acrylic baseplate.26 Other modifications of the en masse

appliance as described by Orton include replacement of the coffin spring by a midline

expansion screw to provide symmetrical bilateral expansion, double clasps for the upper first

permanent molars and second premolars, T-shaped occlusal rests and headgear tubes

soldered to the molar portion of the double clasps. Headgear delivering 300-350gm per side

should be used for 14 hours per day. Extraction of the upper second permanent molars may

be required. This method has been claimed to achieve 6mm distal movement of the

molars.27

Another compliance method for maxillary molar distalisation is the Molar Distalising Bow. It

consists of two components. First, a 0.8–1.5 mm thick thermoplastic splint is placed over the

maxillary model covering the dentition except the teeth to be moved and is extended into the

buccal sulcus for better support and retention. A distalising bow with open coil springs to

apply a force to the permanent molars is then fitted into the anterior slot that is embedded in

the splint.28

6
 Class II elastics with sliding jigs to distalise the buccal segments are the last in the list of the

most commonly used compliance-based maxillary molar distalisation techniques (Figure 6).

Unlike other compliance-dependent methods, elastics produce a pulling force rather than a

pushing force. Class II elastics are a mainstay of the original Tweed technique in which the

pulling forces from the Class II elastics are transmitted to a pushing force via the sliding jigs

to distalise the maxillary molars. A force level of 300-350 gm per side is required. In

addition the class II elastics help in the correction of the class II malocclusion by clockwise

rotation of the occlusal plane. It is possible to compensate for this in a growing patient but

sliding jigs and Class II elastics are not recommended for more than a period of 6 months in

adult patients due to unwanted occlusal effects.28,29

2. Non-compliance Class II correctors

These have been subdivided by McSherry30 into inter-maxillary and intra-maxillary

appliances:

a. Inter-maxillary appliances

These can be sub classified into:

I. Appliances producing pulling forces

The Severable Adjustable Intermaxillary Force (SAIF) springs (www.truforce.com) were

developed by Armstrong in 1957.31 They consist of long nickel-titanium closed coil springs

that are used to apply Class II inter-maxillary traction when fully bonded fixed appliances are

in place. The springs are available in two lengths; 7mm and 10mm.30 No long-term studies

have been published on the use of SAIF springs and they are not used widely because of

difficulties encountered in appliance management, including breakage, oral hygiene

difficulties and problems with patient comfort.

7
II. Appliances producing pushing forces

These include appliances that deliver a ‘pushing’ force vector, forcing the attachment points

of the appliance away from one another.31 In this category are the Class II bite correctors

which can be considered as a method of molar distalisation since there is thought to be a

‘headgear effect’ with these appliances.32 Class II bite correctors include:

1. The Herbst appliance (www.americanortho.com): a fixed functional appliance popularised by

Pancherz.33 It consists of a bilateral telescopic mechanism that protrudes the mandible with

compensatory maxillary molar distalisation. The sagittal correction of the molar relationship

results from a combination of skeletal changes (43%) and dentoalveolar changes (57%).32

Its action is similar to that of the Forsus springs (3M, Monrovia, California, USA) and

AdvanSync bite correctors (Ormco, California, USA) that are used in conjunction with a

trans-palatal arch (figure 6A 7A and B).

2. The Jasper Jumper (www.americanortho.com) consists of two vinyl coated auxiliary springs

attached to the maxillary first permanent molars and to the mandibular archwire anteriorly,

with the springs resting in the buccal sulcus. The springs hold the mandible in a protruded

position. The majority of the action is reported to be dental, rather than skeletal change.34

3. The adjustable bite corrector is similar to the Herbst appliance and to the Jasper Jumper.

The advantages are the adjustable length, stretchable springs, and easy adjustment of the

attachment parts.35 No long-term studies have been published on this appliance to date.30

4. The Mandibular Anterior Repositioning Appliance (MARA)31 (www.ortho-concept.com/mara)

consists of heavy ‘’elbow-shaped’’ wires attached to tubes on the maxillary first permanent

molar bands or stainless steel crowns. A mandibular first permanent molar crown has an

arm projection which engages the elbow of the maxillary molar. The appliance is adjusted

so that when the mandible elevates, the elbow wire guides the lower first permanent molars

and repositions the mandible forwards into a Class I relationship. The results of treatment

with the MARA are very similar to those produced by the Herbst appliance but with less

8
 ‘headgear’ effect on the maxilla and less mandibular incisor proclination than with the Herbst

appliance36 (Figure 8).

b. Intra-maxillary appliances

1. Lip bumper: this consists of a thick round stainless steel wire that fits into the headgear tube

of the molar band and is held away from the labial surface of the incisor by loops mesial to

the entrance of the molar tubes. The anterior part of the wire is embedded in an acrylic

shield which actively displaces the lip forward. The reciprocal force of the displaced lip is

transferred to the molars via the heavy wire and results in molar uprighting and distalisation.

Changes in the soft tissue equilibrium due to the lip bumper can lead to proclination of the

incisors as well as an increase in intercanine width.24,37

2. Pendulum Appliance: this consists of a large Nance button supported and retained by

premolar bands and 0.032-inch titanium-molybdenum alloy (TMA) springs inserted into

lingual sheaths on the palatal surface of the bands to distalise the maxillary molars. For

additional retention, bonded occlusal rests on the primary molars or second premolars can

be included. If a midline screw is added to counteract a potential crossbite or to correct an

actual crossbite, then the appliance is called a Pend-X appliance (Figure 9).18 The

anchorage loss due to incisor proclination will occur in a ratio of approximately 1/3-1/2 of the

amount of distalisation of the molar.38,39 However, the presence of the maxillary second

molars change the ratio, so if the appliance is used after eruption of the second molars, the

ratio will be 2/3.18 This is a similar to the result found by Karlsson,40 who showed that the

most opportune time to distalise maxillary first permanent molars is before eruption of the

second molars. The Pendulum appliance is better tolerated by patients and results in a

shorter duration of treatment in comparison to HG.41

3. Jones Jig and Lokar Distalizing Appliance: the Jones Jig (www.americanortho.com) uses

open-coil nickel-titanium springs attached to the maxillary first permanent molars, and a

Nance button attached to the maxillary first or second premolars or the primary molars.42 A

similar mechanism, called the Lokar Distalizing Appliance (www.ormco.com) has reported

9
 advantages of ease of insertion and ligation.30 interestingly, Paul and O’Brien43 found no

difference between the effectiveness of the Nudger URA and the Jones jig for maxillary

molar distalisation.

4. Distal Jet (www.americanortho.com): This uses bilateral tubes of 0.036-inch internal

diameter attached to an acrylic Nance button with a coil, and screw clamps slid over the

tube. The wire from the acrylic ends in a bayonet bend and inserts into a palatal sheath on

the maxillary molar band. The Nance button is also attached to a premolar band via a

connecting wire. It is claimed that this appliance overcomes the disadvantages of other

appliances used for distalising maxillary molars by reducing the tendency for the teeth to tip,

because the force acts through the centre of resistance of the molar and thus produces true

bodily tooth movement.15 Bondemark compared headgear and the Distal Jet in a

randomised controlled trial and found that the Distal Jet was more effective than the

headgear in producing distal movement of the maxillary first permanent molars; however the

anchorage loss was greater with the Distal Jet44 (Figure 10).

5. Nance palatal arch and coil springs: several authors have described the use of a modified

Nance palatal arch with coils to distalise maxillary molars.19 One of these studies compared

the effect of the modified Nance palatal arch with coils (MNA group) and the repelling rare

earth magnet (RRRM group) for molar distalisation. The authors showed that the amount of

maxillary molar distalisation was greater in the MNA group than the RRRM group with

improved patient perception with the former group.45

6. Repelling Magnets: it has been shown that it is possible to achieve distal movement of the

molars using repelling magnets with faster results when the second permanent molars are

unerupted.45 However one of the difficulties of using repelling magnets is the force decay

over time with the need for frequent reactivation (on a weekly basis) in addition to the

difficulty of using them with other metallic appliances such as headgear.46

7. Goshgarian appliance: the Goshgarian appliance can be used to distalise the maxillary

molars unilaterally or bilaterally to correct a mild class II molar relationship by activating the

10
 V shape bend of the TPA, as described by Rebellato in 1995.47 In a unilateral maxillary

molar distalisation case it is better to reinforce the stable side with headgear, place torque in

the archwire to take advantage of cortical anchorage or use temporary anchorage devices.48-
52

8. Mini Implants: Ismail and Johal (2002)53 used mini implants for anchorage to allow for

distalisation of the maxillary molars. They showed that suitable sites for the implants are the

palatal vault and the retromolar region. If extractions of the maxillary second permanent

molars are carried out, then 4-5mm of distalisation is achievable.53 Other uses of the

miniscrew implant in the distalisation of the maxillary molars is by supporting anchorage in

addition to placing a Distal Jet appliance54 or bone anchored pendulum anchorage.14

Evidence for the effectiveness of molar distalisatondistalisation

Both retrospective and prospective studies have shown slightly disappointing findings. Distal

movement of the maxillary molars in patients who wore cervical headgear for an 8-month

period did not differ from that of an untreated group when they were re-evaluated 7 years
55.
later Benson et al2 compared headgear and a midpalatal implant in a randomised clinical

trial as a method of maxillary molar distalisation in a group of 51 patients. They found that

the molar movement was greater in the implant group than in the headgear group and point

‘A’ in the cephalometric tracings moved in the opposite direction in the headgear group.

They concluded that there is no difference between these methods for maximising

anchorage.2

Systematic reviews have shown similarly modest amounts of maxillary molar distal

movement can be achieved. Atherton et al undertook a systematic review to investigate

various distalisation methods and detected the amount of maxillary molar distalisation that

could be achieved is in the range of 2mm-2.5mm (Table 12).16 Another recent systematic

review was undertaken by Bondemark and Karlsson et al.4456 They found that intraoral

appliances for maxillary molar distalisation are more effective than extraoral appliances.

11
 However, they recorded moderate but acceptable anchorage loss with intraoral appliances

causing an increase in the overjet, whereas the extraoral appliances resulted in a decrease

in the overjet. Neither appliance had any significant skeletal effects. They concluded that

the optimum time to move maxillary first permanent molars distally is before eruption of the

second permanent molars. The findings of Bondemark and Karlsson systematic review was

almost similar to the finding of the latest Cochrane review with regards to the effectiveness

of different distalisation technique. 56 Commented [A2]: I did the required amendment of the
reference

Transition from molar distalisation to fixed appliances

The techniques for transition (or retention) following maxillary molar distalisation are similar

to that of the transition from functional appliances to fixed appliances. These include:57,58

1. Overcorrection: moving the molars into a mild Class III relationship to compensate for any

relapse.

2. Quick-Nance: Fabricated from 0.032’’ stainless steel that feeds inside the lingual sheath of

the molar bands. The palatal button can be adapted and cured using light cure acrylic resin

(Triad, www.dentsply.com).

3. Conventional Nance arch or transpalatal arch.

4. Short-term headgear: This also helps distally upright molar roots at a force range of (250-

300 grams/side) 12 hours per day.

5. Stops on the archwires can stabilise the maxillary molar position. However, any rebound will

be expressed as an increased overjet, so additional anchorage techniques should be used

as well.

6. Maxillary utility arch (which acts in a similar way to stops on the arch-wire). This can be

used in the mixed dentition and in cases with a Class II division 2 malocclusion where

correction of a deep overbite often results in incisor proclination thus reducing the overbite.

The utility arch has an advantage if treatment involves the use of class II elastics since this

archwire provides a method for elastic attachment.

12
7. Immediate Class II elastics can be used but one of the drawbacks is the need for a

mandibular arch appliance which becomes more complicated to place if the overbite is

increased.

8. Lip bumper for the maxillary arch.

9. Hawley-type retainers: these may be utilised when the tissues are overly inflamed for

immediate transition to a fixed appliance.

10. Functional appliances such as the Bionator appliance to maintain the distalised maxillary

molar position while encouraging forward movement of the mandibular arch. The Herbst

appliance can allow concurrent bonding and space closure in the maxillary arch.

The method selected will depend on the individual caseclinician preference and patient

related factors such as cost, compliance and type of malocclusion which with a number of

clinical factors beingahould be taken into account.

Conclusion

Distal movement of the maxillary molars to produce space for relief of crowding, correction of

a Class II molar relationship and reduction of an increased overjet can be undertaken with a

range of appliances. Clinicians should be aware that the amount of tooth movement

achieved with these appliances is modest.

13
Captions:

Table 1: Indications and contraindications for maxillary molar distalisation

Table 2: Effectiveness of maxillary molar distalisation with different methods (adapted from
Atherton et al 16)

Figure 1: Methods for maxillary molar distalisation

Figure 2: Halterman appliance (consists of a transpalatal arch on molars with an attached

distal spring bonded to the first permanent molars)

Figure 3: Humphrey appliance (reproduced from Nagaveni NB, Radhika NB. Interceptive

orthodontic correction of ectopically erupting permanent maxillary first molar. A case report.

Virt J Orthod 2010; 8: 1-13.)

Figure 4: Extraoral photos of low pull headgear

Figure 5: An upper removable appliance (nudger appliance) with two screws to distalise the

upper right buccal segment and to counteract the potential crossbite

Figure 6: Class II Mechanics with sliding jigs used to distalise upper left buccal segment

(decompensation of a Class III malocclusion before orthognathic surgery)

Figure 7: (A) Forsus (3M, Monrovia, California, USA) and (B) AdvanSync bite correctors

(Ormco, California, USA)

Figure 8: Mandibular Anterior Repositioning Appliance31

Figure 9: Pend-X appliance

Figure 10: Distal Jet appliance

14
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