IS :9527 ( Part III ) - 1983

( Reaffirmed 1997 )

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PORT AND HARBOUR STRUCTURES
PART Ill SHEET PILE WALLS

( First Reprint AUGUST 1997 )

UDC 627.21 : 624.04 : 624.154-405.8 : 69.022 : 006.76

0 Copyright 1983
..f
BUREAU OF I -...IAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 ADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Gr 7 May 1983
 IS : Q5i7 ( Part tit ) - 1983

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PORT AND HARBOUR STRUCTURES
PART Ill SHEET PILE WALLS

Ports and Harbours Sectional Committee, BDC 66

Chairman R6@6nting
S~BI H. R. LASMINAIEAYAN Ministry of Shipping and Transport
bf6lllb6TS

Shri T. R. SUB~A~~ANYAY ( Akvual6 to

Shri H. R. Laxminarayan )
SHRIM. BALABUBBAMA~IIAM Mormugao Port Trust, Vasco-Da-Gama
SHBI N. P. BHAXTA Pre-Investment Survey of Fishing Harbour,
Bangalore
SHRI H. V. RAMA~WAYY ( Aftnnata )
Da A. N. BISWAS Hydraulic Study Department, Calcutta Port
Trust, Calcutta
DR K. K. BANDYOPADHYAY ( ~kra6tc)
Ba1aK.P. CHANDRASEXARAN Engineering Department, Madras Port Trust,
Madras
Saax T. V. RAN~ANATEAN ( AIlrmak )
CHLIE~ ENQINEEI~ Chief Engineer’s Department, Calcutta Port
Trust, Calcutta
CHIEF POETS OB’FIC~R Mahararbtra State Port Authority, Bombay
COASTAL ENQINEER ( Ahmat )
DIBECTO~ Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune
CHIEF RESEARCH OEFICER 1 (Ahnofa )
SHRI A. H. DIV~UVJI Asia Foundation & Construction Pvt Ltd, Bombay
SI~RI A. N. JANQLE ( Alternat )
CAPT D. K. DU~TA Marine Department, Calcutta Port Trust,
Calcutta
CAPT S. SEN ( A~tcrnnta )
.%a: K. K. FIZAMJI Consulting Engineering Services India Pvt Ltd,
New Delhi
SERI S. GHOSEL ( ditt6flKZi6 )

( Continued on page 2 )
--~
@ Copyright 1983
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyn’ghf Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
IS : 9527 ( Part III ) s 1983

( Continued f rotn page 1 )

Members ReprcJcnting

SHIZI M. GNANAOLIVU Andaman Lakshadweep Harbour Works, New

Delhi
SHRI A. V. RANADE (Altcmats )
Soar S. GOPALAN Tuticorin Port Trust, Tuticorin
EXECUTIVE EN~INEEP ( DESIQNS )
( Alternate )
SH~I HASMUKH P. OZA In personal capacity ( Atul, 20 Pathik Sociary,
Ahmadabad 1
CAPT R. D. KOHLI Shipping Corporation of India, Bombay
SERI B. P. KU~ADIA Gujarat Maritime Board, Ahmadabad
CAPT ABUAHAM KURUVILLA Cochin Part Trust, Cochin
CAPT VABQHESE KURUVILLA ( Alternate )
CAPT G. A. MANDE Marine Department, Madras Port Trust, Madras
CAPT V. K. KAPUI~ ( Alternate )
SHRI Ii. NANDI Continental Construction Pvt Ltd, New Delhi ,
PROF S. NARASIMHAN Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
DR I. V. NAYAK Karnataka Regional Engineering College,
Srinivasnagar
PROF G. RARGANNA ( Afternote )
BRIM OMBIR SINOU Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters.
New Delhi
Bnm GURC~ARA~NSINOH ( Alternate )
SERI B. K. PANTIIAKY Hindustan Construction Co Ltd, Bombay
SARI P. V. NAIK ( Alternate )
SHRI T. V. RAMANA RAO Visakhapatnam Port Trust, Visakhapatnam
REPoESENTATlVE Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Dehra Dun
SHRI S. R. ROESSLE~ Howe ( India ) Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
SHBI C. S. DEB~E ( Alternate )
RIZAE-ADMIRAL S. B. N. SINQU Indian Navy ( Ministry of Defence ), Visakha-
oatnam
LT-COL S. S. GILL’( Alternate ) *
SUPER~XTENDINQ E N Q I N E E R Public Works Department, Government of Tamil
(CENTRAL MECIIANICAL CIRCLE ) Nadu, Madras
SENIOR DEPUTY CRIEB ENQI-
NERR ( BUILDINGS ) ( Alfcrnatc)
CAPT R. B. SURI Indian Navy ( Operational ), Ministry of Defence
CDR T. L. RATTAN ( Alfcrnate )
SHRI M. C. TANDON Stup Consultants Ltd, Bombay
SXRI M. K. CHATTERJEE ( Alternate )
DR V. D. TAPASVI Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI M. CBOWDHURY ( Alternate )
SBRI R. V. TIPNIS Bombay Port Trust, Bombay
SHIU G. RAMAN, Director General, BIS ( Ex-@icio Member )
Director ( Civ Engg )

SBRI M. N. NEELAKANDHAN
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), BIS

2
 IS I 9527 ( Part III ) - 1983

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PORT AND HARBOUR STRUCTURES
PART 111 SHEET PILE WALLS

0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part III ) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 28 January 1983, after the draft finalized by the
Ports and Harbours Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil
Engineering Division Council.
0.2 In order to assist the design and construction engineers in the field of
ports and harbours, the Committee has initiated formulation of Indian
Standards covering various aspects of design and construction of ports and
harbours. This standard is being prepared in following parts:
Part I Concrete monoliths
Part II Caissons
Part III Sheet pile walls
Part IV Cellular sheet pile structures
The first and fourth parts of the standard have already been issued
as IS : 9527 ( Part I )-1981* and IS : 9527 ( Part IV )-1980t respectively.
0.3 This code deals with the criteria for design and construction of sheet
pile walls used in port and harbour construction. Sheet pile walls
comprise of a row of piles engaging with or interlocking with one another
so as to form a continuous wall to be used as a permanent or temporary
earth retaining structure.
0.4 While preparing this standard ( Part III ), the provisions relating to
sheet pile retaining walls earlier covered in 6 IS : 4651 ( Part IV )-1969
Code of practice for design and construction of dock and harbour
structures : Part IV Sheet pile retaining walls have been taken into
consideration. IS : 4651 ( Part IV j-1969 has subsequently been revised

*Code of practice for design and construction of port and harbour structures ‘: Part I
Concrete monolith.
*Code of practice for design and construction of port and harboy,; structures ;
Part IV Cellular sheet pile structures.

3
 IS s 9527 ( Part III ) n 1983

with a change in the scope of this standard and issued as IS : 4651

( Part IV )-1979 Code of
practice for planning and design of ports and
harbours : Part IV General design considerations.
0.5 In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given to
international coordination among the standards and practices reprevailing
in different countries in addition to relating it to the practices in the field
in this country.
0.6 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, express-
ing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS : 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained in the rounded
off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this
standard.

l., SCOPE
1.i This standard ( Part III ) deals with criteria for design and cons-
traction of sheet pile walls with particular reference to port and harbour
structures.
NOTE - For recommendations on design and construction of diaphragm walk,
IS : 9556-1980t may be referred to.

’ 2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard the definitions as given in IS : 280%
1972$, IS : 7314-19744 and the following shall apply.
2.1 Deadman - Deadman is a concrete block or a continuous concrete
beam used as an anchorage. It derives its resistance primarily from
passive earth pressure.
2.2 Tie - Tie is a structural member used to transfer load from walls to
the anchorage; it may be a bar of structural steel with round or square
cross-section or a group of high tensile wires or strands, fully stressed
or not.
2.3 Wale - In the system of anchored sheet piling, a wale is a flexural
member placed horizontally either inside or outside ,the sheet pile wall.
Its function is to receive the horizontal reaction from the sheet piling and
transfer it to the tie.

*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( reui~cd ).

tCode of practice for design and construction of diaphragm walls.
fGlonsaty of terms and symbols relating to soil engineering (Jirsf ~coici~a ).
iGlossary of terms relating to port and harbour engineering.

4
 tfi : 9527 ( Part III ) - 1983

3. SYMBOLS
3.1 For the purpose of this standard, the following letter symbols shall
have the meaning indicated against each; where other symbols are used,
they are explained at the appropriate place:

AD Anchor pull or force in tie,

C Cohesion,
D Depth of embedment of sheet pile,
F, Factor of safety,
H Height of the retained earth,
L Horizontal distance of the nearest edge of the anchoring pile/
wall from the edge of the sheet pile wall,
x Depth of point of inflexion below dredge level,
Y Bulk ( or moist ) unit weight of soil,
Y’ Submerged ( buoyant ) unit weight of soil,
Riat Saturated unit weight of soil,
Yw Unit weight of water,
8 Angle of wall friction,
4 Angle of internal friction.

4. MATERlALS
4.1 Sheet piling walls may be of timber, reinforced concrete, prestressed
concrete or steel.
4.1.1 The specification for the timber sheet pile shall be in accordance
with IS : 2911 ( Part IL )-1980*.
4.1.2 The materials used for reinforced concrete sheet piling wall shall
be in accordance with IS : 456-1978t.
4.1.3 The materials used for the prestressed concrete piling shall be in
accordance with IS : 1343-198O.t.
4.1.4 The steel sheet pile shall conform to IS : 2314-1963s. The steel
shall have 0.2 to 0.35 percent copper to provide corrosion resistance
against sea water.

*Code of practice for design and construction of pile founda:.ons: Part II Timber
piles ( Jirst rcuision ).
tCode of practice for plain and reinforced concrete ( third revision ).
ICode of practice for prestressed concrete (first reuision ).
§Specification for steel sheet piling sections.

5
I8 : 9527 ( Part III ) - 1983

5. TYPES

5.1 Caatllevcr Sheet Pile Wall - These are fixed in the ground by the
passive resistance of the soil in front of and behind the lower part of the
sheet of the pile. These are generally used for a retained height of up to
5 m. This type of wall is very sensitive to any erosion, overdredging in
front of sheeting, unforeseen surcharges behind the wall etc.

5.2 Anchored Walls - These are supported by ground anchors or ties

or struts at or near the top of sheeting and by passive resistance of soil in
front of and behind the lower part of the sheeting. If the wall is very
high or subjected to heavy surcharge, two rows of ties may be necessary,
the main tie being some distance down the wall and the second tie near
the top. Walls with a single line of tie are generally used for retained
height up to 10 m depending upon the nature of the soil and surcharge.

6. SELECTION

6.1 For permanent construction, sheet piles of steel, reinforced concrete

or prestressed concrete are generally used. Timber sheet pilling is
advisable only when the soil strata are favourable for driving and
required sectional modulus is low. Steel sheet piles are used where piles
have to be driven through highly resistant strata. Steel sheet piles are
also used for temporary work since it is comparatively easier to extract
them and use them several times. The steel sheet piles also get preference
to other types where watertightness is essential. The reinforced concrete
and prestressed concrete sheet piles are used where it is possible to drive
them and where there is no danger of back f-ill material seeping through
the joints.

7. LOADS AND FORCES

7.1 In the design for sheet pile wall, account shall be taken of the
following types of loads and forces:
a) Active and passive earth pressure,
b) Lateral earth pressure due to surcharge loads,
c) Differential water pressure and seepage pressure,
d) Mooring pull and ship impact,
e) Wave pressure,
f) Earthquake force, and
g) Stresses due to handling and driving.

7.2 The loads and forces shall be calculated as given in 7.2-I to 7.2-4.

6
 is : 9527 ( Part III ) - 1983

7.2.1For calculating the active and passive earth pressures and lateral
earth pressure due to surcharge loads, IS : 4651 ( Part II )-1969* shall be
referred to.

7.2.2 Di$crential Water Pressure and Seepage Pressure

7.2.2.1 Where a tidal lag is expected, the differential water pressure
shall be calculated in accordance with 5.4 of IS : 4651 ( Part III )-1974t.

7.2.2.2 If the sheet pile penetrates through a pervious soil, the effect
of seepage on the distribution of unbalanced water pressure may be taken
roughly as a linear variation below the dredge level. This is represented
by line ab in Fig. 1. If, however, the sheet pile is driven to reach an
impervious stratum, thus effectively cutting off seepage, the unbalanced
water pressure may have a distribution represented by line UC in Fig. I.

GROUND LEVEL

‘ER LEVEL

DREDGE LEVEL
a
I
I -
%l
I “-
I___JJ,
c

FIG. 1 DI~TRIBUTIONOPUNBALANCEDWATERPRESSURE ONTHE

BACK OF SHEET PILE WALL

7.2.2.3 The seepage force due to an upward flow of water below

the dredge level in front of the bulkhead reduces the vertical effective
stress in the soil and thereby reduces the passive earth resistance below

*Code of practice for planning and design of ports and barbours: Part II Earth
pressures.
*Code of practice for planning and design of ports and harbours: Part III Loadiug
( jrsl rsuision ) .

7
IS I 9527 ( Part 11s ) - 1983

the dredge level. The reduction in the submerged unit weight of the soil
Ay’ may be taken as:

Ay’ = -& YW
where
H = tidal lag,
D = pile penetration below the dredge level, and
yw = unit weight of water.
NOTE - The effect of the downward seepage force on the side of the backfill
may be neglected.

7.2.3 The loads and forces due to mooring pull, ship impact and wave
pressure shall be calculated in accordance with IS : 4651 ( Part III )-1974*
and that due to earthquake shall be calculated in accordance with
IS : 1893-1975t.
7.2.4 Dynamic stresses due to driving and handling shall be taken into
account.
8. DESIGN
8.1 Cantilever and Anchored Sheet Pile Walls
8.1.1 Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall - Guidelines for the design of cantilever
type sheet pile wall are given in Appendix A.
8.1.2 Anchored Shert Pile Wall - Anchored sheet pile walls are designed
either using the free earth support method or fixed earth support method.
These methods are described in Appendix B and C respectively. The
former method may be used when the sheet pile penetrates soft clays or
loose sands. The fixed earth support method may be used for stiff clays
or medium to dense sands. The design may take into consideration
fixity at top of the sheet pile wall also.

8.1.3 Factor of Safe0 - In designing centilever sheet pile wails and

anchored sheet pile walls using the free earth support method, a factor of
safety of 2 may be adopted on the calculated.passive resistance of the soil
in normal conditions and l-5 when earthquake forces are taken into
consideration. In the fixed earth support method of analysis of anchored
sheet pile walls, there is hardly any danger of failure due to inadequate
passive earth pressure. However, the computed depth of penetration shall
be increased by 20 percent to ensure adequate fixity.
*Code of practice fcr planning and design of ports and harbours : Part III Loading
( JIsl ruorsioff).
tcriteria for earthquake resistant design of structurea ( third reoiGon ).

8
 kSt 9527 ( Part Ilk ) - 1983

8.2 Ties - In the design of ties, the following considerations shall be

taken into account:

a) If some vertical loading of the ties is considered likely, allowance

for the resulting additional tension shall be made in design. For
design purposes, the calculated tie tension shall be increased by
20 percent.
b) Allowance shall be made in the cross-sectional area of the ties
for corrosion.
Cl For taking up any slack in the ties, turn buckles shall be provided
in every tie.
4 If there is any soft soil below the ties even at a great depth, it
will be consolidated under the weight of the backfill and conse-
quently cause the ground to settle. This will cause the ties to sag
and cause additional stresses. In order to eliminate these
stresses, one of the following methods may be used:
1) The ties may be supported with vertical piles at 6 to 8 m
intervals. The piles may be driven to firm soil below the
compressible layer.
2) A large pipe whose inside diameter is larger than the total
contemplated settlement may be installed to house the ties.
The ties shall be laid on the invert of the pipe so that they will
always be free inside the pipe.

8.3 Anchorages - Anchorages usually consist of sheet piles or concrete

anchor walls which may be continuous or a series of separate units. Sheet
pile anchorages are of the cantilever or balanced type. The concrete
anchorage does not require walings for the distribution of load from the
ties but it is necessary to excavate to the full depth which may cause diffi-
culty when the water table is near to the ground surface. Shallow
diaphragm walls may also be used as anchorages. Raking pile anchorages
are sometimes used when the ground or site conditions are unsuitable
for any of the above-mentioned types. The various types of anchorages
are shown in Fig. 2. In the design of anchorages, the provisions of 8.3.1
to 8.3.9 shall be taken into account.
NOTE-Procedures for design of a few types of anchorages is given in
Appendix D for guidance.

8.3.1 The passive resistance of soil in front of anchorages shall be

calculated without any allowance for wall friction, unless the weight of the
anchorage is sufficient to balance the upward component of the resistance.
The active pressure on the back of the anchorage shall be deducted to
obtain the net resistance.

9
IS t 9527 ( Part III ) - 1983

GROUND LEVEL GROUND LEVEL

/,A.\ N, -v,n\\ /,F.. /,x4 ‘X 1/,,.-.
YADE UP GPOUND MNE UP GROUND

COMPAC
GROUND
1 -JTL--
COMPACT
GROUND 111

CANTILEVER SHEET PILE BALANCED SHEET PILE

ANCHORAGE ANCHORAGE

GROUND LEVEL GROUND LEVEL

I \’ ,I \ fl4h-T AX.

MADE UP GROUND

COMPACT
GROUND

MASS CONCRETE RAKING PILE ANCHORAGE

APICt-1ORAGE

FIG. 2 TYPES OF ANCHORAGES

8.3.2 A factor of safety of 2 shall be adopted on the passive resistance

of the soil.

8.3.3 When the depth of the anchorage /zis not less than half the total
depth Ir, from the ground level to the bottom of the anchorage
( see Fig. 3 ), it is permissible to assume that the soil in front of it develops
the resistance due to entire depth h,. This is condition.al on the anchorage
being located beyond the lines AB and BF.

8.3.4 If the anchorage consists of isolated blocks or groups of anchor

piles, the passive resistance of the soil in front of each anchorage will be
augmented by the shear resistance on the sides of the wedge of soil which
the anchorage tends to push out. This shear resistance is dependant on
the pressure of the soil against the vertical sides of the wedge and should
be derived from the active pressure.

10
 IS : 9527 ( Part III ) - 1983

FIG. 3 LOCATIONOF ANCIIOWACE

8.3.5 As an alternative to 8.3.4, the effective width of an isolated

anchor block may be taken as l-6 times of the actual width for purposes
of computation of anchor resistance.
8.3.6 The resistance of a series of isolated anchorages shall never
exceed the total resistance in front of a continuous wall.
8.3.7 The anchorage design shall be based upon the least favourable
combination of conditions. This usually occurs at high water when the
main wall loading is a little less than the maximum, but the anchorage
resistance may be considerably less than at low water. Similarly,
the application of surcharge loading just behind the wall but not
immediately in front of the anchorages, constitutes a severe case which
should be covered in the design.
8.3.8 The anchorages should be situated far from the wall to avoid
interference between potentially unstable soil wedges as shown in Fig. 3.
If the location is such that the interference between the wedges is
unavoidable, the allowable anchor pull should be reduced as given
in D-5.1.
8.3.9 In the case of raker pile anchorages some vertical load may, as a
rule, be applied to the anchorage to reduce the tension in the back raker,
IS t 9527 ( Part III ) - 1983

The design is governed by the safe carrying capacity of the pile in bearing
and unlift.
8.4 Relieuing Platforms
8.4.1 General Considerations - The pressure on a retaining wall and
bendingmoment in the sheet piling may be reduced by the. provision of
a reinforced concrete platform behind the piling, some dist;Lnce below the
ground level. In general, platform also serves as an anchorage for the
sheet pile.
Where a conventional anchored retaining wall can be constructed
without special difficulty, a relieving platform wall would be more costly.
Walls of this kind are, therefore, used only where the construction of a
conventional wall is not possible or would involve special problems,
such as:
a) When the height of the wall is so great that a conventional wall
would require a large piling section than can be obtained,
b) Where the existence of unsuitable soil prevents the use of
conventional anchorages,
c> Where there is insufficient space for ordinary ties and anchorages,
and
d) Where there are large loads from crane track or rail track
requiring bearing piles to support them.
8.4.2 Princifal Characteristics - The platform is situated at a depth,
generally not less than about a quarter of the height of the wall. It should
be of sufficient width to provide total or almost total shielding of the sheet
piling below it from the effect of the soil above it. To achieve this, it
should cover the wedge of potentially unstable soil starting from a point
at or near the toe of the sheet pile. The platform is supported on bearing
piles, or partly on bearing piles and partly on the sheet pile ( see Fig. 4 ).
Anchorage is provided by the inclusion of raking piles, which carry part
of the load of the platform and the soil above it. Backward raking piles
may also be used which will increase the stability of the structure and, by
acting in tension, can increase the available horizontal reaction for
anchorage.
8.4.3 The structure has to support the horizontal pressure of the soil
above the platform and below the platform acting separately. A pressure
diagram is drawn and analysed in the usual way to determine the
penetration required below dredge level, the bending moment in the
piling and the magnitude of the horizontal force applied to the platform.
8.5 Walings - The walings are designed to span between the ties. They
may be fixed either at the back or front of the piles in the retaining wal1,
the latter being more economical. The former arrangement is, however,
usually adopted for the sake of appearance.

12
 IS-: 9527 ( Part III ) - 1983

SOFT CLAY

DREDGE
LEVEL

_ -- -
STIFF
CLAY

FIG. 4 RELIEVING PLATFORM

8.6 Overall Stability - AI1 sheet pile wail construction shall be checked
for overall stability against possible failure along a potential slip surface
using the slip circle method of analysis. The stability analysis shall be
made both for construction and long term conditions.

9. REQUIREMENTS OF PILES
9.1 Timber Piles
9.1.1 In permanent structures, the pile top should be as nearer as
possible to the low water level or low tide level. The pile should be
suitably treated.
9.1.2 The thickness of piles should be not less than L/50 where L is the
length of the pile, or 8 cm whichever is higher.
9.1.3 The joints between the piles may be butted, lapped, V-shaped
( for thickness up to 8 cm ), tongued and grooved ( for thicker piles ).
9.1.4 Driving shall be done with tongue leading and with the tip of
the pile bevelled on the tongue. The pile .,emg driven thus gets pressed
against the already driven piles.
9.1.5 Where driving is hard, a cutting shoe of steel plate may be
provided. The top of the pile should be protected by steel bands. The
cutting edge may be sloped 1 to 6 to assist in keeping the pile in close
contact with the sheeting already driven.

13
18 I 9527 ( Part III ) - 1985

9.2 Reinforced or Prestressed Concrete Piles

9.2.1 The reinforced concrete shall conform to IS : 456-1978* and
prestressed concrete to IS : 1343-1980t.
9.2.2 The thickness of the piles shall be not less than 15 cm.
9.2.3 Adequate reinforcement shall be provided to take care of
handling and driving stresses.
9.2.4 The piles may have trapezoidal, triangular or semi-circular
grooves. The width of grooves may be one-third the thickness of the pde
but not larger than 10 cm. The depth of grooves may not be more than
5 cm. The grooves shall run continuously to the lower end of the pile on
the leading side. On the opposite side, the pile shall have a tongue of not
less than I.5 cm length which will fit in the groove while driving
( see Fig. 5 ).
REOUCTION IN WIDTH OF
TOP TO ACCOMOOATE
DRIVING HELMET

_ .GROOVE ON BOTH SIDES,

FOR DRIVING GUIDE AND
WATER TIGHTNESS

ORlVtNG GUIDE SHOEIALTERNATIVE

DESIGN ALSO WITH CONTINUOUS

Fro.5 SALIENT FEATURES OF REINFORCED OR PRE~TRESSEDCONCRETE

SHEET PILES
*Code ofpractice for plain and reinforced coacrere ( third rmisim ).
iCode of practice for prestresred concrete (fist rkivn ).

14

.p

1, ’
i
 iS:9527(&rtIII). 1983

9.2.5 The pile may have a steel shoe if hard driving is anticipated.
9.2.6 The point of the pile is bevelled to about 2 : 1 on the leading side
so that the pile stresses against the already driven sheeting.
9.2.7 When the piles have been driven, the concrete shall be stripped
from the pile heads and the reinforcement exposed for depth to permit it
to be bonded into the pile capping as specified in IS : 2911 ( Part I/
Set 3 )-1979*.
9.2.8 Where a pile is to have another length cast on it, the reinforce-
ment should be lapped for a distance of at least 40 diameters of the
longitudinal bars. Alternatively, the joints in the longitudinal bars may
be butt-welded to develop full strength. The extension should be truly in
line with the remainder of pile.

9.3 Steel Sheet Piles

9.3.1 Steel sheet piles are of various types such as Z-section, U-section
and arch-web type. The theoretical section modulus developed by various
types of piles depends upon the friction that develops in the clutching. In
Z-section piles clutches occur on the edges while in U-section piles, they
occur in the mid-section of overall wall depth. Arch-web and Z-section
piles are used to resist larger bending moments.

9.3.2Steel piling used for permanent work shall be provided with a

protective coating before driving. The coating shall be renewed on the
exposed part of the piling periodically.
9.3.3 The piles may be spliced by butt welding or spliced with bolted,
riveted or welded cover plates.
9.3.4 Bent corner piles, closure and junction piles may be prepared
either by welding or by riveting.
9.3.5 The sheet piles may preferably be driven by double acting
hammer. Single acting hammer is liable to damage the tip of the pile and
hence should be avoided, if possible. In granular soils, vibrosinkers are
very effective.
9.4 Weepholes - Weepholes may be provided as found necessary above
MLW.
9.5 Backfill Material - The filling material shall be hard, granular and
free-draining.

*Code of practice for design and construction of pile foundations : Part I Concrete
piles, Section 3 Driven precast concrete piles.

15
IS : 9527 ( Part III ) - 1983

APPENDIX A
( Clause 8.1.1 )

DESIGN OF CANTILEVER SHEET PILE WALL

A-l. PROCEDURE

A-l.1 The required depth of penetration is determined by a trial and

error procedure as explained in A-1.2 to A-l.8 with reference to a simple
case shown in Fig. 6,

ACTIVE EARTH

MIXED SOIL f<E, EARIH

PRESSURE LINE

6A Distribution of Unbalanced 6B Distribution of Earth Pressure

Water Pressure
FIG. 6 FORCES ACTING ON A CANTILEVER SHEET PILE WALL

A-1.2 The forces acting on a unit length of the wall for a trial depth,
D are:

a) Mooring pull, PI;

b) Total unbalanced water pressure, P,;
c) Total earth pressure on the side of the backfill, P,;

16
 IS : 9527 ( Part III ) - 1983

4 Total net resisting force due to soil in front of the wall below the
dredge level, Ps; and
4 Total net resisting force due to soil near the toe of the wall
acting on the side of the backfill, P4.
A-1.3 The intensity of net resisting pressure at any depth shall be taken
as the difference between the mobilised passive pressure subject to the
provision in A-1.4, and the active pressure on the other side of the wall at
the same depth.
A-1.4 The mobilised passive pressure at any depth equals the passive
pressure at that depth divided by the factor of safety equal to 2.
A-l.5 The ordinate ‘ cc ’ of the earth pressure diagram at the level of the
toe on the side ‘of the backfill equals the intensity of the net resisting
pressure at that depth according to A-1.3.
A-l.6 The inclination of the straight line Ccd ’ shall be so adjusted as to
ensure equilibrium of all the forces in the horizontal direction.
A-1.7 The trial depth of embedment, D shall be adjusted until the
resultant moment of all the forces about toe on the sheet pile wall equals
zero.
A-1.8 The pile section shall be designed for the maximum bending
moment caused by the various forces.

APPENDIX B
( Clause 8.1.2 )
DESIGN OF ANCHORED SHEET PILE WALLS BY
FREE-EARTH SUPPORT METHOD

B-l. PROCEDURE
B-l.1 The forces acting on a unit length of an anchored sheet pile wall
under simple soil conditions are represented in Fig. 7. They are the
following:
a) Mooring pull, PI;
b) Anchor pull ( tension in tie ), A,;
c) Total unbalanced water pressure, P,;
d) Total earth pressure on the side of the backfill, Pg; and
e) Total net resisting force due to soil in front of the wall below the
dredge level, Ps.

17
18:9527(Part III)- 1983

D HIGH WATER LEVEL

0 LOW WATER LEVEL

GRANULAR

!-
ACTIVE EARTH
PRESSURE LINE

DREDGE LEVEL ’ DREDGE LEVEL

7A Distribution of Unbalanced 78 Distribution of Earth Pressure

Water Pressure
Fro.7 FREE-EARTHSUPPORTMETHODFOR DESIQNOF
ANCHORED SHEETPILE WALM

B-l.2 The intensity of net re@ting force due to soil and its resultant PO
shall be determined as per clause A-I.3 and A-1.4.

B-l.3 The depth of penetration D, shall be such that the resultant

moment about the line of action of the anchor pull A,, is equal to zero.

B-1.4 The magnitude of the anchor pull A,, is determined by considering

the equilibrium in the horizontal direction of all the forces acting on the
sheet pile wall.

B-1.5 The maximum bending moment in the sheet pile wall shall be
computed for all the forces indicated in B-l.1 for determining the pile
section.
B-l.6 The anchor rods shall be designed for a tension equal to that
determined in accordance with B-1.4, increased by 20 percent [ see
8.2 (a) 1.

18
 18 t 9527 ( Part III ) l 1983

APPENDIX C
( Chuse 8.1.2)
DESIGN OF ANCHORED SHEET PILE WALLS BY
FIXED-EARTH SUPPORT METHOD

C-l. PROCEDURE
C-l.1 The analysis is carried out following the equivalent beam method.
The forces acting on a unit length of the wall for simple soil conditions
are shown in Fig. 8 and are the following:
a) Mooring pull, PI;
b) Anchor pull ( tension in tie ), A,;
c) Total unbalanced water pressure, P,;
d) Total earth pressure on the side of the backfill, P,;
e) Shear at the point of inflexion of the wall, R, and Rc; and
f ) Concentrated reaction at the point d, Ra
C-l.2 The depth, x of the point of inflexion, c below the dredge level
in terms of H ( SIGFig. 8 ) is obtained by interpolation from Table 1.

8A Distribution of Unbalanced 86 Distribution of Earth Pressure

Water Pressure

FIG. 8 FIXED-EARTH SUPPORT METHOD FOR DESIGN OF

ANCHORED SHEET PILE WALLS

19
IS : 9527 ( Part III) - 1983

TABLE 1 DEPTH OF POINT OF INFLEXION BELOW

THE DREDGE LEVEL

( Claw8 C-l.2 )

Angle of internal friction, 4 20° 30” 40”

Depth of point of inflexion, x 0*25H OmH 0907H

C-l.3 The portion of the pile ‘UC above the point of inflexion, ‘c’ shall be
treated as a beam, simply supported at points ‘b’ and ‘c’ and the reactions
A, and R, at ‘b’ and ‘c’ respectively are determined using statics.
C-l.4 The length, ‘ cd ’ of the pile below the point of inflexion ‘ c ’ should
be treated as a beam simply supported at points, ‘ c ’ and ‘ d’ with known
reaction R’ ( equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to R ) and
loaded with distributed net resisting soil pressure as shown in Fig. 8. The
length D’ of the pile consistent with static equilibrium is determined.
C-l.5 The depth of embedment ( D’ + x ) thus obtained is increased by
20 percent to ensure adequate fixity at the toe ( see 8.1.3 ), Hence the
required depth of penetration, D is given by,
D = l-2 ( D’ + x )
C-l.6 The maximum bending moment in the pile shall be computed for
all the forces ( see C-l.1 ) for designing the pile section,
C-l.7 The anchor pull A, computed in C-l.3 shall be increased by
20 percent for purposes of design of anchor rods.

APPENDIX D
( Note below Clauses 8.3 and 8.3.8 )

DESIGN OF ANCHORAGES

D-l. DESIGN OF ANCHORING WALL

D-l.1 The anchoring wall is designed to resist the tension in the tie and
the active earth pressure of the soil behind the anchoring wall owing to
the passive earth pressure of the soil ( Fig. 9 ). The wall’s height and
installation depth shall be calculated as below:

F, = ‘p
A, + PA
where
F, = factor of safety ( equal to 2 );

20
 is t 9527 ( Part III ) - 1983
\
P, = passive earth pressure acting on the anchoring wall,
A,, = reaction force at tie level, and
Pa = active earth pressure acting on the anchoring wall.
NOTE 1 - The surcharge should be taken into consideration in calcula-
ting the active earth pressure and be disregarded in case of passive earth
pressure.
NOTE 2 -The angle of earth friction on the wall, 8 is 15” for the
active earth pressure and 0” for the passive earth pressure.
NOTE3 - In case the active rupture surface of the sheet pile wall
intersects the passive rupture surface of the anchoring wall beneath the
ground, the portion of the passive earth pressure above the point where the
two surfaces intersect should be subtracted from the value of Pp rn the
equation because of bearing no resistance.

SURCHARGE
,

RE SIDJJAL WATER
LEVEL

1ANCHORJNG
~~ WALL

F1o.9 EXTERNAL FORCESACTINGON ANCHORING WALL

D-1.2 The maximum bending moment of the anchoring wall may be

computed, assuming the earth pressure as uniform load, and the anchoring
walls as continuous slab in the horizontal direction and’cantilever
.. .~_~~ in the
vertical directions as given below:
Tl
Mh=x

Th
M, c -
81
where
Mh = maximum beading moment in horizontal direction,

21
IS t 9527 ( Part III ) - 1983

I- = tension in tie,
1 = interval of tie,
M,, = maximum bending moment in vertical direction, and
h = height of anchoring wall.
The location of anchoring wall is shown in Fig. 10.
ANCHORING

LOW WATER v
LEVEL

SHEET
RUPTURE SURFACE
PILE WALL-

ACTIVE RUPTURE
DREDGE LEVEL

FIG.10 LOCATIONOF ANCHORING WALL

D-2. DESIGN OF ANCHORING PILE

D-2.1 The maximum bending moment of an embedded anchoring pile is
calculated by the following equation:

M msx = f exp ( - x/4 ) sin a/4 = O-322 T//l

where
T = tension in tie,

P-
4r Bnh
II 4E1’
B = width of anchoring pile,
nh - coefficient of lateral reaction of soil,
ES Young’s modulus of the material of the anchoring pile,
and
I = moment of inertia of anchoring pile.

22
 IS : 9527 ( Part III ) - 1983

D-2.2 The embedded length of anchoring pile shall not be less than 1,
calculated as below:

D-2.3 The bending moment in anchoring pile and location of anchoring

pile are shown in Fig. 11 and 12.
1

THE FIRST ZERO POINT

OF BENDING MOMENT

FIG. 11 BENDINGMOMENT IN ANCHORINGPILE

LOW WATER TV
LEVEL

SHEET PILE
WALL \ ACTIVE RUPTURE

DREDGE LEVEL
\\

FIG. 12 LOCATIONOF ANCHORINGPILE

D-2.4 The displacement of the anchoring pile head, 8 is calculated by the

following equation:
7

23
IS : 9527 ( Part III ) - 1983

D-2.5 The location of the anchoring pile shall be such that the passive
rupture surface, originating from the point l,;s below the tie level, inter-
sects the active rupture surface of the sheet pile wall above the tie level.
D-3. DESIGN OF ANCHORING SHEET PILE WALL
D-3.1 In case the penetration depth of the anchoring sheet pile below the
tie level is not less than n//3 ( see D-2.1 and D-2.2 ), the required section
modulus of the sheet piling is determined by the same design method used
for the anchoring pile.
D-3.2 In case the penetration depth of the anchoring sheet pile below
the tie level is shorter than x/p, the required section of sheet piling
is determined by the same design method used for the anchoring wall.
D-4. DESIGN OF ANCHORING COMBINED BATTER PILES
D-4.1 The axial force of the anchoring combined batter piles may be
calculated by the following equation:
Vsin flB + Hcos B1
Pl -
sin ( 01 + 82 1
Vsin 8, - Hcos e1
P 5;=---
s*n ( 01 + 4 )
where
PI, Pe = thrusting force on individual pile ( negative value
indicates pulling force ),
81, % = angle of inclination of individual pile,
v - vertical force for combined batter piles, and
H = horizontal force for combined batter piles.
D-4.2 The system of anchoring combined batter piles and the location of
anchoring combined batter piles are shown in Fig. 13 and 14.
D-5. REDUCTION IN ANCHOR PULL
D-5.1 Reduced anchor pull for interference of potentially unstable soil
wedges is given by the following equation:
A,=[(P,-P*)-(PP’*-Ply

where
Ap = allowable anchor pull,
P,, P’, = passive earth pressure,
PA, P)A = active earth pressure,
L = length of deadman, and
F, = factor of safety.

24
 IS : 9527’( Part III ) - 1983

FIG. 13 ANCHORING COMBINED BATTEK PII ES

FL------i
TIE

‘ij RFSIDUAL WATER

LOW WATER Q LEVEL
LEVEL

RUPTURE SURFACE
DREDGE LEVEL
/I/\\\ N/‘\\

FIG. 14 LOCATION OF ANCHORING COMBINED BATTER PILES

25
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