Analysis of Safety Early Warning Technology For The Myanmar-China Oil and Gas Pipeline (Myanmar Section)
Analysis of Safety Early Warning Technology For The Myanmar-China Oil and Gas Pipeline (Myanmar Section)
Analysis of Safety Early Warning Technology For The Myanmar-China Oil and Gas Pipeline (Myanmar Section)
Abstract. On the basis of engineering data of Myanmar-China oil and gas pipeline
(Myanmar section), combined with years of pipeline operation experience, According
to the characteristics of safety early warning technology at home and abroad, In this
paper, a distributed optical fiber early warning system is proposed as an early warning
technology for the third party damage of the pipeline and In Myanmar, UAV monitoring
and early warning is proposed as a technical scheme for pipeline geological hazards and
large and medium-sized crossing projects.
Key Words: Myanmar-China Oil and Gas Pipeline (Myanmar Section), Distributed
Optical Fiber Early Warning System, UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), Safety early
warning.
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
REES2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 300 (2019) 022024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/300/2/022024
Pressure Station and Namkham Metering Station. There is no compressor unit in the first phase of the
pipeline project, only the land for it is reserved. There are 28 line cut-off valve chambers along the
pipeline, including 7 monitoring valve chambers and 21 common valve chambers[2].
The Myanmar-China oil and gas pipeline (Myanmar section) optical cable line lays a silicon core
pipe in the same ditch with the natural gas pipeline in the ordinary section and injects a 24-core pipeline
optical cable into it, Laying a 24-core directly buried water-line optical cable with natural gas pipeline
in high groundwater level areas such as beach, gully and paddy field. Crude oil and natural gas pipelines
share this optical cable, each accounting for 12 core optical fibers. Optical cables in the lead-in section
from the trunk line to the oil transmission stations and the control valve chamber are laid separately with
one silicon core pipe and one 24 core pipe cable is blown into it.
3. Design of distributed optical fiber early warning system for the myanmar-china oil and gas
pipeline (myanmar section)
Distributed optical fiber early warning system mainly consists of three parts: light source, light source
driver and protection circuit, photoelectric detection circuit. The light source is mainly used to send light
wave to the sensor. The light source uses semiconductor laser diode. The generated light is simulated
light wave and the frequency is the natural frequency of the light source itself. The drive and protection
circuit monitors the output of the laser through a photodiode and generates control signals. The
photoelectric detector can convert the phase change of the sensor into electrical signals, and then amplify
2
REES2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 300 (2019) 022024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/300/2/022024
the detection signals of the two photoelectric detectors by using two preamplifiers. The system software
design includes the following functions: controlling the data acquisition card to collect vibration and
sound signals along the pipeline, displaying the detected signal waveform on the computer display for
real-time monitoring of the signal, and processing and judge the waveform data which is stored manually
or by the system[5] [6].
Crude oil and natural gas stations or monitoring valve rooms are distributed every 60 km along the
Myanmar-China oil and gas pipeline (Myanmar section), At the same time, a silicon core pipe is laid
along the same ditch and a 24-core pipeline optical cable is blown into it, of which 12 cores are used
and 12 cores are spared. The pipeline has the hardware condition of deploying distributed optical fiber
early warning system. Distributed micro-vibration sensor based on Mach-Zehnder fiber interferometer
principle is constructed by using three single-mode fibers. Two of the fibers constitute the test fibers
OF1 and OF2 of the optical fiber interferometer, which are used to test the vibration signals along the
pipeline, and the other fibers OF3 is used to transmit the signal [7]. The continuous light wave emitted
by the light source (LD) is divided from one end of the sensor into two beams of light intensity of 1:1,
which propagate in two optical fibers at the same time. The interference signal is formed at the other
end of the optical fiber sensor. The interference signal is transmitted to the photoelectric detector (D) by
the third optical fiber. The optical signal is converted into electrical signal, and then the transmitted
signal is processed by amplifying and filtering circuit and converted to the computer for further analysis
and processing of signals. When the disturbance signal occurs along the pipeline, the length, diameter
and refractive index of the optical fiber will change due to the effect of acoustic pressure. The vibration
signal of the pipeline accessories can be obtained by measuring the phase change of the optical wave in
the sensing optical fiber. Further analysis and processing of the detected vibration signals can detect
leakage or endanger the safety of pipelines along the pipeline. The detection schematic diagram is shown
in Figure 1.
When the test cable is subjected to the vibration signal along the pipeline, the two test fibers in the
cable will produce stress and strain under the external force, and the two coherent light waves
propagating in the two sensor fibers will produce phase change respectively. The phase modulation of
light wave produced by two sensing fibers affected by vibration signal is respectively 𝑠 (𝑡) and 𝑠 (𝑡).
The two coherent light waves propagating along two sensing fibers are harmonic oscillations, so the
modulated wave equations propagating in the fibers can be expressed as follows:
3
REES2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 300 (2019) 022024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/300/2/022024
Suppose that the intensities of two coherent beams of light are respectively 𝐼 and 𝐼 , so 𝐼 = 𝐴 ,
𝐼 = 𝐴 , ∆𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑠 (𝑡) − 𝑠 (𝑡), ∆𝜑 = 𝜑 − 𝜑
The intensity of interference between two coherent beams of light is as follows:
Suppose I is the total light intensity input into two sensing fibers; ∝is the mixing efficiency of
two coherent light waves, so:
If only AC light intensity is considered, and the light intensity signal is converted into current signal
by photoelectric detector, so the alternating current of photocurrent is:
𝑥= (7)
𝑐
𝑣=
𝑛
Formula:𝑡 𝑡 ——the time when two detectors detected the same event,
𝑥——the position of Optical Cable Subjected to External Action,
𝑣——the propagation Velocity of Light Wave in Optical Fiber, m/s,
C——the speed of Light Propagation in Vacuum(3*108m/s),
n——the refractive Index of Optical Fiber.
4. Monitoring and early warning technology of unmanned aerial vehicle for myanmar-china oil
and gas pipeline (myanmar section)
In recent years, with the development of UAV technology, UAV is widely used in pipeline monitoring
abroad (Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications are limited to varying degrees according to the air
4
REES2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 300 (2019) 022024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/300/2/022024
traffic control of each country.). UAV has the ability of high altitude, fast and long-distance operation.
It can traverse complex terrain such as trench, beach, river and mountainous area. It can track, locate,
monitor and transmit views to pipeline lines and surrounding environment. It has fast patrol inspection,
timely information feedback and high monitoring efficiency. Professional analysis of data acquired by
aerial photography provides basic data support for pipeline disaster monitoring and pipeline
maintenance management.
The large and medium-sized crossing projects of Myanmar-China oil and gas pipeline (Myanmar
Section) are as follows: 8 large-scale crossings, 9 medium-sized crossings, 2 medium-sized crossings
and 2 mountain tunnels. Among them: Karaba Trench, Yexuchun Trench, 1 #~6 trench, Ayeyarwady
River are crossed by directional drilling; Mitange River is crossed by truss; other rivers are crossed by
large excavation. Geological hazard-prone areas along pipelines and key cross-region projects are shown
in the following table:
Table 1. Geological hazard-prone areas and large and medium-sized crossing projects of Myanmar-
China oil and gas pipeline (Myanmar Section) (a part)
Pipeline
No. Line description Engineering characteristics
mileage
1 G16.8-G18.2 Karaba Trench Crossing Large-scale projects
2 G22.4-G27.9 submarine pipeline Large-scale projects
3 G27.9-G31.7 1#Tidal flat High incidence of geological disasters
4 G41.7-G42.96 1# Trench crossing Large-scale projects
G43.12-
5 2# Trench crossing Large-scale projects
G43.81
G51.24-
6 3# Trench crossing Large-scale projects
G52.09
G52.77-
7 Yexuchun Trench crossing Large-scale projects
G54.23
G57.99-
8 4# Trench crossing Large-scale projects
G58.75
9 G58.7-G60.6 2# Tidal flat High incidence of geological disasters
G60.65-
10 5# Trench crossing Large-scale projects
G62.15
11 G62.8-G63.5 3# Tidal flat Large-scale projects
G63.54-
12 6# Trench crossing Large-scale projects
G64.42
14 G98-G99 Daayo River crossing Large-scale projects
15 G97-G161.3 Rakhine Mountain Areas High incidence of geological disasters
G231.93-
16 Ayeyarwady River crossing Large-scale projects
G233.46
G472.3-
17 Mitange River Stride acrossing Large-scale projects
G472.76
G569.14- Nantang River Tunnel and Valley Large-scale projects and High incidence of
18
G570.17 Bottom Crossing geological disasters
19 … … …
G790.47-
20 Ruili River crossing Large-scale projects
G791.32
Due to technical constraints, the flight time of UAVs on the market at present generally does not
exceed half an hour, the maximum remote control distance does not exceed 10Km, and the maximum
flight altitude is about 5Km. According to the flight characteristics of UAV and the actual situation of
pipeline line, the layout of UAV release monitoring points requires pipeline line managers to carry out
actual survey of the release monitoring points in combination with previous pipeline patrol experience,
5
REES2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 300 (2019) 022024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/300/2/022024
and to select appropriate locations for regular monitoring of pipelines. The layout of UAV monitoring
points for Myanmar-China oil and gas pipeline (Myanmar Section) is shown in the following table:
Table 2. Layout of UAV monitoring points for Myanmar-China oil and gas pipeline (Myanmar
Section) (a part)
No. Take-off point 1 Take-off point 2 Pipeline mileage Line Length and Key Areas
Kyaukpyu initial 5Km, G5 Located at the intersection
1 G5 G0-G5
station of highway
5Km, G8 Located at the intersection
2 G5 G8 G5-G10
of highway
3 Karaba Trench G10 G10-G16.8 6.8Km, Karaba Trench
1# Gas valve 5.6Km Karaba Trench, Oceanic pipe
4 Karaba Jet G16.8-G22.4
chamber entrance
1# Oil valve 15.9Km, Oceanic pipe export, 1#
5 2# Trench Wharf G27.9-G43.8
chamber trench
2# Gas valve
6 2# Trench Wharf G43.8-G54.2 10.4Km, 2#/3# Trench
chamber
3# Oil valve
7 / G54.2-G58.7 4.5Km, Yexuchun Trench, 4# Trench
chamber
8 2# Tidal flat Jet / G58.7-G62.1 3.4Km, Tidal flat, 5# Trench
9 … … … …
4Km, Key areas G132+200,
10 G132 G134 G132-G136
G132+300, G133+800
5# Gas valve 5# Gas valve 5Km, Key areas G141+850,
11 G143
chamber chamber -G145 G144+100, G144+300
3.3Km, Key areasG145+200,
12 G145+800 G147 G145-G148+300
G145+400, G146+900, G147
Ayeyarwady River Ayeyarwady River
13 G231.93-G233.46 1.53km Ayeyarwady River crossing
west side east side
14 … … … …
Ruili River west Ruili River east
15 G790.47-G791.32 0.85km Ruili River
side side
The UAV flight monitoring route (part) is shown in the following figure: [9]
Fig 2. Flight Monitoring Route of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle at Karaba Wharf and 1# Oil Valve
Chamber
In the process of UAV flight monitoring, the operator should grasp the weather conditions and
visibility of the day, and should choose the open and flat ground as the UAV release point as far as
possible. Line managers judge the line situation according to timely video, and judge the position
6
REES2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 300 (2019) 022024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/300/2/022024
according to GPS positioning and record. Aerial photographs of the same area should maintain the same
shooting angle, height and GPS position in different periods, so as to facilitate analysis and comparison.
The UAV is hovering around sensitive and high-risk sections of pipeline routes such as trench crossing,
submarine pipeline, beach, large-scale hydraulic engineering, mountain slope trench bottom and cliff,
water damage and geological hazards (videos and pictures). The shooting area is within the working
zone of pipeline and the nearby area of 100m, and the shooting angle is the normal plane and both sides
of the working zone; the pipeline line in the general area is shot directly and frontally (video). After the
flight, video and image data are exported, and line managers review and screen the shooting content,
and record the data.
UAV monitoring and early warning mainly identifies the risk of mechanical damage and natural and
geological hazards around pipelines, prevents and controls the construction behavior threatening
pipeline safety in time, and discovers the change of topography and landform in time, so as to take
measures to prevent pipeline damage. UAV mainly inspects whether pipelines and optical cables are
exposed or floating, inspects whether the ground markings of the three piles and warning signs are
damaged or dumped, inspects the completed hydraulic protection and whether new gullies are damaged,
inspects whether there is illegal pressure on the top of pipelines, inspects whether there are third-party
construction operations such as channel opening, electric power, communications, sand excavation and
soil extraction, etc. within 5 meters of the operation belt. No mechanical excavation, etc. At the same
time, in the pipeline emergency operation, UAV can easily and quickly enter the scene to investigate
the damaged location, grasp the damaged situation and secondary disasters in the surrounding
environment, and transmit real-time data to the emergency command center to provide data support for
pipeline maintenance and emergency repair program. After the UAV flight monitoring is completed,
line managers should fill in the UAV patrol record form and save and file with the image data. The
contents of the record sheet should include image data comparison of key areas, risk analysis, three piles,
illegal occupancy, third-party construction and other information.
References
[1] Wang Xuejun, Zhang wenwei. Preliminary Design of Myanmar-China Crude Oil Pipeline Project
(CMCO-BD-PR-RP-101) [R].Beijing: China Petroleum and Natural Gas Pipeline Engineering
Co., Ltd., 2010.8.
[2] Wang Xuejun, Zhang wenwei. Preliminary Design of Myanmar-China Gas Pipeline Project
(CMGA-BD-PR-RP-101) [R]. Beijing: China Petroleum and Natural Gas Pipeline
Engineering Co., Ltd., 2010.8.
[3] Mei Yunxin. Development and Construction of Pipeline Transportation in China [J]. Journal of
Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology, 2005(5).
[4] China Petroleum Pipeline Company. Geological hazard risk management technology for oil and
gas pipelines [M].Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 2010.7
[5] Wang Huiwen. Optical Fiber Sensing Technology and Application [M].Beijing: National Defense
7
REES2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 300 (2019) 022024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/300/2/022024