Chapter 5

COMPONENTS OF NURSING RESEARCH

"It isn't that they can't see the solution.

It is that they can't see the problem."

- G. K. Chesterton

Learning Target

At the end of the chapter, the student will be able to: Research has identifiable

 Explain the basic component s of research. components. It must be or oderly

 Give the types of assumption. and systematic and mus follow set

 Describe the types of research definitions. guidelines in order to proceed in

 Reflect on the significance of the study. the conduct of the study less

 State the scope and delimitations of a study. difficulty. Researcher must be well

 Explain all the sections of a research report. informed and trained in the process

of conducting research to ensure

validity and reliability of data for

evidence base practice. In this chapter

these basic components are discussed

and explained.

Chapter Outline

 Title of the study

 Introduction

 Statement of the Problem

 Purpose of the study

 Assumption
  Definition of terms

 Significance of the study

 Scope and delimitations

Terms to Remember

 Problem statement

 SMARTER

 Universal assumption

 Study assumption

 Theory or research based assumption

 Operational definition

 Lexical definition

Components of a Research Report

All the section of a research report are essential in determining the usefulness of its results and its value to society and the
profession. Although regorous research may be difficult, the benefits derived can be both lasting and widely appreciated by the
scientific community and even the society in general.

COMPONENT OF RESEARCH 1. Title of the Study

1. Title of the Study The title of the study gives a general 2. Chapter 1
of what the research study is all about. Introduction
Research titles must be clearly stated, Statement of the Problem
concise, and should be limited to at Hypothesis
most 15 words (Nieswiadomy, 2008), Purpose of the Study
if possible, The variables of the study Assumption
are reflected in the title,particularly Definition of Terms
the relationship among variables and Signficance of the Study
the proposed target population. Scope & Delimination

3. Chapter 2 - Review of Related Literature Example:

4. Chapter 3 - Theoretical Framework "Parental Styles and Attidudes in

Relation to the Emotional Intelligence
5. Chapter 4 - Methodoly & Design (EQ) Development of Pre-Schooler in
Selected Day Care Centers in Metro 6. Chapter
5 - Analysis & Findings Cebu"
7. Chapter 6 - Summary, Conclusions, Recommendation

Work Value of Nurses and their Clinical

Performance in Selected Government
Hospitals in Metro Davao"

Self Concept and Professional Attributes

of Staff Nurses in Relation to Patients'
Satisfaction Index"

"Leadership Prctices of Clinical

Nurses Managers and Staff Nurses'
Clinical Performance in Selected
Tertiary Hospitals in Metro Manila"

"Personal Characteristics, Clinical Manifestations and Coping Strategies among Climateric Women in Selected Municipalities
in Region IV"

"Thermore regulation of Newborn Infants Utilizing Mineral Water"

"Workplace Discriminition and Health Among Flipino Nurses in the Unted States"

"Understanding the Persona of Clinical Instructors: the Use of Students' Doodless is Nuersing Research"

"Making Diabetes Self-management Education Culturally Relevant for Flipinos Americans in Hawaii"

"Job Satisfaction and Acculturation among Flipino Registered Nurses"

2. Introduction or Background of the Study

This section presents a brief discussion of the rationale and background of the problem or subject of inquiry. The
introduction serves as a springboard for the statement of the problem. It should stimulate the interest of the reader and set the
stage for the presentaton of the study.

The Introduction part include the following:

a.The context of the problem and its historical background;

b.Authoritative viewpoints on the problem;

c.The researcher's interest in working on the problem;

d.The purpose of the study in relation to the problem;

Example:

1.) "Motivation and Reward System in relation to the Clinical Attitude and Behavior of Nurses (Tan,2009)"

The problem of motivating nurses to perform task effeciently and effectively is an extremely complex one. There are no
adequate techniques or atrategies to motivate them well enough to get desired results. However, psychologists and
education have found out that the merit system is a good motivation that would bring about positive change in attitude and
behavior. Since, ideally, motivation is both intrinsic confidence and the desire to perform one's level best.

Herzberg posits that due recognition of work well done, a just system of ranking and promotion, and reasonable salaries
and privileges, consistent with labor standards and adequate involvement in decision making, are major motivation factors
that energize nurses to perform their work best.

Vroom, for his part makes particular reference to humanistic factors as vital re-enforcers that can move an individual to
accomplish task well without reference to intrinsic factors. it has been proven; however, that reinforcement does motivate
factors human behavior. Moreover, the instinctual drive of nurses to serve patient as a calling, regardless of race, creed or
religion is a motivation in itself to persevere and endure the rigors of nursing care. It has been observed that nurses who
have not been give due recognition nor rewarded for effecient performance seem to fall back and get attached from
humanistic and goal-oriented nursing care.

Based on the foregoing premises this study aims to identify the different motivation and reward system that would greatly
affect the attitude and behavior of nurses... as they perform their daily activities in the clinical setting.

2.) "The Use of Time Management Priciples of Clinical Instructors and Students: A Tool for Planning Nursing Care (Tan &
Dimatatac, 2009)"

The concept of proper time management entails achieving thespecific goal through planning every step accurately and
consistently while adhering to set principles. The first step in effective time management is to develop an explicit statement
of the long-range goal and breaking it into shorter-range objectives and to prioritize specific activities according to how much
they can contribute to the attainment of the goal. Effective time management is a conscious responsibility where one decide
what is important and then plan time and lives and lives around these time managed activities.

In the field of health service, managing time is important in client care. Making use of time effeciently is crucial
towards better prognosis of patient such as in assessments, administering medications,feeding patients,performing blood
sugars examinations, bathing patients, daily wound care, and carrying out doctor's orders. These are only few of the
activities that woud require specific time to accomplish. The role of nurses in hospitals and wards,planning time ahead of
their duty entails wise allocation os specific duties and responsibilities in order to render quality health care to patients
under time limitations (Pearson:1988)

Applying the principles of Time Management however makes all these activities significantly compensated. Use of
Time management would reflect on the quality of nursing care services done by the nurses and nursing personnel as well as
the quality of teaching and learning by both clinical instructors and student nurses in the college and in the clinical areas.
Based on the above premise, this study was conducted to determine how well time management principles are utilized by
clinical instructors and students.

3.) Statement of the Problem

The problem refers to the question that the research seeks to answer. The problem must be clearly stated. It must be
expressed in pecise terms, identify its key component, the population and the major variables of the study which need to be
subjected to empirical testing.

The problem is typically broken down into the main or major problem and the specific or sub-problems which will be
worked out in response to the inquiry. Research problems may be stated in various ways, as follows:
a.) The Interrogative Form. A major question is followed by specific questions or several questions to answer a single problem.
The question is expressed simply and direct to the point such that they serve to focus attention on the main problem itself.

Example:

"What is the relationship between the dependency levels of post-op renal patients and their rate of recovery? "

The foregoing query is simple, direct and focuses on the subject of the inquiry. It guides the researcher on the kind of data to be
gathered.

b.) Declarative Form followed by specific statements. Other researchers use a set of statements each statements consists of
variables to clarify and give greater specificity to the statement of purpose.

Example:

 "Impact of grading on the Academic and Clinical Achievements of Junior Nursing Students."

 "The Relationship between Method of Pain Management During Labor and Specific Labor and Birth Outcomes."

c.) Consists of the Various Components

1.The Major Problem

The major problem directs attention to the purpose of the investigation, particularly the main issue to be answered. This also
refers to the goal of the study that requires long-term inquiry and broader solutions.

Example:

a. To determine correlation between staff nurses' extent of knowledge and their Clinical Performance of the Nursing Process
as basis for "Improving the Curriculum and Related Learning Experience (RLE)Program of Nursing Education" and the Staff
Development/Training Program the Nursing Service.

The statements include the subject matter of the inquiry (knowledge, clinical performance, and nursing process) the population
(staff nurses), and the purpose of the study, (basis to improve the curriculum, RLE and staff development/training program.)

b.To determine the (a) levels of acculturation and job satisfaction, (b) relationship between acculturation and job
satisfaction, and (c) effects of selected sociodemographic variables in predicting job satisfaction among Filipino RNs educated
in the philippines and are working in the US (Tan, et al,2008)

2.Minor/Specific or Sub-Problems

These are the problems implicity contained in the major problem. The major problem is broken down for purposes of analysis.
The minor problems support the major problem and their solutions leads to the solution of the major problem. They also serve
to guide data collection, measurement and analysis.

Minor od sub-problems also refers to the objectives of the study which require short-term inquiy and specific or narrowed
down solutions. The main problem is usually broken down into 3 to 8 sub-problems, with each sub-problem contributing to the
solution of the major problem.
Example:

A. Staffnurses' Extent of Knowledge of the Nursing Process and their Clinical Performance.

1. What is the staff nurses' extent of knowledge of the nursing process in relation to its five basic components:

1.1 Assessment

1.2 Nursing Diagnoals;

1.3 Planning

1.4 Implementation; and

1.5 Evaluation

2. What is the extent of the staff nurses' knowledge of the nursing process as perceived by themselves and their head
nurses?

3. To what extent is the nursing process performed efficiently by the staff nurses as perceived by themselves and their head
nurses?

4. Is there any significant correlation between th staff nurses' extent of knowledge and their clinical performance of the
nursing process in relation to the five components?

5. Is there any significant difference in the staff nurses' knowledge and their clinical performance of the nursing process as
perceived by themselves and their head nurses?

Sub-problems are drawn from the major problems. They are actually parts of the major problem, the answers to which lead to
the solution of the major problem.

B. The Psychosocial Behaviors of Adolescents with Traditional Nuclear Families and Single Parent Families in Selected Private
Schools (Tan & Ebreo:2009)

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in term of:

 Gender;

 Type of Family Structure;

 Civil Status of Parents;

 Educational Attainment of Parents;

 Occupation of Parents;

 Place of Employment of Parents; and

 Number of Years Being Solo Parent

2. What are the psychosocial behaviours of the two groups of respondents as perceived by themselves in terms of:

 Bio-physical Dimension;

 Social Dimension; and

  Psychological Dimension

3. Is there a difference between the three dimensions of the psychosocial behaviours with the two group of respondents?

4. Is there a significant difference on the psychosocial behaviours of the two groups of respondents when they are grouped
according to profile variables?

A well-stated problem guides the researcher in determining the research design. The researcher must, However, ensure that:

a. The variation in the study are clearly identified and stated. There may be only one variable (univariate), two variables (bi-
variate) or more than two study variables (multi-variate). Statement of variables must always be grammatically correct to avoid
confusion.

Example: What source of work stress are identified by NICU nurses which affect their clinical performance?

"Sources of work stress" is a single variable.

b. Findings are expressed in data obtained through direct or indirect inquiry and observation;

c. The scope or coverage of the study is well defined. The sample population should be delimited or narrowed down to the
target group.

Example: NICU Nurses; First Year nursing students; Primigravida Women

d. Sampling must be representative enough to ensure reliable results.

e. Limitations and manageability of the study are ensured; and

f. There is possibility of empirical testing, that variables are factual and the hypotheses derived from theory can be validly
supported and tested.

The following are errors to be avoided by the researcher in stating research problems:

 Problems that elicit broad, general findings instead of specific information needed for their solutions.

 Example: What is the Universal Phenomenon of Nursing and Its Impact on the Current Modalities of Care?

 Shallow and unimportant inquiries.

Example: Is love important to life?

 Rhetorically stated problems which tend to elicit emotional reactions that diminish the scientific intent of the inquiry.

Example: Is Medical Practice related to Nursing Practice?

A good statement of the problem spells out clearly the key variables of the study in order that their meaning is clear to the
researcher and the reader of the research report. Research variables will be discussed in-depth in the next chapter.

Specific objective, should focus on the problem chosen and not on some esoteric purposes orv totally unrelated to the topic. It
should also be capable of achieving its results and this is known when it is subjected to empirical testing.

If time-bound, then it can cover only a certain period that the study seeks to accomplish. Most of all, the objective is something
that eventually will provide a form of satisfaction not only to the researcher but also to all stakeholders.

Examples:
  " The pupose of this study is to identify the cultural values, traditions, and perceptions of diabetes risk and self-care
among Fiipino American in Hawaii with type 2 diabetes that facilitate or impede engagement in diabetes self
management behaviors and education classes (Finucane & McMullen, 2008)."

 " The purpose of this study is to identify factors that maximize opportunities for mothers or hospitalized children to
participate in their care."

 " This study will determine which parental style and attitude are most significant to the emotional intelligence
development of the child. It will also investigate other factors that may contribute to effective parenting.Hence,
this study will ascertain if parents are really worthy to be real parents in rearing their children to become
responsible and proficient adults."

 " The study aims to determine the extent of comfort and health care needs of the elderly in selected home care
institutions in San Pablo City. This study serves as basis to formulate a nursing care plan to enhance the comfort
level and meet the health care needs of the elderly (Tan & Granada, 2009)."

Thoughts To Ponder:

"Never get discouraged when things go beyond expectations, always remember that the greatest glory in life is not
winning. . . But rising everytime well fall."

Author Unknown

4. The Purpose of the Study

The researcher should state the reason or reasons for undertaking the study and leave no doubt in the readers' mind
regarding the true intent of the study.

The statement of purpose should reflect both the major problem it wants to address as well as the corollary issues. The
purpose of the study have the following characteristics:

 The goals of the study are expressed in a broad statement of purpose. The goals of the study will identify, describe or
explain to produce positive outcomes in practice.

 The specific objectives of the study are expressed in a statement that pinpoints the main concern or intent of the
inquiry. Objectives must be draw from the general objective(s) or goal(s) of the study.

There are studies which state only the goals of inquiry and may be part of the statement of the problem. Others indicates
both the goals and the objectives better clarity what the researcher aims to accomplish. The purpose of the
study,therefore,presents the rationale or justification of its inquiry.

Good researcher objectives have the following characteristics:

S - Specific
 M - Measurable
A - Attainable
R - Realistic and results oriented
T - Time-bound
E - Evidence-based
R - Rewarding

Observance of the foregoing criteria facilitates the attainment of the purpose(s) of the study and helps the reader understand
what to expect from the study.

5. Assumptions

These are statements or assertions taken for granted or are considered true even if they have yet to be proven
scientifically. Assumptions are not synonymous to mere guess because despite the absence of scientific proof , they have good
logical basis. Assumptions are related to the problem usually drawn from the theoretical framework. They may be explicit or
implicit

These assertions may be also accepted by the researcher as true, on the basis of logic or reason. Hence, they do not need
verification or testing (Tomey, 2008).

Types of Assumptions

There are three types of assumptions: universal assumptions, study assumptions, theory or research-based assumptions.

a. Universal Asuumption

These are assumptions derived from the personal knowledge of the researcher or from the observed facts, experieces and
findings of previous researches which are directly related to the problem inquiry. They are also belief taken as true by most
people, but may or may not need testing or verification.

Example: Types of Assumption

1. All human beings need love, 1. Universal Assumption
2. Breast milk is the best food for infants, 2. Study Assumption
3. Cigarette smoking is dengerouse to health. 3. Theory or Research based
Assumption

b. Study Assumptions

These are assertions needed in the pursuit of the study which are taken as starting points from where a study can
proceed. They provide the basis for presuming the validity of the explanatory variables and used as basis for formulating the
hypotheses of the study.

Example:

 Parental behavior affects the frowth and development of children.

 Nursing care influences the recovery of patients.

 Parallel Play in Toddlers promotes social interaction and moral development.

c. Theory or Research-Based Assumptions

 These are assumptions derived from theories generated by previous research in a field of study but which awaut futher
confirmation and validation

Examples:

 Attitudes and behaviors of nurses are affected by the type of disease and severity of manifestations felt
by the patient.

 Development of mothering capability is determined by the mother's previous experience, her current life
situation, and the inborn traits of infants.

 Rewards and recognition gratly affect the performance of workers.

 Growth and development in Infants are influenced by the extent of Maternalp-Infant Bonding,
Breastfeeding and a Loving Atmosphere.

In brief, assumptions have the following characteristics:

 They are universally accepted truths which do not need any testing.

 They are theries applicable to a particular field of study.

 They refer to findings of previous related researches.

 Theories and research instruments are developed on the basis of assumptions that may or may not be
recognized by the researcher.

 Several assumptions are required for theory to be accepted as an explanation to the phenomenon under
study.

 Assumptions are not testable but rather a belief one must accept before making use of a theory as an
appropriate and adequte explanation of the phenomenon.

Example: The Theory of Stress. The assumption is, the amount of stress energy one might have throughtout life is not
measurable, since everyone is born with a finite amount of stress energy and death ensues when energy is depleted.

6. Definition of Terms

Definition of terms facilities better understanding of the study by explaining the meaning of terms or variable as they are
used on the study.

Reason for defining the variables:

 To guide and direct the researcher in quantifying and qualifying the variables.

 To ensure clarity of the meaning of the variables and minimize the reader's misconceptions.

 Direct the reader into the meaning of the word according to the researchers own interpretation and analysis of
variables.

Types of Definitions

There are at least three (3) types of definitions. These are conceptual, operational, and lexical definitions or definitions
from authoritative sources. Types of Definition
Conceptual
Operational
/ Denotative
/Connotative
Lexical

a. Conceptual Definition

Conceptual definition is a definition that is universally understood. It is a general statement of properties or qualities
common to a number of cases or examples. It uses hypothetical criteria to identify a phenomenon rather than what is
observable.

Hence, it projects an abstract meaning to the reader and can be subjected to several interpretations. This type of
definition also refers to the subjective or theoretical/textual meaning of the word.

Source: Dictionary, Related Literature, Authoritative sources

Example:

 Motivation - Something that causes a person to act (webster, 2004)

 Problem - A source of perplexity or vexation

 Pain - A subjective experience perceived to be unpleasant, initiated by potentially damaging stimuli but
influenced by affective variables.

b. Operational Definition

Operational definition is the researcher's own definition of terms as used in the study. It is concrete and measurable,
based on observable characteristics of what is being defined within the context of the phenomenon being investigated.
This also refers to the objective or practical/functional meaning of the word.

Sources: Empirical Data, Related literature, Research Studies, Established theories

Example:

 Motivation - Ability of the nurse on duty to accomplish her tasks on time

 Problem - Inability of the patient to meet his daily dietary requirements

 Pain - Refers to the score obtained in a 10cm visual analogue scale in which zero (0) represents "no pain" and
ten (10) represents the worst pain imaginable.

0 5 10

No Pain Moderate Pain Worst Pain

Kinds of Operational Definitions ( Tomey, 2008)

1. Denotative Definition. Variable or concepts are defined in terms of what the concept is or what it represents.

Example: Father - a male parent

Nurse - One who cares for people, sick or well

2. Connotative Definition. Variable are defined according to implications or associations one might make with the
variable. It suggests what one might think when considering the term.

Example: Father - strong, provider, head of the family, Disciplinarian

Nurse - warm, gentle mannered, health provider

These are terms associated with Father & Nurse

c. Lexical Definitions or Definition from Authoritative Sources

These are definitions taken from authorities on the subjects or terms being defined. These must be properly
acknowledged in the footnotes or endnotes.

Example:

Morale, According to Keith (1990), is a state of well-being that elevates the spirit, generates
self-confidence and arouses pride in being part of group endeavor.

Comfort, Paterson (Paterson & Zderard, 1988) stated that comfort is a constract that
communicates the nature or experience of the nurse, She believed sheltered, such as growth, health, freedom and
openness.

Definitions are more meaningful when stated in sentence rather than in isolated words or phrases. The usual practice,
when using these types of definitions is to state first the conceptual, followed by the operational, although, preference is
for the latter. Conceptual definitions may be embodied in the theoretical framework and operationalized through concrete
examples.

Table 2. Examples of Conceptual and Operational Definition

Variable Conceptual Definition Operational Definition

(As used in the study)

A professional An individual who Any individual with four years of

practices a profession education in a particular college

Introversion Self -direct interest The tendency of a student

to isolate from the group

Definitions supplied by the researcher are needed, so the reader may know what the researcher means with the
concepts or variables used in the study.

The variables of the study reflect the researcher's own percetion and definition of reality that the concepts is
supposed to represent.
 The concept or variables of the study may be open to many interpretations. Therefore, it must be the researcher's
meaning of the concept that must be used before the reader can understand the meaning intended by the researcher.

7. Significance of the Study

In this part, the researcher should cite the importance, responsiveness or relevance of the expected
outcomes of the investigation and its probable effects on a nursing theory, education and practice.

This section must also emphasize the significant contributions of the proposed research study to its target
population, to the different sectors in nursing education and nursing service, to society, and its applications to future
researches in nursing.

The researcher must however, be certain of the benefits that these various sectors in the target population
will gain from its results or findings, such as the following:

 Development of new theories and concepts;

 Building up of expertise and technologies;

 Formulation of guides to policy making and decision making

 Opening new areas for possible study

 Contribution to the particular field of study or professions in terms of knowledge, skills and new technology;

 Enhancement of nursing care;

 Improvement of nursing service and nursing education;

 Strengthen research base intervention, and;

 Personal and societal benefits

Beneficiaries of research studies in nursing include the following sectors:

a. The Nursing profession as a whole;

b. The Public as end-users of quality nursing care;

c. The Nursing service;

d. Nursing education;

e. Nurse practitioners;

f. Nursing students; and

g. Hospital Administrators
Example: Problem

A. Time and Activity Study of Nursing Personnel in a Selected Tertiary Hospital in Metro Manila: Its Implications to the
Administration of Nursing Service (Tan,2007)

This study is significant to the following target population:

1. To Hospital Administrators, who stand to benefit from an increase in the depth of their insights
into the actual activities of nursing personnel in relation to the hospital's standard of health
care as described in their job description, and the standards set by the Association of Nursing
Service Administration of the Philippine (ANSAP).

2 To Nursing Personnel who shall gain a better understanding and appreciation of their
legitimate roles and functions and for them to maximize their efforts is providing better
nursing care.

3. The Nursing Service Administration who will be able to revise or to develop hospital nursing
operational manuals, provide orientation and staff development programs, and revise job
descriptions of each category of nursing personnel.

4. To Nursing Education, by identifying vital competencies to be developed innursing students,

particularly proficiency of roles and functions in patient care and supervision.

5. Finally, to the Community, to get the best quality care from competent nursing personnel, and
be assured of their basic rights to a decent and healthful life.

B. Effect of Pre-op Instructions on the Recovery Outcomes of Post TAHBSO Patient in Quezon Medical Center
(Tan & Caponpon, 2009)

This study which aims to determine the effects of the Pre-operative instructions on the recovery outcome
of post total abdominal hysterectomy bilateral salpingoeophorectomy (TAHBSO) patient at the Quezon Medical Center
in Lucena City would be of great significance for the patient during and/or after the operation, in the sense that her
needs before and after the operation would be explicity spelled out.

For that reason, coping with fears, anxiety, questions and other "vacuum" spaces can be filled out, either
from the attending surgeon, OB-Gyne, specialist, the nurse or whoever can give the patient the answer, and if this may
be so, the experience would not be very bad for all them. Also, the study can be an eye opener for the staff, because it
can help them feel the need for pre-op discussion with the patient in terms of what to expect and of what to do in case
situations would be presented to them in the course of the operation and/or the intervention planned for the patient.

The study would also be significant to selected hospital nurses, because if ever, it can help them in the
course of improving their service to the clients/patients, and because of renewed programs and improved relation, then
it may help in the economical improvement of their institution.

Lastly, it will be of help to student nurses and their institutions because it would help improve the
nursing interventions as seen and observed by them, which is in the past being left out, that of trying to be "nice" to the
patient, because going under surgery is not as technical as the nurse or the nursing student would see in their
perspective, but rather it needs a very human approach, the care, which spells a lot of difference.
8. Scope and Delimitations

The researcher must be aware of and should categorically state certain constraints or restrictions in the study that
may decrease the credibility and generalizability of the findings over which no one has any control.

Uncontrolled variables may affect study results; hence, expected findings should not be beyond what the study can
achieve in terms of the following aspects.

a. Issues - past and current;

b. Scope or coverage of areas of concern;

c. Respondents;

d. Time frame; and

e. Type of data such as qualitative, quantitative, or combined

Delimitations sets the parameters of the study by accepting what should be included, and rejecting what should be
excluded. In delimiting aspects of the study, the researcher states specific constraints such as the following:

a. Scope or coverage

This spells out the context of the study in terms of subject, concepts, and specific characteristics of the phenomenon,
treatment, sampling and time frame. The who, what, when, where, how, and the why of the study shall then be clarified,
and specifically stated. Specific Constraints
1 . Scope or coverage
2. Expected manageability of the problem
3. Limitations of the study

b. Expected Manageablity of the Problem

In experimental studies, internal and external constraints may affect validity and reliability of findings, and should
thus also be taken into account.

c. Limitations of the Study

The study may be limited by anticipated shortfalls and specific constraints such as foreseen weaknesses in
methodology and design, the exclusion of certain sectors of the population, the inaccessibility of data, statistical treatment
and analysis, and failure to get a representative sampling must be clearly stated.

Example:

A. The Psychosocial Behaviours of Adolescents with Traditional Nuclear Families and Single-Parent Families In
Selected Private Schools in Batangas City 2008-2009 ( Tan & Ebero, 2009)

This study evaluated psychosocial behaviors of adolescents with nuclear families and those with single-
parent families in selected schools in the city of batangas. This include Batangas Christian School, Casa Del Bambino
Emmanuel Montessori, and Golden Gate Colleges. The Demographic profile of respondents as to gender, type of family
structures, civil status of parents, educational attainment of parents, occupation of parents, place of employment of
parents and number of years of being solo parent were also determined.
 Only adolescents who are thirteen and fourteen years old, males and females, first and second year high
school students were included in the survey. The level of psychosocial behavior of the adolescents respondent were
assessed in terms of biophysical, social and psychological dimensions. Any correlation between demographic profile of
the respondents and their level of psychosocial behaviors were also determined.

The subject of the study were the early adolescents who were studying in a private schools in Batangas
City which belonged to nuclear or single-parent family.Through the use of purposive sampling, the researcher selected
the respondents who qualified and met the criteria of the study. A total of 228 adolescent respondents were included.
They were asked to answer a structured questionnaire prepared by the researcher.

Moreover, adolescent who had traditional nuclear family must fall under the criteria specified by the
researcher. Such as parent who are working outside Batangas City must be able to come home atleast twice a month to
be with his/her family. On the other hand, adolescents with single parents were the one who were living separatly from
his or her own parents and other relative, like aunts or grandparents.

B. "Parental Styles and Attitudes in Relations to the Emotional Development of Pre-schoolers (Tan & valera, 2002)"

This study focused on the relationship between parental styles and attitudes that affect emotional
intelligence development of the pre-schoolers. It involves 120 respondent parents of preschoolers enrolled at day care
center.Pre-schoolers participation (was) limited to San Jose , for the reason that it has the most number of preschool
institution to choose representing all the they care centers in Occidental Mindoro. This study is also limited to the
effects of parental style and attitudes to the emotional intelligence development of preschoolers. Other aspects of child
development such as psychological, social and intellectual are not included in the study.

A Pre-survey was conducted between the period of June to October, 2001 either which the actual study period was
November to December, 2001. Due to the limited time frame to conduct frequent interviews necessary to accomplish this
study, questionnaire were designed instead for respondent parents to accomplish. "Parents" refer to the father or the
mother of the pre-schooler, the consenous of both was written as answers to the given questionnaire to facilitate accurate
and primary data.

" Enough research will tend to support your conclusions. "

- Arthur Block

Step 1: Define and describe a Problem or Introduction

Problem section of the research paper

Step 2: Develop a Plan to Research Methods Section

gather information of the Report

Step 3: Implement the Result section of the

study research report
 Step 4: Analyze and interpret Summary,Conclusions,recommendation
the results of the study section of the research report

Step 5: Disseminate the findings colloquium, seminar or publication

from the research study

Summary of Key Concepts

 The site of the study gives a general idea of what the research study is all about.

 The problem refers to the question tht seeks an answer to the question. The problem must be clearly stated, and
expressed in precise terms.

 The researcher should state the purpose or reasons for undertaking the study and leave no doubt in the reader's
mind regarding the true intent of the study.

 Assumptions are statements or assertions taken for granted or are considered true even if they have yet to be
proven scientifically. Assumptions are related to the problem usually drawn from the theoretical framework.

 Definition of terms facilities better understanding of the study by explaining the meaning of terms or variables as
they are used in the study.

 Significance of the study refers to the importance, responsiveness or relevance of the expected outcomes of the
investigations and its probable effects on a nursing theory or practice.

 Scope and limitations spells out the context of the study in terms of subject, concepts, and specific
characteristics of the phenomenon, treatment, sampling ang time frame.