Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.

1. _______we got lost driving into the city, we were late for the meeting.
A. Since B. Because of C. Consequently D. For
2. During extremely hot weather, elephants require both mud and water to keep their skin cool
_______ they have no sweat glands.
A. and B. so C. because of D. due to the fact that
3. I couldn’t repair my bike, ______ 1 didn’t have the right tools.
A. so B. for C. because of D. therefore
4. Two of the factories in our small town have closed. _____ , unemployment is high.
A. Consequently B. Because C. So that D.Furthermore
5. _______ I had nothing for lunch but an apple, I ate dinner early.
A. For B. Since C. Due to D.Therefore
6. Mr. Watson retired from his job early _____ his ill health.
A. because B. due to C. since D.for

7. John’s favorite show was on. He reach to turned on the TV ___________ he could watch it.
A. because of B. therefore C. so that D. for
8. She bought the book _______ she had heard it was good.
A. due to B. due to the fact that C. so D. because of
9 _______ I get angry and upset, I try to take ten deep breaths.
A. Until B. Whenever C. Therefore D. For
10 . _____ I heard the telephone ring, I didn't answer it.
A. Because B. Only if C. Even though D. Provided that
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. _______the post office was closed, I couldn’t mail my package.
A. Therefore B. Because C. However D. Since
2. _____ the secret of how to make silk remained inside Asia, Europeans were forced to pay
incredibly high sums of money for this mysterious material to be brought overland to Europe.
A. Although B. Only if C. Due to D. As long as
3. My sister hates animals. She likes _______ cats dogs.
A. both - and B. neither – nor C. either - or D. not only - but also
4. _______the parents the son have gone on holiday.
A. Both - and B. Neither – nor C. Either - or D. Not only - but also
5. ____ I was dead tired, I walked all the way home.
A. Despite B. Although C. In spite of D. Even
6. Mr. Wilson hopes to avoid surgery. He will not agree to the operation _______ he is convinced that
it is absolutely necessary.
A. in the event that B. only if C. if D. unless
7. Some English words have the same pronunciation ___________ they are spelled differently, for
example, dear and deer.
A. unless B. even though C. since D. only if
8. Olives arc a principal source of cooking oil, but by no means the only source.
_______olives, cooking oil can be extracted from coconuts, corn, and sunflower seeds.
A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. In addition to
9. I couldn't use the pay phone, _______ I didn't have any coins with me.
A. yet B. despite C. for D. even though
10. I have to eat breakfast in the morning. _______, I get hungry before my lunch break.
A. Consequently B. Furthermore C. Otherwise D. However
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. I need to find an apartment before I can move. _______ 1 can find one in the next week or so, I will
move to London the first of next month.
A. Even if B. Due to C. Only if D. Provided that
2. Tom is trying to reduce the amount of fat he eats. Red meat is high in fat. Tom eats a lot of fish but
avoids red meat _______ its high fat content.
A. in the event of B. besides C. in spite of D. because of
3. _______I want to take a train trip across western Canada, but my travelling companion wants to fly
to Mexico City for our vacation.
A. Although B. Even if C. Ø D. Nevertheless
4. Ms. Moore, the school counselor, had years of experience dealing with student
problems. _______ , she is sometimes confronted by a problem that she cannot handle by herself.
A. Therefore B. Nevertheless C. Otherwise D. On the other hand
5. Right now all the scats on that flight are taken, sir. _______ there is a cancellation, I will call you.
A. In the event that B. Nevertheles C. But D. Even if
6. A newborn baby can neither walk nor crawl. A newborn antelope, ________ , can run within
minutes of birth.
A. however B. nevertheless C. otherwise D. even though
7. You must obey the speed limits on public roads. They are designed to keep you safe.
You shouldn't exceed the speed limit _______ you are an experienced race car driver.
A. only if B. even if C. if D. provided that
8. My nose got sunburnt _______ I wore a hat with a wide brim to shade my face.
A. if B. since C. because D. even though
9. Do you like jazz? You should go to the jazz festival _______ you like that kind of music.
A. if B. unless C. although D. while
10. Peter works hard at everything he does. His brother, _______ , seldom puts out much effort.
A. on the other hand B. otherwise C. furthermore D. consequently
Exercise 4: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. The festival has many attractions. It will include contemporary orchestral music
and an opera. _______, there will be poetry readings and theatrical presentations.
A. Otherwise B. Furthermore C. Nevertheless D. On the other hand
2. The bread was old and stale, _______ Mary ate it anyway.
A. and B. so C. besides D. but

3. Minerals ____ nickel, copper, and zinc can be found in sea water.
A. as samples B. such as C. in an example D. as
4. _______ the salary meets my expectations, I will accept the job offer.
A. Due to B. Even if C. Provided that D. Unless
5. _______ excellent art museums, Moscow has a world-famous ballet company.
A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. In addition to
6. It is still a good idea to know how to type. _______them any technological advances in typewriters
and word processors, a skilled operator remains indispensable.
A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. in addition to
7. Even though a duck may live on water, it stays dry _______ the oil on its feathers.
The oil prevents the water from soaking through the feathers and reaching its skin.
A. due to B. besides C. in spite of D. in the event of
8. Chris cannot express himself clearly and correctly in writing. He will never advance in
his job _______ he improves his language skills.
A. otherwise B. if C. only if D. unless
9. ______ there was no electricity, I was able to read because I had a candle.
A. Unless B. Even though C. Even D. Only if
10. A fire must have a readily available supply of oxygen. _____ , it will slop burning.
A. Consequently B. Furthermore C. Otherwise D. However
Exercise 5: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. Jane is a very good student of languages. Her brother Michael, ________ , has never been able to
master another language.
A. therefore B. even though C. whereas D. on the other hand
2. The ancient Aztec of Mexico had no technology for making tools from metal. _______ , they had
sharp knives and spears made from a stone called obsidian.
A. Whereas B. Although C. Nevertheless D. Despite
3. Kimberly missed the meeting without a good reason ______ she had been told that it was critical
that she be there.
A. despite B. despite the fact that C. even D. however
4. I usually enjoy attending productions in small community theaters. The play we attended last
night, _______ was so bad that I wanted to leave after the first act.
A. therefore B. however C. whereas D. even though
5. Some snakes are poisonous, _____ others are harmless.
A. but B. so C. for D. despite
6. Most 15th century Europeans believed that the world was flat and that a ship could conceivably
sail off the end of the earth. _________ , many sailors of the time refused to venture forth with
explorers into unknown waters.
A. Due to the fact that B. Nevertheless C. Therefore D. Whereas
7. I studied English for seven years in high school. _______ , I had trouble talking with people when I
was travelling to England.
A. Therefore B. On the other hand C. Moreover D. Nevertheless
8. Ancient Egyptians mummified their dead through the use of chemicals, __________ ancient
Peruvians mummified their dead through natural processes by putting dead bodies in extremely
dry desert caves.
A. whereas B. because C. even though D. whether or not
9. Some people really enjoy swimming, _______ others are afraid of water.
A. while B. or C. despite D. in spite of
10. It was cold and wet. _______, Bob put on his swimming suit and went to the beach.
A. Therefore B. Despite C. Although D. Nevertheless
Exercise 6: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. Some people are tall, whereas others are _______ .
A. intelligent B. thin C. short D. large
2. A box is square, whereas_______.
A. a rectangle has four sides
B. my village has a town square in the center
C. we use envelopes for letters
D. a circle is round
3. While some parts of the world get an abundance of rain, others ----------------.
A. are warm and humid B. are cold and wet
C. get little or none D. get a lot
4. In some nations, coffee is the favourite beverage while ------------- .
A. I like tea B. tea has caffeine
C. in others it is tea D. tea has caffeine, too
5. Some people like cream and sugar in their coffee, while ----------------.
A. others drink hot coffee B. others like it black
C. milk is good in coffee, too D. sugar can cause cavities
6. Jack is an interesting storyteller and conversationalist. His brother, on the other hand,----
A. is a newspaper reporter
B. bores other people by talking about himself
C. has four children
D. knows a lot of stories, too
7. I can’t ride my bicycle _______ there isn’t any air in one of the tires.

A. despite B. because C. although D. but

8. I got to class on time _______I had missed my bus.
A. even though B. nevertheless C. because D. despite
9. Mike used to be an active person, but now he has to limit his activities ___________ problems with
his health.
A. nevertheless B. because of C. although D. in spite of
10. It should be easy for Peter to find more time to spend with his children ________ he
no longer has to work in the evenings and on weekends.
A. even though B. now that C. due to D. but
Exercise 7: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. _____ Nancy is an honest person, I still wonder whether she’s telling the truth about the incident.
A. In spite of B. Since C. Though D. In the event that
2. The professor told me that I was doing well, _______ my final grade was awful!
A. so B. therefore C. in spite of D. yet
3. _______Daisy has a new car, she no longer takes the commuter train to work. She drives to work
every day.
A. Now that B. While C. Although D. In case
4. You’d better give me your answer quickly, _______ I’ll withdraw the invitation.
A. although B. nevertheless C. even though D. or else
5. I have to go to the meeting _______ I want to or not.
A. provided that B. whether C. even if D. only if
6. What time do you expect Tom to be home? I must talk to him. I usually go to bed around ten, but
tell him to call me tonight __________ it’s past midnight.
A. however B. in case C. even if D. as long as
7. You’re going to the fruit market, would you please pick up a few apples for me?
A. Even if B. Although C. So D. As long as
8. I guess I’m a soft touch. I just lent Jane some money for lunch ______ she never paid me back my
last loan.
A. even though B. unless C. or else D. only if
9. I think I did OK in my speech last night _____ I’d had almost no sleep for 24 hours.
A. even B. in spite of C. unless D. despite the fact that

10. I ask Mary to run the office while I’m away _________ I know I can depend on her.

A. unless B. since C. although D. therefore

Exercise 8: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. The sky was grey and cloudy. _______ , we went to the beach.
A. Consequently B. Nevertheless C. Even though D. In spite of
2. I turned on the fan _______ the room was hot.

A. due to B. despite C. even though D. because

3. Sam and I will meet you at the restaurant tonight ______ we can find a babysitter.
A. although B. unless C. otherwise D. only if
4. Carol showed up for the meeting ____ I asked her not to be there.
A. even though B. despite C. provided that D. because
5. You must lend me the money for the trip. ________________ , I won't be able to go.
A. Consequently B. Nevertheless C. Otherwise D. Although
6. The road will remain safe _______ the flood washes out the bridge.
A. as long as B. unless C. providing that D. since
7. The roles of men and women were not the same in ancient Greece. For example, men
were both participants and spectators in the ancient Olympics. Women, _______ . were forbidden to
attend or participate.
A. nevertheless B. on the other hand C. therefore D. otherwise
8. The windows were all left open. _________ , the room was a real mess after the windstorm.
A. Nevertheless B. However C. Consequently D. Otherwise
9. _______ I can't make the presentation myself, I’ve asked my assistant to be prepared to do it for
me.
A. For B. In the event that C. Only if D. On the other hand
10.It looks like they're going to succeed _______ their present difficulties.
A. despite B. because of C. even though D. yet
Exercise 9: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. I like to keep the windows open at night no matter how cold it gets. My wife, __________________,
prefers a warm bedroom with all windows tightly shut.

A. nevertheless B. consequently C. on the other hand D. moreover

2. Some fish can survive only in salt water, ________ other species can live only in fresh
water.
A. whereas B. unless C. if D. since
3. _______ Michael became famous, he has ignored his old friends. He shouldn’t do
like that.
A. If B. Ever since C. Even though D. Due to
4. We’re going to lose this game ________ the team doesn’t start playing better soon.
A. if B. unless C. although D. whereas

5. My two children arc cooking dinner for the family for the first time tonight. _______
the food is terrible, I’m going to enjoy this meal very much. It will be fun to have
them cook for me for a change.
A. Only if B. If C. Even if D. Provided that
6. Jack insisted that he didn’t need any help, _______ I helped him anyway.
A. and B. so C. besides D. but
7. Florida is famous for its tourist attractions. Its coastline offers excellent white sand beaches.
_______ ,it has warm, sunny weather.
A. Otherwise B. Furthermore C. Nevertheless D. On the other hand
8. The flowers will soon start to bloom _________ winter is gone and the weather is beginning to get
warmer.
A. even if B. now that C. so D. even though
9. Only if you promise to study hard _______ to tutor you.
A. will I agree B. agree I C. I agree D. I will agree
10. Camels have either one hump or two humps. The Arabian camel has one hump.
The Bactrian camel, _________ , has two humps.
A. nevertheless B. however C. furthermore D. otherwise
Exercise 10: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. Steel _____ with chromium to produce a noncorrosive substance known as stainless steel.
A. is combined B. that is combined C. combining D. when combined
2 _______ the 1930s and 1940s, F.D. Roosevelt was elected to the presidency four times.
A. Since during B. During C. Although during D. While during
3 _______ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A. Founding B. Founded C. It was founded D. Being founded
4. Johnny Carson, _______ late night TV programme is watched by millions of insomniacs in the
United States, has been on the air for over twenty years.
A. whose B. who has a C. which is a D. however his
5. _____ , Jenny Churchill, was born in the United States and married an Englishman.
A. She was the mother of Winston Churchill
B. The mother of Winston Churchill
C. Her son was Winston Churchill
D. Winston Churchill was her son

6. A tornado touched down today in Kansas, _________ destruction to cornfield and telephone lines.
A. caused B. causing C. that caused D. it caused
7. Until the 1950s, _______ were still used in some cities to deliver milk and vegetables.
A. horses and carts B. there were horses and carts
C. when horses and carts D. that horses and carts
8. _____percentage of working women in the United States has doubled since 1940 has been the
result of both economic and social factors.
A. The B. That the C. There is the D. It is the
9. Laura is motivated to study ______ she knows that a good education can improve her life.
A. therefore B. because of C. because D. so
10. Peter broke his leg in two places. _______ he had to wear a cast and use crutches for three
months.
A. However B. Consequently C. For that D. Because