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Matrices

The document defines and describes various types of matrices including: - Zero, row, column, square, lower triangular, upper triangular, diagonal, scalar, and identity matrices. It also covers matrix operations such as addition, scalar multiplication, matrix multiplication, and transposition. Special types of square matrices like symmetric, skew-symmetric, and invertible matrices are defined.

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Sujith Deepak
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62 views6 pages

Matrices

The document defines and describes various types of matrices including: - Zero, row, column, square, lower triangular, upper triangular, diagonal, scalar, and identity matrices. It also covers matrix operations such as addition, scalar multiplication, matrix multiplication, and transposition. Special types of square matrices like symmetric, skew-symmetric, and invertible matrices are defined.

Uploaded by

Sujith Deepak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
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Matrices

July 24, 2019

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Matrices
An m × n matrix is an arrangement of mn numbers in m rows and in n
columns as  
a11 a12 · · · a1n
 a21 a22 · · · a2n 
 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
am1 am2 · · · amn

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Some special Matrices
1. If every element of a matrix A is zero, then A is called Zero matrix.
2. A matrix with only one row is called a row matrix.
3. A matrix with only one column is called a column matrix.
4. An m × n matrix A is a square matrix if m = n , i.e., number of rows is
equal to number of columns.
5. A square matrix is called lower triangular if all the entries above the
main diagonal are zero. Similarly a square matrix is called upper triangular
if all the entries below the main diagonal are zero.
6. A matrix that is both upper and lower triangular is called a diagonal
matrix.
7. A diagonal matrix is sad to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements
are equal.
A scalar matrix is said to be an identity matrix if all of its diagonal
elements are one.

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1. The product of a matrix by a scalar k , written as kA, is the matrix
obtained by multiplying each entry of A by k.
2. Let A and B are two matrices of the same order. the we can define the
sum A + B where the (i, j)th of C is the sum of the (i, j)th elements of A
and B.

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1. Let A be an m × n matrix and B be an n × p matrix. That is number
of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B. Then the product
AB is defined. The product of AB is of order m × p whose (i, j)th element
is obtained multiplying i th row of A by the j th column of B.

Transpose of a Matrix
If A is an m × n matrix, the transpose of A denoted by AT or A0 is an
n × m matrix, obtained by interchanging its roes and columns.
1. (A0 )0 = A. 2. (kA)0 = kA0 3. (A + B)0 = A0 + B 0
4. (AB)0 = B 0 A0 .

Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if A0 = A.
A square matrix A is said to be skew symmetric if A0 = −A.

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Invertible Matrices
A square matrix A of order n is said to be invertible if there exists a square
matrix B of order n such that AB = BA = I .
In this case B is the inverse of A and A is the inverse of B. We write
A = B −1 or B = A−1 .

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