EJFOOD, European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences

Vol. 1, No. 1, September 2019

Value Chain of Rice (in Transition to Organic) in

Region 02, Philippines
Diosdado C. Cañete1

Abstract—The study was focused on Value Chain Analysis in 2006. This amount might even triple in 2012. Major
(VCA) of rice (in transition to organic) in Region 02. export markets are Japan, U.S.A., Canada and Europe [4].
Specifically, it aimed to: a) map out the value chain of rice in The demand for certified organic products by the foreign
transition to organic by identifying the processes, actors and and domestic market, and growing health-conscious
their roles from inputs to product consumption; b) identify and consumers has encouraged the shift to organic production by
analyze the constrains and issues affecting production and
marketing of organic rice; and, c) recommend policy options to
conventional farmers. In support to Organic farming, the
improve the production and marketing of rice in transition to Philippine National Organic Agricultural Board (PNOAB)
organic in Region 02. The study covered five (5) provinces was born in 2004, which supports among others: the
namely: Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya and implementation of the Philippine National Organic
Quirino. There are six sectors covered by the study along the Standards and Certification system; and the establishment of
value chain of organic rice such as Business Development a Five-year Organic Industry Development Program for
Services (BDS) providers, farm input suppliers, farmer adoption by the respective units of DA in partnership with
producers, processors, traders/retailers, and consumers. the private sector [4].
Organic rice in Region 02 is in infant stage which the
Republic Act (RA) 10068, otherwise known as the
different sectors engage in small or minimal volume of
operation. There are few registered as organic rice producers
Organic Agriculture Act of 2010, was signed into law in
in the region. BDS is working effectively their role as provider April 2010. The IRR of RA 10068 states that initially, 50
of support services to other sectors in the value chain of rice. million pesos shall be allocated for the first year
Greater share of value added incurred by processers (millers) implementation of the Act and thereafter at least 2% of the
and institutional buyers/traders of finish product. DA’s annual budget shall be allocated for organic
All sectors in different provinces in the region need supports agriculture program and projects [5]. This will ensure the
on physical facilities, technological, financial and market sustainable development of organic agriculture through the
linkage from government and non-government organizations automatic appropriations from the DA’s annual budget
to strengthen their operations on production, processing and certain percent for organic farming. The crafting of the IRR
marketing of organic rice.
for RA 10068 is a clear demonstration of the new DA
Index Terms—Value Chain, Value Added, Organic, Sectors
administration’s resolve to cause a shift from conventional
and Awareness farming to organic agriculture [1].
Meanwhile, the study is one of the main research project
entitled Value Chain of Analysis of Selected Agricultural
I. RATIONALE Products (in transition to organic) in Region 02, undertaken
by the Isabela State University (ISU) and the Department of
Organic industry in the Philippines is still considered to Agriculture – Bureau of Agricultural Research (DA-BAR).
be in its infancy or emergent stage, its development and The DA-BAR provided funds, while ISU for manpower and
promotion have been spearheaded by the private sector, non- other logistics to facilitate the operation of research. VCA of
government organizations (NGOs) and people's rice (in transition to organic) in Region 02 is covering five
organizations [1]. More recently, efforts to develop the (5) provinces namely: Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva
sector have expanded with the active participation of the Vizcaya and Quirino. There were six sectors covered by the
government and sustained collaboration among stakeholders study along the value chain of organic rice such as BDS
especially in Cagayan Valley Region [2]. providers, farm input suppliers, farmer producers,
To date, majority of the organic producers supplying the processors, traders/retailers, and consumers.
domestic market are community-based, small and medium
enterprises spread out in various parts of the country.
Exporters to the foreign market include multinationals, II. OBJECTIVES
medium and large-scale companies based in Mindanao,
Negros, Central and Southern Luzon. Enterprises obtain The study was focused on value chain analysis of rice (in
their organic certification from a local certifying body like transition to organic) in Region 02. Specifically, it aimed to:
the Organic Certification Center of the Philippines (OCCP) a) mapping out the value chain of rice in transition to
or international certifiers, which may have tie-ups with organic by identifying the processes, actors and their roles
locally-basedinspectors [3]. For the Philippines, unofficial from inputs to product consumption; b) identify and analyze
estimates placed the export value for organics at US$10 the constrains and issues affecting production and marketing
million or more in 2003, and at an estimated 20% annual of organic rice; and, c) recommend policy options to
growth rate, it would have reached US$18 million or more improve the production and marketing of rice in transition to
organic in Region 02.

1
Professor of the Agribusiness and Agricultural Economics, College of
Agriculture, Isabela State University, Echague, Isabela, Philippines.
([email protected]; [email protected])

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Vol. 1, No. 1, September 2019

III. FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY population [9]. The samples in the whole region for each
study were calculated using Slovin’s formula with 5%
Organic farming is considered as in the embryonic stage
margin of error for consumers [10]. The computed samples
today particularly in the Philippines [6]. It is projected by
were apportioned to provinces and qualified municipalities
some economies that will be a primordial development in
based on its number of consumers’ populations. The
agriculture in the coming decade due to increasing needs of
samples were drawn at random using Excel random
human and as contributory factors for the restoration of our
numbers.
environment. Production and marketing of organic rice is
The primary data were obtained using semi-structured
continuously expanding and with an increasing trend not
questionnaire floated to all actors (farm input suppliers,
only in the Philippines but also in the international market
producer, traders, processors, business providers and
[7].
consumers). Other types of data gathering employed were:
In the processes of organic production are affected with
Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Problem Analysis, Key
external and internal environments. These however, the
Informant Interviews (KII), Environmental Scanning and
quality and quantity of internal factors are within the control
Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT)
of the entrepreneurs/farmers which also influenced by the
analysis.
external factors like economic, technological,
Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the gathered
social/cultural, political/legal, environmental and organic
data. Cost analysis was employed to trace out the value
product accreditation conditions surrounded by the
producers. Performance of its production depends on the added in each level in value chain of organic rice from farm
conditions of the internal factors such as manpower, inputs utilization up to the consumption of the products. The
technical, physical facility, farm inputs and capability of cost and return analysis was undertaken in each level and
producers to sustain the needed funds of the operation [7]. conduct a comparative analysis.
Issues of organic product accreditation would also be
considered in this industry to make distinction to ordinary
products and that can provide advantages to V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
producers/traders in selling their products in the market. A. Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Value adding activities (processing, packaging, storing,
distribution and utilization) are made to increase further the The distribution of respondents of the study is shown in
potential of increasing income particularly during over Fig 2. All respondents except consumers were taken from
supply and low demand of it [8]. the reports of the Department of Agriculture - Local
At the end of the study, the following were realized: a) Government Units (DA-LGUs) in each province in the
map out value chain of organic rice; b) identified marketing region. There were more (667 or 84%) number of
system; c) identified constraints and opportunities in respondents from consumer sector in the value chain of rice
production and marketing of organic rice; and d) surveyed in the study, then farmer producers (69 or 9%),
implications and recommendations. The conceptual while the traders is the least respondents (7 or 1%).
framework of the study is depicted in Fig 1.

Fig. 2. Proportion of sector respondents of VCA of rice

in-transition to organic in Region 02

Fig. 1. Framework of the Study

Business Development Support (BDS) Provider
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY BDS providers are an individuals or institutions that
provide with support services to the organic farm input
The study was conducted from 2014 to 2015, a two-year producers, rice farmers, processors, and traders which
study of VCA of Organic Rice in Region 02. Information of include wholesalers and retailers of organic rice products.
organic farmers, farm input suppliers, processors and traders There were 20 BDS surveyed distributed throughout in
of rice were gathered from the DA and other agencies in Region 02. More (25%) numbers of BDS surveyed were
each province. A total numeration was employed in data located in Cagayan and Nueva Vizcaya provinces,
gathering to all sectors except for the consumers where respectively, then from Batanes and Isabela with 15%,
stratified sampling was used to calculate the samples of it. respectively. The least (20%) numbers of BDS were coming
Sample consumers were determined based on location and from Quirino province as shown in Fig 3.
level of income. They must be located in urban centers with On BDS had dominantly by males (60%) than females
household income of Php15,000.00/month and above in the (40%) which were coming from government institutions
first class municipalities with not less than 20,000

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(90%) like LGU-DA, Department of Trade and Industry farm input suppliers also provided financing in some extent
(DTI), Soil and Water Management (SWM), etc., while the to assure trading with farmers of their products.
rest (10%) were non-government institutions such as private There were eleven farm input retailers surveyed; four
company suppliers of products, Magsasaka at Siyentipiko (36.36%) from Isabela, three (27.27%) from Nueva Vizcaya,
para sa Pag-unlad ng Agrikultura (MASIPAG), Word two (18.18%) from Cagayan, and one (9.09%) from Quirino
Vision and others (See Table I). and Batanes provinces, respectively (Fig 4). Most of them
were males (81.82%), an age ranging from 40 to 54 years
old with an average age of 47.20 years (See Table III).

Fig. 3. BDS respondents of rice (in-transition to

organic) in Region 02

TABLE I. PROFILE OF BDS RESPONDENTS OF RICE (IN-

TRANSITION TO ORGANIC) IN REGION 02
Fig. 4. Farm Input Supplier respondents of rice (in-
Frequency Percent transition to organic) in Region 02
Particular
(n=20) (%)
a. Gender
Male 12 60 TABLE III. LOCATION AND PROFILE OF FARM INPUT
Female 8 40 SUPPLIERS IN REGION 02
b. Affiliation to Frequency Percent
Particular
Organization (n=11) (%)
Government 18 90 Gender
Non-government 2 10 Male 9 81.82
Female 2 18.18
The sector of organic rice along the chain which was Age (Years)
served most (85%) by BDS is producers. Other sectors 40 2 18.18
served were farm inputs traders (20%); traders and 44 1 9.09
associations/cooperatives as indicated by 10% of 46 3 27.27
respondents, respectively. The least were served by them are 50 4 36.36
the processors, extension workers and consumers of organic 54 1 9.09
rice with 5% of respondents, respectively (See Table II). Average: 47.20

TABLE II. SECTORS IN ORGANIC RICE INDUSTRY WHICH THE

DBS HAVE PROVIDED SUPPORT SERVICES IN REGION 02 Producers
Frequency Percent Producer of rice in-transition to organic is the heart of the
Sectors/Actors
(n=20) (%) value chain since trading of farm inputs and farm products
1. Farm inputs traders on will terminate and originate from there, respectively. The
4 20 farmer producers of rice were buyers of farm inputs which
organic rice
2. Organic rice they used in farming and the time that they have produce,
17 85 they sell their products to processors, traders or ultimate
producers/growers
3. Organic rice traders 2 10 consumers of the product.
4. Organic rice processors 1 5 Fig 5 shows the distribution of 69 farmer producers in
5. Organic rice consumers 1 5 Region 02. The province of Nueva Vizcaya has more
6. Organic rice respondents (23 or 33.33%) surveyed, followed by Isabela
2 10 province (17 or 24.64%), Batanes (14 or 20.29%), Cagayan
associations/cooperatives
7. Extension Workers 1 5 (10 or 14.49%), and the least from Quirino (5 or 7.25%).
They were all adults with an age ranging from 47.60 to
53.65 years old and have an average age of 50.87 years.
Farm Input Suppliers There were more males (75.90%) than females (24.10%)
Farm input suppliers is the second actor/sector where and all married. Most of them have Roman Catholic religion
there existence is equally very important. They linked the (73.91%), then United Methodist Church (UMC) (13.04%),
producers of rice supplying organic farm inputs like seeds, Born Again Christian (10.14%), and the least number is
fertilizers, pesticides, and other farm supplies. Merchant Latter Day Saint (2.9%) (See Table IV).

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TABLE IV. PROFILE OF THE FARMER PRODUCERS OF RICE IN

TRANSITION TO ORGANIC IN REGION 02
Frequency Percent
Particular (n=69) (%)
1. Gender
Male 63 91.30
Female 6 8.70
3. Average Age 50.87
4. Religion
Roman Catholic 51 73.91 Fig. 5. Farmer producer respondents of rice (in-
UMC 9 13.04 transition to organic) in Region 02
Latter Day Saint 2 2.90
Born Again 7 10.14 Majority (65.22%) of farmer producers were belong to
5. Ethnic Group Ilocano ethnic group, then Ivatan, Tagalog and Igorot with
Ilocano 45 65.22 15.94%, 11.59%, and 7.25%, respectively. They spoke with
Tagalog 8 11.59 different languages/dialects which are known to the area in
Igorot 5 7.25 the region. Most of them can speak Ilocano (33.33%),
Ivatan 11 15.94 Tagalog (32.50%), English (26.67%), Ivatan (6.67%) and
the least is Yogad (0.83%). The farmers had an average of 4
6. Language Spoken
family members and average of 3 dependent children. With
Tagalog 39 32.50 respect to their educational attainment, most of them
English 32 26.67 attained with high school levels (40.58%), then college
Ilocano 40 33.33 levels (37.68%), elementary levels (10.14%), college
Yogad 1 0.83 undergraduates (7.25%), while the least is vocational course
Ivatan 8 6.67 holders (4.35%). Almost all farmers (84.06%) were owners
7. Average Number of their respective farms. Few of them were farm
4
of Children leaseholders (7.25%), shareholders (5.80%), and amortizing
8. Average owners and caretakers with 1.45%, respectively. They have
3
Dependent Children longer years in farming with average of 23.13 years, while
9. Educational years in organic rice farming is quite long of about 7.86
Attainment years. The farmers have an average on farm, off-farm and
Elementary 7 10.14 non-farm incomes of Php35,549.62, Php13,600.67 and
High school 28 40.58 Php7,953.98 per farmer household annually, respectively.
College 26 37.68
Vocational 3 4.35
College Processors
5 7.25 Processors are responsible in form utility in marketing of
undergraduate
10. Tenancy Status organic rice. They transformed palay to milled rice and from
Owner 58 84.06 milled rice to finish products. Rice mills are found in
Amortizing owner 1 1.45 different areas in the region operating in commercial scale,
Leaseholder 5 7.25 while some processors particularly in small (household
Shareholder 4 5.80 level) which the farmer itself and their organization have
Caretaker 1 1.45 engaged in village level processing. Subsistence farmer
11. Years in Farming 23.13 processors were engaged hand-pounding to de-hull rice
12. Years in Organic where they have no other means of de-hulling rice
7.86 particularly in far-flung places in the region. Processors of
Rice Farming
13. Sources of Income finish products were also accounted in the study like
Average On Farm restaurant, hotels, hospitals, caterers, canteen, etc. offering
35,549.62 cooked rice; while some village level producers of
Income (Php)
delicacies were also monitored in some parts of the region.
Average Off-farm
13,600.67 The province of Isabela has more numbers of processors
Income (Php)
Average Non-farm of rice interviewed (11 or 55%), then Cagayan with 4 or
7,953.98 20%, and Nueva Vizcaya, and Quirino provinces with 2 or
Income (Php)
10% in each. The least rice processor interviewed was
Batanes with 1 or 5% (Fig 6).

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the marketing operation is usually mixed with conventional

marketing practices of rice in the region. Due to an
emerging industry in the area, at this time organic rice
marketing and trading is not yet well established unlike to
the conventional rice. Most traders surveyed were coming
from Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya provinces with 28.57%,
respectively; while the rest from Batanes, Cagayan and
Quirino provinces with 14.29%, respectively (Fig 7). There
were more males (57.14%) than females (42.86%) with an
average age of 49 years old (See Table VII).

Fig. 6. Product processor respondents of rice (in-transition

to organic) in Region 02

Table V shows the profile of delicacies product processors

in Region 02. From among the respondents, 95% of them
were females and only 5% males. This only shows that
production of food delicacies is inclined to females. They
are sole proprietorship’s business producing “kakanin” and
selling it in their respective locality as snacks food and gift
item.
Fig. 7. Trader respondents of rice (in-transition to organic)
TABLE V. PROFILE OF DELICACIES PRODUCT PROCESSORS IN in Region 02
REGION 02
Frequency Percent Consumers
Particular
(n=20) (%) More consumer respondents were coming from Isabela
Gender (280 or 41.98%) and Cagayan (264 or 39.58%) provinces
Female 19 95 due to its greater geographic size and more number of urban
Male 1 5 centers that consumed with the product, while the rests of
Form of Business provinces were few in numbers (Fig 8).
Organization
Kakanin Vendor 20 100 TABLE VII. PROFILE OF ORGANIC RICE TRADERS IN REGION
02
Frequency Percent
Generally, organic rice processors surveyed in the region Particular Average
(n=7) (%)
are small engaging with milling and food processing as their
Sex
livelihood. Isabela processors have engaged with longer Male 4 57.14
period for almost 12.45 years, then Cagayan and Nueva Female 3 42.86
Vizcaya with 7.5 years, respectively. Batanes processors Age (average years)
have 5 years’ experience, while Quirino processors have the Batanes 44
least (3 years) period of processing organic rice as shown in Cagayan 52
Table VI. Isabela 43
Nueva
TABLE VI. LENGTH OF TIME OF PROCESSORS HAVE BEEN 57
Vizcaya
ENGAGE IN THE PROCESSING OF ORGANIC RICE TO FOOD Quirino 49
Province Mean (Years)
Batanes 5 From 667 respondents, 52% and 48% were males and
Cagayan 7.5 females, respectively. Single respondents have more (76%)
Isabela 12.45 in numbers than married individuals (15%) and other marital
Nueva Vizcaya 7.5 statuses like separated couples (8%) and widows (1%).
Quirino 3 Majority (74%) of them were Roman Catholic religion.
Most of them were Ilocano (63%) but speaking with three
languages such as; Ilocano (44%), Tagalog (31%) and
Traders English (16%). They were coming from different ethnic
groups within and outside the region. From among married
There were more rice traders in Region 02 particularly in respondents, they have an average of 3 children, with
the provinces of Cagayan Valley considering the said place average dependent and independent children of 2,
is second to Nueva Ecija as rice granary of the Philippines. respectively. Regarding to their educational attainment,
They vary according to sizes of their operations and most of them were high school graduates (39%), college
sometimes they form rice cartel to control its trading graduates (30%), and elementary graduates (16%). Farming
operation in the region. But when it comes to organic rice, was majority (44%) occupation of respondents as sources of

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household income, then trading/vending (24%), and

employment to private and public institutions (19%). Nueva
Vizcaya respondents had highest average household income
of Php8,909.09, followed by Cagayan (Php8,726.52),
Batanes (Php8,567.00), Quirino (Php7,563.38) and Isabela
(Php6,792.860) was the least. The mean household income
of respondents is Php8,112.00 as reflected in Table VIII.

TABLE VIII. PROFILE INFORMATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

Region 02 Percent
Particular
(n=667) (%)
a. Gender
Male 347 52 Fig. 8. Consumer respondents of rice (in-transition to
Female 320 48 organic) in Region 02
b. Civil Status
Single 620 76 B. Mapping Out the Value Chain of Rice in Transition to
Married 125 15 Organic in Region 02
Separate 63 8
Region 02 Value Chain Mapping of Rice in Transition
Widow 6 1
to Organic
c. Religion
Roman Catholic 518 74 From the gathered data through FGD, KII, and survey,
although they are not quite big and organized still they
Iglesia ni Cristo
49 7 resembled the value chain map as shown in Fig 9. There is
(INC)
complete functions performed in the chain by the different
United Methodist
64 9 actors and sometimes they performed with multiple
(UM)
functions in the chain as also indicated by [11] in their
Seventh Day
1 0 study. In the case of farmers, they are also the producers of
Adventists (SDA)
inputs and suppliers on it to the market or to co-farmers.
Others 65 9
Farmers also process their own produce and marketed to
d. Ethnic Group traders in the market or their neighborhood.
Ilocano 433 63 In the chain, input suppliers were providers of farm inputs
Tagalog 87 13 to the farmers like rice seeds, organic fertilizers, and other
Igorot 38 6 farm supplies in support to production. For some farm
Yogad 18 3 inputs that are not available in the market at present like
Ivatan 31 4 botanical chemicals for biospray, the farmers produced it
Cagayano 82 12 and used it right away. Few of them were marketed or given
e. Language Spoken as free to co-farmers for the excess produced product. The
Tagalog 333 31 farmers as producers of organic rice have dispersed two
kinds of products after production such raw palay or milled
English 173 16 rice. As usual the farmer’s practice, palay produced was sold
Ilocano 471 44 them out after harvesting to assemblers like buying stations
Yogad 11 1 or an individual who did canvassing of the product in the
Ivatan 27 3 locality and to processors like rice millers, institutional, and
Ifugao 47 4 household particularly in bulk quantity produce. However,
f. No. of Children 3 some farmers have capability to dry, store, mill their palay
g. Dependent and sell it as milled rice to traders and ultimate consumers as
2 also stressed by [7] in their study. In this way, the farmers
Children
h. Independent can get greater margin of profit but it needs greater capital
2 and it has a longer period of time to realize the said amount.
Children
Thus, most farmers cannot engage on it since their farming
i. Educational Attainment
capital were borrowed from the merchant traders and they
Elementary Grad 107 16 obliged to sell their produced to them and make their
High School Grad 262 39 payment right away or else the debt will incur with greater
College Grad 202 30 interest that may exceed at 35% per cropping.
Others 96 14 Assemblers in the chain are buyers of palay waiting in
j. Sources of Income their buying stations or they did canvassing of palay to buy
Farming 318 44 from the farmers. They sometimes buy standing crop and
Employment 141 19 they are responsible for the harvest on it. Some assemblers
Trading/Vending 173 24 are agents of the big processors (rice millers) in the Cagayan
Others 98 13 Valley. They borrowed capital, hauling equipment and
k. Household supplies from their financiers. Once they accumulate the
8,112.00 products right away, they deliver it to the warehouse of rice
monthly Income
millers where they engaged in. Assemblers get income from

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the margin of profit from sales of the product which also Value Chain and Cost Mapping of Organic Rice in the
emphasized by [12] in their study. Province of Batanes
The value chain of the organic rice in Batanes is shown in
Table IXA and Appendix 1. Value chain mapping is
indicating the business service providers, value chain actors
and key stakeholders. DA, LGU, and DTI have played an
important role in pursuing the activities of different actors in
the value chain such as input suppliers, farmer producers,
processors and traders. In value added map of rice, farmer
producers obtained with Php22.46 (16.04%) value added to
the cost of farm inputs purchased from input suppliers,
Php55.00 (39.29%) per kg added by the processors from its
cost of goods, Php15.00 (10.71%) added by traders from its
cost of goods, and Php40.00 (28.57%) per kg added by the
institutional product processors to the cost of goods. The
final price of the organic rice is Php140.00 per kg.

Value Chain and Cost Mapping of Organic Rice in the

Province of Isabela
The different actors in the value chain in organic rice have
played their roles in the chain like farm inputs suppliers
provide farm inputs such as: rice seeds, organic fertilizers,
technology in making organic pesticides, etc. needed by the
farmers (Table IXA and Appendix 2 and 3). The farmer
producers of organic rice are going to provide their produce
to the processors/millers, processors/millers then gives their
Fig. 9. Value Chain of Organic Rice in Region 02 milled rice products to the traders, while traders will supply
their products to institutional users and to household
On the processors that include rice millers, institutional, consumers. Transient consumers are then supplied by the
and households carried milled rice and finish food products. institutional rice food providers like restaurants, canteens,
In region 02, as rice granary of the country has presence of hotels, hospitals and fast food chains.
various sizes of rice millers found in different provinces in Analysis of value added in each actor in the chain is
the region. Big rice millers have their own hauling and shown in figure below. Farm input suppliers were added
storage facilities that make them competitive advantage in Php18.53 or 17.75% for lowland, while Php17.41 or 16.21%
marketing rice. They transport milled rice from the region to for upland to the cost of organic rice in the farmer’s level.
other regions particularly greater Metro Manila area. In Farmers added with Php37.00 which comprises to 35.44%
organic rice, operations of processors were limited to the to the cost for upland organic rice while, 34.45% added cost
provinces that they milled rice, package and sell it to for lowland in processors/millers level. The
retailers, urban traders and to ultimate consumers. On processors/millers have contributed with Php10.00 which is
institutional processors they are also called institutional 9.58% and 9.31% in upland and lowland respectively of
consumers that buy organic milled rice as input to produce organic sources of rice at the traders. The institutional
their products like restaurant, hotels, hospitals, caterers, etc. consumers have constituted with the highest value added
producing cooked rice and sell it to customers. with Php37.40 which contributed to 34.82% in lowland and
Organic rice trading with wholesalers and retailers found 34.82% for upland to the total cost structure of organic rice
in urban and rural areas. In Region 02 particularly in per kilo. The ultimate consumer’s price now is Php107.40
Cagayan Valley, wholesaler traders engaged bulk for a kilo of organic rice.
acquisition of organic milled rice from the millers and
transported to other regions especially in greater Metro
Value Chain and Cost Mapping of Organic Rice in the
Manila Areas where there is high demand of the product.
Province of Cagayan
Retailer’s outlets were very obvious in all provinces in the
region particularly that this is promoted by the government. It was found out that the Cagayan province has a strong
Actually many of the field offices of the DA have their own interrelationship of the different actors in the organic rice
agribusiness center as retail outlet of well packed organic value chain due to strong influence of the DA especially
rice product. Other agencies in provincial, CDA, LGUs, because this province is located in the seat of regional
NGOs like MASIPAG [13], Pangkaunlaran Development administration. There were strong supports of business
Association, Inc. (PDAI) 1 and 2 a World Vision assisted service providers to different actors in the value chain in the
groups in Isabela, Pamilya Sagrada in Cagayan, etc. have industry. They provided directly the needs of each actor in
these also in support to organic promotion in the country as the value chain. It indicates the different actors from input
spearheaded by the DA. Furthermore, greater volume of suppliers to traders were sustained the operation of organic
organic rice were available for sale found in the rice in the said province.
supermarkets like Savemore, Robinson Place at Santiago On value added map of costs starting from input suppliers,
City, SM City at Cauayan, Pure Gold all over Cagayan producers, processors, traders, institutional consumers to
Valley, etc. ultimate consumers have attained a total value of Php108.00

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per kg of rice or Php9.00 per cup of cooked rice in upland supplier to final consumers of Php96.00, while on the red
organic rice. Of this cost structure, suppliers of farm inputs rice variety has a total accumulated value added cost of
contributed with Php19.75 or 18.29%, producers like Php108.00. The cost deferential is attributed to demand of
farmers were able to contribute of Php26.00 or 24.07%, the product. Institutional consumers like restaurants,
processors with Php15.00 or 13.89% and traders have canteens, caterers and the like have possessed with the
contributed with Php43.00 or 39.81% in the total cost highest percentage (Php46.00 or 47.92%) added to the total
structure of organic rice in the market niche. On the other cost chain of organic white rice variety, while other actors
hand, lowland organic rice has the same final cost like farmers contributed with Php20.18 or 21.02%,
(Php108.00/kg) with upland organic rice but with different processors with Php18.00 or 18.42% and traders with
cost allocations of actors involve in the value chain. There Php10.00 or 10.42%. There is the same pattern of actors in
was Php20.92 or 19.37% contributed by the suppliers of organic red rice variety where the institutional consumers
farm inputs, Php26.00 or 24.07% added by producers, contributed with the highest cost of Php48.00 or 44.44%
Php15.00 or 13.89% added by processors and Php43.00 or from the total cost structure in the chain. The farmers,
39.81% added by traders to the total product cost (Table processors, and traders contributed with Php21.18 or
IXA and Appendices 4 and 5). 19.61%, Php20.00 or 18.52% and Php17.00 or 15.74%,
respectively (Table IXB and Appendices 7 and 8).
Value Chain and Cost Mapping of Organic Rice in the
Province of Quirino C. Challenges/Constraints
To put credit to the DA, academe, other government Farm Input Suppliers:
agencies, Peoples Organization (PO’s) and Non-government
The farm input suppliers had encountered with the
Organization (NGO’s) who exerted their efforts in
following constraints that affect to their operation: a) lack of
promoting organic farming particularly in rice production
substrates/ materials and manpower that resulted to shortage
that made farmers and consumers aware of the benefits of
of supply, b) contaminated farm residues as substrates in
the products. There were various business service providers
producing organic fertilizers and pesticides, c) insufficient
from government and NGOs which made their supports to
knowledge in producing organic farm inputs like organic
rice organic industry actors along the value chain in the
fertilizers and botanical pesticides, d) lack of infrastructures,
province of Quirino.
equipment, transportation facilities that can help facilitate
On costs value adding analysis, the finish organic rice
the production and distribution of farm inputs, e)
product has reached to Php120.00 per kilo or Php10.00 per
competition of products among farm inputs suppliers, f)
cup as final price available to the ultimate consumers. In this
insufficient financial capital and technology disseminations
cost structure, farm input suppliers accounted with Php5.50
to prospective organic farm input suppliers, g) high cost
(4.58%) per kilo contribution and Php24.50 (20.41%),
equipment that can be used for production of organic
Php30.00 (25%), Php35.00 (29.17%) and Php25.00
fertilizer and other farm input products which the small
(20.83%) contributed by the farmers, product processors,
producers can’t afford, h) insufficient support of R&D in
traders and institutional consumers like restaurant, fast food
production and utilization of organic farm inputs especially
chain, etc., respectively. In this case, traders have the
its efficacy to plant growth and control of pests, i) too rigid
highest cost (29.17%) contribution to the ultimate price of
requirement of product evaluation and high cost of
organic rice in the market (Table IXB and Appendix 6).
accreditation/certification as organic farm input producer
Value Chain and Cost Mapping of Organic Rice in the imposed by the accrediting body, and j) organic farm inputs
Province of Nueva Vizcaya producers are not fully aware to RA # 10068 or Organic
In the province of Nueva Vizcaya, value chain of organic Agriculture Law.
has interrelationships of the different actors starting from the
supplier of farm inputs up to the traders of the products. TABLE IXA. VALUE ADDED CONTRIBUTED BY THE
Each actor is supported by different business service DIFFERENT ACTORS/SECTORS ALONG THE VALUE CHAIN OF
providers coming from public and private agencies in the RICE IN REGION 02.
province. They provided directly the needs of respective Particular
Batanes Isabela
actor in organic rice chain. It was observed that the actor Upland Lowland Upland
performing multiple functions in the chain e.g. farmers as Farm Input Suppliers 7.54 4.47 5.59
producers perform the function of input supplier since they 5.39% 6.16% 5.20%
produce their own and supply the excess produce to co- Producers 22.46 18.53 17.41
16.04% 17.25% 16.21%
farmers or even marketed. In like manner, farmers have go
Processors 55.00 37.00 37.00
into forward integration through processing their produce 39.29% 34.45% 34.45%
palay to milled rice and pack for market. The actors in the Traders 15.00 10.00 10.00
chain, business development service providers and the 10.71% 9.31% 9.31%
identified persons/organization in the chain. Institutional Consumers 40.00 37.40 37.40
There were two value adding assessment made from the 28.57% 34.82% 34.82%
organic rice products in the province due to price/cost Final Price (Php/kg) 140.00 107.40 107.40
variation incurred by each actor; one for the organic white
rice variety and the other one is red rice variety. Organic
white rice variety has cheaper cost value in the whole chain
as compared to organic red rice variety. The organic white
rice variety has a total value added accumulation from input

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TABLE IXB. VALUE ADDED CONTRIBUTED BY THE organic milled rice are sold in ordinary price in the market,
DIFFERENT ACTORS/SECTORS ALONG THE VALUE CHAIN OF g) low supply of organic milled rice, and h) insufficient
RICE IN REGION 02. market linkages of organic milled rice particularly outside
Cagayan Quirino Nueva Vizcaya the province.
Particular
Lowland Upland Upland White Red
Farm Input 3.08 4.25 5.50 1.82 1.82
Suppliers 2.85% 3.93% 4.58% 1.89% 1.68% Traders:
Producers 20.92 19.75 24.50 20.18 21.18 Trading operations of organic products in the region had
19.37% 18.29% 20.41% 21.02% 19.61% affected and hampered by the following constrains
Processors 26.00 26.00 30.00 18.00 20.00
24.07% 24.07% 25.00% 18.75% 18.52%
encountered by the traders like: a) no enough and
Traders 15.00 15.00 35.00 10.00 17.00 continuous supply of organic milled rice processors/
13.89% 13.89% 29.17% 10.42% 15.74% farmers, b) organic milled rice has short shelf life which
Institutional 43.00 43.00 25.00 46.00 48.00 cannot be stored in a longer period of time, c) limited supply
Consumers 39.81% 39.81% 20.83% 47.92% 44.44%
Final Price
of milled rice for trading, d) lack of market linkages for
108.00 108.00 120.00 96.00 108.00 market niche, and e) not prepared to buy by ordinary
(Php)
household consumers.

Farmer Producers: Consumers:

Farmer producers had encountered the following The ultimate consumers of the products have bothering on
constrains or problems in production of organic products in the following: a) they claimed for no assurance of the rice
the region. These includes: a) insufficient organic farm they consumed is organically grown following the protocol
inputs available in the locality like seeds, fertilizers and for in organic farming practices, b) insufficient supply of
control of insect pest and diseases in rice, b) organic rice organic rice which cannot provide supply continuously for
farming is too laborious, c) distraction of crops and farming their needs in whole year round, c) nowhere they can
facilities due to natural calamities like typhoon and drought, regularly buy organic rice food in the local market, d) few
d) single cropping rice production because of late maturing market outlets of organic rice food restaurant or food chain
variety, e) low production yield which is not comparable to in the locality, e) organic rice has higher/premium price in
conventional/usual rice crop production, f) farm the market, and f) unpalatable taste of rice particularly to
contamination of organic rice due to nearby conventional children and elderly/adult consumers.
rice farmers applying synthetic/toxic chemicals, g) lack of
pre and post-harvest facilities of organic rice production, h)
high cost of organic farm inputs, i) lack of capital for VI. CONCLUSION
organic rice production, j) insufficient knowledge in organic
Organic production particularly rice is considered infant
farming technology particularly in organic rice production,
stage in Region 02, although it has started long time ago by
k) lack of market linkages of the product especially reaching
practicing natural farming but they did not gain a
out the market niche, l) farmers sold their organic palay in
momentum to maintain their numbers instead diminishing
ordinary price in the market, m) insufficient support of the
overtime due to the influences of modern technology that
government for financial, technical and marketing assistance
the emphasis was to apply synthetic based farm inputs (not
like linking the products to the market niche buyers, n)
organic) for mass food production. Most farmers in the
farmers have poor values that result to low adoption of
islands of Batanes are still practicing natural and organic
technologies in organic farming, o) low level of awareness
farming, but in the main land of Cagayan Valley, high land
and understanding from among farmers about the RA #
farmers in the mountain hills are believed doing these and
100068 or it is known as Organic Agriculture Law of the
few small farmers who were educated on organic farming
Philippines, p) lack of Installed Control System that
and monitored by the DA.
monitors the production of organic rice, q) there are many
The different actors/sectors in the value chain of rice are
requirements and high cost of product registration which the
active especially to the BDS had performed well their tasks
small producers cannot afford, and r) too rigid requirement
to provide supports to the different actors’ operations. Their
of product evaluation and high cost of
level of performance tasks are varied depending to the
accreditation/certification as organic rice producer imposed
locations which attributed to accessibility of resources. Most
by the accrediting body.
of farm input suppliers are also producers of organic rice
producing farm inputs like organic fertilizers, botanical
Processors: pesticide/bio-spray and organic seeds for their own use and
On processors, they had constraints in their operations to for market. Even the processors, majority of them are farmer
the following: a) small volume of production of organic rice producers of organic rice engaging processing of their own
in the region which cannot sustain the business operation for product for their consumption and for market in smaller
whole year round, b) limited quantity and no stable supply quantity. Most of them have adopted crude processing of
of organic palay for continuous milling operation, c) lack of organic rice using hand pounding in de-hulling rice and
organic rice milling or specialized de-huller machine to making native delicacies as their household livelihood.
produce unpolished organic milled rice, d) high cost of Institutional processors are observed in the urban centers in
milling machine which most organic producers resort to the different provinces selling organic cook rice served in
process their harvest through hand pounding, e) organic rice restaurants, bus station terminals, food chains, caterers and
has short shelf life which cannot stock for long time, f) hospitals as one of their amenities. On trading operation is
found out that organic rice has mixed with conventional rice

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marketing practices. The marketing and trading of organic financing, and access to product marketing.
rice is not yet well established unlike the conventional rice.
The different actors in the value chain in organic rice have
B. Farm Input Suppliers
played their roles in the chain like farm inputs suppliers
provide farm inputs needed by farmers. The farmer • They need technical, financial, and marketing supports for
producers are going to provide their produce to the their entrepreneurial endeavors. From among other
processors/millers, processors/millers then sells their milled concerned of the farm input suppliers are assistance of
rice products to the traders, while traders will supply their identification of organic farm input products, trainings on
products to institutional users and to household consumers. production, packaging, trade marking, and marketing
Transient consumers are then supplied by the institutional which includes product promotion and accessing the
rice food providers like restaurants, canteens, hotels, buyers. Financial support is likewise needed by them to
hospitals and fast food chains. finance the operation and sustenance of the business.
The value added mapping of costs of organic rice in • There must strict implementation of Organic Agriculture
different provinces, processors had contributed with the Law (RA # 10068) and other related Laws. Farm input
highest cost share of the total consumers price of organic suppliers can be benefited on this by proper
rice (Php140.00/kg) in Batanes with 39.29%. In Isabela, implementation of organic programs/protocols that must
farmer producers and institutional consumers had observed in production, processing and marketing of
contributed with the highest cost share to the final price organic farm inputs.
(Php107.40/kg) of upland produced organic rice with • They need support to conduct research and development
35.44% and 34.82%, respectively, while institutional of organic farm inputs. This endeavor will determine the
consumers and farmers had for lowland produced organic content, level of efficacy of the products e.g. botanical
rice with 34.82% and 34.45%, respectively. Traders had chemicals, and draw for proper recommendations in the
contributed much with 39.81% for upland produced organic use of the product.
rice, while processors contributed much with 39.81% for • Farm input producers/suppliers’ accreditation. They need
lowland produced organic rice to the total cost structure of accreditation of their business name and product for
Php108.00 per kg in Cagayan province. In Quirino province protection of the industry and they can be able to take
having with final price of organic rice to Php 120.00 per kg, advantage during marketing.
29.17% of this cost is contributed by the traders. Finally,
Nueva Vizcaya has final price of Php108.00 for organic red C. Farmer Producers
rice and Php96.00 for organic white rice. Institutional
consumers had contributed with highest cost share of about • There is a need to conduct training on organic farming,
47.92% for white and 44.44% for red rice variety. On final processing and marketing of the products. Most claimants
price of the product, Batanes organic rice has highest of this are farmers found in the far flung areas in the
obtained final price per kilogram. provinces of Region 02. Furthermore, other organic
There were various challenges/constraints faced by the farmer practitioners have not fully understood and
different sectors along the chain of organic rice production, internalized the concept of organic farming.
processing and marketing in Region 02 that affected to their • There should be readily available and enough volume of
operations. organic farm inputs in the market like organic rice seeds,
organic fertilizers, botanical chemicals (biospray), and
VII. RECOMMENDATIONS other supplies.
• Strict implementation and monitoring of Organic
Based from various challenges, problems and constraints Agriculture Law, and strengthen the implementation and
faced by all sectors along Value Chain of rice (in transition organization of NOAB particularly in municipal and
to organic) in Region 02, the following recommendations barangay level. People responsible of program
are set forward for government’s policy options: implementation must fully aware on it particularly to said
organization.
A. BDS Providers • Organization of organic producers in each province and
• There should be a need to improve the delivery system of region. The organization will facilitate their needs for
BDS to their clients. Proper programming of their technical, financial and marketing of products. Through
activities and review their priorities suit to the needs of this the organization will become responsible to access on
the clients (specifically to each sector in organic rice value it.
chain). Need more competent manpower and logistic • There is a need for organic rice producers’ accreditation.
supports for better delivery of services reaching to as far The government must provide support on accreditation of
as far-flung places in each province in Region 02. farmer producers particularly subsidizing the cost of the
• Strict implementation of Organic Agriculture Law (RA # registration.
10068) in the country and other related Laws. • The government will develop schemes to encourage
Implementing rules and regulations of the program must farmers to engage in organic farming particularly on rice
be reviewed and provide greater participation of those production. Through this will increase the production area
program implementers found at the tip most (e.g. LGU- of organic rice and increase available supply of products
DA) in organizational structure. in the market.
• Continuously provide the basic support services that are
needed by the client’s sectors along the value chain of rice D. Processors
in transition to organic. From among the highlighted • Provide technical, financial and marketing supports. They
support services are technology trainings on organic, need technical information on proper processing of the

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rice e.g. milling, to solve short shelf life of milled rice, APPENDIX 3. VALUE ADDED MAP OF RICE (IN TRANSITION TO ORGANIC)
FOR UPLAND IN ISABELA
and proper storage. They likewise needed a capital for the
operation, acquisition of processing equipment like de-
huller machine, and accessing the market of the product.
• Organization of small processors is necessary for
institutionalization of support delivery systems.

E. Traders/retailers
• Help access the market niche of organic rice products not
only in the province, region, and country but also in
foreign markets.
• There is a need for organic rice organization of
traders/retailers in the region for institutionalization of
support delivery system from GOs and NGOs. This would
be the venue for technical, financial, research and
marketing supports for the member traders of the
organization. APPENDIX 4. VALUE ADDED MAP OF RICE (IN TRANSITION TO ORGANIC)
FOR UPLAND IN CAGAYAN

F. Consumers
• The government concern agencies like DA, DTI and
DOST must conduct continuous education for product
utilization or consumption of organic products including
the benefits that they can get from it.

APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1. VALUE ADDED MAP OF RICE (IN TRANSITION TO ORGANIC)
FOR UPLAND IN BATANES

APPENDIX 5. VALUE ADDED MAP OF RICE (IN TRANSITION TO ORGANIC)

FOR LOWLAND IN CAGAYAN

APPENDIX 2. VALUE ADDED MAP OF RICE (IN TRANSITION TO ORGANIC)

FOR LOWLAND IN ISABELA

APPENDIX 6. VALUE ADDED MAP OF RICE (IN TRANSITION TO ORGANIC)

FOR UPLAND IN QUIRINO

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APPENDIX 7. VALUE ADDED MAP OF RICE (IN TRANSITION TO ORGANIC) [9] Philippine Statistics Authority (2010). The 2010 Census of Population
FOR LOWLAND WHITE VARIETY IN NUEVA VIZCAYA and Housing. https://psa.gov.ph/content/2010-census-population-and-
housing.
[10] http://pasmeth-
ph.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/lecture12.pdf
[11] Dooren, I.C.V. (2005). Rice Value Chain Analysis, “Each life starts
with a little seed” For IFAT/EFTA/FLO, 94 Mu 4, T. Kummaet, A.
Kutchum, Yasothorn Land 30 rai about 17 rai Hom Mali
[12] Edwardson, W. and Santacoloma, P. (2013). Organic supply chains
for small farmer income generation in developing countries Case
studies in India, Thailand, Brazil, Hungary and Africa. Agribusiness
and Food Industries Series. Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Rome, 2013. ISBN 978-92-5-107411-4
[13] Cruzada E. (n.d). "Masipag farmers: Beyond putting food on the
table", downloaded from www.masipag.org, May 5, 2011.

APPENDIX 8. VALUE ADDED MAP OF RICE (IN TRANSITION TO ORGANIC)

FOR LOWLAND RED VARIETY IN NUEVA VIZCAYA

Diosdado C. Cañete was born in Cauayan, Negros

Occidental, Philippines on February 20, 1965. He is
graduated in his Doctorate Degree in Doctor of
Author’s formal Philosophy in Institutional Development and
photo Management at Isabela State University (ISU),
Echague, Isabela, Philippines in 2002.
He is with ISU for 31 years as professor in
agribusiness, management and economics courses and
handling administrative position in the University. In
1997 to 2003 was assigned as Department chair of the Department of
Agribusiness & Agricultural Economics, 2004 to 2012 was a University
Director of Management Information System and 2013 to present was
assigned as Chair of the said Department. He published various research
output at local research journals accredited by the government, while one
article published currently to Asean Academic Associates Publication. He
published Migration Pattern of Migrants in Region 02, Income and Income
Distribution of Migrants in Region 02, Stochastic Frontier Analysis of Rice
Terraces in Mayaoyao, Ifugao, Analysis of Malaya Dairy Cooperative in
Mallig, Isabela: A Case Analysis, Factors Influencing Productivity and
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Technical Efficiency of Rice Farmers Isabela, Philippines, and Market-
oriented Agri-Technology and Agri-Extension Services for Agrarian
Thanks to the Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Reform Community Connectivity and Economic Support Services
Agricultural Research (DA-BAR) for provide funds in (ARCCESS) for Isabela.
conducting this study. Likewise, also to the Isabela State Dr. Cañete a member of various professional organization within and
outside the country such as: Federation of Agricultural Economics
University in letting us to undergo this study. Development Association, UPLB; Philippine Association of Research
Managers (PhilARM). UPLB; International Society for Southeast Asian
Agricultural Sciences (ISSAAS); Council of Economic Educators
REFERENCES (CECON), UPLB; and Philippine Association of Agriculturists, Inc. (PAA),
UPLB.
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