1. Describe the Educational System during the Spanish Era.

Formal education was brought to the Philippines by the Spaniards, which was
conducted mostly by religious orders. Upon learning the local languages and writing
systems, they began teaching Christianity, the Spanish language, and Spanish
culture. These religious orders opened the first schools and universities as early as
the 16th century. Spanish missionaries established schools immediately after
reaching the islands. The Augustinians opened a parochial school in Cebu in 1565.
The Franciscans, took to the task of improving literacy in 1577, aside from the
teaching of new industrial and agricultural techniques. The Jesuits followed in 1581,
as well as the Dominicans in 1587, setting up a school in Bataan. The church and
the school cooperated to ensure that Christian villages had schools for students to
attend.

Schools for boys and for girls were then opened. Colegios were opened for boys,
ostensibly the equivalent to present day senior high schools. The Universidad de
San Ignacio, founded in Manila by the Jesuits in 1589 was the first colegio.
Eventually, it was incorporated into the University of Santo Tomas, College of
Medicine and Pharmacology following the suppression of the Jesuits. Girls had two
types of schools - the Beaterio, a school meant to prepare them for the convent, and
another, meant to prepare them for secular womanhood.

2. What were the content of the school curriculum during Spanish

Era?

The Educational Decree of 1863 provided a free public education system in the
Philippines, managed by the government. The decree mandated the establishment of at
least one primary school for boys and one for girls in each town under the responsibility
of the municipal government, and the establishment of a normal school for male
teachers under the supervision of the Jesuits. Primary education was also declared free
and available to every Filipino, regardless of race or social class. Contrary to what the
propaganda of the Spanish-American War tried to depict, they were not religious
schools; rather, they are schools that were established, supported, and maintained by
the Spanish government.

3. What were the subjects included in school curriculum during

the Philippine First Republic (1899-1901) its highlights?
 The 1899 Malolos Constitution provides the Philippine educational system curricula
which to be included. These subjects are: Science, Mathematics, History, Philosophy,
Law, Language, Physical Education, Religion, Music, and Social Sciences.
The highlights of this period are the following;
1. Circular Reforms
2. Secularization of education
3. Greater attention to national science
4. The design of relevant curriculum
5. Improvement of higher centers for learning
6. Improvement of educational system
7. Disproportionate focus on religion
8. Discourage the attempt of Filipino students to speak in Spanish
9. Lack of pedagogical skills
10. Irrelevant course in the curriculum

.
4. In general, what were the main role of the teacher during the
American period? Why?

Teacher’s roles in this time is to teach concepts and develop the rational minds
through debates and empirical evidences and they are required to use the English as
the medium of instruction and were also asked to study different learning areas where
American restricted the Filipinos to compulsory the religious instruction. In this time,
separation of state and church are also observed where it is stated in 1986 Philippine
Constitution Article II Section 6, “Separation of state and church shall be inviolable.”.

5. Elaborate the content of the 1935 constitution- Article XIV

section 5, during the commonwealth period (1935-1945).

According to article XIV section 5 of the 1935 constitution stated that all
educational institutions shall be under the supervision of and subject to regulation by the
State. The Government shall establish and maintain a complete and adequate system
of public education, and shall provide at least free public primary instruction, and
citizenship training to adult citizens. All schools shall aim to develop moral character,
personal discipline, civic conscience, and vocational efficiency, and to teach the duties
of citizenship. Optional religious instruction shall be maintained in the public schools as
now authorized by law. Universities established by the State shall enjoy academic
freedom. The State shall create scholarships in arts, science, and letters for specially
gifted citizens.

6. How does Educational System implement during Japanese

Period?

With the Americans out of the picture, the Japanese Occupation started on 1941.
Changes in the system of education were implemented a year later. Embodied in the
Military Order No. 2 in 1942 they spelled out the basic principle and guidelines of
education in re-opening and operating schools. These were the following:
• To enrich the Filipino culture and to stop patronizing western countries, i.e., the United
States and Great Britain;
• To recognize that the Philippines as a part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere so that the Philippines and Japan could have good relations;
• To boost the morality of the Filipinos and instill cautiousness of materialism;
• To forget and to stop English language learning, and instead learn and adopt
Nippongo;
• To proliferate primary and vocational education;
• To foster love for work.

7. Explain why during the time of Pres. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-

1961) the secondary curriculum has been revised?

The time of Pres. Carlos P. Garcia experiences in Education Program, the secondary
has been revised so as to provide common program studies for the first two years, after
which the students is the given the option, with help of competent counselor to choose
between the vocational course and a college preparatory course. More science and
mathematics are offered. Revised New progress has been made in the field of
education with the adoption of the Revised Educational Program, the curricula in the
public and private elementary and secondary schools have been enriched and made
more responsive to our social and economic needs. Increased emphasis has been
given to science, mathematics, and vocational education.

Educational opportunities have been extended to more children and adults than ever
before. The community school program has continued to stimulate and improve
community living, principally in the rural areas. Character education and optional
religious instruction have been intensified as a way of counteracting juvenile
delinquency.

8. How was Educational System advance during Marcos regime

(1965-1986)?

The Educational System of the Marcos Regime was indeed advance because it
focused well in to each individual and to love more the country. One of it is, to provide
for a broad general education that will assist each individual in the peculiar ecology of
his own society. Towards the realization of these objectives, and pursuant to the
Constitution, all educational institutions shall aim to inculcate love of country, teach the
duties of citizenship, and develop moral character, personal discipline, and scientific,
technological, and vocational efficiency.

Furthermore, the educational system shall reach out to educationally deprived

communities, in order to give meaningful reality to their membership in the national
society, to enrich their civic participation in the community and national life, and to unify
all Filipinos into a free and just nation.

The philosophy of Philippine education under the Marcos presidential era is as follows

 Individual as a useful member of society

 Education for all

 Emphasis on research
 Responsiveness to changing needs and conditions
 Non formal education
 Optional religious instruction
 State supervision and control of schools

9. What were the three sectors of educational system and their

functions during Joseph’s Estrada’s Administration.
According to article 46 s. 1998, here is hereby established the Presidential Commission
on Educational Reform (PCER), under the Office of the President, which shall be a
multi-sectoral body comprised of representatives from government line agencies, the
University of the Philippines, the Open University – University of the Philippines; public
and private schools at all levels; teachers; the agriculture and industry sectors; the
information technology sector; state colleges and universities; other concerned sectors.

1. The Commission will be chaired by a person with outstanding record in education and
of proven integrity appointed by the President for the duration of the life of the
Commission.

Members of the Commission will include the Secretary of Education, Culture and
Sports; the Chairman of the Commission on Higher Education; the Director-General of
the Technical Education Skills Development Authority; the Director-General of the
National Economic Development Authority; a representative of the Philippine Chamber
of Commerce and Industry and a representative from private agriculture;
representatives each from the Department of Interior and Local Government;
Department of Science and Technology, the University of the Philippines, Department of
Finance, the state colleges and universities; superintendents; public and private school
teachers; private and public school associations.

The Education Committee Chairmen of the Upper and Lower Houses will be invited to
attend meetings ex-officio either personally or through their representatives.

2. There will be a Secretariat, headed by a full time Executive Director contracted for the
purpose, housed within DECS, and staffed by individuals seconded by DECS, CHED
and TESDA.

3. There will be a working committee to assist the Executive Director in the design and
conduct of the education sector analysis, composed of a senior representative of
concerned Departments, Agencies and private sector constituencies.

10. Why was Pres. Benigno Aquino III’s Administration (2001-2010) proposed to
implement K-12 Curriculum in the basic Education?

Filipinos are known to be competitive in the international community. However before

current education system hinders us from becoming even more competitive.
That is why, Pres. Benigno Aquino III proposed the idea to implement K-12 curriculum,
so that Filipinos will have easy recognition through globally recognized citizen and
professionals. Filipino graduates will be automatically recognized as professionals
abroad because we are following the international education standard as practiced by
all nations.

There will be no need to study again and spend more money in order to qualify for
international standards. With a K-12 education, Filipino professionals who aspire to
serve the world will not have a hard time getting jobs in their chosen field.

Another, is to prepare them for work with right age as a legal basis. And also widen
their knowledge.

Started last 2012-2013 school year, the education system of the Philippines was
enhanced from the ten years of basic education to a 12-year program through an
initiative called the K-12 Education Plan sponsored by the Department of Education.

The implementation of the K-12 plan in the Philippine Basic Education Curriculum is
the key to our nation’s development. Though the government faces many problems as it
implements the program over the course of several years, it is a necessary
improvement since increasing the quality of our education is critical to our nation's
success.