TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY

Vocabulary Definition Example Note

1. adapt (v) to change your behaviour - Some animals have a remarkable = to adjust
/əˈdæpt/ in order to deal more ability to adapt to changing
 - to adapt to sth successfully with a new environments.
- to adapt situation - How do these insects adapt
yourself to sth themselves to new environments?
2. adjust (v) to change sth slightly to - Taste the soup and adjust the
/əˈdʒʌst/ make it more suitable for seasoning.
 - to adjust sth a new set of conditions or - Watch out for sharp bends and
- to adjust sth to to make it work better adjust your speed accordingly.
sth -  Adjust your language to the age
of your audience.
3. alternate (a)(v) Alternate (a) = If sth Private cars are banned from the
/ˈɔːltəneɪt/ happens on alternate days, city on alternate days.
 - to alternate it happens every second
between sth day.
- to alternate Alternate (v) = to - She alternated between outrage
 - to alternate happen or to make sth and sympathy.
between/ with sth happen one after the other - Periods of depression alternate
- to alternate A repeatedly with excited behavior.
and/ with B - Twist your body, alternating right
and left stretches.
4. alternative (n)(a) Alternative (n) = a - Hydrogen offers a viable (= that
/ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/ thing that you can choose can work as successfully)
to do or have out of two alternative to petrol and diesel.
or more possibilities -  Fruit juice is provided as an
alternative to alcoholic drinks.
- I was left with no alternative but
to seek legal advice.
- He had no alternative but to
resign.  to have no/ little
alternative (but to do sth)
Alternative (a): - The opposition parties have so far
- that can be used instead failed to set out an alternative
of sth else (1) strategy. (1)
- different from the usual - alternative ways/ approach/
or traditional way in methods/ etc (1)
which sth is done (2) - alternative medicine/ therapies
(= medical treatment that is not
based on the usual western
methods) (2)
- tolerance of alternative lifestyles
 (2)

5. - amend (v) Amend (v) = to change Until the constitution is amended,

/əˈmend/ the words of a text, esp a the power to appoint ministers
- amends (n) law or a legal document will remain with the president.
/əˈmendz/ Amends (n) = to do sth After his death, the scientific = to make up
 to make amends for sb in order to show community made amends for for; to
(to sb) (for sth/ that you are sorry for sth their initial disrespect by naming compensate
doing sth) wrong or unfair that you the metric unit of energy after him. for
have done
6. conservative not usually liking or - music which is accessible to an
trusting change, esp audience with extremely
sudden change conservative tastes
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
- They were deeply conservative
in their outlook.
7. convert (v)(n) Convert (v): - What’s the formula for converting
/kənˈvɜːt/  - to change or make sth pounds into kilograms ? (1)
change from one form, - a 19th-century converted barn 
purpose, system, etc. to (= barn changed into a house) (1)
another (1) - We've converted from oil to gas
- to change your religion central heating. (1)
or beliefs; to make sb - She was soon converted to the
change their religion or socialist cause. (2)
beliefs (2) - European missionaries converted
thousands to Christianity. (2)
Convert (n) = a person - an attempt to gain converts to
who has changed their Communism
religion, beliefs or - converts from other faiths
opinions
8.decay (v)(n) Decay (v) = to be - decaying organic matter = to rot
/dɪˈkeɪ/ destroyed gradually by - decaying leaves/teeth/food
natural processes; to
destroy sth in this way
Decay (n) = the process - tooth/ dental decay
or result of being - During the war, the area fell into
destroyed by natural decay.
causes or by not being - Smoking accelerates age -
cared for (= of decaying) related decay in the heart and
arteties.
- The derelict buildings are the
signs of a town in decay.
9. deteriorate (v) to become worse - The discussion quickly
/dɪˈtɪəriəreɪt/ deteriorated into an angry
argument.
- The political situation in the
region has deteriorated rapidly.
10. distort (v)  to change facts, ideas, His account was badly distorted
/dɪˈstɔːt/ etc. so that they are no by the press.
longer correct or true
11. dynamic (a) continuously changing, - The process is essentially >< static (a)
/daɪˈnæmɪk/ growing or developing dynamic with ideas and feedback
flowing both ways.
- These countries are characterized
by highly dynamic economies.
12. endure (v) to experience and deal - He can’t endure being apart from = to bear sth
/ɪnˈdjʊə(r)/ with sth that is painful or me.
unpleasant without giving - The family said they had endured
up (1) years of torment and abuse at the
hands of the neighbours.
to continue to exist for a The torn flag has endured as a
long time (2) symbol of freedom.
13. evolve (v) to gradually change and - The idea evolved out of work
/ɪˈvɒlv/ develop over a period of done by British scientists.
time (1) - The protest movement has
evolved into a well organize
political party.
when a type of plant or - Animals have evolved
animal evolves, its camouflage to protect themselves
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
physical form changes from predators.
over a long period of time - Monkeys in the New World
 (2) evolved quite separately from those
in the Old World.
14. influence (v)(n) Influence (v) = to affect - Be aware of external factors
/ˈɪnfluəns/ the way someone thinks which may unduly influence your
or behavesor affect the judgement.
way sth happens - Her parents tried to influence her
in her choice of university.
- Understaffing can adversely
influence the recovery of patients.
- Minor party candidates can
influence the outcome of elections.
Influence (n) = the - What is exactly is the influence of
effect that a person or social media on children?
thing has on sb’s - Technology exerts a powerful
decisions, opinions, or influence over our lives. ( = to
behaviour or on the way have an influence)
sth happens - The Federal Reserve exercises/
wields influence on the economy
by setting short-term interest rates.
( = to use it)
- They had come under the
influence of a religious sect.
- The religious community wished
to be independent of outside/
external influence.
15. innovation (n) Innovation (n) = a new - The recording industry is driven
/ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/ idea, method, piece of by constant innovation.
 innovative (a) equipment, etc - recent innovations in steel-making
/ˈɪnəveɪtɪv/ technology
Innovative (a) = new, - an innovative approach to
original and advanced language teaching
- innovative schemes for recycling
waste materials
16. last (v) to continue to exist or to - This pen should last (you) a
/lɑːst/ function well (1) lifetime if you take care of it.
- Interest rates are at their lowest
level for a decade. I suggest you
enjoy it while it lasts.
 to survive sth or manage - He was injured early on and didn't
to stay in the same last the match.
situation, despite - Doctors say that she probably
difficulties (2) won't last out the night (= she will
probably die before the morning).
- Can you last out until I can get
help?
17. maintain (v) to make sth stay the same - to maintain law and order/ = to preserve
/meɪnˈteɪn/  (1) standards/ a balance/ control sth
- Despite living in different
countries, the two families have
maintained close links.
 to keep a building, a - The grounds are beautifully
machine, etc. in good maintained.
condition by checking or - The roads in the town have been
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
repairing it regularly (2) very poorly maintained.
to express firmly your - Critics maintain that these
belieef that sth is true (3) reforms will lead to a decline in
educational standards.
- He maintained his innocence and
said the allegations were
‘ridiculous’.
18.mature (a)(v) Mature (a) = (of a child - She tries to look mature and >< immature
/məˈtʃʊə(r)/ or young person) sophisticated. (a)
behaving in a sensible - a mature and sensible attitude
way, like an adult
Mature (v) = to develop - Girls are said to mature faster
emotionally and start to than boys.
behave like a sensible - He has matured a great deal
adult over the past year.
19. modify (v) to change sth slightly, - The law has been significantly = to adapt sth
/ˈmɒdɪfaɪ/ especially in order to modified since that ruling.
make it more suitable for - heavily/highly modified
a particular purpose
20. novel (a) new or unusual - Job-sharing is still a novel
/ˈnɒvl/ concept and it will take a while for
employers to get used to it.
- Keeping a sheep in the garden is a
novel way of keeping the grass
short!
21. persist (v) to continue to do or say - He persisted in his refusal to
/pəˈsɪst/ sth in a determined way admit responsibility.
 (1) - She persisted with her studies in
spite of financial problems.
to continue to exist (2) The trade network persisted in spite
of political chaos.
22. potential (n)(a) Potential (n):
/pəˈtenʃl/
- the possibility of sth - the potential of the Internet to
happening or being create jobs
developed or used (1) - an industry that has the potential
for growth
- qualities that exist and - to achieve/ fulfil/ reach/ realize = promise (n)
can be developed (2) your potential
- Training is a way of unlocking
the potential of the workforce.
 to unlock/unleash sb’s potential
= to allow them to succeed as well
as they can)
- Malaysia only showed glimpses
of their true/ full potential in the
final stages of the tournament.
-  We're looking for a trainee with
potential.
Potential (a) = possible Of course we don’t want to alarm
or likely in the future ppl unnecessarily, but they should
be alerted to potential dangers.
23. progress (v)(n) Progress (v):
to improve or develop -  to progress rapidly in your career = to advance
over a period of time; to - My Spanish never really >< to regress
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make progress (1) progressed beyond the stage of
being able to order drinks at the
bar.
to move forward (2) - The line of traffic progressed
slowly through the town.
-  Cases can take months to
progress through the courts.
to go forward in time (3) - As the war progressed, more and = to go on
more countries became involved.
- We started off talking about the
weather and gradually the
conversation progressed to
politics.
Progress (n):
the process of developing - We appraise the work and
or improving (1) evaluate each student’s individual
progress.
 to assess/evaluate/review
somebody’s progress
- Regular tests enable the teacher to
monitor the progress of each
child.
 to follow/monitor/chart
somebody’s progress = to keep
checking it
- The two sides have made
very slow progress in resolving the
dispute.
- Who can halt this man’s
inexorable progress towards yet
another championship?
movement forwards or We watched the ship’s stately
towards a place (2) progress out of the docks.
24. radical (a) relating to the most basic - a radical reform of the tax system = far –
/ˈrædɪkl/ and important parts of sth; - They are proposing radical reaching
complete and detailed changes to the way the company is >< slight (a)
run.
25. refine (v)  to improve sth by making The theory was further refined by
/rɪˈfaɪn/ small changes to it modern scientists.

26. reform (v)(n) Reform (n) = change - The Prime Minister promised
that is made to a social sweeping reforms of the banking
system, an organization, system.
etc. in order to improve or  far-reaching/ major/ sweeping
correct it reforms
- They wanted to push through
radical reform. ( = to make them
happen)
- Much will depend on how local
managers implement the reforms.
Reform (v) =  to - plans to radically reform the tax
improve a system, an system
organization, a law, etc. - the near impossibility of truly
by making changes to it reforming the system
27. remain (v) to continue to be sth; to be - Many scientists remain
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
/rɪˈmeɪn/ still in the same state or unconvinced by the current
condition (1) evidence.
- to remain unclear/ unchanged/
unanswered/ etc
to still need to be done, - The fact remains that racism is
said or dealt with (2) still a considerable problem.
- There remained a few jobs still to
be finished.
-  It remains to be seen (= it will
only be known later) whether you
are right.
 to remain to do sth
28. revise (v) to change sth because of I can see I will have to revise my
/rɪˈvaɪz/ new info or ideas (1) opinions of his abilities now.
to change sth, such as a - The figure has now been revised
book or an estimate, in from $1 million to $2 million.
order to correct or - Forecasts of economic growth are
improve it (2) being revised downwards.
29. revolution (n) a sudden or major change, - the digital/technological
/ˌrevəˈluːʃn/ esp in ideas or methods revolution
 (1) - There has been a quiet revolution
in the way writing is taught.
a time when ppl change a - The country appears to be on the
ruler or political system brink of revolution.
by using force or violence - It was very difficult to
 (2) encapsulate the story of the
revolution in a single one-hour
documentary.
30. shift (n)(v) Shift (n) = a change in - There has been a dramatic shift in
/ʃɪft/ opinion, mood, policy, public opinion towards peaceful
etc. negotiations.
- a marked shift (=noticeable
change) in attitudes towards women
- Recent years have witnessed a
shift away from fatty foods.
Shift (v) = (of an idea, - The White House hopes to shift
opinion, etc.) to change the media’s attention away from
foreign policy issues.
- Media attention has shifted
recently onto environmental
issues.
31. spoil (v)  to change sth good into - I haven’t seen the film, so don’t = to ruin sth
/spɔɪl/ sth bad, unpleasant, etc. spoil it for me by telling me what
happens.
- You’ll spoil your appetite for
dinner if you have a cake now.
32. status quo (n) the present situation or the - Will the West use its influence to
/ˌsteɪtəs ˈkwəʊ/ ways things usually are maintain the status quo and not
disrupt the flow of oil?
 - to defend/ keep/ maintain/
preserve the status quo
- They wanted a return to the
status quo before the war.
33. steady (v)(a) Steady (a): - Over the last ten years he has - Synonyms:
/ˈstedi/ - developing, growing, produced a steady flow/ stream/ (1)= constant
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
etc. gradually and in an trickle of articles and papers. (1) (2)= regular
even and regular way (1) - Orders for new ships are rising, - Antonym:
-  not changing and not after several years of steady (3) ><
interrupted (2) decline. (1) unsteady (a)
- firmly held in a - a steady job/ work/ income (2)
particular position without - a steady boyfriend/girlfriend (2)
moving or shaking (3) - to have a steady relationship (2)
- Keep the camera steady while
you take a picture. (3)
- It takes a steady hand to perform
surgery. (3)
Steady (v) = to stop - He steadied his rifle on the wall
(yourself/sb/sth from) and fired.
moving, shaking or falling - The plane steadied, and the
passengers relaxed.
34. substitute (n)(v) Substitute (n) = person - The television is a poor
/ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt/ or thing that you use or substitute for human
have instead of the one companionship.
you normally use or have - There is no substitute for a
committed board with a vision of
the future.
Substitute (v) = to use - Computers can’t substitute for
sth or sb instead of human interaction.
another thing or person - You can substitute oil for butter
in this recipe.
35. sustain (v) - to provide enough of The soil in this part of the world is
/səˈsteɪn/ what sb/ sth needs in not rich enough to sustain a large
order to live or exist (1) population.
- to make sth continue for - The economy looks set to sustain = to maintain
some time without its growth into next year. sth
becoming less (2) - She found it difficult to sustain the
children’s interest.
- to experience sth bad (3) - She sustained mutiple injuries in
the accident.
- to sustain damage/an injury/a
defeat
36. switch (v)(n) Switch (v) =  to change - Most of his supporters had
/swɪtʃ/ or make sth change from switched their allegiance/ sides to
one thing to another his rival. (= to start supporting sb
else)
- I decided to switch my focus
from swimming to cycling.
 to switch attention/ focus/
emphasis
Switch (n) = a change - The team’s manager made a
from one thing to another, shrewd tactical switch in defence.
especially when this is - When did the writer make the
sudden and complete switch from fiction to non-fiction?
37. transform (v) to make sb or sth - The movie transformed her = convert (v)
/trænsˈfɔːm/ completely different, almost overnight from an
usually in a way that unknown schoolgirl into a
makes them more megastar.
attractive, easier to use, - the power of art to transform
etc experience
-  He seems to have been
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
miraculously transformed into a
first-class player.
38. trend (n) a general direction in - The underlying/ long-term
/trend/ which a situation is trend of inflation is still upwards
changing or developing - The recession may still be biting,
but video games company Nintendo
continues to buck the trend (= to
resist; oppose).
- I have detected a worrying/
alarming/ disturbing trend of late
(= recently).
- a growing trend towards
globalization in world markets
 a growing/ increasing/ rising
trend
- He succeeded in reversing the
downward trend of the railway’s
fortunes.
39. uniform (a) the same everywhere - uniform rates of pay
/ˈjuːnɪfɔːm/ - Growth has not been uniform
across the country.
40. breakthrough an important development - The agreement was a historic
(n) /ˈbreɪkθruː/ that may lead to an breakthrough in political history.
agreement or achievement - This drug has been heralded as a
big/ major breakthrough in the
fight against breast cancer.
41. broadband (n) a high – speed Internet broadband services/ networks/
/ˈbrɔːdbænd/ connection technology/ transmission
42. click (v) - to make a computer do If you want to open a file, click
/klɪk/ sth by pressing a button twice on the icon for it.
the mouse (1)
-  to suddenly become - In the last act of the play,
clear or understood (2) everything clicks into place.
 to click into place/ position
- As he talked about his schooldays,
it suddenly clicked where I had met
him before.
- to become friendly or - We met at a party and clicked
popular (3) immediately.
- The new daytime soap opera has
yet to show signs that it’s clicking
with the television audience.
-  to make or cause sth to - The door clicked shut behind me.
make a short sharp sound  to click open/ shut = open with a
 (4) short/ hard sound
- He clicked his heels and saluted.
43. complex (a) made of many different - She managed to put over a fairly Synonym:
/ˈkɒmpleks/ things or parts that are complex argument in a brilliantly complicated
connected; difficult to simple way.
understand - a complex problem/ issue/
process/ system
44. consumer electrical equipment, such - a leading manufacturer of
electronics (n) as digital cameras, etc, consumer electronics
/kənˌsjuːmər ɪˌlek which is available for the - The economic outlook is good for
ˈtrɒnɪks/ public to buy most manufacturers of consumer
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
electronics.
45. craft (n)(v) Craft (n) = skill and - the craft of furniture making/
/krɑːft/ experience, esp in relation sewing/ glassblowing
to making objects; a job - political/ literary craft
or activity that needs skill - rural/ ancient/ traditional crafts
and experience, or sth - a craft fair/ centre/ workshop
produced using skill and
experience
Craft (v) = to make sth - All the furniture is crafted from = fashion (v)
using special skills, esp natural materials.
with your hands - a carefully crafted speech
46. data (n) information or facts - data on pesticide use
/ˈdeɪtə/ - Our data indicates that weather
patterns are likely to get more
extreme.
- historical/ financial/ scientific/
statistical/ empirical/
experimental/ / clinical/ etc data
- There is an enormous body of
data in support of the theory.
(= a large amount of data)
47. download (v)(n) Download (v) = to get - If you download pictures from
/ˌdaʊnˈləʊd/ data from another the internet, check the terms of use.
computer, usually using - About 100,000 users illegally
the internet downloaded episodes of the show.
Download (n) = a A staggering 99.8 %
downloaded computer file of digital music downloads are to
mobile handsets.
48. file (n) a set of information on a to create/ delete/ download/ upload
/faɪl/ computer a file
49. (games) console a small piece of electronic They're bringing out a new games
(n) equipment that you console this Christmas.
/ˈɡeɪmz kɒnsəʊl/ connect to a screen, used
for playing video games
50. manual (a)(n) Manual (a):
/ˈmænjuəl/
- (of work, etc.) involving - People in manual occupations = blue-collar
using the hands or have a lower life expectancy. (1)
physical strength (1) - manual jobs/ labour/ work/
workers/ skills/etc (1)
- operated or controlled - I can’t drive a manual car >< automatic
by hand rather than by because of my disability, but I’m
machine or using fine with an automatic.
electricity, etc. (2)
Manual (n) = a book - a computer/car/instruction manual
containing instructions for - The computer comes with a
doing sth, esp for comprehensive owner’s manual.
operating a machine
51. network (n)(v) Network (n) = a number - Administrators can secure the
/ˈnetwɜːk/ of computers and other network by segmenting it into
devices that are connected zones.
together so that - across/ over/ via a network
equipment and info can be
shared
Network (v): - Our computer system consists of
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
- to connect a number of about 20 personal computers
computers and other networked to a powerful file-
devices together so that server.
equipment and info can be  (1)
shared (1) - I don’t really enjoy these
- to meet ppl who might conferences, but they’re a good
be useful to know, esp in opportunity to network. (2)
your job (2)
52. nuclear (a) - using, producing or China and India only produce a
/ˈnjuːkliə(r)/ resulting from nuclear very small percentage of their
energy (1) electricity from nuclear facilities.
-  connected with - The opponents are campaigning >< anti-
weapons that use nuclear for nuclear disarmament. nuclear;
energy (2) - the country’s nuclear capability  conventional
(= the fact that it has nuclear
weapons)
53. primitive (a) - very simple and old- - Early settlers had to cope with
/ˈprɪmətɪv/ fashioned, esp when sth is very primitive living conditions.
also not convenient and - The methods of communication
comfortable (1) used during the war were primitive
by today's standards.
- belonging to a very - Primitive races colonized these = crude
simple society with no islands 2,000 years ago. >< advanced;
industry, etc. (2) - a primitive nomadic tribe modern
54. resource (n)(v) Resource (n) = sth you The photographs will provide an
/rɪˈsɔːs/ can use to help you to invaluable visual resource for
achieve sth, esp in your students, artists and scholars.
work or study
Resource (v) = to The school must be properly
provide sth with the resourced with musical
money or equipment that instruments and audio equipment.
is needed
55. technique (n) a method of doing sth - to use/ employ/ apply a technique
/tekˈniːk/ using a special skill that - to devise/ develop/ work out a
you have developed technique
-  Teachers learn various
techniques for dealing with
problem students.
I. PHRASAL VERBS
To back sth up - to make a copy of info It's a good idea to back up your
on your computer files onto a memory stick.
To back sb/sth up - to give support to sb by There’s no evidence to back up his
 backup (n) telling other ppl that you accusations.
agree with them
To change sth to move things or ppl into When we’d changed the furniture
(a)round different positions around, the room looked bigger.
To change into sth to change, or to make - The handsome prince was
|| sb/sth, into sth different changed into a frog.
change sb/sth into - The castle has changed into a
sth hotel.
To change into sth to put on different clothes We quickly changed into our
swimsuits.
To change out of sth to take off the clothes you I must change out of these wet
are wearing and put on clothes before I get a chill.
different ones
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To do away with sth to get rid of sth Ppl thought that the use of robots = to abolish
would do away with boring low- sth
paid factory jobs.
To do sth up to repair and decorate a - The apartment was done up in = to fix sth up
house, etc. Viennese style.
- They did up an old cottage in the
Scottish Highlands.
to fasten a coat, skirt, etc. Do your shoes/ laces up before >< to undo
you trip over. sth
To fade away to disappear slowly (1) The voices became louder and (1)
closer and then faded away again.
(of a person) to become In the last weeks of her life she (2)
very weak or ill and die simply faded away.
 (2)
To key sth in; to key To put information into a All the information has been keyed = to enter sth
sth into sth computer, using a into the computer. (into sth)
keyboard
To make sb/sth into to change sb/sth into sth - Their story is being made into a = to turn
sth movie. sb/sth into sth
- You’re trying to make her into
sth she isn’t.
To mix sth up (with To change the order or Your jigsaw puzzles and games are = to muddle
sth) arrangement of things in a all mixed up together in that box. sth up (with
confused or untidy way sth)
To mix sb/sth up to think wrongly that I must have got the times mixed = to confuse
(with sb/sth) sb/sth is sb/sth else up. A with B
To switch (sth) on/ to start/ stop a machine/ - We only switched on halfway = to turn (sth)
off light/etc working through the programme. on/ off
- The electricity has been switched
off.
To take sth apart to separate an object into - She took the clock apart and = to
pieces couldn’t put it back together. dismantle
sth >< to put
sth together
to search a place very - The police took the room apart,
thoroughly looking for evidence.
To take sb/sth apart to defeat sb easily in a He took the American apart in the
game or competition third set.
to criticize sb/sth severely Her second novel was taken apart
by the critics.
To test sth out (on To try an idea, a machine, - When you buy a bed, test it out in = to try sb/sth
sb/sth) a product, etc. to see if it the shop. out (on
works well or if ppl like it - Let me test this idea out on you. sb/sth)
To turn (sb/sth) To become or make sb/sth - He claimed that his disturbed
(from sth) into sth become sth childhood had turned him into a
criminal.
- Rain in the morning will turn into
snow during the afternoon.
To use sth up to use all of a supply of This program will use up a lot of
sth memory on the hard disk.
To wear (sth) out to become, or make sth - Moving parts in engines wear out
become, thin or no longer much more quickly than stationary
able to be used, usually parts.
because it has been used - Her patience finally wore out.
too much
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
To wear yourself/ sb to make sb/ yourself It’s no good wearing yourself out
out extremely tired by working so late
II. PHRASES, PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS
1. ACCESS (n) - the opportunity or right - He was finally granted access to
/ˈækses/ to use sth or to see sb/sth the medical records.
 (1) - Hackers had/ gained complete
access to the company files.
- to provide/allow access to sth/sb
- high-speed internet access
-  a way of entering or - Disabled visitors are welcome;
reaching a place (2) there is good wheelchair access to
most facilities.
- The police gained access through
a broken window.
- The doors are extra-wide for ease
of access.
2. BREAK (v)(n) /breɪk/
a) break (v) to interrupt something so - I’m trying to get him to break the
that it ends suddenly habit of switching on the TV when
he comes home at night.
- The phone rang and broke my
train of thought.
- We need to break the cycle of
poverty and crime in the inner
cities.
b) to break with sth to end a connection with to break with tradition/old
sth habits/the past
c) break (n) a short period of time - I’ll go shopping during my lunch
when you stop what you break.
are doing and rest, eat,  a luch/ tea/ coffee break
etc. - I’m sorry, I can’t do any more - I
need a break.
- We’ll have a short break for
lunch, then start again at two
o'clock.
- Let’s take a ten-minute break.
- The weekend was a welcome
break from the pressures of
work.
3. CHANGE (n)(v) /tʃeɪndʒ/
a) change (v) to become different, or to - He changed from being a nice lad = switch (v)
make sth become to being rude and unhelpful.
different (1) - Caracas changed from a small
town into a busy city.
- With a wave of her magic wand,
she changed the frog into a
handsome prince.
to put or use sth new or - We changed the car for a bigger = to replace
different in place of sth one.
else (2) - Piper awkwardly tried to change
the subject (= talk abt sth else).
b) to change your/ to change a decision or an Nothing will make me change my
sb’s mind opinion mind.
c) to change for the to start being better/ - As the afternoon wore on the
better/ worse worse weather changed for the worse.
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
- Her attitude has definitely
changed for the better since she
started this new job.
d) to change your to start to live or behave If he wants to carry on living here,
ways in a different way from he’s going to have to change his
before ways and learn to be a bit less
messy.
e) to chang/ swap (usually used in negative She may be rich, but I wouldn’t
places (with sb) sentences) to be in sb want to change places with her.
else’s situation
f) change (n) the act or result of sth - I’ve made a few minor changes
becoming different to your speech. I hope you think
I’ve improved it
- Medicine has undergone huge
changes in the past 50 years due to
the discovery of DNA.
- The past decade has seen
dramatic changes in global
poverty.
 to see/ notice/ observe a change
- There could never be a better time
to act than now. The organisation is
ripe for change. = to be ready or
suitable for
- The war brought about radical
social change. = to cause change
- Treatment is aimed at effecting (=
bringing about) a change in the
child’s negative behaviour.
4. CLOCK (n) /klɒk/
a) to set a clock to make it say the right Don’t forget to set your clocks to
time summer time.
b) (a)round the all day and all night The company worked around the
clock without stopping clock to repair the problem.
c) to watch the to be careful not to work employees who are always
clock longer than the required watching the clock
time; to think more abt
when your work will
finish than abt the work
itself
d) against the clock if you do sth against the - Everyone is racing against the
clock, you do it fast in clock to get things ready in time.
order to finish before a - to work against the clock
particular time
e) to beat the clock to finish a task, race, etc. The player beat the clock and set a
before a particular time new record.
f) clockwise (adv) moving around in the In our picture, clockwise from top
(a) same direction as the left, are James Brown, Helen
/ˈklɒkwaɪz/ hands of a clock Taylor and Holly Jones.
g) clockwork (n) parts of a machine clockwork toys (= toys that you
/ˈklɒkwɜːk/ consisting of wheels wind up with a key)
and springs
h) clockwork in an extremely exact way The meal was served with
precision/ accuracy clockwork precision, and at the
appointed time de Gaulle proposed
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
a toast to his visitor.
i) to go/ run like to happen according to The concert went like clockwork.
clockwork plan; to happen without
difficulties or problems
5. DATE (n)(v) /deɪt/
a) to date from sth || to have existed since a - This map dates from the 14th
to date back (to…) particular time century.
- Our friendship dates back to the
late 70s.
b) to date until now To date, we have received over 200
replies.
c) date (n) - a particular day of the - The Danish government has set a
month, sometimes in a date for a referendum on the
particular year, given in matter.
numbers and words (1) - We need to fix a date for the next
meeting.
- a time in the past or - They feared further repercussions
future that is not a at a later date because their
particular day (2) participation in the boycott would
almost certainly go into their files.
- The work will be carried out at a
future date.
- an occasion when you Elaine arranged for me to go on a
go out with sb that you blind date with a guy from her
like in a romantic way (3) office.
 to go on/ have/ make a date
(with sb)
d) up to date (a) - modern; fashionable (1) - We work hard to keep our >< out of date
database up to date.
 to keep/ bring sth up to date
- This technology is bang up to
date (= completely modern).
- having or including the - Jackie usually brings me up to
most recent information date with all the latest gossip.
 (2) - up to date equipment/ facilities/
technology/ etc

6. DEMAND (n)(v) /dɪˈmɑːnd/

a) demand (v) - to make a very strong - He has always demanded the
request for sth (1) highest standards of behaviour
from his children.
- They demanded that the military
government (should) free all
political prisoners.
- We demand a lot of our teachers.
- to need sth in order to be - It’s a desperate situation
successful at sth (2) demanding a desperate remedy.
- He seems to lack many of the
qualities demanded of a successful
politician.
b) demand (n) - a very strong request for - The animal rights ppl have
sth; sth that sb needs (1) renewed (= repeated) their
demands for the abolition of all
forms of hunting.
- Our firm is constantly striving to
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
satisfy customers’ demands.
 to meet/ satisfy a demand
- Demands have been made for the
immediate distribution of food to
the refugees.
- a need for sth to be sold - We are struggling to satisfy the
or supplied (2) demand for the product.
- The management had no intention
of meeting union demands.
- declining/ falling/ slowing
demand >< increased/ increasing/
rising/ growing demand
- The dollar rose as buying of U.S
securities bolstered demand for
the currency.
 to bolster/ boost/ fuel demand
c) in demand wanted by a lot of ppl She is in constant demand to
make public appearances and give
interviews.
d) on demand done or happening Campaigners insist that abortion
whenever sb asks should be available on demand.
7. ENERGY (n) - the strength, effort and - I didn’t even have the energy to
/ˈenədʒi/ enthusiasm required for get out of bed.
physical or mental - She lacked the energy to
activity, work, etc. (1) continue.
- Prisoners are encouraged to
channel their energy into
exercise.
- Try to put more energy into your
game.
 to put/ throw/ channel your
energy into sth
- a source of power, such - The exploration for new sources
as fuel, used for driving of energy is vital for the future of
machines, providing heat, out planet.
etc. (2) - The problem with nuclear energy
is dealing with the waste.
- The country could face an energy
crisis if demand continues to rise.
- 65% of the country’s energy
needs are met by imported oil.
8. FORM (n)(v) /fɔːm/
a) form (v) to begin to exist or to - I formed the impression that she
make sth begin to exist didn’t really want to come.
-  to form a relationship/ bond/
partnership with sb/sth
- I formed the view that the only
option was to cancel the project.
b) form (n) - the particular way sth is, - In the story the god assumes the
seems, looks or is form of an eagle.
presented (1) - A typical programme takes the
form of a series of workshops.
- People are bombarded with
information in the form of TV
advertising.
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
-  an official document - Please fill in/ out the form with
containing questions and black ink.
spaces for answers (2) - an application/ entry/ order form
- how fit and healthy sb - The goalkeeper is in bad form
is; the state of being fit tonight. I think she is still
and healthy (3) recovering from that broken ankle.
- That is our strength and our
forwards are in good form at the
moment.
9. GOOD (a)(n) /ɡʊd/
a) good (a) - having a useful or It’s good for old ppl to stay active
helpful effect on sb/sth (1) if they can.

- willing to help; kind to - It was very good of you to come.

other people (2) - I had to take a week off work but
my colleagues were very good
about it.
- used to emphasize the - The new law met with a good
large number, amount, or deal of opposition at the local
level of sth (3) level.
- Not all of his movies have been
successful – there were a good few
(= several) failures in the early
years.
- Driving through the deserted town
we saw a good many (= a lot of)
burned – out houses.
b) to be no good morally bad I’d keep away from him if I were
you – he’s no good.
c) to be no good to not be useful; to have - It’s no good just bleating on
(Ving/ to sb) || to no useful effect about (= complaining in an
not be much/ any annoying way) the rising tide of
good crime to get money out of the
government.
- The land here isn’t any good for
agricultural crops.
d) good (n) sth that helps sb/sth I know you don’t want to go into
hospital, but it’s for your own
good.
10. KNOW (v) /nəʊ/
a) know (v):  to have info in your mind - I need to know more about the
- to know about sth as a result of experience job before I decide whether to
- to know sb/ sth to or because you have apply for it.
be/ do sth learned or bseen told it - The authorities know him to be a
cocain dealer.

b) to know better to be sensible enough not He knows better than to judge by

to do sth appearances.
c) to let sb know to tell sb about sth Please let me know if there's
anything I can do to help.
d) to get/ come to To spend time with sb or - The first couple of meetings are
know sth so that you gradually for the doctor and patient to get to
learn more abt him, her, know each other.
or it - I’ll need a few weeks to get to
know the system.
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY

e) in the know having more info about - Somebody in the know told me
sth than most ppl he's going to resign.
- This resort is considered by those
who are in the know to have the
best downhill skiing in Europe.
f) know-how (n) knowledge of how to do - those who have the know-how
sth and experience in to exploit the technology to the
doing it fullest
- to acquire a little know-how about
the job
11. LEAD (n)(v) /liːd/
a) lead (v) - to go with or in front of - He led us out into the grounds. = to guide
a person or an animal to - The receptionist led the way to the
show the way or to make boardroom.
them go in the right
direction (1)
- to be the best at sth; to - US companies lead the world in
be in first place (2) biotechnology.
- The Swedes have led the way in
data protection.
- to be the reason why sb - The seductions of life in a warm
does or thinks sth (3) climate have led many Britons to
live abroad, especially in Spain.
- Our research led us to the
conclusion that the present system
is unfair.
- to go in a particular - The track led us through a wood.
direction or to a particular - The riverside path leads visitors
place (4) to a small chapel.
- This trail leads down to the lake,
while the other one leads up to the
peak.
b) lead (n) - the position ahead of - He has gone into the lead.
everyone else in a race or -  The Democrats now appear to be
competition (1) in the lead.
- She took the lead in the second
lap.
- the amount or distance - He managed to hold a lead of two = advantage
that sb/ sth is in front of seconds over his closest rival.
sb/sth else (2) - to extend/ stretch/ double/
increase your lead
- an example or action for - If one bank raises interest rates,
ppl to copy (3) all the others will follow their lead.
- If we take the lead in this (= start
to act), others may follow.
12. LINK (n)(v) /lɪŋk/
a) link (n) - connection between two - Studies haven’t proven a link
or more people or things between sugar and hyperactivity.
 (1)  to find/ prove/ establish a link
between
- This provided a key conceptual
link with earlier theories.
- There is no link to an increase in
cases of the disease.
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
- a connection between - Click on this link to visit our
documents on the Internet online bookstore.
(2) - Follow the links to watch our
exclusive trailer.
b) link (v) if sth links two things, - Asbestos – related diseases are
facts or situations, or generally linked to sustained
they are linked, they are exposure over many years.
connected in some way -  Unemployment is consistently
linked with a variety of negative
health effects.
- There was no evidence linking the
men to the crime.
13. PLACE (n) /pleɪs/
a) to take the place to replace sb/sth - Natural methods of pest control
of sb/ sth || to take are now taking the place of
sb’s/ sth’s place chemicals.
- She couldn't attend the meeting so
her assistant took her place.
b) to put sth in(to) to exist and capable of We need to put safeguards in place
place being used to prevent this type of accident
occurring again.

c) in place of sb/sth instead of sb/ sth - In place of our advertised

|| in sb’s/ sth’s programme, we will have live
place coverage of the special memorial
service.
- When her manager fell ill, she
was asked to attend the sales
conference in his place.
d) out of place not in the correct place (1) - The kitchen was spotlessly clean,
with nothing out of place.
not suitable for a - He never seemed to feel out of
particular situation (2) place at social functions.
e) place of work Place (n) = a building or He can usually be contacted at
an area of land used for a his place of work.
particular purpose
f) place (n) a suitable or safe area for These streets are no place for a
sb to be child to be out alone at night.
14. PROCESS (n) /ˈprəʊses/
a) process (n) a series of things that are - The party has begun the painful
done in order to achieve a (= difficult) process of rethinking
particular result its policies and strategy.
- They are frustrated with the lack
of progress in the peace process.
- The company is in the process of
moving to new offices.
- Find which food you are allergic
to by a process of elimination.
- mental/cognitive/thought
processes
b) process (v) - to treat raw material, - The berries are processed into
food, etc. in order to juice or sauce.
change it, preserve it, etc. - Two million workers are
 (1) employed (= spent time)
processing goods for electronic
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
firms.
- to deal officially with a - All university applications are
document, request, etc. processed through this system.
 (2) - to process an application/ claim/
transaction/ etc
15. PURPOSE (n) /ˈpɜːpəs/
a) purpose (n): - the intention, aim or - The purpose of conducting a
function of sth; the thing business is to make money.
that sth is supposed to -  A meeting was called for the
achieve (1) purpose of appointing a new
treasurer.
- These small village shops serve a
very useful purpose.
- Attending the race was not my
purpose in coming to Indianapolis.
- meaning that is - Encouraged by her example, they
important and valuable to all set to work with a fresh sense
you (2) of purpose.
- It’s important to have a sense of
purpose that it underlies human
happiness.
b) on purpose not by accident; - I know you didn’t delete the =
deliberately database on purpose, but please be intentionally
more careful.
c) to be to little/ no with little/no useful effect The government had spent a lot on
purpose or result education but to little or no
purpose.
d) to all intents and almost completely - The two items are, for all intents
purposes = for and purposes, identical.
practical purposes - For all practical purposes, the
cleanup of the oil spill is complete.
16. REALITY (n) /riˈæləti/
a) reality (n) - what actually happens or - She refuses to face reality.
is true, not what - We were faced with the awful
is imagined or thought (1) reality of having nowhere to live.
- In reality (= in fact), violent
crimes are still extremely rare.
- He escaped from reality by
going to the cinema every
afternoon.
- They portrayed her as a sick
woman with only a tenuous grasp
of reality.
- a fact (2) - Her childhood ambition became a
reality (= happened in fact) when
she was made a judge.
- The novel describes the harsh
realities of racism and life on the
road.
- This decision reflects the
realities of the political situation.
- The book confronts the harsh
social and political realities of the
world today.
b) reality TV television programmes abt a reality TV star
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
ordinary ppl who are
filmed in real situations,
rather than actors
c) virtual reality images and sounds - Virtual reality uses computers to
(VR) created by a computer that create a simulated three-
/ˌvɜːtʃuəl riˈæləti/ seem almost real to the dimensional world.
user, who can interact - Video game makers were the first
with them by using mainstream users of virtual reality.
sensors
17. TOOL (n) /tuːl/
a) tool (n) - a thing that helps you to - The Internet has been an effective
do your job or to achieve tool for advertising.
sth (1) - A free low – interest credit card
can be a useful budgeting tool.
- a person who is used or The king was merely a tool of the
controlled by another military government.
person or group (2)
b) toolbar (n) a piece of equipment that The package has some neat
/ˈtuːlbɑː(r)/ you use with your hands additional features too, not least of
to make or repair sth which is the customizable toolbar.
c) toolkit (n) a set of tools in a box or I realized I’d left my tool kit at
bag home.
d) tool box (n) a container for keeping In front of her, Lovesey got up and
tools in climbed out of his seat with a
toolbox in his hand.
18. USE (v)(n)
a) use (v): /juːs/ to do sth with a machine, - These lights are used for
- to use sth for a method, an object, etc. illuminating the playing area.
(doing sth) for a particular purpose - They were using animals for
- to use sth to do sth scientific experiments.
- to use sth as sth - Police used tear gas to disperse
the crowds.
- You can't keep using your bad
back as an excuse.
b) use (n) /juːs/ - the act of using Electric vehicles built in 1920 were
something; the state of still in use in the 1950s.
being used (1)
- a purpose for which - The plant has various
something is used; a way medical uses.
in which sth is or can be - This chemical has a wide range of
used (2) industrial uses.
c) to be of (no) use to (not) be useful or - He was charged with having
(to sb) helpful information likely to be of use to
terrorists.
- It's of no practical use to me.
d) it’s/ there’s no used to say that there is no - There is no use (in) arguing
use Ving || what’s point in doing sth because anymore.
the use of (doing it will not be successful or - He says it’s no use having a ban if
sth) have a good result it can’t be enforced.
- What’s the use of decorating the
house if we are going to sell it?
19. WEB (n) /web/
a) web (n) a system for finding infor - I found this survey on the Web.
on the internet, in which - to surf/browse/search the web
documents are connected
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
to other documents
b) website (n) a place on the Internet - Responses will be posted (= put)
/ˈwebsaɪt/ where you can find info on the website.
abt sth, esp a particular - The government has launched
organization (= started) a website containing
info on environmental issues.
- There have already been 5000 hits
on our website.
 a hit on a website = an occasion
when someone visits a website
c) web page all the information that Clients will be offered customised
you can see in one part of web pages with details of their
a website policies and investments.
d) webcam a video camera that He directs his business mostly
broadcasts what is filming from home via e-mail and
on a website webcam.

e) World Wide Web the system of connected - The cost of establishing a

documents on the presence on the World Wide Web
Internet, usually with is low.
pictures, video, and - Many low – income families do
sound, that can be not have access to the World
searched for info about a Wide Web.
particular subject
20. WHEEL (n) /wiːl/
a) on wheels sth that is on wheels has I bought my niece on of those toy
wheels under it so that it dogs on wheels.
can be pulled or pushed
along
b) at/ behind the driving a car - Never get behind the wheel if
wheel you're too tired.
- The driver must have fallen
asleep at the wheel.
c) to take the wheel Do you think you could take the
wheel (= drive) for a couple of
hours?
d) wheel of fortune/ the way in which things And, as the wheel of fortune
life/ time/ etc change in life, or in which continues on its inexorable cycle,
the same things seem to values are likely to start going up
happen again after again soon.
a period of time
III. IDIOMS
1. a leopard can’t ppl cannot change their You didn’t really expect her to be
change its spots character, esp if they have on time, did you? A leopard can’t
a bad character change its spots.
2. all mod cons all the things that are fitted The property has many interesting
in modern houses to make features and all mod cons.
life easy and comfortable
3. to break the to be new and different Their approach to sports teaching
mould broke the mould.
4. to change your to change your opinion or The question is, will the president
tune attitude change his tune on taxes?
5. to have a change If you have a change of She was going to sell her house but
of heart heart, you change your had a change of heart at the last
opinion or the way you minute.
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
feel abt sth

6. to know sth to be very familiar with As he was a thoroughly

inside out sth professional journalist, he already
knew the media inside out.
7. to reinvent the to waste time creating sth We don’t need to reinvent the
wheel that already exists and wheel, we just need to hire
works well someone who already knows how
to make the system work.
8. to stick to your to refuse to change your Despite harsh criticism, she’s
guns mind abt sth even when sticking to her guns on this issue.
other ppl are trying to
persuade you that you are
wrong
9. the tools of the the skills and equipment - A personal computer and laptop
trade that you need in order to are essential tools of the trade for
do your jobs any journalist.
- The ability to write clearly is
another tool of the trade.

10. to turn over a to change your way of life - I see fatherhood as a chance to
new leaf to become a better, more turn over a new leaf.
responsible person - Apparently he’s turned over a
new leaf and he’s not smoking any
more.
IV. WORD FORMATION
1. ADAPT (v) /əˈdæpt/  adaptation (n)  adaptable (a)  adaptability (n)
a) adapt (v) - to change, or to change - Most of these tools have been = to modify
sth, to suit different specially adapted for use by
conditions or uses (1) disabled people.
- Many software companies have
adapted popular programs to the
new operating system.
- to change your ideas or - The ability to adapt is a definite = to adjust
behaviour to make them asset in this job.
suitable for a new - Some animals have a
situation remarkable ability to adapt
 (2) to changing environments.
b)  adaptation (n) The documentary is about
corruption, crime and human
adaptation to difficult
circumstances.
c)  adaptable (a) - The catfish is adaptable to a
wide range of water conditions.
- A landmark endures because it is
timeless, adaptable to the ever –
changing needs of society.
d)  adaptability Small enterprises generally offer
(n) greater adaptability than larger
firms.
2. ADJUST (v) /əˈdʒʌst/  adjustment (n)  adjustable (a)  readjust (v)
a) adjust (v) - to change sth slightly to As a teacher you have to adjust
make it more suitable for a your methods to suit the needs of
new set of conditions or to slower children.
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
make it work better (1)
- to get used to a new - My eyes were still trying to = to adapt
situation by changing the adjust themselves to the strong
way you behave and/or sunlight.
think (2) - My parents had trouble adjusting
to living in an apartment.
b)  adjustment (n) - The software allows the artist to
make detailed adjustments to the
original drawing. (1)
- Once we make the adjustments
for inflation, the fall in interest
rates is quite small. (2)
- She went through a period of
emotional adjustment after her
marriage broke up. (3)
c)  adjustable (a) The height of the bicycle seat is
adjustable.
d)  readjust (v) to change in order to fit a - Former soldiers often struggle to
different situation, or to readjust to life outside the army.
repair sth slightly - The clock automatically
readjusts when you enter a new
time zone.
e) well - adjusted (of a person) able to deal The school aims to produce well ><
(a) with ppl, problems and life -adjusted members of society. maladjusted
in general in a normal, (a)
sensible way
f) maladjusted (a) a residential school for disturbed
and maladjusted children

3. ALTER (v) /ˈɔːltə(r)/  alteration (n)  unalterable (a)  unaltered (a)  alternate (a)
(v)  alternative (a)
a) alter (v) to become different; to - He has the power to
make sb/sth different fundamentally alter the course
of history.
- Closing the factory would
irrevocably alter the character of
the local community for the worse.
b)  alteration (n) - The King’s Arms pub is to
undergo extensive alterations.
- major/ significant/ minor/ slight/
etc alterations
c)  unalterable - the unalterable laws of the = immutable;
(a) universe unchangeable
- an unalterable belief (a)
d) unaltered (a) that has not changed or This practice has remained
been changed unaltered for centuries.
e) alternate (a) - Alternate (a) = If sth The ferry service will initially run
/ɔːlˈtɜːnət/ happens on alternate days, on alternate days, increasing
it happens every second eventually to daily sailings.
day
- Alternate (v) = to - They believed that the earth’s
happen or to make sth climate alternated between
happen one after the other periods of extreme cold and warm.
repeatedly - Her mood alternated between
happiness and despair.
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
4. ARRANGE (v) /əˈreɪndʒ/  rearrange (v)  (re)arrangement (n)  arranged
a) arrange (v) -  to plan or organize sth in - I've arranged with the
advance (1) neighbours about feeding the cat
while we are away.
- We met at six, as arranged.
- to put sth in a particular The photos are arranged in
order; to make sth neat or chronological order.
attractive (2)
b)  rearrange - to change the position or She set about rearranging the
(v) order of things; to change furniture in the living room.
your position (1)
- to change the time, date or Can we rearrange the meeting = to
place of an event (2) for next Tuesday at two? reschedule
c)  - I'll make arrangements for you
(re)arrangement to be met at the airport.
(n) - There are special arrangements
for people working overseas.
- She noticed a slight
rearrangement of the room.
- Air traffic delays will force
airlines to shift flight schedules
and make necessary
rearrangements.
5. CAPABLE (a) /ˈkeɪpəbl/  capability (n)  incapable (a)  capably (adv)
a) capable (a) - having the ability or - I'm perfectly capable of doing it
qualities necessary for myself, thank you.
doing sth (1) - A force ten wind is capable of
blowing the roofs off houses.
- I have some lurking doubts about
whether Simon is really capable of
doing this job.
- having the ability to do - I’m going away next week, so I’ll Synonyms:
things well (2) be leaving everything in your - skilled
capable hands. - competent
- a highly capable individual
b) >< incapable - not able to do sth (1) -The stroke rendered (= made) her
(a) incapable of speech.
- Some analysts express concern
that the new systems will be less
secure and incapable of doing
donkey work like batch
processing.
- not able to control This type of arrangement remains
yourself or your affairs; not valid even if you become mentally
able to do anything well (2) incapable.
c)  capability (n) - the ability or qualities These tests are beyond the
necessary to do sth (1) capability of an average twelve –
year – old.
- the power or weapons that - Britain’s nuclear/ military
a country has for war or for capability
military action (2) - The country is nearing (=
approaching) the capability to
produce nuclear weapons.
d)  capably All of the main supporting actors
(adv) play their roles capably.
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
6. CHANGE (n)(v) /tʃeɪndʒ/  exchange (n)(v)  changeover (n)  (un)changing (a) 
(un)changeable (a)  interchangeable (a)
a) exchange (n)(v) Exchange (n): - Four of my cassettes for your
- the act of giving sb/sth Madonna CD is a fair exchange.
and receiving sth else - I’ve offered to paint the kitchen
from them (1) in exchange for a week’s
- a conversation or an accommodation.
argument (2) The DJ was fired after a heated
- an arrangement in which exchange on air with a call-in
a student, teacher, etc listener.
visits another school or - Our school does an exchange
university to work or with a school in France.
study (3) - I’m here for one term, on an
exchange with Dr. Fisher.
Exchange (v) = to give - Juliet and David exchanged
sth to sb and at the same glances (= they looked at each
time receive the same type other).
of thing from them - The two men exchanged
blows (= hit each other).
- I shook hands and exchanged a
few words with the manager.
b) changeover (n) a change from one system, The changeover to the new
or method of working to taxation system has created a lot of
another problems.
c) changing (a) in a state of becoming - changing attitudes towards
different childcare
- He was entranced (= attracted) by
the changing shape of her body
during pregnancy.
d) changeable (a) likely to change, or - changeable weather >< reliable
changing often - She experienced changeable =
moods and panic attacks. unpredictable
e) interchangeable that can be exchanged, esp - These two words are almost/
(a) without affecting the way virtually interchangeable.
in which sth works - The V8 engines are all
interchangeable with each other.
7. CONTINUE (v) /kənˈtɪnjuː/  discontinue (v)  continuity (n)  continuation (n) 
continual(ly) (a)(adv)  continuous(ly) (a)(adv)
a) continue (v) - to keep happening, - He was permitted to continue
existing, or doing sth, or to with his work while in prison.
cause sth or sb to do this - The flood of refugees continued
(1) unabated.
- to continue unabated/ apace/
unchecked = continue at the same
high speed or level

- to start or start sth again - After a brief ceasefire, fighting

after stopping for a time continued.
(2) - They had to continue their
journey on foot.
b)  discontinue to stop doing, using or - The company has discontinued
(v) providing sth, esp sth that the practice of providing the staff
you have been doing, with free lunches.
using or providing - The airline announced that
regularly weekday flights to Kansas City
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
would be discontinued.
c) continuation (a) an act or the state of - This year saw a continuation in
continuing the upward trend in sales.
- measures to ensure the
continuation of food supplies
d) continuity (n) the fact of not stopping or - to ensure/provide/maintain ><
not changing continuity of fuel supplies discontinuity
- We aim to give children a sense
of continuity.
- After twelve or thirteen centuries
of unbroken continuity the
landscape was being changed out
of all recognition.
e) continual (a) - repeated many times in a - They are subjected to physical = constant (a)
way that is annoying (1) attacks and continual racist
taunts.
- She has endured house arrest and
continual harassment by the
police.
- continuing without being - the Japanese business philosophy
interrupted (2) of continual improvement
- Her daughter was a continual
source of delight to her.
f) continuous (a) without a pause or - a continuous flow of knowledge,
/kənˈtɪnjuəs/ interruption information and understanding
- She was in continuous
employment until the age of sixty-
five.
8. CONVERT (v) /kənˈvɜːt/  conversion (n)  convertible (a)
a) conversion (n) - the act or process of A local building firm will carry out
changing sth from one the conversion of the farm
form, use or system to buildings into business units.
another (1)
- the process or experience She began by supporting
of changing sb's or your monetarist economics, but later
own religion or beliefs (2) underwent quite a conversion
when she saw how it increased
unemployment.
b)  convertible that can be changed to a - convertible currencies (= ones
(a) different form or use that can be exchanged for those of
other countries)
- a convertible sofa (= one that
can be used as a bed)
9. ELECTRIC (a) /ɪˈlektrɪk/ electrify (v)  electrician (n)  electricity (n)
 electrified (a)  electrifying (a)  electrical (a) a
a) electric (a) connected with electricity; Electrically charged particles
using, produced by or have electric fields around them as
producing electricity a result of their charge.
b) electricity (n) the power that is carried - In an emergency, the hospital can
by wires, cables, etc, and be powered by electricity from a
is used to provide light or generator.
heat, to make machines - Some metals conduct electricity
work, etc (= allow electricity to travel along
or through it) better than others.
c) electrical (a) relating to electricity - electrical equipment/ goods/
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
devices
- an electrical fuse/ circuit/ fault
d) electrify (v) - to make sth work by - He had all the fences around his
using electricity; to pass home electrified.
an electrical current - The west coast main line has been
through sth (1) electrified.
- to make sb feel very - She would sit at the piano and
excited and enthusiastic sing, electrifying us all.
about sth (2) - She electrified her audience
with her vivid stories.
e)  electrifying very exciting - The view of the mountains was
(a) electrifying.
- The dancers gave an electrifying
performance.
10. ENDURE (v) /ɪnˈdjʊə(r)/  endurance (n)  (un)endurable (a)  enduring (a)
a) endurance (n) the ability to continue - She was pushed beyond her
doing sth painful or powers of endurance.
difficult for a long period - The party turned out to be more
of time without giving up of an endurance test than a
pleasure.
b) endurable (a) The workload was barely = bearable
endurable, but the experience was ><
priceless. unendurable
c) enduring (a) lasting for a long time - the enduring appeal of cartoons
- I shall be left with many
enduring memories of the time I
spent in India.
11. EVOLVE (v) /ɪˈvɒlv/  evolution (n)  evolutionary (a)  evolving (a)
a) evolution (n)  the slow steady - Neither cultural or social
development of sth evolution is any guarantee that we
are moving towards a better
world.
- The social system is undergoing
continuous evolution to adapt to
these rapid changes.
b)  evolutionary involving a gradual The change has been evolutionary
(a) process of change and rather than revolutionary.
development

12. FLEXIBLE (a) /ˈfleksəbl/  inflexible (a)  (in)flexibility (n)

a) flexible (a) - able to change to suit - Can you be flexible about when
new conditions or you take your leave?
situations (1) - flexible working hours/ practices
- able to bend easily a fitness program that keeps joints
without breaking (2) flexible and mobile
b) >< inflexible (a) - that cannot be changed - an inflexible attitude/routine/ = rigid
or made more suitable for system
a particular situation  - The prime minister has adopted
(1) an inflexible position on
immigration.
- (of ppl or organizations) - He's completely inflexible on the
unwilling to change their subject.
opinions, decisions, etc., - She's a good teacher, but she can
or the way they do things be rather inflexible.
(2)
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
c) flexibilty (n) - the ability to change to The new system offers a much
suit new conditions or greater degree of flexibility in the
situations (1) way work is organized.
- the ability to bend easily exercises to develop the flexibility
without breaking (2) of dancers’ bodies
13. INFLUENCE (n)(v) /ˈɪnfluəns/  influential (a)
a) influential (a) having a lot of influence -  She is one of the most
on sb/sth influential figures in local
politics.
- Although she was not a
professional politician, her views
were influential in shaping
government policy.
14. MATURE (v)(a) /məˈtʃʊə(r)/  (im)maturity (n)  maturation (n)  immature (a)
a) maturity (n) - the quality of thinking - We’re mature enough to >< immature
and behaving in a sensible, disagree on this issue but still
adult manner (1) respect each other.
- (of a person, a tree, a - The human brain isn’t fully
bird or an animal) fully mature until about age 25.
grown and developed (2) - Most girls are sexually mature
by about 14 years of age.
b) maturation (n) the period during which cell maturation
/ˌmætʃuˈreɪʃn/ sth grows and develops
c) immature (a) - behaving in a way that is - He forgave his son’s immature
not sensible and is typical behaviour.
of people who are much - Stop being so silly and
younger (1) immature, Chris!
- not fully developed or measures to protect immature
grown (2) whales
15. MODERN (a) /ˈmɒdn/  modernise (v)  modernisation (n)  modernism (n) 
modernity (n)
 modernist (n)
a) modern (a) - of the present time or - Computers are an essential part Synonym:
recent times (1) of modern life. contemporar-
- The modern era has witnessed y
great change.
- (of styles in art, music, - She is one of the great presences
fashion, etc.) new and of the modern American cinema.
intended to be different - modern architecture/ dance/
from traditional styles (2) drama/ jazz
- using the latest - The school is thoroughly = up to date
technology, designs, modern in its approach.
materials, ideas, etc. (3) - Today modern aircraft
technology got me from
Indianoplis to Boston in six hours.
b)  modernise (v) to make sth more modern - There has been a lot of opposition = to update
/ˈmɒdənaɪz/ to modernizing working
practices.
- a tastefully modernized old
farmhouse
c)  modernisation In 1955 the railways' modernization
(n) programme was drawn up.
d) modernity (n) the condition of being - There is a stark (= clear) contrast
/məˈdɜːnəti/ new and modern between tradition and modernity.
- a conflict between tradition and
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
modernity
16. NEW (a) /njuː/  renew (v)  renewal (n)  newness (n)  renewable (a)  newly
(adv)  anew (adv)
a) renew (v) - to begin sth again after it - She renewed her efforts to = to resume
stopped or was contact her sister.
interrupted (1) - Unions have renewed their calls
for updated safety guidelines.
- The annual dinner is a chance to
renew acquaintance with old
friends.
-  to make sth legally - to renew a licence/ lease/
acceptable for a further subscription/ contract
period of time (2) - I'd like to renew these library
books (= arrange to borrow them
for a further period of time).
- to emphasize sth by - Community leaders have renewed = to repeat;
saying or stating it again calls for a peaceful settlement. reiterate
(3) - to renew an appeal/a request/a
complaint
-  to change sth that is old Our bones normally renew = to replace
or damaged and replace it themselves constantly.
with sth new of the same
kind (4)
b)  renewal (n) -  a situation in which sth - a renewal of interest in
/rɪˈnjuːəl/ begins again after it traditional teaching methods
stopped or was - They fear the renewal of
interrupted (1) hostilities if an agreement is not
reached soon.
- the act of making a - Mark’s contract comes up for
contract, etc. legally (= to be reaching the time when sth
acceptable for a further must be done) renewal at the end
period of time after it has of this year.
finished (2) - to obtain a renewal of the
certificate
- a situation in which sth - proposals for economic
is replaced, improved or renewal and growth
made more successful (3) - urban renewal (= the act of
improving the buildings, etc. in a
particular area)
c) newness (n) the quality of having been - Kids lose their enthusiasm for
recently created or having things when the sense of newness
started to exist recently wears off.
- the relative newness of the
internet
d) renewable (a) - renewable forms of - an industry based on renewable >< non -
energy can be produced as resources renewable
quickly as they are used - Sorghum is a brand new
 (1) (= completely new) cash crop that
can be burned as a fuel and is
therefore a renewable source of
energy.
- (of a contract, ticket, - The work permit is not renewable.
etc.) that can be made - renewable passport/ contract
legally acceptable for a - a renewable lease
further period of time
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
after it has finished (2)
e) renewables (n) /rɪ types of energy that can - We must expand the use of
ˈnjuːəblz/ be replaced naturally such renewables.
as energy produced from - investment in renewables
wind or water
e) newly (adv) recently Newly discovered documents cast
doubt on the guilt of the two men.
f) anew (adv) if sb does sth anew, they - The committee is going to
/əˈnjuː/ do it again from the examine the whole situation
beginning or do it in a anew.
different way - The film tells anew the story of
his rise to fame and power.
17. PERSIST (v) /pəˈsɪst/ persistence (n)  persistent(ly) (a)(adv)
a) persistence (n) - determination to do sth - Why can’t I come?’ repeated Will = tenacity
even though it is difficult with dogged persistence.
or other ppl oppose it (1) - Her persistence paid off when she
was offered the job of manager.
- the state of continuing to the persistence of high = tenacious
exist for a long period of unemployment in the post-war
time (2) years
b)  persistent (a) - continuing to do sth, Persistent offenders (=people who
although this is difficult, often break the law) face a prison
or other ppl warn you not sentence.
to do it (1)
- lasting for a long time or - There have been persistent = unrelenting
difficult to get rid of (2) rumours that the principal might ; relentless
take early retirement.
- a stubbornly persistent
unemployment problem
18. PLACE (n)(v) /pleɪs/  replace (v)  placement (n)  replacement (n)  placing (n)
 (ir)replaceable (a)
a) place (n)(v) Place (n): - He knocked the book out of my (1)
- a point in a book, hand and made me lose my place.
speech, piece of music, -This is one of the few places in his
etc., esp one that sb has work where he mentions his
reached at a particular childhood.
time (1) - Save me a place near the front. (2)
- a position, seat, etc., esp - I've set a place for you at the
one that is available for or table.
being used by a person or - He took the place of honour on
vehicle (2) his hostess’s right.
- a position in an - He was offered a place on the (3)
organization, system, or management committee.
competition (3) - Victory earned them a place in
- the role or importance of the final.
sb/ sth in a particular - He finally reached the summit of (4)
situation, usually in Everest and secured his place in
relation to others (4) history.
- My father believed that people
should know their place (= behave
according to their social position).
- It’s not your place (= your role)
to tell me what to do.
Place (v): - Most people place too much value (1)
on money.
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
-  used to express the - We have always placed
attitude sb has towards emphasis on delivering customer
sth/ sb (1) satisfaction.
-  to put sb/ yourself in a  to place value/ importance/
particular situation (2) emphasis/ reliance/ etc on sth
- to find a suitable job, - to place restrictions/a burden on (2) = to put
home, etc. for sb (3) somebody
- to arrange for sth to be - The government is being placed
done (4) under pressure to give financial
help to farmers.
- The agency placed about 2 000 (3)
secretaries last year.
- He was later placed with a foster
family.
- We placed an advertisement for (4)
a cleaner in the local paper.
- to place an order/a bet
b)  replace (v) - to be used instead of - She replaced her husband as the = to take
sb/sth else; to do sth local doctor. over (from
instead of sb/sth else (1) - Green will replace the injured sth);
Walker in the starting line-up. supersede
- to remove sb/sth and put - They replaced the permanent
another person or thing in staff with part-timers.
their place (2) - proposed changes to the
constitution to replace the
current system of government
- to change sththat is old, The club does not have the finances
damaged, etc. for a resources to replace the damaged
similar thing that is newer equipment.
or better (3)
- to put sth back in the The librarian replaced the books
place where it was before correctly on the shelves.
 (4)
c) placement (n) - the act of finding a place - The centre provides a job
for sb to live or work (1) placement service.
- They lived on campus, but this
was just a temporary placement.
- a job, often as part of a - The third year is spent on
course of study, where placement in selected companies.
you get some experience - Students are sent out on
of a particular kind of placement for training.
work (2)
d)  replacement -  the act of replacing one - Our old car is badly in need of
(n) thing with another, esp sth replacement.
that is newer or better (1) - Rare instruments are usually
insured for their full replacement
value.
- a thing that replaces sth, - If your passport is stolen you
esp because the first thing should apply for a replacement
is old, broken, etc. (2) immediately.
- We now use LEDs as
replacements for conventional
light bulbs.
- a person who replaces - She has agreed to take on the role
another person in an of chairman until a permanent
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
organization, esp in their replacement is found.
job (3) - She served as a last – minute
replacement for the woman
originally selected.
e) replaceable (a) These workers are poorly skilled
/rɪˈpleɪsəbl/ and easily replaceable.
f) too valuable or special to Inevitably, this will entail losing = precious;
>< irreplaceable (a) be replaced some of the irreplaceable invaluable
character of this unique building.

19. PROCESS (n)(v) /ˈprəʊses/  processor (n)  processing (n)  processed (a)
a) process (n)(v) Process (n): - Coming off the drug was a long (1)
- a series of things that are and painful (= difficult) process
done in order to achieve a for him.
particular result (1) - The company has introduced a
-  a series of things that new process for handling
happen, esp ones that complaints.
result in natural changes  - During the ageing process, the (2)
(2) rum acquires a golden colour.
- a method of doing or - Coal forms by a slow process of
making sth, esp one that is chemical change.
used in industry (3) They have developed a new (3)
process for extracting aluminium
from bauxite.
Process (v): - When food is processed, many of (1)
- to treat raw material, the nutrients are stripped away.
food, etc. in order to - Soy bean oil is found in hundreds
change it, preserve it, etc. of processed foods.
(1) All university applications are (2)
-  to deal officially with a processed through this system.
document, request, etc.
(2) The new network will enable data (3)
- to deal with info using a to be processed more speedily.
computer (3) -  It was a second later when I fully (4)
- to understand the processed what he had said.
meaning of sth that has - Returning soldiers need time to
happened or been said (4) process what they have experienced
in combat.
b)  processor (n) a machine, person or The company is Ireland's largest
company that processes dairy processor.
things
c) processing (n) - the treatment of raw - the food processing industry
material, food, etc. in - a sewage processing plant
order to change it,
preserve it, etc. (1)
- the process of dealing - There was a delay in the
officially with a processing of passport
document, request, etc. applications.
 (2) - errors in the processing of
financial transactions
20. REVOLT (v)(n) /rɪˈvəʊlt/  revolutionise (v)  revolution (n)  revolutionary (a) 
revolting (a)
a) revolt (n)(v) Revolt (n) = a protest - The Russians speedily crushed/ = uprising;
against authority, esp that suppressed/ put down the revolt. rebellion
 TOPIC II: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
of a government, often = to end it by force
involving violence; the - Opposition groups had called for
action of protesting a popular revolt against the
against authority president.
Revolt (v):  Finally the people revolted (1) = to
- to take violent action against the military dictatorship. rebel; rise
against the ppl in power - She was revolted by the smell of (2) = to
 (1) stale beer and vomit in the room. disgust;
- to make sb feel - It revolts me to know that the nauseate;
unpleasantly shocked or world spends so much money on sicken
disgusted (2) arms when millions are dying of
hunger.
b)  revolutionise to completely change the First, he revolutionized the
(v) way that sth is done securities industry with discount
trading.
c) revolution (n) - an attempt, by a large - The activists were charged with
number of people, to formenting (= creating trouble;
change the government of making it worse) revolution. = to
a country, especially by incite
violent action (1)
- a great change in - The development of high – yield
conditions, ways of varieties of rice produced a
working, beliefs, etc. that revolution in the country’s
affects large numbers of agriculture.
people (2) - the digital/technological
revolution
d)  revolutionary Revolutionary (a): - The new cancer drug is a (1)
(a)(n) - involving a great or revolutionary breakthrough.
/ˌrevəˈluːʃənəri/ complete change (1) - revolutionary advances in
-  connected with political medicine
revolution (2) - a revolutionary leader/ movement (2)
- revolutionary uprisings
Revolutionary (n) = a Like the French revolutionaries,
person who starts or his main concern was to unify the
supports a revolution, esp country.
a political one
e) revolting (a) extremely unpleasant - He’s an absolutely revolting man. = disgusting;
- What a revolting colour! nauseating;
- Picking your nose is a revolting sickening;
habit. repulsive