PROJECT ON:

Comparison Between India and Georgia on the Basis of

PESTEL & STEEPLED Analysis Method

SUBMITTED TO:

II Prof. Dharmendra Khairajani

(Faculty- Principal of Economics)

SUBMITTED BY
Anjali Rajput
Semister-2
Section B
Roll No.- 30
(B.BA., L.L.B. Hons.)

UnitedWorld School of Law, Karnavati University

Uvarsad.
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 Table of content

1. PESTEL analysis of India

2. STEPLEED analysis of Georgia
3. Educational industry of India
4. Consultancy industry of India
5. Educational industry of Georgia
6. Consultancy industry of Georgia
7. Bibliography d

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 Introduction of India

India, officially known as the Republic of India, is the seventh largest country by area,
and the second most populous in the world with more than 1.2 billion people.
Attaining independence in 1947, the South Asian country is known for its cultural
diversity and is also among the world’s leading democratic countries.

For the past decade or so, India has been experiencing a constant growth in its GDP,
along with a continuous growth of liberalization from 1991 till date. The country has
also been opening its doors to attract investors and foreign companies to further
promote growth.

PESTEL analysis of India

PESTEL analysis is basically a framework used for scanning and analysing an

organization’s external macro environment by considering factors which include
political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal and environmental.

1. Political factor:

India is world’s largest democracy , india follows federal form of government.

India being democratic country the will of the people is given at most
importance during local and national elections. However the will of the people
usually depends upon the political environment of the country during the
elections. The political environment of the country is greatly influenced by the
government policies, politicians interest, and the ideology of the political
parties.
Moreover the taxation system is well-developed and several taxes, such as
income tax, services tax and sales tax are imposed by the Union Government.
Other taxes, such as octroi and utilities, are taken care of by local bodies.
Privatization is also influenced and the government encourages free business
through a variety of programs.
However the business and political environment of india is badly affected due
to corruption. Corruption hinders country’s economic growthas it increases
the cost of business operations and also affects foreign direct investment.
However, a growing public awareness and government initiatives are
combating the challenges of corruption.

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 2. Economic factor:

The economy of India has been significantly stable, since the introduction of
the industrial reform policies in 1991. As per the policy, reductions in
industrial licensing, liberalization of foreign capital, formation of FIBP and so
on, has resulted in a constant improvement of India’s economic environment.
According to the IMF 2017 economic forecast, India’s GDP is worth $2.4
trillion making it the 7thlargest economy in the world by nominal GDP. The
GDP will grow by 7.0% in FY18 which is expected to increase to 7.4% by
FY20 (The World Bank Group, 2018).

India is one of the top countries in many industries. For example, it is the 7th largest
coffee producing countries in the world (International Coffee Organisation, 2017). It
is also one of the top agriculture producing countries in the world.
India’s key exports are petroleum products, jewellery, pharmaceutical products,
transport equipment, machinery and readymade garments to name but a few. On the
other hand, India imports crude petroleum, gold and silver, electronic good, pearls and
precious stones and many other things. Some of the top trading partners of India are
China, UAE, Switzerland, Saudi Arabia, USA, and Qatar (Guardian News and Media
Limited, 2016).
3. Social factors:

India is a huge consumer market with total population of 1.2 million. Many
multinational companies are outsourcing their projects in india as the labour
cost in India is very low and labour force is very high. The labour force is
expected to reach 160-170 million by 2020.
India is a country where people following different religion, of different caste
live together in harmony. Communal harmony is one of the greatest strength
India has. Though there are times when country has to face communal riots
tension.
India has a world-renowned film industry. It is also world renowned for some
of the sports e.g. Cricket and Hockey. IPL (Indian Premier League) attracts
cricket legends and talents to India.
India is one of the most attractive markets in the world in many sectors.
Standard of living is gradually improving and the country has a growing
middle class with good disposable income. However, it is worth noting that
India still suffers from poverty and according to the World Bank, 1 in 5 people
in India are still poor.
4. Technological factor:

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 India is considered to technically most advanced country in the world. India
has worlds strongest IT sector in the world  promoting constant IT
development, software upgrades and other technological advancements. India
also provides advanced IT infrastructure and highly skilled IT work force and
opportunities for entrepreneurs to embark upon technological projects such as
software development and upgrades, e-commerce, mobile apps, business
solutions, and many more.

5. Environmental factors:

While India has made a lot of progress over the years, the country still faces a
number of environmental challenges e.g. air pollution, water pollution, floods,
resource depletion such as water and forest, loss of biodiversity, and diversion
of consumer waste into rivers. Expatriates may sometimes find it difficult to
live under some of these environmental challenges.
6. Legal factor:

The last element to address in the PESTEL analysis of India is the legal
landscape. As mentioned above, India is a famous destination for foreign
direct investment. Depending on the scope and the business needs, foreign
investors can set up a company, branch, or a limited liability partnership in
India. Indian companies are governed by the Companies Act, 2013. There are
a number of labour laws that regulate employment relations in India e.g.
Employees’ State Insurance Act 1948 (ESI Act), Industrial Disputes Act 1947
(ID Act), Maternity Benefit Act 1961 (MBA) and the Payment of Bonus Act
1965 (PBA).

Introduction to Georgia

PESTEL analysis of Georgia

1. Political factor:

Georgia is a democratic semi-presidential republic, with the President as the head of

state, and Prime Minister as the head of government and head of Cabinet of Ministers.
Notably  the ministers of defense and interior subordinated directly to the President.

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South Ossetia is a self-administrative rule region (also known as the Tskhinvali
region). Negotiations were conducted about that issue with the separatist
government, supported by  Russia. These negotiations broke down recently after
Russia's decision to strengthen its military presence in the region and granting Russian
travel passports to its residents. Government of Georgia considers that Russian actions
is an attempt to annex South Ossetia.
Georgian government criticizes Russia's role in Abkhazia, which is another
breakaway region of Georgia. Abkhazia is an autonomous republic, which acts as a de
facto state. This situation resulted in ethnic cleansing against at least 200,000
Georgians during the war of Abkhazia in 1992-1993.
Until now, these two regions are the reason of tension in Georgian – Russian
relations.
Georgia enjoys good relations with its direct neighbors Armenia, Azerbaijan and
Turkey, and actively participates in regional organizations, such as the Economic
Council of the Black Sea and GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic
Development. Georgia also has economic, political and military ties with  the EU and
NATO members and other countries. 
2. Economic factor:

Georgia is involved in trading with many countries since ancient times, due its
location on the Black Sea, and successfully continues trade activities  at present time
the country is located on the historic Silk Road. Agriculture and tourism is considered
important economic sectors in Georgia's modern history, because of the country's
climate and topography.  Wine making is a very old and important tradition, and
currently tourism sector is increasing rapidly in Georgian economy.
During the twentieth century, Georgia's economy belonged to the Soviet model of the
planned economy.
Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Georgia embarked on a major structural
reform aimed to make transition to a free market economy. Like other post-Soviet
states, Georgia has suffered from a severe economic collapse. The civil war and
military conflicts in Tskhinvali Region /South Ossetia and Abkhazia aggravated this
situation. Agricultural and industrial production has diminished, and by the year of
1994 the country’s GDP had reduced to a quarter of that of 1989.
The first financial help from the West came in 1995, when the World
Bank and International Monetary Fund granted Georgia a credit of 206 million USD
and Germany granted 50 million DM.
At present time attracting FDI (foreign direct investment) is among the top priorities
of Georgia; and free investment environment, and equality policy adopted towards
local and foreign investors make Georgian arena attractive for FDI.
Stable economic development, liberal and free market oriented economic policy, low
taxes, low number of licenses and permissions required, considerably facilitated
administrative procedures, preferential trade regimes with foreign
countries, advantageous geographic location, integrated transport infrastructure,
educated, skilled and competitive labor force presents a solid ground for successful
business in Georgia.

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In March 2016 deficit of the trade balance of Georgia has reduced by 18.6%
compared to previous year, reaching 403.86 million USD. Imports decreased by
16.4% - 565.76 million USD, and exports fell by 9.6% reaching 161.9 million USD.

According to new data published by the National Bank of Georgia (NBG), Georgia’s
International Investment Position (IIP) has dropped on a global scale. A country's IIP
is a financial statement setting out the value and composition of that country's external
financial assets and liabilities. A positive IIP value indicates a nation is a creditor
nation, while a negative value indicates it is a debtor nation, as is such in Georgia’s
case. As of December 31, 2015 the country’s net IIP amounted to -$17.9 billion USD.
This was 128.6 percent of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of last year.
On 1 April of 2016 National Bank of Georgia said: “This figure has deepened by
$515.2 million USD and by $499.1 million USD compared to the fourth quarter of
2014 and the previous quarter records consequently. Transactions, price and other
changes were negative, while the exchange rate changes were positive during [Q4 of
2015], Meanwhile Georgia’s international assets increased by $190.5 million during
the quarter and by $459 million annually. Total assets amounted to $6.9 billion by the
31st of December 2015, Georgia’s liabilities increased by $974.3 million compared to
the end of Q4 of 2014 and by $689.6 million compared to the previous quarter's
figure. Georgia’s total liabilities reached $24.9 billion USD”.
3. Social factor:

The great majority of the population belongs to the Georgian Orthodox Church.
Confessional identity is a strong cultural factor that defines social values. The great
majority of religious ceremonies are carried out by priests in churches. The most
important ceremonies are Easter and Christmas. Daily services are held in churches,
as well as weddings and baptisms.
The religious influence can be discriminative and promote stigmatization.
The attitude of the population towards persons with disabilities is changing toward
positive way but this problem still exists.
The society and environment prevents them from active civil participation.
People with disabilities are totally dependent on family, and do not feel as valuable
members of society. Especially adult people with disabilities suffer from dependence
on assistance, pessimism, and lack of initiative.
4. Legal factor:
Georgian constitution supports equality. UN Convention is adopted. Human
Rights declaration is adopted. Public Defenders Office (Ombudsman) is state body
supporting provision of rights. NGO watch dogs are active but not consistent in
efforts and lobbying. Policy making body (special commission) on Special Needs

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 is governed by the Prime Minister. Social media coverage is free of charge but
very limited. No legislation to identify specific bodies which are responsible to
ensure execution of equality. For media coverage no restriction for interference in
the privacy. There is legal provision requesting that new Public buildings are
universally designed .

5. Technological factor :

4 big mobile phone corporations together cover the whole country. These
companies are: Magti, Geocell, Beeline and Silknet, which can be resourceful
sponsors of the campaign. Screens fixed in buses and minibuses may be used for
free advertisements. Utility bills (black and white) delivered to every family will
be used for placing information on SEN campaign.

6. Environmental factor:

All but unknown to the eyes of the West are the natural attributes of the
Caucasus region in general, and Georgia in particular. Nearly 40% of
Georgia's area is forested, countering the public perception of a ravaged post-
Soviet landscape. More importantly, nearly half of this area has avoided
serious human impact, and almost 10% of these forests are virgin old growth,
never having known axe nor adz, among the only remaining such stands in
Europe.

But all is not gold in the land of the Golden Fleece. Many of the country's current
weaknesses in protecting its resources stem from nearly two centuries in an uneasy

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relationship with Russia, including 70 years under authoritarian communism. Yet
since independence Georgia has undertaken new initiatives to evaluate, and solve,
their environmental problems. Given Georgia's strong sense of national pride, the
result is a country with both high natural quality and the self-awareness to preserve it.

7. Demographic factor:
In the 1990s, the population was estimated to be from five to five and a half million,
but reliable figures are not available because of extensive uncounted emigration. Just
over half the population lives in urban areas, including 1.6 million in Tbilisi. Ethnic
Georgians form the great majority of the population in most regions, though there are
settlements of Armenians and Azeris in the south and the south-east, respectively;
Ossetians in the north-central area; Abkhaz and Armenians in the northwest; Greeks
in the southeast; and small numbers of Batsbi, Chechens, Ingushes, and Lezghs in the
northeast. Russians and smaller ethnic minorities such as Kurds, Ukrainians, Jews,
and Assyrians are concentrated mostly in urban areas. In the 1989 census, ethnic
Georgians accounted for seventy percent of the population; Armenians 8 percent;
Russians 6 percent, Azeris 6 percent, Ossetians 3 percent, and Abkhazians, under 2
percent.

Georgia

This proportion has changed as a result of emigration among ethnic minorities,

especially Russians, Jews, Greeks, and Armenians. Most ethnic Georgians were
distributed throughout the country, while Abkhazians moved mostly to Russian cities
and Ossetians took refuge in Northern Ossetia.

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 Education industry in India

India’s education sector offers a great opportunity with approximately 29 per cent of
India’s population being between the age group of 0-14 years. India’s higher
education segment is is expected to increase to US$ 35.03 billion by 2025. The
education sector in India is estimated at US$ 91.7 billion in FY18 and is expected to
reach US$ 101.1 billion in FY19.
India has over 250 million school going students, more than any other country. It also
has one of the largest networks of higher education institutions in the world. Number
of colleges and universities in India reached 39,050 and 903, respectively in 2017-18.
India had 36.64 million students enrolled in higher education in 2017-18. Gross
Enrolment Ratio in higher education reached 25.8 per cent in 2017- 18. In December
2018, the Gvernment of India published that 3.43 million candidates had enrolled in
the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 2016-20 scheme.
The Central Government plans to disburse US$ 1 billion to states for introducing skill
development initiatives. In November 2016, Ministry of Skill Development and
Entrepreneurship launched Pradhan Mantri YUVA Yojana, at a cost of US$ 74.68
million for providing entrepreneurship education and training to students in the
country. Skill India Mission 2015 aims at skilling 400 million Indian youths by 2022.
As of December 2018, there were 15,044 Industrial Training Institutes in the India. In
October 2017, in order to boost the Skill India mission, two new schemes, SANKALP
and STRIVE were launched with an outlay of Rs 6,655 crore (US$ 1.02 billion).
Revitalising Infrastructure and Systems in Education (RISE) by 2022 was announced
in union budget 2018-19 with an outlay of Rs 1 lakh crore (US$ 15.44 billion) for
four years. Skill India programme has benefitted more than one crore (10 million)
youth annually.
Education sector in India remains to be a strategic priority of the government. The
Government of India has allowed 100 per cent Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the
education sector through the automatic route since 2002.The sector has received
cumulative FDI worth US$ 1.75 billion up to June 2018. Indian education sector
witnessed 18 merger and acquisition deals worth US$ 49 million in 2017. In May
2018, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India launched
Samagra Siksha scheme with the aim of achieving holistic development of school
education in the country. The Government of India is working on the draft of the New
Education Policy to address the changing dynamics in the education industry of the
country as per the requirement of the population. As of November 2018, National
Education Policy Framework has been launched. New National Education Policy draft
is ready and would be given to the Central Government.
Education industry in Georgia
Education in Georgia is compulsory between ages 6 and 14 and begins with 4
years in elementary school. The school year runs from september through to

10
 june, with head teacher discretion to close for longer periods in winter, and at
harvest time.

Middle school continues through grades 5 to 9. At age 15, by which time education is
no longer compulsory, students may sit for their arasruli sashulo ganaltebis
motsmobacertificate.

The final 3 years of secondary school are spent at either academic secondary schools,
or technical special secondary schools. Examinations taken around age 18 are
for sashualo ganatlebis atestasi, or sashualo profesiuli sastsavleblis
diplomi certificates respectively.

In addition to ongoing vocational programs, students may also take 2 year

professional training courses that lead to diplomas and access to tertiary education
too.

There are more than 20 state higher education institutions in Georgia, and many more
private ones too. All follow the traditional model of bachelor’s, master’s and
doctorate degrees. 

The oldest of these is Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University founded in 1918.
There, over 20,000 students attend at 8 branches across the country. Faculties include
exact & natural sciences, humanities, social & political sciences, economics &
business, law, and medicine.

Consultancy industry in India

At the end of the Cold War, American and other Western corporations employed
consultants from Asian nations, including India, before venturing to explore these new
markets.

In India, after the liberalisation of the economy, consultants were hired by Indian
companies that wanted to expand their operations abroad. Now, Indian consultants,

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particularly those in the IT world, are most sought after, not only in India but also by
world powers, for developing their global businesses.

Today, TCS, Infosys, Wipro have offices all over the world, and they give US and
European consultancies a run for their money. Among other major IT consulting and
outsourcing companies in India are Tech Mahindra, HCL Technologies, Genpact,
Mphasis, and Mindtree.

The Indian consulting story began in the 1990s when C. K. Birla requested McKinsey
to devise a turnaround project for Hindustan Motors. Soon, McKinsey opened an
office in Delhi, employing about 100 consultants.

According to an estimate, there are now over 10,000 big and small consulting firms in
India, 6,000 of them in the four metros of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata.

According to the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry, the Indian

consulting industry is expected to record revenues of Rs. 27,000 crore by 2020. One
estimate says that between 500 and 600 high-value consulting contracts, worth $250
million to $300 million, are awarded every year by Indian companies, including 30 or
40 projects worth over $2 million each.

As in many other sectors, low cost was the first major initial advantage of Indian
consulting companies and consultants. But their major clients and their partners
abroad have found that Indian consultants have other advantages, such as
professionalism, industriousness, willingness to learn, and adaptability to technology.
Their competitors have started to view them as worthy equals.

However, they suffer from shortcomings, too. Among them are poor brand equity,
experience in foreign markets, ability to maintain quality, and low level of R&D. But
they can overcome these difficulties and emerge more powerful in the global scenario
if they adopt the best practices in the industry and improve their knowledge resources
and data warehousing.

Comparison of India’s PESTLE and Georgia’s

STEPLEED
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 1. Political factor:

Political factors refer to the governmental policy in terms of the economy, the goods
and services provided, political decisions made in vital areas of business, education
and workforce, as well as the decision made concerning infrastructure.

Political Situation: The political situation in India can be characterized as stable. It has
a federal republic Democracy, which comprises political stability with effective
governmental policies.

Privatization: India has reduced the political interface in the management of

enterprises, thus leading to improved efficiency and productivity of businesses.
Privatization in India has been carried out in several stages; such as, deregulation, de
– reservation, and disinvestment ( Privatization in South Asia )

Georgia has significant democratic achievements to its credit, including

peaceful transfers of power in 2012 and 2013, and the 2016 elections were
widely viewed by the public as orderly and well-administered. The legislative
and electoral framework is largely in line with international standards and
conducive to the conduct of democratic elections. The country is anchored by
a thriving and respected civil society sector, which is arguably its greatest
democratic asset. Importantly, Georgians have strong aspirations to deepen
their integration into the community of Western democracies and hold
themselves to a high standard, and they ask others to hold them to that
standard as well.

2. Economic factor:
Economical factors include interest rates, taxation changes, economic growth,
inflation and exchange rates.

Taxation Policy: India features a well structured tax system. There are several
different taxes or mandatory contributions that a business in India has to make. These
include a corporate income tax, Central sales tax, social security contributions,
employee’s state insurance contribution, dividend tax, property tax, fuel tax, tax on
insurance contracts, vehicle tax ( pollution tax ), state VAT, CENVAT ( Excise
Duty ), tax on interest, income surcharge, education cess and secondary and higher
education cess ( doingbusiness , 2012 ). Tax system in India is considered to be
favorable for a business expansion ( KPMG, 2012 ).

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Economic reform: Since 1991 India has started to move towards a a more industrial
policy. The Government reduced the number of industriesunder compulsory licensing
to six , Policy towards foreign capital was liberalized , and the Foreign Investment
Promotion Board ( FIPB ) was setup to promote and channelize foreign investment in
India ( Ahuja et al, 2006 ).

Georgia’s economic freedom score is 75.9, making its economy the 16th freest in the
2019 Index. Its overall score has decreased by 0.3 point, with a sharp drop in judicial
effectiveness and lower scores on government integrity and monetary freedom
exceeding a big gain in financial freedom. Georgia is ranked 8th among 44 countries
in the Europe region, and its overall score is above the regional and world averages.

Since the 2003 “Rose Revolution,” reforms by successive administrations have

reduced petty corruption, cut regulation, simplified taxes, opened markets, and
developed transport and energy infrastructure. The government hopes that further
reductions in regulation, taxes, and corruption will attract foreign investment and
stimulate growth. Its maintenance of monetary stability and overall sound fiscal health
has fostered macroeconomic resilience. Nonetheless, deeper and more rapid
institutional reforms to enhance judicial independence and effectiveness are still
needed to ensure dynamic and lasting economic development

3. Social factor:
Social changes in a country has a significant impact on the demand for a firm’s
products, as well as the availability and willingness of people to work.

Demographics: India’s population is aging. From a total of almost 1,1 billion people,
a 31,8 % are under 14 years old, 63,1 % are between 15 and 64 years old and a 5.1 %
is over 65 years. Thus the greatest percentage of population is the working population.

Lifestyle: India’s lifestyle is more connected to tea, the production and consumption
of which is considered more of a small ceremony than just a habit. However coffee
consumption has started to augment between people over 15 years old, who consider
consuming coffee as a sign of adopting a more common and global lifestyle
( Srivastava , 2002 ).

Attitude towards work and leisure: Indian culture differs in terms of leisure days in
comparison with the rest of the world. As Sunday is considered to be a leisure day for
most of the world, this does not correspond to the Indian culture, as for them Friday is
the official leisure day.

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Classes and Castes.The systems of social stratification changed significantly because
of the increasing income gap between the impoverished masses and former white-
collar workers, and the new rich, who have used financial and social capital to
accumulate capital through privatization or trade, or have taken advantage of
corruption in the state bureaucracy. Another change is linked to the restructuring of
the political and economic system from the Soviet centralized type to a free market,
although frequently the same Soviet bureaucrats and Communist officials have
become capitalistsand advocates of a liberal economy. Much of the new capital is
concentrated in Tbilisi, Batumi, and the Black Sea port of Poti and thus is dominated
by ethnic Georgians. The Armenian and Jewish economic elite that once played an
important role, especially in Tbilisi, has lost its position because of emigration or
because they maintain a lower profile.
Symbols of Social Stratification.An advanced position is expressed by a Westernized
lifestyle. A Mercedes car symbolizes success, as do an apartment or house in a
prestigious district, summering in France, and sending one's children to private
European or American schools. Visiting casinos is another sign of upward social
mobility.

4. technological factor:
New technologies create new products and new processes. India is already a big
market in the mobile sector and new operators will launch there their services soon.

Software: The annual growth rate of India’s software exports has been consistently
over 50 percent since 1991. More specifically India’s software industry has grown to
5,4 billion dollars in the beginning of the 2000’s ( Indian Embassy , 2012 )

Power Sector: India has a great percentage of self sufficiency in terms of total power
energy needs. The Government of India and its agencies and institutes have recently
developed a number of plans and strategies involving power sector technology
( International Energy Agency , 2011 ).

4 big mobile phone corporations together cover the whole country. These
companies are: Magti, Geocell, Beeline and Silknet, which can be resourceful
sponsors of the campaign. Screens fixed in buses and minibuses may be used for
free advertisements. Utility bills (black and white) delivered to every family will
be used for placing information on SEN campaign.

5. Environmental factor:

15
Environmental Factors include the weather and climate change. The general move
towards more environmental friendly products and processes is affecting demand
patterns and creating business opportunities.

Climate: The climate in India with the long monsoons and the equally long dry
periods creates a challenge which needs to be met by the organizations. Infrastructure
has to be such that can make businesses viable in such diverse climate.

Air pollution: Of the 3 million premature deaths in the world that occur each year due
to outdoor and indoor air pollution, the highest number are assessed to occur in India.
Organizations have to establish internal regulations and standards in order to help in
the decrease of this ratio.

Like other republics of the USSR, Georgia suffered severe environmental degradation
during the Soviet period, when economic policies emphasizing heavy industry were
implemented with little regard for their environmental consequences. Significant
amounts of agriculture lands have been lost in land erosions. As a legacy of these
policies, Georgia now suffers from serious pollution. Municipal waste is disposed in
poorly managed landfills. Air pollution is a problem in the major cities, particularly in
Rustavi, which has a giant steel plant and other metal and chemicals production.
Traffic is another great contributor to the pollution of an air. Furthermore, the Kura
River and the Black Sea are heavily polluted with industrial waste. As a result of
water pollution and the scarcity of water treatment, the incidence of digestive diseases
in Georgia is high.
Due to low production and low economic development, the industrial waste has
significantly decreased during late 1990s and early 2000s, however at the moment
there are no industrial waste treatment facilities, therefore all the waste produced is
being disposed into the environment without a treatment. The use of pesticides and
fertilizers has increased soil toxicity as during 1980s up to 30,000 tons of pesticides
have been used in Georgia annually.
The biggest threat to the environment are over 2,5 tons of hazardous chemicals that
have been buried at the Mt. Iagluji, at the depth of 20 meters, over 10 years, since mid
1970s. Georgia does not energy resources and it is dependant on Russian gas and oil.
Environmental protection did not become a major concern among Georgians until the
mid-1980s, but even then systems to control harmful emissions were not readily
available. Georgia’s economic problems have hindered the application of recent
emission-control technologies. Hardship and low life quality forced people to over use
natural resources, particularly firewood. The protection of upland pastures and hill
farms from soil erosion is another pressing issue that the government has not
addressed owing to lack of economic resources. The government has ratified

16
international environmental agreements pertaining to air pollution, biodiversity,
climate change, ozone layer protection, ship pollution, and wetlands.
6. Legal factor:

India became an independent democratic republic in 1947 and its constitution, which

came into force on 26th November 1949, is the supreme law. India has a common law
legal system whose infrastructure bears the influence of British colonial rule. The
constitution is based on the Government of India Act 1935 passed by British
Parliament. The Indian constitution lays out a federal Union of 28 States, 6 union
territories and 1 national capital territory. The Unionand States have separate
executive and legislative branches, whereas the territories are ruled by the national
government. Law generated by the Union is superior to that of the States.
 
  The nominal head of the Union executive is an elected President, but the Prime
Minister, leader of the majority party and head of the Union Council of Ministers, is
more politically powerful. India has a bicameral Parliament whose upper house is
the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and whose lower house is the House of
People (Lok Sabha). The State executive is headed by a Governor, and while most
have a unicameral legislative body called theLegislative Assembly, some are
bicameral with a Legislative Council as well.
 
 
Apart from the English influence, personal laws are frequently based on Hindu and
Islamic law. Hindu law has been codified and Islamic law is based on authoritative
commentaries and precedents. (The LawBod has works dealing with these great
religious legal systems with shelf marks starting Ancient Hindu and Islamic).For more
information, see the section on Religion & law.

Before 1995, Georgia's legal system retained traces of the pre-Soviet era, the Soviet

period, the Gamsakhurdia presidency, and the State Council period. Courts included
district courts, a T'bilisi city court, a supreme court in each of the
two autonomous republics, and at the highest level the Supreme Court of the
Republic.
The 1995 constitution provides for an independent judiciary. However, the judiciary is
subject to some executive pressure and pressure from extensive family
and clan networks. The Law on Common Courts, passed in 1997, establishes a three-
tier court system. District courts hear petty criminal and civil cases. Regional courts of
appeal have original and appellate jurisdiction. They try major criminal and civil
cases, review cases, and can remand cases to the lower court for retrial. The Supreme
Court was envisioned as the highest appellate court, but it also hears some capital
cases and appeals from the Central Electoral Commission.

17
A constitutional court was set up in September 1996. It arbitrates constitutional
disputes between the branches of government and rules on individual claims of human
rights abuses. The court has demonstrated judicial independence in recent years.
Administration of the court system was transferred from the Justice Ministry to a
Council of Justice in 1997, to increase the independence of the courts from budgetary
and other influence. The council consists of four members from each of the three
branches of government.
The constitution provides for the rights to presumption of innocence, to have a public
trial, to legal counsel, and to refuse to make a statement in the absence of counsel. A
criminal procedures code was approved in November 1997, and a new criminal code
was passed in June 1999. The criminal procedures code aimed at reducing the
dominant power of prosecutors over arrests and investigations. Under the new
procedures, judges issue warrants for arrest and detention orders, and detentions must
follow correct legal procedures, including informing detainees of their rights,
allowing visits by family members and lawyers, and treating detainees without
brutality. In mid-1999, however, some of the liberal strictures on defendants' rights
were reversed at the insistence of the prosecutors, who continue to have a major
influence over the courts.
Under the Law on Common Courts, Georgia has launched a system of testing judges
on basic legal principles; many of those who have taken the test have failed. Georgia's
accession to the Council of Europe in April 1999 led to new legislation taking
jurisdiction over the prison system away from the Interior (police) Ministry and
giving it to the Ministry of Justice.
According to the US State Department's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
for 2001, the Georgian government's human rights record remained poor and
worsened in some areas. Police and prosecutorial abuses such as beatings of prisoners,
forced confessions, denial of fair and expeditious trials, denial of timely access to
counsel, and harsh prison conditions continued. The judiciary continues to suffer from
corruption, ill-training, and political manipulation, particularly at the local level.
Freedom of the press is generally respected, although journalists have been
intimidated and subject to violence. Freedom of assembly was restricted as many
peaceful gatherings were dispersed.

Comparison of India’s and Georgia’s educational industry

The Indian education industry is poised for growth. This sector is changing rapidly
with more private players entering the field. The government is also taking many
measures to improve the quality of education in India. This industry is going to
achieve its peak as the idea of business via education catches up.

18
 
Fifty percent of India's population is the youth. This means that the Indian education
sector is huge with a population of 1.13 billion. India has around 367 universities,
18,000 colleges, about half a million teachers, and 11 million pupils. The private
education industry is estimated to be between 20,000–25,000 crores. There are about
1,500 management institutes, 3,500 engineering institutes, and 1,200 medical colleges
in the country.
 
With an increase in the average Indian household, more money is being kept aside for
education purposes. Also, because of the initiatives of the government, more students
are enrolling themselves for higher education. This means that more colleges are
needed to cater to these students. Also, the demand for education is inflexible; that is,
no matter what, the education sector is not going to collapse.
 
Primary education is expanding. Many foreign schools are making their presence felt
in India. Parents are enrolling their kids into international schools for better education
directly from the primary level.
 
Technology-oriented courses are gaining in popularity due to the rising demand in
these industries. The medical industry is also revamping itself. There is a need for
more doctors and skilled professionals in this area. Thus, engineering and medical
colleges are going to be in demand. The demand for management education is also
rising. Many international management institutes are creating ties with Indian colleges
or setting up their own centers in India.
 
Specialized courses, such as aeronautics and biotechnology, are also popular. There is
immense scope in India for universities offering specialized courses and research
potential. The R&D sector requires more expertise and quality professionals to cater
to its design and needs.
 
Many foreign universities operate via the twinning mode as of now. This essentially
means the collaborating institution can offer the curriculum of the other university in
its first half. These students thus gain credits, which are transferable to the foreign
university. This helps the students choose from an array of subjects and also complete
a year in India itself. Thus, these programmes are successful and present a good
opportunity for investment.
 
E-learning and Distance learning programmes are also gaining popularity. Many
students and working professionals are taking these courses to get a quality education.
The drawing factors for these programmes are the world-class curriculum, comfort,
and low costs.
 
As many Indians go to foreign shores for quality education, the market for foreign
universities is very present in India. The government is also encouraging FDI in this
sector to improve the quality of education in the country. 100% FDI is allowed in this
sector as long as the rules and regulations are met.
 
Thus, this sector offers multiple benefits and is becoming a favorable area for
investment.

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The education system of Georgia has undergone sweeping modernizing, although
controversial, reforms since 2004. Education in Georgia is mandatory for all children
aged 6–14. The school system is divided into elementary (6 years; age level 6–12),
basic (3 years; age level 12–15), and secondary (3 years; age level 15–18), or
alternatively vocational studies (2 years). Students with a secondary school certificate
have access to higher education. Only the students who have passed the Unified
National Examinations may enroll in a state-accredited higher education institution,
based on ranking of scores he/she received at the exams.
Most of these institutions offer three levels of study: a Bachelor's Program (3–4
years); a Master's Program (2 years), and a Doctoral Program (3 years). There is also
a Certified Specialist's Program that represents a single-level higher education
program lasting for 3–6 years. As of 2008, 20 higher education institutions are
accredited by the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia. Gross primary
enrollment ratio was 94% for the period of 2001–2006.

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corpora.php

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http://tbilisi.embassy.qa/en/georgia/political-system

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https://www.scholaro.com/pro/Countries/Georgia/Education-System

https://www.ibef.org/industry/education-presentation

http://www.careerizma.com/industries/consulting/

https://www.everyculture.com/Ge-It/Georgia.html

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