Word Formation
Word Formation
Word Formation
ثالثة:المرحلة
الجامعة المستنصرية
انكليزي:القسم كلية اآلداب
2020-2019 السنة الدراسية
الصرف:المادة
المسائية:الدراسة
Word formation
Compounding
Examples:
brainwash
busybody bookworm
fingerprint Facebook
Blending
Examples:
امال محمد هاني:اسم الطالب
ثالثة:المرحلة
الجامعة المستنصرية
انكليزي:القسم كلية اآلداب
2020-2019 السنة الدراسية
الصرف:المادة
المسائية:الدراسة
Clipping
When a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, the
process is called clipping.
Examples:
advertisement → ad
telephone → phone
influenza → flu
Acronyms
Acronyms is a type of abbreviation, which are new words formed from the
initial letters of a set of words. They are pronounced as new single words.
امال محمد هاني:اسم الطالب
ثالثة:المرحلة
الجامعة المستنصرية
انكليزي:القسم كلية اآلداب
2020-2019 السنة الدراسية
الصرف:المادة
المسائية:الدراسة
Examples:
back-formation:-
Echoism:-
Examples:
splash
meow roar
- quack -
امال محمد هاني:اسم الطالب
ثالثة:المرحلة
الجامعة المستنصرية
انكليزي:القسم كلية اآلداب
2020-2019 السنة الدراسية
الصرف:المادة
المسائية:الدراسة
Invention
The invention of a totally new term is called coinage. The most typical sources
are invented trade names for commercial products that become general terms.
Examples:
aspirin
nylon
xerox
Reduplication
Pattern 1: N be Aj
Food is good
In this pattern the subject is (N) and the grammatical meaning of it is “that
which is described”. The verb (be) give the meaning of “maybe described as.
Pattern 2: N be Av
1. The verb be in this pattern usually has the meaning of "be located" or
"occur.
Pattern 3: N1 be N1
My brother is a doctor.
Stageberg (1981: 201) said that The superscript after the second N
(noun) means that this noun has the same referent as N1, both brother and
doctor refer to the same person
امال محمد هاني:اسم الطالب
ثالثة:المرحلة
الجامعة المستنصرية
انكليزي:القسم كلية اآلداب
2020-2019 السنة الدراسية
الصرف:المادة
المسائية:الدراسة
Pattern 4: N LV Aj
In Pattern 4 the verb is called a linking verb (LV), as it links the adjective
with the subject. Any verb except be that may be substituted for seems in this
frame is a linking verb.
Pattern 5: N1 LV N1
The two superscripts show that both nouns have the same referent. The verb,
which links student and sister, is a linking verb. The number of linking verbs
that may occupy the verbal position in this pattern is very small. Among them
are remain, become, appear, seem, continue, stay, make.
امال محمد هاني:اسم الطالب
ثالثة:المرحلة
الجامعة المستنصرية
انكليزي:القسم كلية اآلداب
2020-2019 السنة الدراسية
الصرف:المادة
المسائية:الدراسة
Girls smile
one can substitute him, her, it or them. This noun does not have the same
referent as the subject. It is called the direct object of the verb and has the
grammatical meaning of " undergoer of the action" or "that affected by the
verb.".
Pattern 8: N1 TrV N2 N3
1. The superscripts 1, 2, and 3 indicate that each noun has a different referent;
mother, girl, and dress are three separate entities.
2. it can be seen that there are two grammatical objects after the verb bought.
These two objects are called, in order, the indirect and the direct object. If
the first one was omitted, the pattern becomes number 7 and dress is seen to
4. The verbs that can be used in Pattern 8 are in a restricted group. Some of
the common ones are give, make, find, tell, buy, write, send, ask, play, build,
امال محمد هاني:اسم الطالب
ثالثة:المرحلة
الجامعة المستنصرية
انكليزي:القسم كلية اآلداب
2020-2019 السنة الدراسية
الصرف:المادة
المسائية:الدراسة
teach, assign, feed, offer, throw, hand, pass, sell, pay. (Greenbaum,2002)
the direct or the indirect object the subject of the passive verb:
In some cases, however, the passive transform does not sound fully natural
22
7. If a pronoun is used in the position of the direct object (N3), it must be the
first of the two objects: