Template JCES 2020
Template JCES 2020
Template JCES 2020
xx-xx
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32698/xxxx
Corresponding Author:
Author Name,
Affiliation
Email: [email protected]
Introduction
The introduction is a little different from the short and concise abstract. The reader needs to know the background to
your research and, most importantly, why your research is important in this context. What critical question does
your research address? Why should the reader be interested?
The purpose of the Introduction is to stimulate the reader’s interest and to provide pertinent background
information necessary to understand the rest of the paper. You must summarize the problem to be addressed, give
background on the subject, discuss previous research on the topic, and explain exactly what the paper will address,
why, and how. A good thing to avoid is making your introduction into a mini review. There is a huge amount of
literature out there, but as a scientist you should be able to pick out the things that are most relevant to your work
and explain why. This shows an editor/reviewer/reader that you really understand your area of research and that you
can get straight to the most important issues.
Keep your Introduction to be very concise, well structured, and inclusive of all the information needed to follow
the development of your findings. Do not over-burden the reader by making the introduction too long. Get to the key
parts other paper sooner rather than later.
Tips:
1. Begin the Introduction by providing a concise background account of the problem studied.
1
Author 1, Author 2 et al Journal of Counseling, Education and Society
Vol. x, No. x, 201x, pp. xx-xx
2
2. State the objective of the investigation. Your research objective is the most important part of the
introduction.
3. Establish the significance of your work: Why was there a need to conduct the study?
4. Introduce the reader to the pertinent literature. Do not give a full history of the topic. Only quote previous
work having direct bearing on the present problem.
5. Clearly state your hypothesis, the variables investigated, and concisely summarize the methods used.
6. Define any abbreviations or specialized/regional terms.
7. Provide a concise discussion of the results and findings of other studies so the reader understands the big
picture.
8. Describe some of the major findings presented in your manuscript and explain how they contribute to the
larger field of research.
9. State the principal conclusions derived from your results.
10. Identify any questions left unanswered and any new questions generated by your study.
Be concise and aware of who will be reading your manuscript and make sure the Introduction is directed to that
audience. Move from general to specific; from the problem in the real world to the literature to your research. Last,
please avoid to make a sub section in Introduction.
Method
In the Method section, you explain clearly how you conducted your research order to: (1) enable readers to evaluate
the work performed and (2) permit others to replicate your research. You must describe exactly what you did: what
and how experiments were run, what, how much, how often, where, when, and why equipment and materials were
used. The main consideration is to ensure that enough detail is provided to verify your findings and to enable the
replication of the research. You should maintain a balance between brevity (you cannot describe every technical
issue) and completeness (you need to give adequate detail so that readers know what happened).
Tips:
1. Define the population and the methods of sampling;
2. Describe the instrumentation;
3. Describe the procedures and if relevant, the time frame;
4. Describe the analysis plan;
5. Describe any approaches to ensure validity and reliability;
6. State any assumptions;
7. Describe statistical tests and the comparisons made; ordinary statistical methods should be used without
comment; advanced or unusual methods may require a literature citation, and;
8. Describe the scope and/or limitations of the methodology you used.
In the social and behavioral sciences, it is important to always provide sufficient information to allow other
researchers to adopt or replicate your methodology. This information is particularly important when a new method
has been developed or an innovative use of an existing method is utilized. Last, please avoid to make a sub section
in Method.
Tips:
1. State the Major Findings of the Study;
2. Explain the Meaning of the Findings and Why the Findings Are Important;
3. Support the answers with the results. Explain how your results relate to expectations and to the literature,
clearly stating why they are acceptable and how they are consistent or fit in with previously published
knowledge on the topic;
4. Relate the Findings to Those of Similar Studies;
5. Consider Alternative Explanations of the Findings;
6. State the Clinical Relevance of the Findings;
7. Acknowledge the Study’s Limitations, and;
8. Make Suggestions for Further Research.
It is easy to inflate the interpretation of the results. Be careful that your interpretation of the results does not go
beyond what is supported by the data. The data are the data: nothing more, nothing less. Please avoid and make
over interpretation of the results, unwarranted speculation, inflating the importance of the findings, tangential issues
or over-emphasize the impact of your research.
IPS 21 38 59
Jumlah 43 75 118
Lubuklinggau IPA 19 47 66
IPS 20 41 61
Jumlah 39 88 127
Total 82 163 245
Table with permission ©Sofyan, Afriyadi. 2013.
Conclusions
The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to them after they have
finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of the main topics covered or a re-statement of
your research problem, but a synthesis of key points. It is important that the conclusion does not leave the question
unanswered.
Tips:
1. State your conclusions clearly and concisely. Be brief and stick to the point;
2. Explain why your study is important to the reader. You should instill in the reader a sense of relevance;
3. Prove to the reader, and the scientific community, that your findings are worthy of note. This means setting
your paper in the context of previous work. The implications of your findings should be discussed within a
realistic framework, and;
4. Strive for accuracy and originality in your conclusion. If your hypothesis is similar to previous papers, you
must establish why your study and your results are original.
For most essays, one well-developed paragraph is sufficient for a conclusion, although in some cases, a two or
three paragraph conclusion may be required. The another of important things about this section is (1) do not rewrite
the abstract; (2) statements with “investigated” or “studied” are not conclusions; (3) do not introduce new
arguments, evidence, new ideas, or information unrelated to the topic; (4)do not include evidence (quotations,
statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper.
Acknowledgments
Acknowledge anyone who has helped you with the study, including: Researchers who supplied materials, reagents,
or computer programs; anyone who helped with the writing or English, or offered critical comments about the
content, or anyone who provided technical help. State why people have been acknowledged and ask their
permission. Acknowledge sources of funding, including any grant or reference numbers. Please avoid apologize for
doing a poor job of presenting the manuscript.
References
References should follow the style detailed in the APA 6 th Publication Manual. Make sure that all references
mentioned in the text are listed in the reference section and vice versa and that the spelling of author names and
years are consistent. Please to not be used footnote or endnote in any format.
Tips:(Please cross check for)
1. Spelling of author names;
2. Punctuation;
3. Number of authors to include before using “etc.”, and;
4. Reference style
We suggest all of you using software ENDNOTE, MENDELEY, ZOTERO, or EASYBIB for easily citation.
References should be the most recent and pertinent literature available (about 5-10 years ago). Authors must also
carefully follow APA6th Publication Manual guidelines for nondiscriminatory language regarding gender, sexual
orientation, racial and ethnic identity, disabilities, and age. In addition, the terms counseling, counselor, and client
are preferred, rather than their many synonyms.