Copper and Its Alloys: Introduction

Copper and its alloys
By
‫عمر محمد عبد الواحد‬/‫الطالب‬
‫الثانية‬/‫المرحلة‬
‫مواد عام‬/‫الفرع‬
‫صباحي‬/‫الدراسة‬
‫قسم هندسة المواد‬
INTRODUCTION:-
(Copper) denotes copper. Copper is denoted by (atomic number) 29, atomic
weight is 63,54, its density is 8.95, melting point is 1083 ° C, and its boiling
point is 2310 ° C, its equivalent is 1 and 2.
There is in nature, individually or in the form of oxides, purified by
electrolysis, and copper is a soft, malleable substance that interacts with the
atmosphere, forming a type of rust known as copper oxide, which is green.
It is a toxic substance, and copper is generally slow to react with dilute
acids.
Copper is one of the oldest minerals discovered by the ancient person and
voluntarily for its various uses.
Copper is a good material for thermal conductivity and electrical
conductivity, so heat exchangers, wires and electrical connections are made
of it. Copper is also used to make batteries, electrical and industrial
equipment and cooking utensils.
Copper enters the composition of many alloys, for example, adding gold in
small quantities to give the gold sufficient hardness in the manufacture of
potholes, and making a method of copper coins or within the alloys, it is
1
used in the manufacture of bronze (alloy), as well as in the manufacture of
military hardware, musical instruments and equipment.
The description:-
A yellowish-red mineral, which is located in Platoon IB (or Platoon

11) of the periodic table. This family includes metallic, silver and gold
in addition to copper [periodic table]; Its atom in its outer electronic
layer contains one S electron with saturation of the orbitals d in the
inner layer, so it is monovalent, like the elements of the IA family, but
an electron from the penultimate layer d becomes an equal electron
for the convergence of the energy levels of the electrons d and the
outer electrons S, so the copper takes in addition to The degree of
oxidation +1 is the degree of oxidation +2 which is the most stable
degree of oxidation, at which time the inner layer in it becomes
incomplete, and it is included in the transitional mineral counter [[[r:]]
the metal].
Industrial uses of copper and its compounds:-
One of the important uses of copper is the manufacture of electricity wires,

as about 40% of the copper produced in the world is consumed annually in
this field. Due to the high specific heat of copper, it is used as a medium to
transfer heat in heating and cooling operations,
Copper metal allows in the welding industry, as this industry relies
heavily on the copper element, and this industry is present in most
of the blacksmithing and iron and steel insulation workshops, and
one of the most important indications that copper is unique in the
welding industry is the return of instruments for music To its first
condition, which is new, if it has a hole or a fracture. Copper is
used in the manufacture of war machines and weapons, to the point
that when these machines occur with any fracture, copper metal
must be available for repair. Copper is used in the manufacture of
alloys, such as copper and zinc alloy, as copper is 65.5% available,
2
and these alloys are used in covering utensils including knives,
spoons and dishes.
Bronze alloy with copper in addition to aluminum, and these alloys. This
alloy is made of aluminum metal and is practiced in the alloy by 5%, and
this alloy is characterized by that it resists reactions, and it is included in the
factories for refining salt. Copper is also used to paint some types of
jewelry. Copper is involved in the manufacture and analysis of sugar. The
bronze ingot is an alloy in which copper is heavily inserted, as it is
characterized by its extreme hardness and high resistance to any friction,
and its quality is maintained for long periods, Copper enters the bronze
ingot with phosphorus, as well as into tin and throughout its hardness.
Copper is used in the manufacture of metal alloys. Copper is used in the
manufacture of bronze alloys.
Copper ingots:-
Copper is used to manufacture very different types of alloys, including the

following:
 Brass (copper): It is an alloy of copper and zinc or called zinc, and

brass is resistant to weather and chemical substances and can have a
coating and polishing, as it has colors ranging from red to yellow to
white depending on the percentage of zinc in it, and is used in
electrical connections and in Making heaters and boilers.
 Bronze (bronze): It is a model of copper and tin, as it is resistant to

chemicals and very hard, and that tin is formed by 40%, which makes
it flexible. There are many copper alloys whose composition differs
according to the functions they are made to perform and whose
properties differ according to the alloying elements.
 Nickel aluminum bronze:- These alloys are considered one of the best
choices that are used in the applications of the marine sector
industries because they are very excellent in resisting corrosion in
addition to the high puzzle while maintaining the lion and this
appears in the propeller industries where if they are subjected to any
collision that does not break and other excellent characteristics, it is
3
possible to identify a model of those The alloys are nickel, bronze and
bronze
 Nickel silver alloys:- This alloy is called by that name because its color
is silver although it does not contain this element of virtue among the
special alloys, which are characterized by properties not available in
other copper alloys
Electrical purification:-
The copper used in electrical conductors should be purified to a purity

higher than 99.9%. To do this, the copper blows and casts the blister into
molds with an area of 90 cm² and 8 cm thickness for cookie cutters. These
pieces act as an elevator (positive electrode) in the electrolytic process. For
more chemical bases involved in this process,
Positive electrodes are placed inside basins containing a solution of copper
sulfate and sulfuric acid, and are exchanged interchangeably with negative
electrodes (cathode), which are thin plates of pure copper known as the
starting panels. When the electric current passes through the sink, the
elevators gradually dissolve, depositing 99.9% copper on the runways.
Most of the remaining impurities in the positive electrodes settle to the
bottom of the pelvis, forming a sludge. In addition, the factor working in
copper mining is several ways to extract small quantities of gold, silver,
platinum and other metals from the sludge. After the electrolysis process,
the copper strips are melted in an electric oven, and they are poured into
various shapes and sizes such as bars, cakes, cuttings and blocks.
REFERENCE:-
1. ‫ نول‬ .")5 ( ‫ "الحراريات المستخدمة في صناعة الفلزات‬ .‫وليد خليفة‬. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
2. ^ ‫ الموسوعة العربية‬,‫النحاس‬
4
3. ^ MedlinePlus > Copper poisoning Update Date: 2/3/2009. Updated by:
A.D.A.M. Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, Greg Juhn, MTPW, David R. Eltz.
Previously reviewed by Stephen C Acosta, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine,
Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare
Network (10/30/2008). Retrieved on 18 Mars, 2009
4. ^ ‫ فيدو‬،‫ سموم بيئية‬..‫المعادن الثقيلة‬

Copper and Its Alloys: Introduction

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Copper and Its Alloys: Introduction

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Copper and its alloys

A yellowish-red mineral, which is located in Platoon IB (or Platoon

Industrial uses of copper and its compounds:-

One of the important uses of copper is the manufacture of electricity wires,

Copper is used to manufacture very different types of alloys, including the

 Brass (copper): It is an alloy of copper and zinc or called zinc, and

 Bronze (bronze): It is a model of copper and tin, as it is resistant to

The copper used in electrical conductors should be purified to a purity

2. ^ ‫ الموسوعة العربية‬,‫النحاس‬

4. ^ ‫ فيدو‬،‫ سموم بيئية‬..‫المعادن الثقيلة‬

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