Learning Act. Sheets No. Learning Activity Title
Learning Act. Sheets No. Learning Activity Title
Learning Act. Sheets No. Learning Activity Title
FIRST QUARTER
Learning Act.
Sheets No. Learning Activity Title
1 DEFINING AND GENERATING A SEQUENCE
2 ESTABLISHING A SEQUENCE
3 ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
4 FINDING THE nth TERM OF ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
5 FINDING ARITHMETIC MEANS
6 DETERRMINING THE RULEOF AN ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
7 FINDING THE SUM OF THE FIRST n TERMS
8 PROBLEMS INVOLVING ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE AND SERIES
9 ILLUSTRATING A GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
10 GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
11 FINDING THE NTH TERM OF A GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
12 THE GEOMETRIC MEANS
13 GEOMETRIC SERIES (FINITE)
14 GEOMETRIC SERIES (INFINITE)
15 HARMONIC SEQUENCE
16 FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
17 PROBLEMS INVOLVING GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE AND SERIES
18 DEFINITION OF POLYNOMIAL
19 DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF THE POLYNOMIAL
20 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
21 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS USING SYNTHETIC DIVISION
22 THE REMAINDER THEOREM
23 FINDING VALUES OF POLYNOMIAL EQUATION
24 FINDING THE ZEROS OF A POLYNOMIAL EQUATION
25 FINDING THE RATIONAL ZEROS OF A POLYNOMIALS
26 PROVING THE RATIONAL ROOT THEOREM
27 THE FACTOR THEOREM
28 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS
29 NUMBER OF ROOTS OF POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
30 MODELING THROUGH POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 1
B. Form isosceles triangle/s using the matchsticks. Count the number of matchsticks
used in the desired number of squares then fill it in the table.
No. of isosceles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
triangles
No. of matchsticks 3 5
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 2
Solution:
tn = 2n + 5 tn = 2n + 5 tn = 2n + 5
t1 = 7 t2 = 9 t3 = 11
Therefore, the first three terms of the sequence are 7, 9, and 11.
Exercises: Answer the following:
n
4. Find the first 7 terms of the sequence in an =
4
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 3
Count the number of matchsticks in each figure and record the results in a table.
Number of squares 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of matchsticks
Questions:
The above activity illustrates a sequence where the difference between any two consecutive terms
is a constant. This constant is called the common difference and the said sequence is called an
arithmetic sequence.
B. Find the next four terms of an arithmetic sequence given the following:
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 4
If a1 and d are known, it is easy to find any term in arithmetic sequence by using the rule
an = a1 + ( n-1) d,
Example 1: What is the 12th term of the arithmetic sequence 4, 10, 16, 22…?
Solution: a1 = 4; n = 12; d = 6
an = a1 + ( n-1) d
a12 = 4 + (12-1) 6
a12 = 4 + (11) 6
a12 = 70
Example 2. The first term a1 of an arithmetic sequence is 3 and the common difference
Solution: a1 = 3; n = 9; d = 2
an = a1 + ( n-1) d
a10 = 3 + (10-1) 2
a10 = 3 + (9) 2
a10 = 21
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 5
Learning Competency : Determines arithmetic means and nth term of an Arithmetic Sequence
(M10AL-Ib-c-1)
Learning Target : Find the arithmetic means of an arithmetic sequence.
Arithmetic Mean/s are the terms between two consecutive terms of an arithmetic
sequence.
Solution: a1 = 3; a5 = 23; n = 5; d= ?
an = a1 + ( n-1) d
23 = 3 + (5-1) d
23 = 3 + (4) d
23 = 3 + 4 d
23-3 = 4d
20 = 4d
d=5
Since d = 5, then the three arithmetic means between 3 and 23 are 8, 13 and 18.
A. Insert the indicated number of arithmetic means between the given first and last terms of an
arithmetic sequence.
1. 6 and 54 [3]
2. 68 and 3 [4]
3. -4 and 8 [3]
4. ½ and 2 [2]
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 6
Complete the table. Answer the guide questions that follow using the table.
Arithmetic series is the indicated sum of the terms of an arithmetic sequence. For the
arithmetic sequence 1, 3, 5, 7 the arithmetic series is 1+ 3 + 5 + 7.
Questions:
1. What is the relationship between the sum of the terms with that of the number of terms and
the sum of the first and last terms of an arithmetic sequence?
2. In general, if the first term of an arithmetic sequence is a 1 and the last term is an , then what is
the sum Sn of the first n terms of the sequence?
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 7
Activity Title : FINDING THE SUM OF THE FIRST n TERMS OF AN ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
Learning Competency : Finds the sum of the terms of a given arithmetic sequence (M10AL-Ic-2)
Learning Target : Determines the sum of the first n terms of a given arithmetic sequence.
Reference : Exploring Mathematics II, Orlando A. Oronce, pp. 491-493.
The formula for the sum of the n terms in an arithmetic sequence with a1 as the first term and an as
the last term is:
n
Sn = ¿ a1 + a n ) .
2
Since we know that an=a1+(n-1)d, then by substitution, we have
n n
Sn = [a1 + a1+ (n-1) d] or Sn = [2a1 + (n-1) d]
2 2
Example 1: Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the arithmetic sequence 4, 10, 16 …
Solution:
a1 = 4; n = 10; d = 6; S10 = ?
n
Sn = [2a1 + (n-1) d]
2
10
S10 = [2(4) + (10-1) 6]
2
S10 = 5 [8 + (9) 6]
S10 = 5 (62)
S10 = 310
Therefore the sum of the first 10 terms is 310.
Example 2: Find the sum of the first 20 terms of the arithmetic series if the first term is -3 and the last
is 39.
Solution:
a1 = - 3; n = 20; an = 39
n
Sn = (a1 +an)
2
20
S10 = (-3 + 39)
2
S10 = 10 (36)
S10 = 360
B. Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the arithmetic sequence when,
1. a1 = 8 a10 = 17
2. a1 = 5 a10 = 50
Enrichment:
Find the sum of the first 20 terms of the arithmetic series 15, 19, 23, 27…
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 8
n
Sum of an Arithmetic Sequence : Sn = (a1 + an ) or
2
n
Sn = [2a1 + (n-1) d]
2
Example 1
Ina made deposits from her school allowances as follows: P10 on the first week, P13 on the
second week, P16 on the third week and so on, until she made 52 deposits. What was the amount of her
last deposit? How much was her total allowance after 52 deposits?
Solution: 10, 13, 16,…form an arithmetic sequence where a 1=10; d=3; n=52
Formula: an = a1 + (n-1) d
a52=10+(52-1)3
=10+(51)3
=10+153
a52 =163
n
Sn = (a1 + an )
2
52
S52 = (10+163)
2
= 26(173)
Sn = P4498
Therefore, Ina’s last deposit is P163 and her total school allowance after 52 deposits is P4498.
1. Angelo saved P10 on the first day of the month, P15 on the second day, P20 on the third day, and so
on, up to the end of the month. How much did he save all in all on the 30 th day?
2. Norma gets a starting salary of P12, 000 a month and increases of P600 annually. What will be her
salary during the seventh year?
3. A pile of logs has 24 in the first layer, 23 in the second, 22 in the third, and so on. How many logs are
there in all to reach the 10th layers?
4. Screenville Cinema has 25 seats in the first row and 30 rows in all. Each successive row contains 1
additional seat. How many seats are there in the theater?
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 9
Fold Me Up
Do the activity with a partner. One of you will perform the paper folding while the other will do
the recording in the table.
1. Start with a big square from a piece of paper. Assume the area of the square is 64
square units.
2. Fold the four corners to the center of the square and find the area of the resulting
square.
3. Repeat the process three times and record the result in the table below.
Square 1 2 3
Area
1. What is the area of the square formed after the first fold? Second fold? Third fold?
3. You have generated a sequence of areas. What are the first 3 terms of the sequence?
A C T I V I T Y No. 10
1
8, 4, 2, …, the common ratio is 2
16 1 4 1 2 1
since 32 = 2 , 8 = 2 , 4 = 2 .
2. 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, …
3. -3, 2, 7, 12, …
A C T I V I T Y No. 11
Learning Target : Determine geometric sequence and nth term of a geometric sequence
Solution. a1 = 2; r = 2; n=8
an = a1 r n-1
a8 = 2(2) 8-1
a8 = 2(2) 7
a8 = 2(128)
1. Write the first five terms of the geometric sequence whose first term is 2 whose
common ratio is 3.
2. Find the tenth term of the geometric sequence 2, -6, 18, …
3. Find the ninth term of the geometric sequence 3, 6, 12, …
4. Find the missing term of the given geometric sequence
a. 3, 12, 48. _____, ______
b. 5, ____, 20, 40, _____, ____
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 12
Learning Target : Determine the geometric means and the nth term of a geometric
sequence.
Reference : Mathematics Learner’s Module Grade 10, page 30
Intermediate Algebra II, by Soledad Jose-Dilao, pp. 193 - 195
A.) Geometric mean is the term between any two nonconsecutive terms in a geometric sequence
If numbers a1, a2, a3…., an form a geometric sequence, the a2, a3…., an-1 are called geometric
sequence between a1 and an. Thus, the formula to be used is an = a1 r n-1
B.) Let m be the geometric mean between two numbers a and b, so that a, m and b
form a geometric sequence, so that
m b
a = m or m2 = ab or m = ± √ ab
Example 1: Find the geometric mean between 3 and 12.
Solution: a = 3, b = 12
m= √
(3)(12) = ± 36 = ± 6
√
The geometric mean between 3 and 12 is 6, since 3, 6, 12 forms a geometric sequence.
A C T I V I T Y No. 13
The formula for the sum of the first n-terms in a geometric sequence is
n
a1 −a1 r
Sn = 1−r
Where: Sn = sum
Example: Find the sum of the first 5 terms of 4, 12, 36, 108, …
Solution: n = 5 ; a1 = 4; r=3
n
a1 −a1 r
Sn = 1−r
1. Find the sum of the first ten terms in the geometric sequence 3, 6, 12, 24, …
2. Find the sum of the sixth terms in the geometric sequence 3, -6, 12, -24,..
3. Find the sum of the seven terms in the geometric sequence 36, 18, 9, …
4. Find the sum of the first five terms in the geometric sequence 1/2, 2/3, 8/9,…
A C T I V I T Y No. 14
a1
S = 1−r
where a1 = the first term
r = the common ratio, and / r / < 1.
64 64
1 1
1−
S5 = 2 =
2 = 128
3 3 3
1.) 10 + 100 + 1000 + …
1 1 1 1
2.) 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + …
2 1
3.) 24 + 4 + 3 + 9 + …
4.) 64 + 16 + 4 + 1 + …
5.) 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + …
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 15
1 1 1 1 1
, , , , …,
a a+d a+2 d a+3 d a+ ( n−1 ) d
1 1 1 1
. , , , ,… 2, 4, 6, 8,…
2 4 6 8
−1 −1 −1 −1
, , , ,… -42, -35, -28, -21,…
42 35 28 21
1 1
Example 1: Find the 5 terms of a harmonic sequence where a 1 = and d =
3 5
Solution:
The corresponding arithmetic sequence with a 1 = 3 and d=5 will be 3, 8, 13, 18, 23,… Therefore, the
1 1 1 1 1
harmonic sequence is , , , , .
3 8 13 18 23
1
Example 2: Find the 13th term of the harmonic sequence if a 1 = 6 and d = and n = 13.
2
Solution an = a1 + (n-1) d
1
a13 = 6 + (13-1)
2
=6+6
= 12
1
Therefore the 13th term of the harmonic sequence is
12
1 1 1 1
3. Find the 10th term of the harmonic sequence , , , ,. . .
2 4 6 8
1 1 1 1
4. Find the 100th term of the harmonic sequence , , , ,…
3 6 9 12
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 16
Fibonacci Sequence- is a sequence whose its first two terms are either both1, or 0 and 1 and
each term thereafter is obtain by adding the proceeding terms .
Solution: The next term is 8 by adding 3 and 5 and followed by 13 by adding 5 and 8.
1 1 1 1
2. , , , ,…
3 9 27 81
3 5 3
5.
4
, 1, 4 , 2 ,..
1 1 1 1
6. , , , ,…
24 20 16 14
6 6 6 6
7. , , , ,…
11 17 23 29
8. 6, -18, 54, -162
8 8
9. 40,8, , ,…
5 25
10. 2√ 2, 5√ 2, 8√ 2, 11√ 2,…
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 17
Example: A piece of spoiled meat has some bacteria in it. The number of bacteria increases
five times every hour. If the number of bacteria is 1,000 on the first hour,
complete the sequence until five hours. What is the total number of bacteria at
the end of five hours?
an = a1rn-1
a2 = (1000)(5)1 = 500
a3 = (1000)(5)2 = 25,000
a4 = (1000)(5)3 = 125,000
a5 = (1000)(5)3 = 625,000
2. A house help receives a salary P36, 000 a year with contract of P 250 annual
increase for 7 years. What is the total income for 7 years?
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 18
Where n is a non-negative integer, and an, an-1, an-2, ..., a0 are real numbers,
and an ≠ 0.
The following are examples of polynomial
1) 3x3- 2x2 + x – 3
2) x + 2
3) -2x2 +x + 3
2 3 2
4) x+x +x–1
3
The following are examples of non polynomials
Write P if it is a polynomial and write NP if it is not on the space provided. If your answer NP give your
reasons.
____ 1) f(x) = x4+ 2x3 – x +1
____ 2) f(x) = x3+ 2x2 +x -1-3
____ 3) f(x) = 4x+ 2x4 +x5+1
____ 4) f(x) = 3x-2+ x +5
3 1
____ 5) f(x) = 2 x 4 + 3 x 4 – 2
____ 6) f(x) = √ 2 x 3 + x 2−2
____ 7) f(x) = x2 +2x +1
____ 8) f(x) = x -5
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 19
In the polynomial function f(x) = anxn+ an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 + ...+ a0, where n is a
nonnegative integer, and an, an-1, an-2, ..., a0 are real numbers, and an ≠ 0, the degree of the
function is n since n is the highest power.
Examples:
1) In the polynomial function f(x) = 2x3 - 6x2 + 55, the highest power of its terms is 3.
Therefore, the degree of the polynomial is 3 and the leading coefficient is 2.
2) The polynomial function g(x) = 3x6 - 2x4 + x2 – x +1 contains the degree of its terms which
are 6, 4, 2, 1 and 0, respectively. The highest power is 6. Therefore the degree of the
polynomial is 6 and the leading coefficient is 3.
1) F(x) = 6x4 – 3x + 2
5) g(x) = 3x5 + 2x – x6
6) f(x)= x – 5
1 1
7) f(x) = 5 x – 6x + 3
3 2
8) g(x) = 4x3 – 2x +2
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 20
107 x2 - x + 2
5 ) 538 x – 1) x3 – 2x2 + 3x +2
5 +
3 x3(–) x2
0 - x2 + 3x
38 + -
2
35 (-) x (+) x
3 remainder 2x + 2
- +
The quotient here is 107 and the remainder is 3. (+)2x (-) 2
Remainder 4
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 21
Synthetic Division is a sequence of substitution operations used to evaluate a polynomial function of any
degree.
In solving for the value of the polynomial function by using synthetic division, simply follow the steps below
given P(x) = 2x3 -8x2 + 19x -12 is divided by x – 3
1) Solve the value of x in the divisor and put it in the window. This will serve as the multiplier of the
coefficients of the variable of the polynomial P(x)
The divisor is x – 3. To solve for x, equate the linear equation to zero then, solve for x.
x–3=0
x=3
3
2) Arrange the polynomial base on the exponents in descending order. Get the coefficients of the variable
in polynomial P(x).
In P(x) = 2x3 -8x2 + 19x -12, the exponents are already arranged in descending order. Get the
coefficients, and place it below the multiplier that is:
2 -8 19 -12
3
3) Put a space after the coefficients. Then, put a line and start the multiplication. First, bring down the first
coefficient, then multiply it to the multiplier and put the answer on the space in line with the next
coefficient then add the two numbers. Continue with the same process. The last sum is the remainder.
2 -8 19 -12
3 6 -6 39
2 -2 13 27 Remainder
If in case, the next degree of the function is cannot be seen. Write zero as the coefficient of the
variable.
4) The remainder R obtained in synthetic division of P(x) by (x – c), provides these information:
a) The remainder R gives the value of P(x) at x-c, that is, R = P(c).
b) If R = 0, then x- c is a factor of P(x).
c) If R = 0, then (c, 0) is an x intercept of the graph of P(x).
This means that the value of P (3) = 27
Example:
1) If the polynomial P(x) = x3 + 9x -8x2-1 is divided by x + 2, the remainder of P(3)
is 27 as shown in the solutions below.
Solution:
First, arrange the polynomial function base on the exponents.
-2 1 -8 9 -1
-2 20 -58
1 -10 29 -59 Remainder R =-59
A C T I V I T Y No. 22
Examples:
2. Use the Remainder Theorem to find the remainder when x4 -3x3 +3x – 4 is divided by x+3
Solution:
P (x) = x4 -3x3 +3x – 4
c=-3
P(-3) = (-3)4 – 3(-3)3 + 3(-3) – 4
= 81 +81 – 9 – 4
= 141 remainder
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 23
Examples:
1. Find the value of the polynomial, if P(x) = 2x3 – 8x2 + 19x -12 is divided by x-2, by using the
Remainder Theorem.
Solution:
Equate the divisor to zero to find the value of x.
x–2=0
x=2
Substitute this value for x in the dividend then solve for the value of the polynomial.
P(x) = 2x3 – 8x2 + 19x -12
P(2) = 2(2)3 – 8(2)2 + 19(2) -12
P(2) = 16 -32 + 38 -12
P(2) = 10
Therefore, the value of the polynomial is 10 when P(x) is divided by x – 2.
Solution:
Substitute the value of x in the polynomial P(x), then solve for the value of the polynomial.
Find the value of each of the following polynomial function by using the Remainder Theorem.
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 24
The zero of a polynomial function P(x) is the value of the variable x, which makes the polynomial
function equal to zero or P(x) = 0.
The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra states that “Every rational polynomial equation P(x) = 0 of
degree n has exactly n zeros.˝ For example, in the polynomial equation P(x) = 4x3 – 3x2 - 8x +4, the
degree is 3. Therefore, the number of zeros is 3.
To find the zeros of the function, the Remainder and the Factor theorems as well as the synthetic
division are used as methods.
Examples:
1.) To find the zeros of P(x) = (x – 3) (x -1) (x – 1) (x -1), use the principle of the zero products. That
is,
P(x) = 0 then,
(x – 3) (x -1) (x – 1) (x -1) = 0, equate each factor to zero
(x – 3) = 0 (x -1) = 0 (x – 1) = 0 (x -1) = 0
x=3 x=1 x =1 x= 1
Therefore, the zeros are 3, - 1, -1 and – 1 or the zeros are 3 and 1 has a multiplicity of 3
2.) Given P(x) = x3 – 4x2 + x + 6, we can solve for the zeros by using above mentioned methods.
Consider first the factors of the constant which is 6 to be the possible zeros of the function.
The factors of 6 are + 1, + 2, +3, +6
By using synthetic division considering x = - 1,
-1 1 -4 1 6
-1 5 -6
1 -5 6 0
2
The quotient, Q(x) = x – 5x + 6, to find the remaining zeros, use factoring method from the
quotient
x2– 5x + 6 = 0
(x – 2) (x – 3) = 0
X = 2 and x = 3
Therefore, the zeros are – 1, 2, and 3.
Looking back at given polynomials the degree is 3 and the number of zeros is also 3.
Find the remaining zeros of each of the following functions below given one zero.
1) P(x) = x3 +3x2 +3x +1 x = -1
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 25
Learning Target : To find the rational zeros of the polynomial function by Rational Zero
Theorem
Reference :Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry and Statistics, Soledad Jose - Dilao,
page 104-108
The Rational Zero Theorem states that for every polynomial a nxn + an – 1 xn – 1... + a1x1 + a0 = 0
p
where a0 , a1, ..., an are integers (an≠0 and a0≠ 0 ¿, there is a ( in lowest terms) which is a
q
rational zero of f(x) where p is an integer factor of the constant term a0 and q is an integer
factor of the leading coefficient an.
Example:
1.) Consider the polynomial function P ( x ) =2 x 3+ 5x2 – 4x – 3
Base on the Rational Zero Theorem, any rational zero of the given function must have a
numerator that is a factor of a constant (that is + 1 or + 3) and the denominator that is a factor
1 1 3 3
of 2 (that is + 1 or + 2). Therefore, the possible rational zeros are :+ , + , + , + .
1 2 1 2
By using the different methods discussed in the previous lessons we can find the zeros of
the polynomial function.
By, Remainder Theorem:
So far, two zeros are already identified, +1 and -3. Synthetic division can also be used to
determine the remaining one zero of the function.
1 −1
2 5 -4 -3 2 5 -4 -3
2 2
1
1 3 - -1 -2 3
2
7
2 6 -1 - 2 4 -6 0
2
−1
Since, the remainder of as the divisor of P(x) is zero, then it is the third zero of the function.
2
Therefore, the three zeros of the polynomial function P ( x ) =2 x 3+ 5x2 – 4x – 3 are +1, -3, and
−1
.
2
Find the rational zeros of each of the following polynomial functions by using the Rational
Zero Theorem.
A C T I V I T Y No. 26
Proof:
Statement Reason
p p p Definition of a root of a
1. an ( q ¿n + an-1 ( q )n-1 +...+a1 ( q ) + ao = 0 polynomial equation
p p p Addition Property of Equality
2.an ( q ¿n + an-1 ( q )n-1 +...+a1 ( q ) + ao + [-ao] = 0 + [ao] (Add –ao to both side)
p p p Simplification
3. an ( q ¿n + an-1 ( q )n-1 +...+a1 ( q ) = -ao
( p)n ( p)n−1 p By factoring the
4. an n + an-1[ n −1 ¿ +...+a1 ( q ) = -ao denominator
q q q
( p)n−1 p 0 Multiply both sides by q n
n
5. q ¿ + (a¿ ¿ n−1) ¿ + ... + a 1 =a ¿
n −1
q q q
6.a n (p ¿¿ n)+ ( an−1 ) ( q ) ¿ ¿ By simplification
7. Since p is a factor of the left side, then it must also be a factor of Definition of equality
the right side
8. p and q ( and hence q n ) do not share any common factor other P and q are in lowest term
than 1
9. p must be a factor of a 0. (This proves the first part of the rational P is not a factor of q n
root theorem.)
STATEMENT REASON
10. Similarly ,
p P
a n−1( )n-1 + a n−2( p )n-2 + ... + a 2( p )2 + a p +a0 =an ( ❑ )n
q q q 1( )
q
A C T I V I T Y No. 27
The factor Theorem states that in the polynomial P(x), if P(c) = 0, where c is a real
number, then (x – c) is a factor of P(x). This means that if the remainder of the polynomial
P(x) divided by (x – c) is zero, then (x – c) is a factor of P(x).
Examples:
1) When P(x) = x3 –x2 - 4x +4 is divided by x -2, the remainder is 0; that is, P(2) =0, then x –2
is a factor to P(x) = x3 –x2 - 4x +4.
2 1 -1 -4 4
2 2 -4
1 1 -2 0 Remainder
2) In this example we can use the Remainder Theorem to determine whether it is a factor or not
given P(x) = x3 + x2 +x +2 divided by x+1.
P(x) = x3 + x2 +x +2
P(-1) = (-1)3 + (-1)2 +(-1) +2
P(-1) = -1 + 1 -1 +2
P(-1) = 1
The remainder is 1, therefore x+1 is not a factor of P(x) = x3 + x2 +x +2.
Exercises: Answer the following:
Use the factor theorem to determine whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second.
1.) x– 2 ; 4x3 – 3x2 - 8x +4
2.) x + 3; 2x3 + x2 – 13x +6
3.) y +2 ; 3y4 – 6y3 – 5y +10
4.) x – 1; x3 – 2x2 + x – 2
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 28
Factor Completely.
a) 6x − 18 = 0
b) x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 = 0
x2 − 36 = 0
x2 − 12x + 36 = 0
x2 − 6x + 5 = 0
x2 − x − 12 = 0
2
64x − 1 = 0
5x2 − 7x − 6 = 0
4x5 + 20x4 + 24x3 = 0
x3 – 4x2 + 4x – 3 = o
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 29
If P(x) is a polynomial equation of degree n and with real coefficients, then it has at most
n real roots.
I. Some polynomial equations are given below. Complete the table and answer the
questions that follow. (If a root occurs twice, count it twice; if thrice, count it three
times, and so on. The first one is done for you.)
1. (x + 1)2 (x – 5) = 0 3 -1 (2 times); 5 3
2. (x + 2) (x – 2) = 0
3. (x – 1) (x – 3)3 = 0
4. (x+7)2 (x-5)3 = 0
5. (x2+4) (x-3)3 = 0
II. Consider the following polynomial equations. At most how many real roots does
each have?
a. x20-1 = 0
b. x3-2x2-4x+8 = 0
c. 18+9x5-11x2-x23+x34= 0
Follow-up Question: What do you observe about the relationship between the number of roots
and the degree of a polynomial equation?
Mathematics Grade 10
First Quarter
A C T I V I T Y No. 30
Solution:
10 1 -4 0 -600
10 60 600
________________________
1 6 60 0
−6 ± √6 2−4 (1 ) (60)
X= (The roots are non-real.)
2(1)
Since the only real root of the equation is 10 so, x=10, and height is x-4, substitute the value of x
which is 10 so, 10-4 is 6.
Therefore, the base of the package has length 10 inches and its height is 6 inches.
1. The diagonal of a rectangle is 8 m longer than its shorter side. If the area of the rectangle is
60 square meter, find its dimensions.
2. One dimension of a cube is increased by 1 inch to form a rectangular block. Suppose that the
volume of the new block is 150 cubic inches, find the length of an edge of the original cube.