Scribd
Upload
56 views

Lesson 1

The document discusses frequency distributions, which arrange data to show the frequency of variable values. There are two types: qualitative, which tabulate categories, and quantitative, which group data into numerical intervals or classes. The document outlines steps for constructing each type of distribution, including determining the range (R), class interval (ci), and frequencies. It describes additional columns that can be added to quantitative frequency distribution tables and graphical ways to present the distributions, such as frequency polygons and histograms.

Uploaded by

Carlo Yambao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
56 views

Lesson 1

The document discusses frequency distributions, which arrange data to show the frequency of variable values. There are two types: qualitative, which tabulate categories, and quantitative, which group data into numerical intervals or classes. The document outlines steps for constructing each type of distribution, including determining the range (R), class interval (ci), and frequencies. It describes additional columns that can be added to quantitative frequency distribution tables and graphical ways to present the distributions, such as frequency polygons and histograms.

Uploaded by

Carlo Yambao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

A frequency distribution is an arrangement of data that shows the frequency of


occurrence of the different values of the variables. It is used if N (total number of cases) is equal
to or greater than 30. There are two types of frequency distribution: qualitative frequency
distribution and quantitative frequency distribution. The qualitative frequency distributions are
usually tabulated in terms of categories, while quantitative frequency distributions are grouped
according to numerical interval or classes.

In constructing a qualitative frequency distribution, the following steps are considered:

a. Enumerate the categories or classifications and define these as your classes.


b. Count the number of observations falling under each category. These are the
frequencies of the different classes.

In constructing a quantitative frequency distribution, the following steps are considered:

1. Determine the range R.

R = highest value – lowest value

2. Find the class interval. Divide the range by any desired number of
step intervals. The ideal number of step intervals is from 10 to 15.
The minimum is 7 and the maximum is 25. The class interval (ci)
should preferably be an odd number so that the mid-points of the
steps will be whole numbers.

ci = R / desired number of step interval

3. Prepare the step distribution. The lowest step may begin from the
lowest score. Add the (ci – 1) to the lowest score to get the upper
class limit. The highest step should contain the highest score.
(There are other methods of starting the lowest step in a step
distribution. Since there is no distinct advantage of any one
method over the others and for a more simplified and practical
procedure, the author of this Manual prefers to use the method
prescribed above.)

4. Determine the frequency of each class. The determination of the


number of frequencies is done by tallying the number of items that
fall in each interval.
OTHER COLUMNS OF THE QUANTITATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
(FDT):

Additional columns may be constructed to obtain additional information about the distributional
characteristics of the data.

1. Limits. The limits of the steps are 0.5 below it and 0.5 above it.

2. Mid-points. The mid-point of a step is the number at the middle of the step.
The mid-point is computed by adding the lower and upper numbers of the
step divided by 2.

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATIONS OF THE FDT

Frequency distributions may be presented graphically to bring out readily the salient
features of the form of the distribution.

In constructing a graph of a qualitative frequency distribution, the y-axis represents the


frequencies while the x-axis represents the variable of interest (categories).

In constructing a graphical presentation of a quantitative frequency distribution, the y-


axis may stand for frequencies or cumulative frequencies while the x-axis stands for the variable
of interest (represented by the mid-points). Some graphical presentations of a quantitative
frequency distribution are the frequency polygon, histogram and ogives.

The frequency polygon is a line graph constructed by plotting the frequencies at their
mid-points and connecting the plotted points by means of straight lines. To close the polygon, an
additional class is added at both ends of the distribution and the ends of the graph are brought
down to the horizontal axis at the mid-points of the additional classes.

The histogram is a special type of bar graph constructed as a sequence of vertical


rectangles, each rectangle drawn with its base equal to the class interval and a height
corresponding to the class frequency.

Name____________________________________Score_________________
Date_____________________________________Course Yr. & Sec._______

Exercise No. 1
Frequency Distribution

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this exercise, the student should be able to:
1. Organize data by constructing a frequency distribution table; and
2. Implement the most appropriate method of data presentation for
a given set of data.

EXERCISES:
Tabular presentation for a quantitative data.

1. The following data are the total scores of the students’ quizzes in Mathematics.

125 136 92 115 118 121 137 132 120 104


126 119 115 101 129 87 108 110 133 135
95 127 103 110 126 118 82 104 137 120
113 146 126 119 129 105 132 126 118 100
148 106 125 117 102 146 129 124 113 95

2. The data below represent the weight (in pounds) of selected elementary pupils.

82 104 73 83 76 80 53
69 70 60 74 72 73 64
58 94 50 60 59 89 79
48 84 97 47 87 80 78
99 72 86 98 76 69 90
100 59 73 81 71 52 91
83 49 61 70 57 40 92
69 95 48 58 39 41 77
84 85 96 46 88 42 65
55 40 77 68 65 66 67
66 56 64 78 51
67 78 55 42
54

Construct a complete frequency distribution table following the steps given in the lecture.
Show your computation of R and ci.

You might also like