Titanium: Titanium Is A Chemical Element With The Symbol Ti

7/22/2020 Titanium - Wikipedia
Titanium
Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti
and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition Titanium, 22Ti
metal with a silver color, low density, and high
strength. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea
water, aqua regia, and chlorine.
Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain,

by William Gregor in 1791 and was named by Martin
Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek
mythology. The element occurs within a number of
mineral deposits, principally rutile and ilmenite, Titanium
which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and Pronunciation /tɪˈteɪniəm, taɪ-/[1]
lithosphere; it is found in almost all living things, as (ti-TAY-nee-əm, ty-)
well as bodies of water, rocks, and soils.[6] The metal
Appearance silvery grey-white metallic
is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the
Kroll[7] and Hunter processes. The most common Standard atomic 47.867(1)[2]
compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular weight Ar, std(Ti)
photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of Titanium in the periodic table
white pigments.[8] Other compounds include
titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a component of H H –
smoke screens and catalysts; and titanium LB BCNOFN ↑
SM ASPSCA Ti
PCS TVCMIrCNCZGGASBK ↓
trichloride (TiCl3), which is used as a catalyst in the RSY ZNMTRRPSCInTATIoX
CBLCPNPSEGTDHETYLHTTROIrPGMTLBPAR Zr
production of polypropylene.[6] FRATPUNPACBCEFMNLRDSBHMDRCNFMLTO
scandium ← titanium → vanadium
Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, Atomic number (Z) 22

vanadium, and molybdenum, among other Group group 4
elements, to produce strong, lightweight alloys for
aerospace (jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft), Period period 4
military, industrial processes (chemicals and Block d-block
petrochemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and
Element category Transition metal
paper), automotive, agriculture (farming), medical
prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental and Electron [Ar] 3d2 4s2
endodontic instruments and files, dental implants, configuration
sporting goods, jewelry, mobile phones, and other Electrons per shell 2, 8, 10, 2
applications.[6]
Physical properties
The two most useful properties of the metal are Phase at STP solid
corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio,
Melting point 1941 K (1668 °C, 3034 °F)
the highest of any metallic element.[9] In its
unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some Boiling point 3560 K (3287 °C, 5949 °F)
steels, but less dense.[10] There are two allotropic Density (near r.t.) 4.506 g/cm3
forms[11] and five naturally occurring isotopes of this
when liquid (at m.p.) 4.11 g/cm3
element, 46Ti through 50Ti, with 48Ti being the most
abundant (73.8%).[12] Although they have the same Heat of fusion 14.15 kJ/mol
Heat of 425 kJ/mol
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium 1/21
number of valence electrons and are in the same vaporization

group in the periodic table, titanium and zirconium Molar heat capacity 25.060 J/(mol·K)
differ in many chemical and physical properties.
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1k 10 k 100 k
Contents at T (K) 1982 2171 (2403) 2692 3064 3558
Characteristics Atomic properties

Physical properties
Oxidation states −2, −1, 0,[3] +1, +2, +3, +4[4]
Chemical properties
(an amphoteric oxide)
Occurrence
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.54
Isotopes
Ionization energies 1st: 658.8 kJ/mol
Compounds
Oxides, sulfides, and alkoxides 2nd: 1309.8 kJ/mol
Nitrides and carbides 3rd: 2652.5 kJ/mol
Halides (more)
Organometallic complexes
Atomic radius empirical: 147 pm
Anticancer therapy studies
Covalent radius 160±8 pm
History
Production and fabrication
Applications Spectral lines of titanium
Pigments, additives, and coatings Other properties
Aerospace and marine
Natural occurrence primordial
Industrial
Crystal structure hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Consumer and architectural
Jewelry
Medical
Nuclear waste storage Speed of sound 5090 m/s (at r.t.)
Bioremediation thin rod
Precautions Thermal expansion 8.6 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
See also Thermal 21.9 W/(m·K)

conductivity
References
Electrical resistivity 420 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Bibliography
Magnetic ordering paramagnetic
External links
Magnetic +153.0·10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)[5]
susceptibility
Characteristics Young's modulus 116 GPa
Shear modulus 44 GPa
Physical properties Bulk modulus 110 GPa

Poisson ratio 0.32
As a metal, titanium is recognized for its high
Mohs hardness 6.0
strength-to-weight ratio.[11] It is a strong metal with
low density that is quite ductile (especially in an Vickers hardness 830–3420 MPa
oxygen-free environment),[6] lustrous, and metallic- Brinell hardness 716–2770 MPa

white in color.[13] The relatively high melting point CAS Number 7440-32-6
(more than 1,650 °C or 3,000 °F) makes it useful as
a refractory metal. It is paramagnetic and has fairly History
low electrical and thermal conductivity compared to Discovery William Gregor (1791)
other metals.[6] Titanium is superconducting when First isolation Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1825)
cooled below its critical temperature of
0.49 K.[14][15] Named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1795)
Main isotopes of titanium
Commercially pure (99.2% pure) grades of titanium
have ultimate tensile strength of about 434 MPa Iso- Abun- Half-life Decay Pro-
(63,000 psi), equal to that of common, low-grade tope dance (t1/2) mode duct
steel alloys, but are less dense. Titanium is 60% 44Sc
ε
denser than aluminium, but more than twice as 44Ti syn 63 y
strong[10] as the most commonly used 6061-T6 γ –
aluminium alloy. Certain titanium alloys (e.g., Beta
46Ti
C) achieve tensile strengths of over 1,400 MPa 8.25% stable
(200,000 psi).[16] However, titanium loses strength 47Ti 7.44% stable
when heated above 430 °C (806 °F).[17]
48Ti 73.72% stable
Titanium is not as hard as some grades of heat-
treated steel; it is non-magnetic and a poor 49Ti 5.41% stable
conductor of heat and electricity. Machining
50Ti 5.18% stable
requires precautions, because the material can gall
unless sharp tools and proper cooling methods are
used. Like steel structures, those made from titanium have a fatigue limit that guarantees longevity in
some applications.[13]
The metal is a dimorphic allotrope of an hexagonal α form that changes into a body-centered cubic
(lattice) β form at 882 °C (1,620 °F).[17] The specific heat of the α form increases dramatically as it is
heated to this transition temperature but then falls and remains fairly constant for the β form regardless
of temperature.[17]
Chemical properties
Like aluminium and magnesium, titanium metal and its alloys oxidize immediately upon exposure to air.
Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) in air, and at 610 °C (1,130 °F) in pure oxygen,
forming titanium dioxide.[11] It is, however, slow to react with water and air at ambient temperatures
because it forms a passive oxide coating that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation.[6] When it
first forms, this protective layer is only 1–2 nm thick but continues to grow slowly; reaching a thickness
of 25 nm in four years.[19]
Atmospheric passivation gives titanium excellent resistance to corrosion, almost equivalent to platinum.
Titanium is capable of withstanding attack by dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, chloride solutions,
and most organic acids.[7] However, titanium is corroded by concentrated acids.[20] As indicated by its
negative redox potential, titanium is thermodynamically a very reactive metal that burns in normal
atmosphere at lower temperatures than the melting point. Melting is possible only in an inert
atmosphere or in a vacuum. At 550 °C (1,022 °F), it combines with chlorine.[7] It also reacts with the
other halogens and absorbs hydrogen.[8]
Titanium is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas,
reacting at 800 °C (1,470 °F) to form titanium nitride, which causes
embrittlement.[21] Because of its high reactivity with oxygen,
nitrogen, and some other gases, titanium filaments are applied in
titanium sublimation pumps as scavengers for these gases. Such
pumps inexpensively and reliably produce extremely low pressures
in ultra-high vacuum systems.
Occurrence
Titanium is the ninth-most abundant element in Earth's crust

(0.63% by mass)[22] and the seventh-most abundant metal. It is
The Pourbaix diagram for titanium in present as oxides in most igneous rocks, in sediments derived from
pure water, perchloric acid, or
them, in living things, and natural bodies of water.[6][7] Of the 801
sodium hydroxide[18]
types of igneous rocks analyzed by the United States Geological
Survey, 784 contained titanium. Its proportion in soils is
approximately 0.5 to 1.5%.[22]
Common titanium-containing minerals are anatase, brookite, ilmenite, perovskite, rutile, and titanite
(sphene).[19] Akaogiite is an extremely rare mineral consisting of titanium dioxide. Of these minerals,
only rutile and ilmenite have economic importance, yet even they are difficult to find in high
concentrations. About 6.0 and 0.7 million tonnes of those minerals were mined in 2011, respectively.[23]
Significant titanium-bearing ilmenite deposits exist in western Australia, Canada, China, India,
Mozambique, New Zealand, Norway, Sierra Leone, South Africa, and Ukraine.[19] About 186,000 tonnes
of titanium metal sponge were produced in 2011, mostly in China (60,000 t), Japan (56,000 t), Russia
(40,000 t), United States (32,000 t) and Kazakhstan (20,700 t). Total reserves of titanium are estimated
to exceed 600 million tonnes.[23]
The concentration of titanium is about 4 picomolar in the ocean. At

100 °C, the concentration of titanium in water is estimated to be 2011 production of rutile and ilmenite[23]
less than 10−7 M at pH 7. The identity of titanium species in thousand
Country % of total
aqueous solution remains unknown because of its low solubility and tonnes
the lack of sensitive spectroscopic methods, although only the 4+ Australia 1,300 19.4
oxidation state is stable in air. No evidence exists for a biological
role, although rare organisms are known to accumulate high South Africa 1,160 17.3
concentrations of titanium.[24] Canada 700 10.4
India 574 8.6
Titanium is contained in meteorites, and it has been detected in the
Sun and in M-type stars[7] (the coolest type) with a surface Mozambique 516 7.7
temperature of 3,200 °C (5,790 °F).[25] Rocks brought back from China 500 7.5
the Moon during the Apollo 17 mission are composed of 12.1%
Vietnam 490 7.3
TiO2.[7] It is also found in coal ash, plants, and even the human
body. Native titanium (pure metallic) is very rare.[26] Ukraine 357 5.3
World 6,700 100
Isotopes
Naturally occurring titanium is composed of five stable isotopes: 46Ti, 47Ti, 48Ti, 49Ti, and 50Ti, with 48Ti
being the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance). At least 21 radioisotopes have been characterized,
the most stable of which are 44Ti with a half-life of 63 years; 45Ti, 184.8 minutes; 51Ti, 5.76 minutes; and
52Ti, 1.7 minutes. All other radioactive isotopes have half-lives less than 33 seconds, with the majority
less than half a second.[12]
The isotopes of titanium range in atomic weight from 39.002 u (39Ti) to 63.999 u (64Ti).[27] The primary
decay mode for isotopes lighter than 46Ti is positron emission (with the exception of 44Ti which
undergoes electron capture), leading to isotopes of scandium, and the primary mode for isotopes heavier
than 50Ti is beta emission, leading to isotopes of vanadium.[12]
Titanium becomes radioactive upon bombardment with deuterons, emitting mainly positrons and hard
gamma rays.[7]
Compounds
The +4 oxidation state dominates titanium chemistry,[28] but compounds in the +3
oxidation state are also common.[29] Commonly, titanium adopts an octahedral
coordination geometry in its complexes, but tetrahedral TiCl4 is a notable exception.
Because of its high oxidation state, titanium(IV) compounds exhibit a high degree of
covalent bonding. Unlike most other transition metals, simple aquo Ti(IV) complexes
are unknown.
Oxides, sulfides, and alkoxides
The most important oxide is TiO2, which exists in three important polymorphs;
anatase, brookite, and rutile. All of these are white diamagnetic solids, although
mineral samples can appear dark (see rutile). They adopt polymeric structures in
which Ti is surrounded by six oxide ligands that link to other Ti centers.
The term titanates usually refers to titanium(IV) compounds, as represented by

barium titanate (BaTiO3). With a perovskite structure, this material exhibits
piezoelectric properties and is used as a transducer in the interconversion of sound
and electricity.[11] Many minerals are titanates, e.g. ilmenite (FeTiO3). Star sapphires
TiN-coated drill
and rubies get their asterism (star-forming shine) from the presence of titanium
bit dioxide impurities.[19]
A variety of reduced oxides (suboxides) of titanium are known, mainly reduced

stoichiometries of titanium dioxide obtained by atmospheric plasma spraying. Ti3O5,
described as a Ti(IV)-Ti(III) species, is a purple semiconductor produced by reduction of TiO2 with
hydrogen at high temperatures,[30] and is used industrially when surfaces need to be vapour-coated with
titanium dioxide: it evaporates as pure TiO, whereas TiO2 evaporates as a mixture of oxides and deposits
coatings with variable refractive index.[31] Also known is Ti2O3, with the corundum structure, and TiO,
with the rock salt structure, although often nonstoichiometric.[32]
The alkoxides of titanium(IV), prepared by reacting TiCl4 with alcohols, are colourless compounds that
convert to the dioxide on reaction with water. They are industrially useful for depositing solid TiO2 via
the sol-gel process. Titanium isopropoxide is used in the synthesis of chiral organic compounds via the
Sharpless epoxidation.
Titanium forms a variety of sulfides, but only TiS2 has attracted significant interest. It adopts a layered
structure and was used as a cathode in the development of lithium batteries. Because Ti(IV) is a "hard
cation", the sulfides of titanium are unstable and tend to hydrolyze to the oxide with release of hydrogen
sulfide.
Nitrides and carbides
Titanium nitride (TiN) is a member of a family of refractory transition metal nitrides and exhibits
properties similar to both covalent compounds including; thermodynamic stability, extreme hardness,
thermal/electrical conductivity, and a high melting point.[33] TiN has a hardness equivalent to sapphire
and carborundum (9.0 on the Mohs Scale),[34] and is often used to coat cutting tools, such as drill
bits.[35] It is also used as a gold-colored decorative finish and as a barrier metal in semiconductor
fabrication.[36] Titanium carbide, which is also very hard, is found in cutting tools and coatings.[37]
Halides
Titanium tetrachloride (titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl4[38]) is a colorless volatile liquid

(commercial samples are yellowish) that, in air, hydrolyzes with spectacular emission
of white clouds. Via the Kroll process, TiCl4 is produced in the conversion of titanium
ores to titanium dioxide, e.g., for use in white paint.[39] It is widely used in organic
chemistry as a Lewis acid, for example in the Mukaiyama aldol condensation.[40] In
Titanium(III) the van Arkel process, titanium tetraiodide (TiI4) is generated in the production of
compounds are high purity titanium metal.
characteristically
violet, illustrated Titanium(III) and titanium(II) also form stable chlorides. A notable example is
by this aqueous titanium(III) chloride (TiCl3), which is used as a catalyst for production of polyolefins
solution of (see Ziegler–Natta catalyst) and a reducing agent in organic chemistry.
titanium
trichloride.
Organometallic complexes
Owing to the important role of titanium compounds as polymerization catalyst, compounds with Ti-C
bonds have been intensively studied. The most common organotitanium complex is titanocene
dichloride ((C5H5)2TiCl2). Related compounds include Tebbe's reagent and Petasis reagent. Titanium
forms carbonyl complexes, e.g. (C5H5)2Ti(CO)2.[41]
Anticancer therapy studies
Following the success of platinum-based chemotherapy, titanium(IV) complexes were among the first
non-platinum compounds to be tested for cancer treatment. The advantage of titanium compounds lies
in their high efficacy and low toxicity. In biological environments, hydrolysis leads to the safe and inert
titanium dioxide. Despite these advantages the first candidate compounds failed clinical trials. Further
development resulted in the creation of potentially effective, selective, and stable titanium-based
drugs.[42] Their mode of action is not yet well understood.
History
Titanium was discovered in 1791 by the clergyman and amateur geologist

William Gregor as an inclusion of a mineral in Cornwall, Great Britain.[43]
Gregor recognized the presence of a new element in ilmenite[8] when he
found black sand by a stream and noticed the sand was attracted by a
magnet.[43] Analyzing the sand, he determined the presence of two metal
oxides: iron oxide (explaining the attraction to the magnet) and 45.25% of a
white metallic oxide he could not identify.[22] Realizing that the
unidentified oxide contained a metal that did not match any known
element, Gregor reported his findings to the Royal Geological Society of
Cornwall and in the German science journal Crell's Annalen.[43][44][45]
Around the same time, Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein produced a

similar substance, but could not identify it.[8] The oxide was independently Martin Heinrich Klaproth
rediscovered in 1795 by Prussian chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in named titanium for the
rutile from Boinik (the German name of Bajmócska), a village in Hungary Titans of Greek mythology
(now Bojničky in Slovakia).[43][46] Klaproth found that it contained a new
element and named it for the Titans of Greek mythology.[25] After hearing
about Gregor's earlier discovery, he obtained a sample of manaccanite and confirmed that it contained
titanium.
The currently known processes for extracting titanium from its various ores are laborious and costly; it is
not possible to reduce the ore by heating with carbon (as in iron smelting) because titanium combines
with the carbon to produce titanium carbide.[43] Pure metallic titanium (99.9%) was first prepared in
1910 by Matthew A. Hunter at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute by heating TiCl4 with sodium at 700–
800 °C under great pressure[47] in a batch process known as the Hunter process.[7] Titanium metal was
not used outside the laboratory until 1932 when William Justin Kroll proved that it can be produced by
reducing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) with calcium.[48] Eight years later he refined this process with
magnesium and even sodium in what became known as the Kroll process.[48] Although research
continues into more efficient and cheaper processes (e.g., FFC Cambridge, Armstrong), the Kroll process
is still used for commercial production.[7][8]
Titanium of very high purity was made in small quantities when

Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer discovered the
iodide, or crystal bar, process in 1925, by reacting with iodine and
decomposing the formed vapours over a hot filament to pure
metal.[49]
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union pioneered the use of
titanium in military and submarine applications[47] (Alfa class and
Mike class)[50] as part of programs related to the Cold War.[51]
Titanium sponge, made by the Kroll
Starting in the early 1950s, titanium came into use extensively in
process
military aviation, particularly in high-performance jets, starting with
aircraft such as the F-100 Super Sabre and Lockheed A-12 and SR-
71.
Recognizing the strategic importance of titanium,[52] the U.S. Department of Defense supported early
efforts of commercialization.[53]
Throughout the period of the Cold War, titanium was considered a strategic material by the U.S.
government, and a large stockpile of titanium sponge was maintained by the Defense National Stockpile
Center, which was finally depleted in the 2000s.[54] According to 2006 data, the world's largest
producer, Russian-based VSMPO-AVISMA, was estimated to account for about 29% of the world market
share.[55] As of 2015, titanium sponge metal was produced in seven countries: China, Japan, Russia,
Kazakhstan, the US, Ukraine, and India. (in order of output).[56][57]
In 2006, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) awarded $5.7 million to a two-
company consortium to develop a new process for making titanium metal powder. Under heat and
pressure, the powder can be used to create strong, lightweight items ranging from armour plating to
components for the aerospace, transport, and chemical processing industries.[58]
Production and fabrication

The processing of titanium metal occurs in four major steps:[59]
reduction of titanium ore into "sponge", a porous form; melting of
sponge, or sponge plus a master alloy to form an ingot; primary
fabrication, where an ingot is converted into general mill products
such as billet, bar, plate, sheet, strip, and tube; and secondary
fabrication of finished shapes from mill products.
Because it cannot be readily produced by reduction of titanium

dioxide,[13] titanium metal is obtained by reduction of TiCl4 with
magnesium metal in the Kroll process. The complexity of this batch
production in the Kroll process explains the relatively high market
Titanium (mineral concentrate)
value of titanium,[60] despite the Kroll process being less expensive
than the Hunter process.[47] To produce the TiCl4 required by the
Kroll process, the dioxide is subjected to carbothermic reduction in
the presence of chlorine. In this process, the chlorine gas is passed
over a red-hot mixture of rutile or ilmenite in the presence of
carbon. After extensive purification by fractional distillation, the
TiCl4 is reduced with 800 °C (1,470 °F) molten magnesium in an
argon atmosphere.[11] Titanium metal can be further purified by the
van Arkel–de Boer process, which involves thermal decomposition
of titanium tetraiodide.
2 FeTiO3 + 7 Cl2 + 6 C → 2 TiCl4 + 2 FeCl3 + 6 CO (900 °C)

Basic titanium products: plate, tube,
TiCl4 + 2 Mg → 2 MgCl2 + Ti (1,100 °C)
rods, and powder
A more recently developed batch production method, the FFC

Cambridge process,[61] reduces titanium dioxide electrochemically
in molten calcium chloride to produce titanium metal as either powder or sponge.[62] If mixed oxide
powders are used, the product is an alloy.
Common titanium alloys are made by reduction. For example, cuprotitanium (rutile with copper added
is reduced), ferrocarbon titanium (ilmenite reduced with coke in an electric furnace), and
manganotitanium (rutile with manganese or manganese oxides) are reduced.[63]
About fifty grades of titanium alloys are designed and currently used, although only a couple of dozen are
readily available commercially.[64] The ASTM International recognizes 31 grades of titanium metal and
alloys, of which grades one through four are commercially pure (unalloyed). Those four vary in tensile
strength as a function of oxygen content, with grade 1 being the most ductile (lowest tensile strength with
an oxygen content of 0.18%), and grade 4 the least ductile (highest tensile strength with an oxygen
content of 0.40%).[19] The remaining grades are alloys, each designed for specific properties of ductility,
strength, hardness, electrical resistivity, creep resistance, specific corrosion resistance, and combinations
thereof.[65]
In addition to the ASTM specifications, titanium alloys are also produced to meet aerospace and military
specifications (SAE-AMS, MIL-T), ISO standards, and country-specific specifications, as well as
proprietary end-user specifications for aerospace, military, medical, and industrial applications.[66]
Titanium powder is manufactured using a flow production process known as the Armstrong process[67]
that is similar to the batch production Hunter process. A stream of titanium tetrachloride gas is added to
a stream of molten sodium metal; the products (sodium chloride salt and titanium particles) is filtered
from the extra sodium. Titanium is then separated from the salt by water washing. Both sodium and
chlorine are recycled to produce and process more titanium tetrachloride.[68]
All welding of titanium must be done in an inert atmosphere of argon or helium to shield it from
contamination with atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen).[17] Contamination causes a
variety of conditions, such as embrittlement, which reduce the integrity of the assembly welds and lead
to joint failure.
Commercially pure flat product (sheet, plate) can be formed readily, but processing must take into
account of the tendency of the metal to springback. This is especially true of certain high-strength
alloys.[69][70] Titanium cannot be soldered without first pre-plating it in a metal that is solderable.[71]
The metal can be machined with the same equipment and the same processes as stainless steel.[17]
Applications
Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element (ferro-titanium) to
reduce grain size and as a deoxidizer, and in stainless steel to reduce
carbon content.[6] Titanium is often alloyed with aluminium (to
refine grain size), vanadium, copper (to harden), iron, manganese,
molybdenum, and other metals.[72] Titanium mill products (sheet,
plate, bar, wire, forgings, castings) find application in industrial,
aerospace, recreational, and emerging markets. Powdered titanium
is used in pyrotechnics as a source of bright-burning particles.
A titanium cylinder of "grade 2"
quality
Pigments, additives, and coatings
About 95% of all titanium ore is destined for refinement into titanium dioxide (TiO2), an intensely white
permanent pigment used in paints, paper, toothpaste, and plastics.[23] It is also used in cement, in
gemstones, as an optical opacifier in paper,[73] and a strengthening agent in graphite composite fishing
rods and golf clubs.
TiO2 pigment is chemically inert, resists fading in sunlight, and is very opaque: it imparts a pure and
brilliant white colour to the brown or grey chemicals that form the majority of household plastics.[8] In
nature, this compound is found in the minerals anatase, brookite, and rutile.[6] Paint made with titanium
dioxide does well in severe temperatures and marine environments.[8] Pure titanium dioxide has a very
high index of refraction and an optical dispersion higher than diamond.[7] In addition to being a very
important pigment, titanium dioxide is also used in sunscreens.[13]
Aerospace and marine
Because titanium alloys have high tensile strength to density

ratio,[11] high corrosion resistance,[7] fatigue resistance, high crack
resistance,[74] and ability to withstand moderately high
temperatures without creeping, they are used in aircraft, armour
plating, naval ships, spacecraft, and missiles.[7][8] For these
applications, titanium is alloyed with aluminium, zirconium,
nickel,[75] vanadium, and other elements to manufacture a variety of
components including critical structural parts, fire walls, landing Titanium dioxide is the most
gear, exhaust ducts (helicopters), and hydraulic systems. In fact, commonly used compound of
about two thirds of all titanium metal produced is used in aircraft titanium
engines and frames.[76] The titanium 6AL-4V alloy accounts for
almost 50% of all alloys used in aircraft applications.[77]
The Lockheed A-12 and its development the SR-71 "Blackbird" were two of the first aircraft frames where
titanium was used, paving the way for much wider use in modern military and commercial aircraft. An
estimated 59 metric tons (130,000 pounds) are used in the Boeing 777, 45 in the Boeing 747, 18 in the
Boeing 737, 32 in the Airbus A340, 18 in the Airbus A330, and 12 in the Airbus A320. The Airbus A380
may use 77 metric tons, including about 11 tons in the engines.[78] In aero engine applications, titanium
is used for rotors, compressor blades, hydraulic system components, and nacelles. An early use in jet
engines was for the Orenda Iroquois in the 1950s.[79]:412
Because titanium is resistant to corrosion by sea water, it is used to make propeller shafts, rigging, and
heat exchangers in desalination plants;[7] heater-chillers for salt water aquariums, fishing line and
leader, and divers' knives. Titanium is used in the housings and components of ocean-deployed
surveillance and monitoring devices for science and the military. The former Soviet Union developed
techniques for making submarines with hulls of titanium alloys[80] forging titanium in huge vacuum
tubes.[75]
Titanium is used in the walls of the Juno spacecraft's vault to shield on-board electronics.[81]
Industrial
Welded titanium pipe and process equipment (heat exchangers,

tanks, process vessels, valves) are used in the chemical and
petrochemical industries primarily for corrosion resistance. Specific
alloys are used in oil and gas downhole applications and nickel
hydrometallurgy for their high strength (e. g.: titanium beta C alloy),
corrosion resistance, or both. The pulp and paper industry uses
titanium in process equipment exposed to corrosive media, such as
sodium hypochlorite or wet chlorine gas (in the bleachery).[82] Other
High-purity (99.999%) titanium with
applications include ultrasonic welding, wave soldering,[83] and visible crystallites
sputtering targets.[84]
Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a colorless liquid, is important as an

intermediate in the process of making TiO2 and is also used to produce the Ziegler–Natta catalyst.
Titanium tetrachloride is also used to iridize glass and, because it fumes strongly in moist air, it is used
to make smoke screens.[13]
Consumer and architectural
Titanium metal is used in automotive applications, particularly in

automobile and motorcycle racing where low weight and high
strength and rigidity are critical.[85] The metal is generally too
expensive for the general consumer market, though some late model
Corvettes have been manufactured with titanium exhausts,[86] and a
Corvette Z06's LT4 supercharged engine uses lightweight, solid
titanium intake valves for greater strength and resistance to heat.[87]
Titanium is used in many sporting goods: tennis rackets, golf clubs,

Titanium sealing stamps
lacrosse stick shafts; cricket, hockey, lacrosse, and football helmet
grills, and bicycle frames and components. Although not a
mainstream material for bicycle production, titanium bikes have
been used by racing teams and adventure cyclists.[88]
Titanium alloys are used in spectacle frames that are rather expensive but highly durable, long lasting,
light weight, and cause no skin allergies. Many backpackers use titanium equipment, including
cookware, eating utensils, lanterns, and tent stakes. Though slightly more expensive than traditional
steel or aluminium alternatives, titanium products can be significantly lighter without compromising
strength. Titanium horseshoes are preferred to steel by farriers because they are lighter and more
durable.[89]
Titanium has occasionally been used in architecture. The 42.5 m

(139 ft) Monument to Yuri Gagarin, the first man to travel in space
(55°42′29.7″N 37°34′57.2″E), as well as the 110 m (360 ft)
Monument to the Conquerors of Space on top of the Cosmonaut
Museum in Moscow are made of titanium for the metal's attractive
colour and association with rocketry.[90][91] The Guggenheim
Museum Bilbao and the Cerritos Millennium Library were the first
buildings in Europe and North America, respectively, to be sheathed
in titanium panels.[76] Titanium sheathing was used in the Frederic
C. Hamilton Building in Denver, Colorado.[92] Titanium cladding of Frank Gehry's
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao
Because of titanium's superior strength and light weight relative to
other metals (steel, stainless steel, and aluminium), and because of
recent advances in metalworking techniques, its use has become more widespread in the manufacture of
firearms. Primary uses include pistol frames and revolver cylinders. For the same reasons, it is used in
the body of laptop computers (for example, in Apple's PowerBook line).[93]
Some upmarket lightweight and corrosion-resistant tools, such as shovels and flashlights, are made of
titanium or titanium alloys.
Jewelry
Because of its durability, titanium has become more popular for designer jewelry (particularly, titanium
rings).[89] Its inertness makes it a good choice for those with allergies or those who will be wearing the
jewelry in environments such as swimming pools. Titanium is also alloyed with gold to produce an alloy
that can be marketed as 24-karat gold because the 1% of alloyed Ti is

insufficient to require a lesser mark. The resulting alloy is roughly the
hardness of 14-karat gold and is more durable than pure 24-karat
gold.[94]
Titanium's durability, light weight, and dent and corrosion resistance

make it useful for watch cases.[89] Some artists work with titanium to
produce sculptures, decorative objects and furniture.[95]
Relation between voltage and Titanium may be anodized to vary the thickness of the surface oxide
color for anodized titanium. layer, causing optical interference fringes and a variety of bright
(Cateb, 2010).
colors.[96] With this coloration and chemical inertness, titanium is a
popular metal for body piercing.[97]
Titanium has a minor use in dedicated non-circulating coins and medals. In 1999, Gibraltar released the
world's first titanium coin for the millennium celebration.[98] The Gold Coast Titans, an Australian rugby
league team, award a medal of pure titanium to their player of the year.[99]
Medical
Because titanium is biocompatible (non-toxic and not rejected by the body), it has many medical uses,
including surgical implements and implants, such as hip balls and sockets (joint replacement) and dental
implants that can stay in place for up to 20 years.[43] The titanium is often alloyed with about 4%
aluminium or 6% Al and 4% vanadium.[100]
Titanium has the inherent ability to osseointegrate, enabling use in

dental implants that can last for over 30 years. This property is also
useful for orthopedic implant applications.[43] These benefit from
titanium's lower modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) to more
closely match that of the bone that such devices are intended to repair.
As a result, skeletal loads are more evenly shared between bone and
implant, leading to a lower incidence of bone degradation due to stress
shielding and periprosthetic bone fractures, which occur at the
boundaries of orthopedic implants. However, titanium alloys' stiffness
is still more than twice that of bone, so adjacent bone bears a greatly
Medical screws and plate used
reduced load and may deteriorate.[101][102] for repair fracture of the wrist,
scale is in centimeters.
Because titanium is non-ferromagnetic, patients with titanium
implants can be safely examined with magnetic resonance imaging
(convenient for long-term implants). Preparing titanium for
implantation in the body involves subjecting it to a high-temperature plasma arc which removes the
surface atoms, exposing fresh titanium that is instantly oxidized.[43]
Titanium is used for the surgical instruments used in image-guided surgery, as well as wheelchairs,
crutches, and any other products where high strength and low weight are desirable.
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are widely used in electronics and the delivery of pharmaceuticals and
cosmetics.[103]
Nuclear waste storage

Because of its corrosion resistance, containers made of titanium have been studied for the long-term
storage of nuclear waste. Containers lasting more than 100,000 years are thought possible with
manufacturing conditions that minimize material defects.[104] A titanium "drip shield" could also be
installed over containers of other types to enhance their longevity.[105]
Bioremediation
The fungal species Marasmius oreades and Hypholoma capnoides can bioconvert titanium in titanium
polluted soils.[106]
Precautions
Titanium is non-toxic even in large doses and does not play any
natural role inside the human body.[25] An estimated quantity of 0.8
milligrams of titanium is ingested by humans each day, but most
passes through without being absorbed in the tissues.[25] It does,
however, sometimes bio-accumulate in tissues that contain silica.
One study indicates a possible connection between titanium and
yellow nail syndrome.[107] An unknown mechanism in plants may
use titanium to stimulate the production of carbohydrates and
encourage growth. This may explain why most plants contain about
1 part per million (ppm) of titanium, food plants have about 2 ppm, Nettles contain up to 80 parts per
and horsetail and nettle contain up to 80 ppm.[25] million of titanium.[25]
As a powder or in the form of metal shavings, titanium metal poses a

significant fire hazard and, when heated in air, an explosion hazard.[108] Water and carbon dioxide are
ineffective for extinguishing a titanium fire; Class D dry powder agents must be used instead.[8]
When used in the production or handling of chlorine, titanium should not be exposed to dry chlorine gas
because it may result in a titanium–chlorine fire.[109] Even wet chlorine presents a fire hazard when
extreme weather conditions cause unexpected drying.
Titanium can catch fire when a fresh, non-oxidized surface comes in contact with liquid oxygen.[110]
Fresh metal may be exposed when the oxidized surface is struck or scratched with a hard object, or when
mechanical strain causes a crack. This poses a limitation to its use in liquid oxygen systems, such as
those in the aerospace industry. Because titanium tubing impurities can cause fires when exposed to
oxygen, titanium is prohibited in gaseous oxygen respiration systems. Steel tubing is used for high
pressure systems (3,000 p.s.i.) and aluminium tubing for low pressure systems.
See also
List of countries by titanium production Titanium Metals Corporation
Suboxide Titanium ring
Titanium in Africa Titanium sublimation pump
Titanium alloy VSMPO-AVISMA
Titanium coating Titanium in zircon geothermometry
Titanium Man
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External links
"Titanium: Our Next Major Metal" (https://books.google.com/books?id=7iwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA2-PA
46), Popular Science, October 1950—one of first general public detailed articles on Titanium
Titanium (http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/022.htm) at The Periodic Table of Videos (University
of Nottingham)
Titanium (http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/metals/titanium.html) at The Essential Chemical
Industry – online (CIEC Promoting Science at the University of York)
International Titanium Association (http://titanium.org)
Metallurgy of Titanium and its Alloys, Cambridge University (http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/

2003/titanium.movies/titanium.html)
World Production of Titanium Concentrates, by Country (http://indexmundi.com/en/commodities/mine
rals/titanium/titanium_table15.html)
Metal of the gods (http://seekingalpha.com/article/194965-titanium-metal-of-the-gods?source=email)
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7/22/2020 Titanium - Wikipedia

Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain,

Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, Atomic number (Z) 22

number of valence electrons and are in the same vaporization

Contents at T (K) 1982 2171 (2403) 2692 3064 3558

Characteristics Atomic properties

Precautions Thermal expansion 8.6 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)

See also Thermal 21.9 W/(m·K)

Physical properties Bulk modulus 110 GPa

oxygen-free environment),[6] lustrous, and metallic- Brinell hardness 716–2770 MPa

Titanium is the ninth-most abundant element in Earth's crust

The concentration of titanium is about 4 picomolar in the ocean. At

Oxides, sulfides, and alkoxides

The term titanates usually refers to titanium(IV) compounds, as represented by

A variety of reduced oxides (suboxides) of titanium are known, mainly reduced

Nitrides and carbides

Titanium tetrachloride (titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl4[38]) is a colorless volatile liquid

Anticancer therapy studies

Titanium was discovered in 1791 by the clergyman and amateur geologist

Around the same time, Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein produced a

Titanium of very high purity was made in small quantities when

Production and fabrication

Because it cannot be readily produced by reduction of titanium

2 FeTiO3 + 7 Cl2 + 6 C → 2 TiCl4 + 2 FeCl3 + 6 CO (900 °C)

A more recently developed batch production method, the FFC

Aerospace and marine

Because titanium alloys have high tensile strength to density

Welded titanium pipe and process equipment (heat exchangers,

Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a colorless liquid, is important as an

Consumer and architectural

Titanium metal is used in automotive applications, particularly in

Titanium is used in many sporting goods: tennis rackets, golf clubs,

Titanium has occasionally been used in architecture. The 42.5 m

that can be marketed as 24-karat gold because the 1% of alloyed Ti is

Titanium's durability, light weight, and dent and corrosion resistance

Titanium has the inherent ability to osseointegrate, enabling use in

Nuclear waste storage

As a powder or in the form of metal shavings, titanium metal poses a

Metallurgy of Titanium and its Alloys, Cambridge University (http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/

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This page was last edited on 18 July 2020, at 21:51 (UTC).

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