Coordinates: 16°N 108°E

Vietnam

Vietnam (Vietnamese: Việt Nam, [vîət nāːm] ( listen)),

officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam[9] (Vietnamese: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam), is a country in Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt
Southeast Asia and the easternmost country on the Nam (Vietnamese)
Indochinese Peninsula. With an estimated 96.2 million
inhabitants as of 2019, it is the 15th most populous country in
the world. Vietnam shares its land borders with China to the
north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares its
maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand,
and the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia through the Flag Emblem
South China Sea.[n 5] Its capital city is Hanoi, while its most
populous city and commercial hub is Ho Chi Minh City, also Motto: Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc
known by its former name of Saigon. "Independence – Liberty – Happiness"
Anthem: Tiến Quân Ca
Archaeological excavations indicate that Vietnam was (English: "Army March")
inhabited as early as the Paleolithic age. The ancient
Vietnamese nation, which was centered on the Red River
valley and nearby coastal areas, was annexed by the Han
Dynasty in the 2nd century BC, which subsequently made
Vietnam a division of Imperial China for over a millennium.
The first independent monarchy emerged in the 10th century
AD. This paved the way for successive imperial dynasties as
the nation expanded geographically southward until the
Indochina Peninsula was colonised by the French in the mid-
19th century. Modern Vietnam was born upon the
Proclamation of Independence from France in 1945.
Following Vietnamese victory against the French in the First
Indochina War, which ended in 1954, the nation was divided
into two rival states: communist North and anti-communist
South. Conflicts intensified in the Vietnam War, which saw
extensive US intervention in support of South Vietnam and
ended with North Vietnamese victory in 1975.

After North and South Vietnam were reunified as a

communist state under a unitary socialist government in 1976,
the country became economically and politically isolated until
1986, when the Communist Party initiated a series of
economic and political reforms that facilitated Vietnamese
integration into world politics and the global economy. As a Location of Vietnam (green)
result of the successful reforms, Vietnam has enjoyed a high in ASEAN (dark grey) – [Legend]
GDP growth rate, consistently ranked among the fastest-
Capital Hanoi
growing countries in the world. It nevertheless faces 21°2′N 105°51′E
challenges including poverty, corruption, inadequate social
Largest city Ho Chi Minh City
welfare and a poor human rights record, including increasing 10°48′N 106°39′E
persecution of religious groups and human rights advocates
and intensifying restrictions on civil liberties.[11] By 2010, National Vietnamese[n 1]
language
Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178
countries. It is a member of such international organisations as Ethnic groups 85.32% Vietnamese[n 2]
the United Nations (UN), the Association of Southeast Asian 53 minorities
Nations (ASEAN), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 1.92% Tay
(APEC) forum, and the World Trade Organization (WTO). 1.89% Tai
1.51% Mường
1.45% Hmong
Contents 1.37% Khmer
1.13% Nùng
Etymology 5.41% Others[3]
History
Religion 86.32% Folk or Irreligious
Prehistory
6.1% Catholicism
Dynastic Vietnam
4.79% Buddhism
French Indochina
1.02% Haohoaism
First Indochina War 1% Protestantism
Vietnam War 0.77% Other religions[3]
Reunification and reforms
Demonym(s) Vietnamese
Geography
Government Unitary Marxist–Leninist
Climate
one-party socialist
Biodiversity republic
Environment • Party General Nguyễn Phú Trọng[n 3]
Secretary and
Government and politics
President
Foreign relations • Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
Military • Chairwoman Nguyễn Thị Kim Ngân
Administrative divisions of National
Assembly
Human rights and sociopolitical issues
• Vice President Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh
Economy • First Deputy Trương Hòa Bình
Agriculture Prime Minister
Science and technology Legislature National Assembly
Tourism Formation
Infrastructure • First imperial c. 2879 BC
dynasty
Transport • Last imperial 1 June 1802
Energy dynasty
Telecommunication • Independence 2 September 1945
declared from
Water supply and sanitation
France
Health • Geneva 21 July 1954
Education Accords
• Reunification 2 July 1976[4]
Demographics • Current 28 November 2013[n 4]
Urbanisation constitution
Religion Area
Languages • Total 331,212 km2
(127,882 sq mi) (65th)
Culture
• Water (%) 6.38
Literature
Music Population
• 2019 census 96,208,984[3] (15th)
Cuisine
• Density 290.48/km2 (752.3/sq mi)
Media (30th)
Holidays and festivals
GDP (PPP) 2019 estimate
 Sports • Total $770.227 billion[6]
(35th)
See also • Per capita $8,066[6] (128th)
Notes GDP (nominal) 2019 estimate
References • Total $261.637 billion[6]
(47th)
Further reading
• Per capita $2,740[6] (129th)
Print
Legislation, case law and government source Gini (2014) 37.6[7]
medium
Academic publications
News and magazines HDI (2018) 0.693[8]
medium · 118th
Websites
Free content Currency đồng (₫) (VND)

External links Time zone UTC+07:00 (Vietnam

Standard Time)
Government
Media and censorship Date format dd/mm/yyyy
Tourism Driving side right
Calling code +84
ISO 3166 code VN
Etymology
Internet TLD .vn
The name Việt Nam (Vietnamese pronunciation: [viə̀t naːm]) is a
variation of Nam Việt (Chinese: 南 ; pinyin: Nányuè; literally "Southern Việt"), a name that can be traced
back to the Triệu dynasty of the 2nd century BC.[12] The word Việt originated as a shortened form of Bách
Việt (Chinese: 百 ; pinyin: Bǎiyuè), the name of a group of people then living in southern China and
Vietnam. [13] The form "Vietnam" (越南 ) is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem Sấm Trạng Trình.
The name has also been found on 12 steles carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam
Pagoda in Hải Phòng that dates to 1558.[14] In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (who later became Emperor Gia Long)
established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing
dynasty to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Viet/Nanyue' ( 南 in Chinese) after seizing power in Annam.
The Emperor refused since the name was related to Zhao Tuo's Nanyue, which included the regions of Guangxi
and Guangdong in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Viet Nam"
instead.[n 6][16] Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.[n 6] It
was revived in the early 20th century in Phan Bội Châu's History of the Loss of Vietnam, and later by the
Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ).[17] The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the
imperial government in Huế adopted Việt Nam.[18]

History

Prehistory

Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the
Paleolithic age. Homo erectus fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in Lạng Sơn and
Nghệ An provinces in northern Vietnam.[19] The oldest Homo sapiens fossils from mainland Southeast Asia
are of Middle Pleistocene provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang
Hum.[20][21][22] Teeth attributed to Homo sapiens from the Late Pleistocene have been found at Dong Can,[23]
and from the Early Holocene at Mai Da Dieu,[24][25] Lang Gao[26][27] and Lang Cuom.[28] By about 1,000 BC,
the development of wet-rice cultivation in the Ma River and Red River floodplains led to the flourishing of
 Đông Sơn culture,[29][30] notable for its bronze casting used to make
elaborate bronze Đông Sơn drums.[31][32][33] At this point, the early
Vietnamese kingdoms of Văn Lang and Âu Lạc appeared, and the
culture's influence spread to other parts of Southeast Asia, including
Maritime Southeast Asia, throughout the first millennium BC.[32][34]

Dynastic Vietnam

The Hồng Bàng dynasty of the

A Đông Sơn bronze drum, Hùng kings first established in
c. 800 BC. 2879 BC is considered the first
Vietnamese state in the History
of Vietnam (then known as Xích
Quỷ and later Văn Lang). [35][36] In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was
defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the Lạc Việt and Âu Việt
tribes to form the Âu Lạc, proclaiming himself An Dương Vương.[37]
In 179 BC, a Chinese general named Zhao Tuo defeated An Dương
Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into Nanyue.[30] However, Nanyue
was itself incorporated into the empire of the Chinese Han dynasty in
111 BC after the Han–Nanyue War.[16][38] For the next thousand years,
what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under Chinese
rule.[39][40] Early independence movements, such as those of the Trưng
Sisters and Lady Triệu,[41] were temporarily successful,[42] though the
region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the
Anterior Lý dynasty between AD 544 and 602.[43][44][45] By the early
10th century, Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under
the Khúc family.[46]
Territorial expansion of Vietnam,
In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord Ngô Quyền defeated the forces of the 1009–1840
Chinese Southern Han state at Bạch Đằng River and achieved full
independence for Vietnam after a millennium of Chinese
domination.[47][48][49] Renamed Đại Việt (Great Viet), the nation enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and Trần
dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three Mongol invasions.[50][51] Meanwhile,
the Mahāyāna branch of Buddhism flourished and became the state religion.[49][52] Following the 1406–7
Ming–Hồ War, which overthrew the Hồ dynasty, Vietnamese independence was interrupted briefly by the
Chinese Ming dynasty, but was restored by Lê Lợi, the founder of the Lê dynasty.[53] The Vietnamese
dynasties reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of Emperor Lê
Thánh Tông (1460–1497).[54][55] Between the 11th and 18th centuries, Vietnam expanded southward in a
process known as nam tiến ("southward expansion"),[56] eventually conquering the kingdom of Champa and
part of the Khmer Empire.[57][58][59]

From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Vietnam. First, the
Chinese-supported Mạc dynasty challenged the Lê dynasty's power.[60] After the Mạc dynasty was defeated,
the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern Trịnh
lords and the southern Nguyễn lords, who engaged in a civil war for more than four decades before a truce was
called in the 1670s.[61] During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the Mekong Delta,
annexing the Central Highlands and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.[57][59][62] The division of the
country ended a century later when the Tây Sơn brothers established a new dynasty. However, their rule did not
last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by Nguyễn Ánh, aided by the
French.[63] Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the Nguyễn dynasty, ruling under the name Gia
Long.[62]
French Indochina

In the 1500s, the Portuguese became acquainted with the Vietnamese

coast, where they reportedly erected a stele on the Chàm Islands to
mark their presence.[64] By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese
delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting.
They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and
Japan.[64] After having successfully settled Macau and Nagasaki to
begin the profitable Macau-Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to
involve themselves in trade with Hội An, where many Portuguese
traders and Catholic missionaries set foot in the Vietnamese
kingdom.[64] The Dutch also tried to establish contact with Vietnam
through the central part of Quinam in 1601 but failed to sustain a
presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The
Dutch East India Company (VOC) only managed to establish official
relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving Dejima in
Japan to establish trade for silk.[65] Meanwhile, in 1613, the first British
attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent
incident involving the British East India Company. By 1672 the British
managed to establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside
in Phố Hiến.[66]
French Indochina in 1913
Between 1615 and 1753, French traders also engaged in trade in the
area around Đàng Trong and actively dispersed missionaries.[67][68] The
Vietnamese kingdom began to feel threatened by continuous Christianisation activities.[69] Following the
detention of several missionaries, the French Navy received approval from their government to intervene in
Vietnam in 1834, with the aim of freeing imprisoned Catholic missionaries from a kingdom that was perceived
as xenophobic.[70] Vietnam's sovereignty was gradually eroded by France, which was aided by the Spanish and
large Catholic militias in a series of military conquests between 1859 and 1885.[71][72]

In 1862, the southern third of the country became the French colony of Cochinchina.[73] By 1884, the entire
country had come under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two
protectorates of Annam and Tonkin. The three Vietnamese entities were formally integrated into the union of
French Indochina in 1887.[74][75] The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes
on Vietnamese society.[76] A Western-style system of modern education was developed, and Catholicism was
propagated widely.[77] Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in
Saigon, and in Hanoi, the colony's capital.[78]

Guerrillas of the royalist Cần Vương movement massacred around a

third of Vietnam's Christian population during the colonial period as
part of their rebellion against French rule.[79][80] They were defeated in
the 1890s after a decade of resistance by the Catholics in reprisal for
their earlier massacres.[81][82] Another large-scale rebellion, the Thái
Nguyên uprising, was also suppressed heavily.[83] The French
developed a plantation economy to promote the export of tobacco,
indigo, tea and coffee.[84] However, they largely ignored the increasing
The Grand Palais built for the 1902– demands for civil rights and self-government.
1903 world's fair as Hanoi became
French Indochina's capital. A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like Phan
Bội Châu, Phan Châu Trinh, Phan Đình Phùng, Emperor Hàm Nghi,
and Hồ Chí Minh fighting or calling for independence.[85] This resulted
in the 1930 Yên Bái mutiny by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party
(VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny caused an
irreparable split in the independence movement that resulted in many
leading members of the organisation becoming communist
converts.[86][87][88]

The French maintained full control over their colonies until World War
II, when the war in the Pacific led to the Japanese invasion of French
Indochina in 1940. Afterwards, the Japanese Empire was allowed to Hanoi Opera House, taken in the
station its troops in Vietnam while permitting the pro-Vichy French early 20th century, from rue Paul
colonial administration to continue.[89][90] Japan exploited Vietnam's Bert (now Trang Tien street).
natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a
full-scale takeover of the country in March 1945. This led to the
Vietnamese Famine of 1945, which resulted in up to two million deaths.[91][92]

First Indochina War

In 1941, the Việt Minh, a nationalist liberation movement based on a

Communist ideology, emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary
leader Hồ Chí Minh. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam
from France and the end of the Japanese occupation.[93][94] Following
the military defeat of Japan and the fall of its puppet Empire of Vietnam
in August 1945, anarchy, rioting, and murder were widespread, as
Saigon's administrative services had collapsed.[95] The Việt Minh
occupied Hanoi and proclaimed a provisional government, which
asserted national independence on 2 September.[94]

Earlier, in July 1945, the Allies had decided to divide Indochina at the
16th parallel to allow Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China to
receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's Lord Louis
Mountbatten received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed
that Indochina still belonged to France.[96][97]

However, as the French were weakened by the German occupation, Situation of the First Indochina War
British-Indian forces together with the remaining Japanese Southern at the end of 1954.
Expeditionary Army Group were used to maintain order and to help Areas under Việt Minh control
France re-establish control through the 1945–1946 War in Vietnam.[98]
Areas under French control
Hồ Chí Minh initially chose to take a moderate stance to avoid military
conflict with France. He asked the French to withdraw their colonial Việt Minh guerrilla encampment
administrators, and for aid from French professors and engineers to help / fighting
build a modern independent Vietnam.[94] However, the Provisional
Government of the French Republic did not act on these requests,
including the idea of independence, and dispatched the French Far East Expeditionary Corps to restore colonial
rule. This resulted in the Việt Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.[93][94][99]
The resulting First Indochina War lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and Vietnamese
loyalists in the 1954 battle of Điện Biên Phủ allowed Hồ Chí Minh to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable
position at the subsequent Geneva Conference.[94][100]

The colonial administration was therefore ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva
Accords of 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of Cambodia and Laos. Vietnam was further
divided into North and South administrative regions at the Demilitarised Zone, roughly along the 17th parallel
north, pending elections scheduled for July 1956.[n 7] A 300-day period of free movement was permitted,
during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the
 communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States
military through Operation Passage to Freedom.[105][106] The partition
of Vietnam by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent,
and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after elections in
1956.[107] However, in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime
minister, Ngô Đình Diệm, toppled Bảo Đại in a fraudulent referendum
organised by his brother Ngô Đình Nhu, and proclaimed himself the
president of the Republic of Vietnam.[107] At that point the
internationally recognised State of Vietnam effectively ceased to exist
and was replaced by the Republic of Vietnam in the south– supported
by the United States, France, Laos, Republic of China and Thailand–
and Hồ Chí Minh's Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north–
supported by the Soviet Union, Sweden,[108] Khmer Rouge, and the
People's Republic of China.[107]

Vietnam War

Partition of French Indochina after Between 1953 and 1956, the North Vietnamese government instituted
the 1954 Geneva Conference various agrarian reforms, including "rent reduction" and "land reform",
which resulted in significant political repression.[109] During the land
reform, testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio
of one execution for every 160 village residents, which extrapolated nationwide would indicate nearly 100,000
executions.[110] Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area, a lower estimate
of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time.[110][111] However, declassified
documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much
lower than reported at the time, although likely greater than 13,500.[112] In the South, Diệm countered North
Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by
detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political re-education centres".[113][114] This program
incarcerated many non-communists, although it was also successful at curtailing communist activity in the
country, if only for a time.[115] The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the
process by November 1957.[116] The pro-Hanoi Việt Cộng began a guerrilla campaign in South Vietnam in the
late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.[117] From 1960, the Soviet Union and North Vietnam signed
treaties providing for further Soviet military support.[118][119][120]

In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into mass demonstrations, leading to a
violent government crackdown.[121] This led to the collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States, and
ultimately to a 1963 coup in which he and Nhu were assassinated.[122] The Diệm era was followed by more
than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and General
Nguyễn Văn Thiệu took control in mid-1965.[123] Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip
on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.[124] During this political instability, the communists began
to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States began
increasing its contribution of military advisers, using the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident as a pretext for such
intervention.[125] US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several
years later, numbered more than 500,000.[126][127] The US also engaged in a sustained aerial bombing
campaign. Meanwhile, China and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant materiel aid and
15,000 combat advisers.[118][119][128] Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the Hồ
Chí Minh trail, which passed through the Kingdom of Laos.[129]

The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 Tết Offensive. Although the campaign
failed militarily, it shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.[130]
During the offensive, communist troops massacred over 3,000 civilians at Huế.[131][132] A 1974 US Senate
subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4 million Vietnamese civilians were killed or wounded between 1965 and
1974—over half the result of US and South Vietnamese military
actions.[133] Facing an increasing casualty count, rising domestic
opposition to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US
began withdrawing from ground combat roles in the early 1970s. This
process also entailed an unsuccessful effort to strengthen and stabilise
South Vietnam.[134] Following the Paris Peace Accords of 27 January
1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March
1973.[135] In December 1974, North Vietnam captured the province of
Phước Long and started a full-scale offensive, culminating in the fall of
Saigon on 30 April 1975.[136] South Vietnam was ruled by a provisional
government for almost eight years while under military occupation by
North Vietnam.[137] Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft
spraying Agent Orange during the
Operation Ranch Hand as part of
Reunification and reforms the overall herbicidal warfare
operation called Trail Dust with the
On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the aim to deprive the food and
Socialist Republic of Việt Nam.[138] The war left Vietnam devastated, vegetation cover of the Việt Cộng,
with the total death toll between 966,000 and 3.8 million.[139][140][141] c. 1962–1971.
In the aftermath of the war, under Lê Duẩn's administration, there were
no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the
US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears.[142] However, up to 300,000
South Vietnamese were sent to re-education camps, where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while
being forced to perform hard labour.[143] The government embarked on a mass campaign of collectivisation of
farms and factories.[144] In 1978, responding to the Khmer Rouge government of Cambodia, who had been
invading and massacring Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of An Giang and Kiên
Giang,[145] the Vietnamese military invaded Cambodia and removed them from power after occupying Phnom
Penh.[146] The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new pro-Vietnam socialist
government, the People's Republic of Kampuchea, which ruled until 1989.[147] This action, however, worsened
relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a brief incursion into
northern Vietnam in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid,
while mistrust towards the Chinese government began to escalate.[148]

At the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) in December 1986, reformist
politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.[149][150] The reformers were led by 71-
year-old Nguyễn Văn Linh, who became the party's new general secretary.[149] Linh and the reformers
implemented a series of free-market reforms known as Đổi Mới ("Renovation") which carefully managed the
transition from a planned economy to a "socialist-oriented market economy".[151][152] Though the authority of
the state remained unchallenged under Đổi Mới, the government encouraged private ownership of farms and
factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic
industries.[152][153] The Vietnamese economy subsequently achieved strong growth in agricultural and
industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also caused a rise
in income inequality and gender disparities.[154][155][156]

Geography
Vietnam is located on the eastern Indochinese Peninsula between the latitudes 8° and 24°N, and the longitudes
102° and 110°E. It covers a total area of approximately 331,212 km2 (127,882 sq mi).[n 8] The combined length
of the country's land boundaries is 4,639 km (2,883 mi), and its coastline is 3,444 km (2,140 mi) long.[157] At
its narrowest point in the central Quảng Bình Province, the country is as little as 50 kilometres (31 mi) across,
though it widens to around 600 kilometres (370 mi) in the north.[158] Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely
forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land
 area,[159] and tropical forests cover around 42%.[160] The Red River
Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering 15,000 km2
(5,792 sq mi),[161] is smaller but more intensely developed and more
densely populated than the Mekong River Delta in the south. Once an
inlet of the Gulf of Tonkin, it has been filled in over the millennia by
riverine alluvial deposits.[162][163] The delta, covering about
40,000 km2 (15,444 sq mi), is a low-level plain no more than 3 metres
(9.8 ft) above sea level at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of
rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances
60 to 80 metres (196.9 to 262.5 ft) into the sea every year.[164][165] The
exclusive economic zone of Vietnam covers 417,663 km2
Nature attractions in Vietnam, (161,261 sq mi) in the South China Sea.[166]
clockwise from top: Hạ Long Bay,
Yến River and Bản-Giốc Waterfalls Southern Vietnam is divided
into coastal lowlands, the
mountains of the Annamite
Range, and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of
basalt soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's arable land
and 22% of its total forested land.[167] The soil in much of the southern
part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense
cultivation.[168] Several minor earthquakes have been recorded in the
past. Most have occurred near the northern Vietnamese border in the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range, a
provinces of Điện Biên, Lào Cai and Sơn La, while some have been part of the Fansipan which is the
recorded offshore of the central part of the country.[169][170] The highest summit on the Indochinese
northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red Peninsula.
River Delta. Fansipan (also known as Phan Xi Păng), which is located
in Lào Cai Province, is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing
3,143 m (10,312 ft) high.[171] From north to south Vietnam, the country also has numerous islands; Phú Quốc
is the largest.[172] The Hang Sơn Đoòng Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since
its discovery in 2009. The Ba Bể Lake and Mekong River are the largest lake and longest river in the
country.[173][174][175]

Climate

Due to differences in latitude and the marked variety in topographical

relief, Vietnam's climate tends to vary considerably for each region.[176]
During the winter or dry season, extending roughly from November to
April, the monsoon winds usually blow from the northeast along the
Chinese coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable
moisture.[177] The average annual temperature is generally higher in the
plains than in the mountains, especially in southern Vietnam compared
to the north. Temperatures vary less in the southern plains around Ho
Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta, ranging from between 21 and Köppen climate classification map of
35 °C (69.8 and 95.0 °F) over the year.[178] In Hanoi and the Vietnam.
surrounding areas of Red River Delta, the temperatures are much lower
between 15 and 33 °C (59.0 and 91.4 °F).[178] Seasonal variations in the
mountains, plateaus, and the northernmost areas are much more dramatic, with temperatures varying from 3 °C
(37.4 °F) in December and January to 37 °C (98.6 °F) in July and August.[179] Vietnam receives high rates of
precipitation in the form of rainfall with an average amount from 1,500 mm (59 in) to 2,000 mm (79 in) during
the monsoon seasons; this often causes flooding, especially in the cities with poor drainage systems.[180] The
country is also affected by tropical depressions, tropical
storms and typhoons.[180] Vietnam is one of the most
vulnerable countries to climate change, with 55% of its
population living in low-elevation coastal
areas.[181][182]

Biodiversity
Nha Trang, a popular beach destination has a tropical
savanna climate.

As the country is located within the Indomalayan realm, Vietnam is one

of twenty-five countries considered to possess a uniquely high level of
biodiversity. This was noted in the country's National Environmental
Condition Report in 2005.[183] It is ranked 16th worldwide in biological
diversity, being home to approximately 16% of the world's species.
15,986 species of flora have been identified in the country, of which
10% are endemic. Vietnam's fauna includes: 307 nematode species, 200
oligochaeta, 145 acarina, 113 springtails, 7,750 insects, 260 reptiles,
Native species in Vietnam, and 120 amphibians. 840 birds and 310 mammals are found in Vietnam,
clockwise from top-right: crested of which 100 birds and 78 mammals are endemic.[183] Vietnam has two
argus, a peafowl, red-shanked douc, World Natural Heritage Sites, the Hạ Long Bay and Phong Nha-Kẻ
Indochinese leopard, saola. Bàng National Park together with nine biosphere reserves including:
Cần Giờ Mangrove Forest, Cát Tiên, Cát Bà, Kiên Giang, the Red
River Delta, Mekong Delta, Western Nghệ An, Cà Mau and Cu Lao
Cham Marine Park.[184][185][186]

Vietnam is also home to 1,438 species of freshwater microalgae,

constituting 9.6% of all microalgae species, as well as 794 aquatic
invertebrates and 2,458 species of sea fish.[183] In recent years, 13
genera, 222 species, and 30 taxa of flora have been newly described in
Vietnam.[183] Six new mammal species, including the saola, giant
muntjac and Tonkin snub-nosed monkey have also been discovered,
along with one new bird species, the endangered Edwards's
pheasant.[190] In the late 1980s, a small population of Javan rhinoceros
was found in Cát Tiên National Park. However, the last individual of the The pink lotus, widely regarded by
species in Vietnam was reportedly shot in 2010.[191] In agricultural the Vietnamese as the national
genetic diversity, Vietnam is one of the world's twelve original cultivar flower of the country, symbolises
centres. The Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank preserves 12,300 beauty, commitment, health, honour
cultivars of 115 species.[183] The Vietnamese government spent and knowledge.[187][188][n 9]
US$49.07 million on the preservation of biodiversity in 2004 alone and
has established 126 conservation areas, including 30 national parks.[183]

Environment

In Vietnam, wildlife poaching has become a major concern. In 2000, a non-governmental organisation (NGO)
called Education for Nature – Vietnam was founded to instill in the population the importance of wildlife
conservation in the country.[192] In the years that followed, another NGO called GreenViet was formed by
Vietnamese youngsters for the enforcement of wildlife protection. Through collaboration between the NGOs
 and local authorities, many local poaching syndicates were crippled by
their leaders' arrests.[192] A study released in 2018 revealed Vietnam is
a destination for the illegal export of rhinoceros horns from South
Africa due to the demand for them as a medicine and a status
symbol.[193][194]

The main environmental concern that persists in Vietnam today is the

legacy of the use of the chemical herbicide Agent Orange, which
continues to cause birth defects and many health problems in the
Vietnamese population. In the southern and central areas affected most
by the chemical's use during the Vietnam War, nearly 4.8 million
Vietnamese people have been exposed to it and suffered from its
effects.[195][196][197] In 2012, approximately 50 years after the war,[198]
the US began a US$43 million joint clean-up project in the former
chemical storage areas in Vietnam to take place in stages.[196][199]
Following the completion of the first phase in Đà Nẵng in late
Sa Pa mountain hills with 2017,[200] the US announced its commitment to clean other sites,
agricultural activities especially in the heavily impacted site of Biên Hòa, which is four times
larger than the previously treated site, at an estimated cost of
$390 million.[201]

The Vietnamese government spends over VNĐ10 trillion each year

($431.1 million) for monthly allowances and the physical rehabilitation
of victims of the chemicals.[202] In 2018, the Japanese engineering
group Shimizu Corporation, working with Vietnamese military, built a
plant for the treatment of soil polluted by Agent Orange. Plant
construction costs were funded by the company itself.[203][204] One of
the long-term plans to restore southern Vietnam's damaged ecosystems
is through the use of reforestation efforts. The Vietnamese government
began doing this at the end of the war. It started by replanting mangrove Natural fog in northwest Vietnam
forests in the Mekong Delta regions and in Cần Giờ outside Hồ Chí (Tây Bắc).
Minh City, where mangroves are important to ease (though not
eliminate) flood conditions during monsoon seasons.[205]

Apart from herbicide problems, arsenic in the ground water in the Mekong and Red River Deltas has also
become a major concern. [206][207] And most notoriously, unexploded ordnances (UXO) pose dangers to
humans and wildlife—another bitter legacy from the long wars.[208] As part of the continuous campaign to
demine/remove UXOs, several international bomb removal agencies from the United Kingdom,[209]
Denmark,[210] South Korea[211] and the US[212] have been providing assistance. The Vietnam government
spends over VNĐ1 trillion ($44 million) annually on demining operations and additional hundreds of billions of
đồng for treatment, assistance, rehabilitation, vocational training and resettlement of the victims of UXOs.[213]
In 2017 the Chinese government also removed 53,000 land mines and explosives left over from the war
between the two countries, in an area of 18.4 km2 (7.1 sq mi) in the Chinese province of Yunnan bordering the
China–Vietnam border.[214]
 Panoramic view of Hạ Long Bay

Government and politics

Vietnam is a unitary Marxist-Leninist one-party socialist republic, one
of the two communist states (the other being Laos) in Southeast
Asia.[215] Although Vietnam remains officially committed to socialism
as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly
capitalist,[216][217] with The Economist characterising its leadership as
"ardently capitalist communists".[218] Under the constitution, the
Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of
the country's politics and society.[215] The president is the elected head Political Structure in Vietnam
of state and the commander-in-chief of the military, serving as the
chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds
the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive
functions and state appointments and setting policy.[215]

Government Structure in Vietnam

Nguyễn Phú Nguyễn Xuân Nguyễn Thị The general secretary of the CPV performs numerous key
Trọng Phúc Kim Ngân administrative functions, controlling the party's national
General Secretary Prime Minister National Assembly organisation.[215] The prime minister is the head of
& President Chairperson government, presiding over a council of ministers
composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of
26 ministries and commissions. Only political
organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These
include the Vietnamese Fatherland Front and worker and trade unionist parties.[215]
The National Assembly of Vietnam is the unicameral state legislature
composed of 498 members.[219] Headed by a chairman, it is superior to
both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers
being appointed from members of the National Assembly.[215] The
Supreme People's Court of Vietnam, headed by a chief justice, is the
country's highest court of appeal, though it is also answerable to the
National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the
provincial municipal courts and many local courts. Military courts
possess special jurisdiction in matters of national security. Vietnam
maintains the death penalty for numerous offences.[220] The National Assembly of Vietnam
building in Hanoi

Foreign relations

Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with
various Chinese dynasties.[221] Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954,
North Vietnam maintained relations with the Eastern Bloc, South Vietnam
maintained relations with the Western Bloc.[221] Despite these differences,
Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence
have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its
independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem "Nam quốc President Trần Đại Quang with
sơn hà" and the 1428 proclamation of independence "Bình Ngô đại cáo". Russian President Vladimir Putin
Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,[221] significant on 19 November 2016.
territorial tensions remain between the two countries over the South China
Sea.[222] Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations,
including the United Nations (UN), Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN), Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), International
Organisation of the Francophonie (La Francophonie), and World Trade
Organization (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-
governmental organisations.[223] As of 2010 Vietnam had established
diplomatic relations with 178 countries.[224] US Secretary of State Rex
Tillerson accompanies US
Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of President Donald Trump to a
independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well commercial deal signing
openness and diversification/multilateralisation with international ceremony with Vietnamese
relations.[225][226] The country declares itself a friend and partner of all President on 12 November 2017.
countries in the international community, regardless of their political
affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative
development projects.[152][225] Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties
with Western countries.[227] Relations with the United States began improving in August 1995 with both
nations upgrading their liaison offices to embassy status.[228] As diplomatic ties between the two nations grew,
the United States opened a consulate general in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened its consulate in San
Francisco. Full diplomatic relations were also restored with New Zealand, which opened its embassy in Hanoi
in 1995;[229] Vietnam established an embassy in Wellington in 2003.[230] Pakistan also reopened its embassy in
Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in Islamabad in December 2005 and trade office in
Karachi in November 2005.[231][232] In May 2016, US President Barack Obama further normalised relations
with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms embargo on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.[233]

Military

The Vietnam People's Armed Forces consists of the Vietnam People's Army (VPA), the Vietnam People's
Public Security and the Vietnam Civil Defence Force. The VPA is the official name for the active military
services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the Vietnam People's Ground Forces, the Vietnam People's Navy,
the Vietnam People's Air Force, the Vietnam Border Defence Force and
the Vietnam Coast Guard. The VPA has an active manpower of around
450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as
high as 5,000,000.[234] In 2015, Vietnam's military expenditure totalled
approximately US$4.4 billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total
government spending.[235] Joint military exercises and war games have
been held with Brunei,[236] India,[237] Japan,[238] Laos,[239]
Russia,[240][241] Singapore[236] and the US.[242] In 2017, Vietnam Examples of the Vietnam People's
signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[243][244] Armed Forces weaponry assets.
Clockwise from top right: T-54B
tank, Sukhoi Su-27UBK fighter
Administrative divisions aircraft, Vietnam Coast Guard
Hamilton-class cutter, and Vietnam
Vietnam is divided into 58 provinces (Vietnamese: tỉnh, from the People's Army chemical corps with
省
Chinese , shěng).[245] There are also five municipalities (thành phố Type 56.
trực thuộc trung ương), which are administratively on the same level
as provinces.

*-Phú Quốc Island

(Phú Quốc, Kiên Giang)
9 10
7 8 **-Côn Đảo
14
13 (Côn Đảo, Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu)
12 11
6 15
16 17 18 20 21 ***-Paracel Islands
1 1924 (Hoàng Sa, Đà Nẵng)
22 23 3
26 25
2827 ****-Spratly Islands
29 (Trường Sa, Khánh Hòa)

30

31

32

33
34
4
35

36
***
37

39
38

40
41

42 43

47 44 45
48
49
50 46
52 2
56 53 54
51
 * 58 5 57 55
59 60
61
62 ****
63
**

Provinces of Vietnam

Red River Delta Northeast Northwest North Central Coast

Bắc Ninh Bắc Giang Điện Biên Hà Tĩnh

Hà Nam Bắc Kạn Hòa Bình Nghệ An
Hải Dương Cao Bằng Lai Châu Quảng Bình
Hưng Yên Hà Giang Sơn La Quảng Trị
Nam Định Lạng Sơn Thanh Hóa
Ninh Bình Lào Cai Thừa Thiên–Huế
Thái Bình Phú Thọ
Vĩnh Phúc Quảng Ninh
Hà Nội (municipality) Thái Nguyên
Hải Phòng Tuyên Quang
(municipality) Yên Bái

Central Highlands South Central Coast Southeast Mekong Delta

Đắk Lắk Bình Định Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu An Giang

Đắk Nông Bình Thuận Bình Dương Bạc Liêu
Gia Lai Khánh Hòa Bình Phước Bến Tre
Kon Tum Ninh Thuận Đồng Nai Cà Mau
Lâm Đồng Phú Yên Tây Ninh Đồng Tháp
Quảng Nam Hồ Chí Minh City Hậu Giang
Quảng Ngãi (municipality) Kiên Giang
Đà Nẵng Long An
(municipality) Sóc Trăng
Tiền Giang
Trà Vinh
Vĩnh Long
Cần Thơ
(municipality)

The provinces are subdivided into provincial municipalities (thành phố

trực thuộc tỉnh), townships (thị xã) and counties (huyện), which are
in turn subdivided into towns (thị trấn) or communes (xã). The
centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into districts (quận)
and counties, which are further subdivided into wards (phường).

A Communist Party propaganda

Human rights and sociopolitical issues
poster in Hanoi

Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to
rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other
human rights issues concern freedom of association, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press. In 2009,
Vietnamese lawyer Lê Công Định was arrested and charged with the capital crime of subversion; several of his
associates were also arrested.[246][247] Amnesty International described him and his arrested associates as
prisoners of conscience.[246]

Vietnam is predominantly a source country for trafficked persons who are exploited for labor.[248] A number of
citizens, primarily women and girls, from all ethnic groups in Vietnam and foreigners have been victims of sex
trafficking in Vietnam.[249][250]

Economy
Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been based largely on agriculture—primarily wet rice
cultivation.[251] Bauxite, an important material in the production of aluminium, is mined in central
Vietnam.[252] Since reunification, the country's economy is shaped primarily by the CPV through Five Year
Plans decided upon at the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses.[253] The
collectivisation of farms, factories, and capital goods was carried out as part of the establishment of central
planning, with millions of people working for state enterprises. Despite strict state control, Vietnam's economy
continued to be plagued by inefficiency, corruption in state-owned enterprises, poor quality and
underproduction.[254][255][256] With the decline in economic aid from its main trading partner, the Soviet Union,
following the erosion of the Eastern bloc in the late 1980s, and the subsequent
collapse of the Soviet Union, as well as the negative impacts of the post-war Share of world GDP (PPP)[6]
trade embargo imposed by the United States,[257][258] Vietnam began to Year Share
liberalise its trade by devaluing its exchange rate to increase exports and
1980 0.18%
embarked on a policy of economic development.[259]
1990 0.23%
In 1986, the Sixth National Congress of the CPV introduced socialist-oriented
2000 0.32%
market economic reforms as part of the Đổi Mới reform program. Private
ownership began to be encouraged in industry, commerce and agriculture and 2010 0.43%
state enterprises were restructured to operate under market constraints.[260][261]
2018 0.52%
This led to the five-year economic plans being replaced by the socialist-
oriented market mechanism.[262] As a result of these reforms, Vietnam
achieved approximately 8% annual gross domestic product (GDP)
growth between 1990 and 1997.[263][264] The United States ended its
economic embargo against Vietnam in early 1994.[265] Despite the 1997
Asian financial crisis affecting Vietnam by causing an economic
slowdown to 4–5% growth per annum, its economy began to recover in
1999,[260] with growth at an annual rate of around 7% from 2000 to
2005 making it one of the world's fastest growing economies.[266][267]
According to the General Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO), growth
remained strong even in the face of the late-2000s global recession,
holding at 6.8% in 2010, although Vietnam's year-on-year inflation rate Tree map showing Vietnam's
exports in 2012
hit 11.8% in December 2010 with the country's currency, the
Vietnamese đồng being devalued three times.[268][269]

Deep poverty, defined as the

percentage of the population
living on less than $1 per day,
has declined significantly in
Vietnam and the relative
poverty rate is now less than
that of China, India and the
Philippines.[270] This decline
VinFast company is a Vietnamese can be attributed to equitable
car manufacturer. economic policies aimed at
improving living standards and
preventing the rise of
inequality.[271] These policies have included egalitarian land
distribution during the initial stages of the Đổi Mới program,
investment in poorer remote areas, and subsidising of education and
healthcare.[272][273] Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has applied Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the
sequenced trade liberalisation, a two-track approach opening some Landmark 81 located in Bình Thạnh,
sectors of the economy to international markets.[271][274] Ho Chi Minh City.
Manufacturing, information technology and high-tech industries now
form a large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Though
Vietnam is a relative newcomer to the oil industry, it is currently the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia
with a total 2011 output of 318,000 barrels per day (50,600 m3/d).[275] In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the
eighth-largest crude petroleum producer in the Asia and Pacific region.[276] The United States purchased the
highest amount of Vietnam's exports,[277] while goods from China were the most popular Vietnamese
import.[278]
According to a December 2005 forecast by Goldman Sachs, the Vietnamese economy will become the world's
21st-largest by 2025,[279] with an estimated nominal GDP of $436 billion and a nominal GDP per capita of
$4,357.[280] Based on findings by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2012, the unemployment rate in
Vietnam stood at 4.46%.[6] That same year, Vietnam's nominal GDP reached US$138 billion, with a nominal
GDP per capita of $1,527.[6] The HSBC also predicted that Vietnam's total GDP would surpass those of
Norway, Singapore and Portugal by 2050.[280][281] Another forecast by PricewaterhouseCoopers in 2008 stated
Vietnam could be the fastest-growing of the world's emerging economies by 2025, with a potential growth rate
of almost 10% per annum in real dollar terms.[282] Apart from the primary sector economy, tourism has
contributed significantly to Vietnam's economic growth with 7.94 million foreign visitors recorded in 2015.[283]

Agriculture

As a result of several land reform measures, Vietnam has become a

major exporter of agricultural products. It is now the world's largest
producer of cashew nuts, with a one-third global share;[284] the largest
producer of black pepper, accounting for one-third of the world's
market;[285] and the second-largest rice exporter in the world after
Thailand since the 1990s.[286] Subsequently, Vietnam is also the world's
second largest exporter of coffee.[287] The country has the highest
proportion of land use for permanent crops together with other nations Terraced rice fields in Sa Pa
in the Greater Mekong Subregion.[288] Other primary exports include
tea, rubber and fishery products. Agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP
has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the
economy has risen.

Science and technology

In 2010, Vietnam's total state spending on science and technology

amounted to roughly 0.45% of its GDP.[291] Since the dynastic era,
Vietnamese scholars have developed many academic fields especially in
social sciences and humanities. Vietnam has a millennium-deep legacy
of analytical histories, such as the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư of Ngô Sĩ
Liên. Vietnamese monks, led by the abdicated Emperor Trần Nhân
Tông, developed the Trúc Lâm Zen branch of philosophy in the 13th
century.[292] Arithmetic and geometry have been widely taught in
A Vietnamese-made TOPIO 3.0
Vietnam since the 15th century, using the textbook Đại thành toán pháp
humanoid ping-pong-playing robot
by Lương Thế Vinh. Lương Thế Vinh introduced Vietnam to the
displayed during the 2009
International Robot Exhibition
notion of zero, while Mạc Hiển Tích used the term số ẩn (Eng:
(IREX) in Tokyo.[289][290]
"unknown/secret/hidden number") to refer to negative numbers.
Furthermore, Vietnamese scholars produced numerous encyclopaedias,
such as Lê Quý Đôn's Vân đài loại ngữ.

In modern times, Vietnamese scientists have made many significant contributions in various fields of study,
most notably in mathematics. Hoàng Tụy pioneered the applied mathematics field of global optimisation in the
20th century,[293] while Ngô Bảo Châu won the 2010 Fields Medal for his proof of fundamental lemma in the
theory of automorphic forms.[294][295] Since the establishment of the Vietnam Academy of Science and
Technology (VAST) by the government in 1975, the country is working to develop its first national space flight
program especially after the completion of the infrastructure at the Vietnam Space Centre (VSC) in
2018.[296][297] Vietnam has also made significant advances in the development of robots, such as the TOPIO
humanoid model.[289][290] One of Vietnam's main messaging apps, Zalo, was developed by Vương Quang
Khải, a Vietnamese hacker who later worked with the country's largest information technology service
company, the FPT Group.[298]

According to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Vietnam devoted

0.19% of its GDP to science research and development in 2011.[299]
Between 2005 and 2014, the number of Vietnamese scientific
publications recorded in Thomson Reuters' Web of Science increased at
a rate well above the average for Southeast Asia, albeit from a modest
starting point.[300] Publications focus mainly on life sciences (22%),
physics (13%) and engineering (13%), which is consistent with recent
advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and
shipbuilding.[300] Almost 77% of all papers published between 2008 Vietnamese science students
and 2014 had at least one international co-author. The autonomy which working on an experiment in their
Vietnamese research centres have enjoyed since the mid-1990s has university lab.
enabled many of them to operate as quasi-private organisations,
providing services such as consulting and technology development.[300]
Some have 'spun off' from the larger institutions to form their own semi-private enterprises, fostering the
transfer of public sector science and technology personnel to these semi-private establishments. One
comparatively new university, the Tôn Đức Thắng University which was built in 1997, has already set up 13
centres for technology transfer and services that together produce 15% of university revenue. Many of these
research centres serve as valuable intermediaries bridging public research institutions, universities, and
firms.[300]

Tourism

Tourism is an important element of economic activity in the country,

contributing 7.5% of the gross domestic product. Vietnam welcomed
over 12.9 million visitors in 2017, an increase of 29.1% over the
previous year, making it one of the fastest growing tourist destinations
in recent years. The vast majority of visitors in 2017, 9.7 million, came
from Asia. China (4 million), South Korea (2.6 million) and Japan
(798,119) made up half of all international arrivals in 2017.[301]
Vietnam also attracts large numbers of visitors from Europe with almost
Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage
1.9 million visitors in 2017. Russia (574,164) and the United Kingdom
Site is a major tourist destination.
(283,537), followed closely by France (255,396) and Germany
(199,872) were the largest source of international arrivals from Europe.
Other significant international arrivals by nationality include the United
States (614,117) and Australia (370,438).[301]

The most visited destinations in Vietnam are Ho Chi Minh City with 5.8 million international arrivals, followed
by Hanoi with 4.6 million and Hạ Long, including Hạ Long Bay with 4.4 million arrivals. All three are ranked
in the top 100 most visited cities in the world.[302] Vietnam is home to eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites in
Southeast Asia. In 2018, Travel + Leisure ranked Hội An as one of the world's top 15 best destinations to
visit.[303]

Infrastructure

Transport
Much of Vietnam's modern transportation network can trace its roots to the French colonial era when it was
used to facilitate the transportation of raw materials to its main ports. It was extensively expanded and
modernised following the partition of Vietnam.[304] Vietnam's road system includes national roads administered
at the central level, provincial roads managed at the provincial level, district roads managed at the district level,
urban roads managed by cities and towns and commune roads managed at the commune level.[305] In 2010,
Vietnam's road system had a total length of about 188,744 kilometres (117,280 mi) of which 93,535 kilometres
(58,120 mi) are asphalt roads comprising national, provincial and district roads.[305] The length of the national
road system is about 15,370 kilometres (9,550 mi) with 15,085 kilometres (9,373 mi) of its length paved. The
provincial road system has around 27,976 kilometres (17,383 mi) of paved roads while 50,474 kilometres
(31,363 mi) district roads are paved.[305]

Bicycles, motorcycles and motor scooters remain the most popular

forms of road transport in the country, a legacy of the French, though
the number of privately owned cars has been increasing in recent
years.[306] Public buses operated by private companies are the main
mode of long-distance travel for much of the population. Road
accidents remain the major safety issue of Vietnamese transportation
with an average of 30 people losing their lives daily.[307] Traffic
congestion is a growing problem in both Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City
especially with the growth of individual car ownership.[308][309] HCMC–LT–DG section of the
Vietnam's primary cross-country rail service is the Reunification North–South Expressway.
Express from Ho Chi Minh City to Hanoi, a distance of nearly 1,726
kilometres (1,072 mi).[310] From Hanoi, railway lines branch out to the
northeast, north, and west; the eastbound line runs from Hanoi to Hạ
Long Bay, the northbound line from Hanoi to Thái Nguyên, and the
northeast line from Hanoi to Lào Cai. In 2009, Vietnam and Japan
signed a deal to build a high-speed railway—shinkansen (bullet train)—
using Japanese technology.[311] Vietnamese engineers were sent to
Japan to receive training in the operation and maintenance of high-
speed trains.[312] The planned railway will be a 1,545 kilometres
(960 mi)-long express route serving a total of 23 stations, including
Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, with 70% of its route running on bridges Tan Son Nhat International Airport is
and through tunnels.[313][314] The trains will travel at a maximum speed the busiest airport in the country.
of 350 kilometres (220 mi) per hour. [314][315] Plans for the high-speed
rail line, however, have been postponed after the Vietnamese
government decided to prioritise the development of both the Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City metros and expand
road networks instead.[310][316][317]

Vietnam operates 20 major civil airports, including three international

gateways: Noi Bai in Hanoi, Da Nang International Airport in Đà Nẵng
and Tan Son Nhat in Ho Chi Minh City. Tan Son Nhat is the nation's
largest airport handling the majority of international passenger
traffic.[318] According to a state-approved plan, Vietnam will have
another seven international airports by 2025 including: Vinh
International Airport, Phu Bai International Airport, Cam Ranh
International Airport, Phu Quoc International Airport, Cat Bi
International Airport, Can Tho International Airport, and Long Thanh
International Airport. The planned Long Thanh International Airport The port of Hai Phong is one of the
will have an annual service capacity of 100 million passengers once it largest and busiest container ports
becomes fully operational in 2025.[319] Vietnam Airlines, the state- in Vietnam.
owned national airline, maintains a fleet of 86 passenger aircraft and
aims to operate 170 by 2020.[320] Several private airlines also operate in
Vietnam, including Air Mekong, Bamboo Airways, Jetstar Pacific Airlines, VASCO and VietJet Air. As a

ẵ
coastal country, Vietnam has many major sea ports, including: Cam Ranh, Đà Nẵng, Hải Phòng, Ho Chi Minh
City, Hạ Long, Qui Nhơn, Vũng Tàu, Cửa Lò and Nha Trang. Further inland, the country's extensive network
of rivers plays a key role in rural transportation with over 47,130 kilometres (29,290 mi) of navigable
waterways carrying ferries, barges and water taxis.[321]

Energy

Vietnam's energy sector is dominated largely by the nationwide

Vietnam Electricity Group (EVN). As of 2017, EVN made up about
61.4% of the country's power generation system with a total power
capacity of 25,884 MW.[323] Other energy sources are PetroVietnam
(4,435 MW), Vinacomin (1,785 MW) and 10,031 MW from build–
operate–transfer (BOT) investors.[324]

Most of Vietnam's power is generated by either hydropower or fossil

Sơn La Dam in northern Vietnam, fuel power such as coal, oil and gas, while diesel, small hydropower and
the largest hydroelectric dam in
renewable energy supplies the remainder.[324] The Vietnamese
Southeast Asia.[322]
government had planned to develop a nuclear reactor as the path to
establish another source for electricity from nuclear power. The plan
was abandoned in late 2016 when a majority of the National Assembly
voted to oppose the project due to widespread public concern over radioactive contamination.[325]

The household gas sector in Vietnam is dominated by PetroVietnam, which controls nearly 70% of the country's
domestic market for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).[326] Since 2011, the company also operates five renewable
energy power plants including the Nhơn Trạch 2 Thermal Power Plant (750 MW), Phú Quý Wind Power Plant
(6 MW), Hủa Na Hydro-power Plant (180 MW), Dakdrinh Hydro-power Plant (125 MW) and Vũng Áng 1
Thermal Power Plant (1,200 MW).[327]

According to statistics from British Petroleum (BP), Vietnam is listed among the 52 countries that have proven
crude oil reserves. In 2015 the reserve was approximately 4.4 billion barrels ranking Vietnam first place in
Southeast Asia, while the proven gas reserves were about 0.6 trillion cubic meters (tcm) and ranking it third in
Southeast Asia after Indonesia and Malaysia.[328]

Telecommunication

Telecommunications services in Vietnam are wholly provided by the Vietnam Post and Telecommunications
General Corporation (now the VNPT Group) which is a state-owned company.[329] The VNPT retained its
monopoly until 1986. The telecom sector was reformed in 1995 when the Vietnamese government began to
implement a competitive policy with the creation of two domestic telecommunication companies, the Military
Electronic and Telecommunication Company (Viettel, which is wholly owned by the Vietnamese Ministry of
Defence) and the Saigon Post and Telecommunication Company (SPT or SaigonPostel), with 18% of it owned
by VNPT.[329] VNPT's monopoly was finally ended by the government in 2003 with the issuance of a
decree.[330] By 2012, the top three telecom operators in Vietnam were Viettel, Vinaphone and MobiFone. The
remaining companies included: EVNTelecom, Vietnammobile and S-Fone.[331] With the shift towards a more
market-orientated economy, Vietnam's telecommunications market is continuously being reformed to attract
foreign investment, which includes the supply of services and the establishment of nationwide telecom
infrastructure.[332]

Water supply and sanitation

Vietnam has 2,360 rivers with an average annual discharge of
310 billion m³. The rainy season accounts for 70% of the year's
discharge.[333] Most of the country's urban water supply systems have
been developed without proper management within the last 10 years.
Based on a 2008 survey by the Vietnam Water Supply and Sewerage
Association (VWSA), existing water production capacity exceeded
demand, but service coverage is still sparse. Most of the clean water
supply infrastructure is not widely developed. It is only available to a
small proportion of the population with about one third of 727 district
towns having some form of piped water supply.[334] There is also
concern over the safety of existing water resources for urban and rural
water supply systems. Most industrial factories release their untreated
wastewater directly into the water sources. Where the government does
not take measures to address the issue, most domestic wastewater is
discharged, untreated, back into the environment and pollutes the
surface water.[334]
In rural areas of Vietnam, piped
In recent years, there have been some efforts and collaboration between water systems are operated by a
local and foreign universities to develop access to safe water in the wide variety of institutions including
country by introducing water filtration systems. There is a growing a national organisation, people
concern among local populations over the serious public health issues committees (local government),
associated with water contamination caused by pollution as well as the community groups, co-operatives
high levels of arsenic in groundwater sources. [335] The government of and private companies.
Netherlands has been providing aid focusing its investments mainly on
water-related sectors including water treatment projects.[336][337][338]
Regarding sanitation, 78% of Vietnam's population has access to "improved" sanitation—94% of the urban
population and 70% of the rural population. However, there are still about 21 million people in the country
lacking access to "improved" sanitation according to a survey conducted in 2015.[339] In 2018, the construction
ministry said the country's water supply, and drainage industry had been applying hi-tech methods and
information technology (IT) to sanitation issues but faced problems like limited funding, climate change, and
pollution.[340] The health ministry has also announced that water inspection units will be established nationwide
beginning in June 2019. Inspections are to be conducted without notice since there have been many cases
involving health issues caused by poor or polluted water supplies as well unhygienic conditions reported every
year.[341]

Health

By 2015, 97% of the population had access to improved water sources.[342] In 2016, Vietnam's national life
expectancy stood at 80.9 years for women and 71.5 for men, and the infant mortality rate was 17 per 1,000 live
births.[7][343][344] Despite these improvements, malnutrition is still common in rural provinces.[156] Since the
partition, North Vietnam has established a public health system that has reached down to the hamlet level.[345]
After the national reunification in 1975, a nationwide health service was established.[156] In the late 1980s, the
quality of healthcare declined to some degree as a result of budgetary constraints, a shift of responsibility to the
provinces and the introduction of charges.[272] Inadequate funding has also contributed to a shortage of nurses,
midwives and hospital beds; in 2000, Vietnam had only 24.7 hospital beds per 10,000 people before declining
to 23.7 in 2005 as stated in the annual report of Vietnamese Health Ministry.[346] The controversial use of
herbicides as a chemical weapon by the US military during the war left tangible, long-term impacts upon the
Vietnamese people that persist in the country today.[347][348] For instance, it led to three million Vietnamese
people suffering health problems, one million birth defects caused directly by exposure to the chemical and
24% of Vietnam's land being defoliated.[349]
Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has made significant progress in combating malaria. The malaria mortality rate
fell to about five percent of its 1990s equivalent by 2005 after the country introduced improved antimalarial
drugs and treatment.[350] Tuberculosis (TB) cases, however, are on the rise. TB has become the second most
infectious disease in the country after respiratory-related illness.[351] With an intensified vaccination program,
better hygiene and foreign assistance, Vietnam hopes to reduce sharply the number of TB cases and new TB
infections.[352] In 2004, government subsidies covering about 15% of health care expenses.[353] That year, the
United States announced Vietnam would be one of 15 nations to receive funding as part of its global AIDS
relief plan.[354] By the following year, Vietnam had diagnosed 101,291 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
cases, of which 16,528 progressed to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); 9,554 have died.[355] The
actual number of HIV-positive individuals is estimated to be much higher. On average between 40–50 new
infections are reported daily in the country. In 2007, 0.4% of the population was estimated to be infected with
HIV and the figure has remained stable since 2005.[356] More global aid is being delivered through The Global
Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria to fight the spread of the disease in the country.[352] In
September 2018, the Hanoi People's Committee urged the citizens of the country to stop eating dog and cat
meat as it can cause diseases like rabies and leptospirosis. More than 1,000 stores in the capital city of Hanoi
were found to be selling both meats. The decision prompted positive comments among Vietnamese on social
media, though some noted that the consumption of dog meat will remain an ingrained habit among many
people.[357]

Education

Vietnam has an extensive state-controlled network of schools, colleges,

and universities and a growing number of privately run and partially
privatised institutions. General education in Vietnam is divided into five
categories: kindergarten, elementary schools, middle schools, high
schools, and universities. A large number of public schools have been
constructed across the country to raise the national literacy rate, which
stood at 90% in 2008.[358] Most universities are located in major cities
of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City with the country's education system
Indochina Medical College in Hanoi,
continuously undergoing a series of reforms by the government. Basic
the first modern university in
education in the country is relatively free for the poor although some
Vietnam
families may still have trouble paying tuition fees for their children
without some form of public or private assistance.[359] Regardless,
Vietnam's school enrolment is among the highest in the world.[360][361] The number of colleges and universities
increased dramatically in the 2000s from 178 in 2000 to 299 in 2005. In higher education, the government
provides subsidised loans for students through the national bank, although there are deep concerns about access
to the loans as well the burden on students to repay them.[362][363]Since 1995, enrolment in higher education
has grown tenfold to over 2.2 million with 84,000 lecturers and 419 institutions of higher education.[364] A
number of foreign universities operate private campuses in Vietnam, including Harvard University (USA) and
the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (Australia). The government's strong commitment to education
has fostered significant growth but still need to be sustained to retain academics. In 2018, a decree on university
autonomy allowing them to operate independently without ministerial control is in its final stages of approval.
The government will continue investing in education especially for the poor to have access to basic
education.[365]

Demographics
As of 2018, the population of Vietnam stands at approximately 95.5 million people.[366] The population had
grown significantly from the 1979 census, which showed the total population of reunified Vietnam to be
52.7 million.[367] According to the 2019 census, the country's population was 96,208,984.[3] Based on the 2019
census, 65.6% of the Vietnamese population are living in rural areas while only 34.4% live in urban areas. The
average growth rate of the urban population has recently increased which is attributed mainly to migration and
rapid urbanisation.[3] The dominant Viet or Kinh
ethnic group constitute 82,085,826 people or 85.32% Population[366]
of the population.[3] Most of their population is Year Million
concentrated in the country's alluvial deltas and
1950 24.8
coastal plains. As a majority ethnic group, the Kinh
possess significant political and economic influence 2000 80.3
over the country. [368] Despite this, Vietnam is also 2018 95.5
home to 54 other ethnic minority groups, including
the Hmong, Dao, Tày, Thai and Nùng.[369] Many Cultural dance performed by one of
ethnic minorities such as the Muong, who are closely related to the 54 recognised Vietnamese ethnic
Kinh, dwell in the highlands which cover two-thirds of Vietnam's groups.
territory.[370]

Other uplanders in the north migrated from southern China between the 1300s and 1800s.[371] Since the
partition of Vietnam, the population of the Central Highlands was almost exclusively Degar (including over 40
tribal groups); however, the South Vietnamese government at the time enacted a program of resettling Kinh in
indigenous areas.[372][373] The Hoa (ethnic Chinese) and Khmer Krom people are mainly lowlanders.[368][371]
Throughout Vietnam's history, many Chinese people, largely from South China, migrated to the country as
administrators, merchants and even refugees.[374] Since the reunification in 1976 an increase of communist
policies nationwide resulted in the nationalisation and confiscation of property especially from the Hoa in the
south and the wealthy in cities. This led many of them to leave Vietnam.[375][376] Furthermore, with the
deterioration of Sino-Vietnamese relations after the border invasion by Chinese government in 1979 many
Vietnamese were wary of Chinese government's intentions. This indirectly caused more Hoa people in the north
to leave the country.[374][377]

Urbanisation

A panorama of Ho Chi Minh City, which has the highest urbanisation rate in Vietnam.

The number of people who live in urbanised areas in 2019

is 33,122,548 people (with the urbanisation rate at
34.4%).[3] Since 1986, Vietnam's urbanisation rates have
surged rapidly after the Vietnamese government
implemented the Đổi Mới economic program, changing
the system into a socialist one and liberalising property
rights. As a result, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (the two
major cities in the Red River Delta and Southeast regions
respectively) increased their share of the total urban
District 1, Ho Chi Minh City.
population from 8.5% and 24.9% to 15.9% and 31%
respectively.[378] The Vietnamese government, through its
construction ministry, forecasts the country will have a
45% urbanisation rate by 2020 although it was confirmed to only be 34.4% according to the 2019 census.[3]
Urbanisation is said to have a positive correlation with economic growth. Any country with higher urbanisation
rates has a higher GDP growth rate.[379] Furthermore, the urbanisation movement in Vietnam is mainly between
the rural areas and the country's Southeast region. Ho Chi Minh City has received a large number of migrants
due mainly to better weather and economic opportunities.[380]

A study also shows that rural-to-urban area migrants have a higher

standard of living than both non-migrants in rural areas and non-
migrants in urban areas. This results in changes to economic structures.
In 1985, agriculture made up 37.2% of Vietnam's GDP; in 2008, that
number had declined to 18.5%.[381] In 1985, industry made up only
26.2% of Vietnam's GDP; by 2008, that number had increased to
Urbanisation in west Hanoi
43.2%. Urbanisation also helps to improve basic services which
increase people's standards of living. Access to electricity grew from
14% of total households with electricity in 1993 to above 96% in
2009.[381] In terms of access to fresh water, data from 65 utility companies shows that only 12% of households
in the area covered by them had access to the water network in 2002; by 2007, more than 70% of the population
was connected. Though urbanisation has many benefits, it has some drawbacks since it creates more traffic, and
air and water pollution.[381]

Many Vietnamese use mopeds for transportation since they are relatively cheap and easy to operate. Their large
numbers have been known to cause traffic congestion and air pollution in Vietnam. In the capital city alone, the
number of mopeds increased from 0.5 million in 2001 to 4.7 million in 2013.[381] With rapid development,
factories have sprung up which indirectly pollute the air and water. An example is the 2016 Vietnam marine life
disaster caused by the Formosa Ha Tinh Steel Company illegally discharging toxic industrial waste into the
ocean. This killed many fish and destroyed marine habitats in Vietnamese waters resulting in major losses to the
country's economy.[382] The government is intervening and attempting solutions to decrease air pollution by
decreasing the number of motorcycles while increasing public transportation. It has introduced more regulations
for waste handling by factories. Although the authorities also have schedules for collecting different types of
waste, waste disposal is another problem caused by urbanisation. The amount of solid waste generated in urban
areas of Vietnam has increased by more than 200% from 2003 to 2008. Industrial solid waste accounted for
181% of that increase. One of the government's efforts includes attempting to promote campaigns that
encourage locals to sort household waste since waste sorting is still not practised by most of Vietnamese
society.[383]

Religion

Under Article 70 of the 1992 Constitution of Vietnam, all citizens enjoy freedom of belief and religion.[385] All
religions are equal before the law and each place of worship is protected under Vietnamese state law. Religious
beliefs cannot be misused to undermine state law and policies.[385][386] According to a 2007 survey 81% of
Vietnamese people did not believe in a god.[387] Based on government findings in 2009, the number of religious
people increased by 932,000.[388] The latest official statistics, presented by the Vietnamese government to the
United Nations special rapporteur in 2014,[384] indicate the overall number of followers of recognised religions
is about 24 million of a total population of almost 90 million.[384] Formally recognised religious communities
include: 11 million Buddhists, 6.2 million Catholics, 1.4 million Protestants, 4.4 million Caodaisms followers,
1.3 million Hoahaoism Buddhists as well as 75,000 Muslims, 7,000 Baha'ís and 1,500 Hindus.[384]

Mahāyāna is the dominant branch of Buddhism among the Kinh majority who follow the religion, while
Theravāda is practised in almost entirely by the Khmer minority. About 7% of the population is Christian—
made up of six million Roman Catholics and one million Protestants.[384] Catholicism was introduced to
Vietnam in the 16th century and was firmly established by Jesuits missionaries (mainly Portuguese and Italian)
from nearby Portuguese Macau and Malacca, and from remnants of persecuted Japanese Catholics in the 17th
centuries.[389] French missionaries (from the Paris Foreign Missions Society) aided by Spanish missionaries
(Dominicans) from neighbouring Spanish East Indies towards Tonkin actively sought converts in the 18th, 19th
and 20th centuries.[390][391][392] A significant number of Vietnamese people are also adherents of Caodaism, an
indigenous folk religion, which has structured itself on the model of the
Catholic Church together with another Buddhist section of Hoahaoism.[393]
Protestantism was only recently spread by American and Canadian
missionaries throughout the modern civil war,[394] where it was largely
accepted among the highland Montagnards of South Vietnam.[395] The
largest Protestant churches are the Southern Evangelical Church of
Vietnam (SECV) and the Evangelical Church of Vietnam North (ECVN).
Around 770,000 of the country's Protestants are members of ethnic
minorities.[394] Although it is one of the country's minority religions, and
has a briefer history than Catholicism, Protestantism is one of the country's
fastest-growing religion, expanding at a rate of 600% in recent
decades.[394][396] Several other minority faiths exist in Vietnam, these
include: Bani, Sunni and non-denominational sections of Islam which is Religion in Vietnam
practised primarily among the ethnic Cham minority.[397] There are also a (2014)[384]
few Kinh adherents of Islam, other minority adherents of Baha'i, as well as
Hindus among the Cham's.[398][399] Vietnamese folk religion or
not religious population (73.2%)
Buddhism (12.2%)
Languages
Catholicism (6.8%)

The national language of the country is Vietnamese (tiếng Việt), a tonal Caodaism (4.8%)
Austroasiatic language (Mon–Khmer), which is spoken by the majority of Protestantism (1.5%)
the population. In its early history, Vietnamese writing used Chinese Hoahaoism (1.4%)
characters (chữ Hán) before a different meaning set of Chinese characters
Others (0.1%)
known as chữ Nôm developed between the 7th–13th century.[400][401][402]
The folk epic Truyện Kiều (The Tale of Kieu, originally known as Đoạn
trường tân thanh) by Nguyễn Du was written in chữ Nôm.[403] Chữ Quốc
ngữ, the Romanised Vietnamese alphabet, was developed in the 17th century by Jesuit missionaries such as
Francisco de Pina and Alexandre de Rhodes by using the alphabets of the Romance languages, particularly the
Portuguese alphabet, which later became widely used through Vietnamese institutions during the French
colonial period.[400][404] Vietnam's minority groups speak a variety of languages, including: Tày, Mường,
Cham, Khmer, Chinese, Nùng and Hmong. The Montagnard peoples of the Central Highlands also speak a
number of distinct languages, some belonging to the Austroasiatic and others to the Malayo-Polynesian
language families.[405] In recent years, a number of sign languages have developed in the major cities.

The French language, a legacy of colonial rule, is spoken by many

educated Vietnamese as a second language, especially among the older
generation and those educated in the former South Vietnam, where it
was a principal language in administration, education and commerce.
Vietnam remains a full member of the International Organisation of the
Francophonie (La Francophonie) and education has revived some
interest in the language.[406] Russian, and to a lesser extent German,
Czech and Polish are known among some northern Vietnamese whose
families had ties with the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.[407] With Traditional Vietnamese calligraphy.
improved relations with Western countries and recent reforms in
Vietnamese administration, English has been increasingly used as a
second language and the study of English is now obligatory in most schools either alongside or in place of
French.[408][409] The popularity of Japanese and Korean has also grown as the country's ties with other East
Asian nations have strengthened.[410][411][412]

Culture
 Vietnam's culture has developed over the centuries from indigenous
ancient Đông Sơn culture with wet rice cultivation as its economic
base.[29][32] Some elements of the nation's culture have Chinese origins,
drawing on elements of Confucianism, Mahāyāna Buddhism and Taoism
in its traditional political system and philosophy.[413][414] Vietnamese
society is structured around làng (ancestral villages);[415] all Vietnamese
mark a common ancestral anniversary on the tenth day of the third lunar
month.[416][417] The influence of Chinese culture such as the Cantonese,
Hakka, Hokkien and Hainanese cultures is more evident in the north where
The Temple of Literature in
Hanoi
Buddhism is strongly entwined with popular culture.[418] Despite this,
there is are Chinatowns in the south, such as in Chợ Lớn, where many
Chinese have intermarried with Kinh and are indistinguishable among
them.[419] In the central and southern parts of Vietnam, traces of Champa
and Khmer culture are evidenced through the remains of ruins, artefacts as
well within their population as the successor of the ancient Sa Huỳnh
culture.[420][421] In recent centuries, Western cultures have become popular
among recent generations of Vietnamese.[414]
The Imperial City of Huế The traditional focuses of Vietnamese
culture are based on humanity (nhân
nghĩa) and harmony (hòa) in which family
and community values are highly
regarded.[418] Vietnam reveres a number
of key cultural symbols,[422] such as the
Vietnamese dragon which is derived from
The Municipal Theatre (Saigon
crocodile and snake imagery; Vietnam's
Opera House) in Ho Chi Minh national father, Lạc Long Quân is depicted
City as a holy dragon.[416][423][424] The lạc is a
holy bird representing Vietnam's national
mother Âu Cơ. Other prominent images
that are also revered are the turtle, buffalo and horse.[425] Many Vietnamese
also believe in the supernatural and spiritualism where illness can be brought on
by a curse or sorcery or caused by non-observance of a religious ethic. Vietnamese traditional
Traditional medical practitioners, amulets and other forms of spiritual white school uniform for
protection and religious practices may be employed to treat the ill person. [426] girls in the country, the áo
In the modern era, the cultural life of Vietnam has been deeply influenced by dài with the addition of nón
lá, a conical hat.
government-controlled media and cultural programs.[414] For many decades,
foreign cultural influences, especially those of Western origin, were shunned.
But since the recent reformation, Vietnam has seen a greater exposure to
neighbouring Southeast Asian, East Asian as well to Western culture and media.[427]

The main Vietnamese formal dress, the áo dài is worn for special occasions such as weddings and religious
festivals. White áo dài is the required uniform for girls in many high schools across the country. Other
examples of traditional Vietnamese clothing include: the áo tứ thân, a four-piece woman's dress; the áo ngũ, a
form of the thân in five-piece form, mostly worn in the north of the country; the yếm, a woman's undergarment;
the áo bà ba, rural working "pyjamas" for men and women; the áo gấm, a formal brocade tunic for government
receptions; and the áo the, a variant of the áo gấm worn by grooms at weddings.[428][429] Traditional headwear
includes the standard conical nón lá and the "lampshade-like" nón quai thao.[429][430] In tourism, a number of
popular cultural tourist destinations include the former Imperial City of Huế, the World Heritage Sites of Phong
Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park, Hội An and Mỹ Sơn, coastal regions such as Nha Trang, the caves of Hạ Long
Bay and the Marble Mountains.[431][432]
Literature

Vietnamese literature has centuries-deep history and the country

has a rich tradition of folk literature based on the typical six–to-
eight-verse poetic form called ca dao which usually focuses on
village ancestors and heroes.[433] Written literature has been found
dating back to the 10th century Ngô dynasty, with notable ancient
authors including: Nguyễn Trãi, Trần Hưng Đạo, Nguyễn Du and
Vietnamese dragon on Emperor Khải Nguyễn Đình Chiểu. Some literary genres play an important role
Định's c. 1917 scroll in British Library in theatrical performance, such as hát nói in ca trù.[434] Some
collection. poetic unions have also been formed in Vietnam, such as the tao
đàn. Vietnamese literature has been influenced by Western styles in
recent times, with the first literary transformation movement of thơ
mới emerging in 1932.[435] Vietnamese folk literature is an intermingling of many forms. It is not only an oral
tradition, but a mixing of three media: hidden (only retained in the memory of folk authors), fixed (written), and
shown (performed). Folk literature usually exists in many versions, passed down orally, and has unknown
authors. Myths consist of stories about supernatural beings, heroes, creator gods and reflect the viewpoint of
ancient people about human life.[436] They consist of creation stories, stories about their origins (Lạc Long
Quân and Âu Cơ), culture heroes (Sơn Tinh and Thủy Tinh) which are referred to as a mountain and water spirit
respectively and many other folklore tales.[419][437]

Music

Traditional Vietnamese music varies between the country's northern and

southern regions.[438] Northern classical music is Vietnam's oldest
musical form and is traditionally more formal. The origins of
Vietnamese classical music can be traced to the Mongol invasions in the
13th century when the Vietnamese captured a Chinese opera troupe.[439]
Throughout its history, Vietnam has been the most heavily impacted by
the Chinese musical tradition along with those of Japan, Korea and
Mongolia.[440] Nhã nhạc is the most popular form of imperial court
Ca trù trio performance in northern music, Chèo is a form of generally satirical musical theatre, while Xẩm
Vietnam or hát xẩm (xẩm singing) is a type of Vietnamese folk music. Quan họ
(alternate singing) is popular in the former Hà Bắc Province (which is
now divided into Bắc Ninh and Bắc Giang Provinces) and across
Vietnam. Another form of music called Hát chầu văn or hát văn is used to invoke spirits during ceremonies.
Nhạc dân tộc cải biên is a modern form of Vietnamese folk music which arose in the 1950s, while ca trù (also
known as hát ả đào) is a popular folk music. Hò can be thought of as the southern style of Quan họ. There is a
range of traditional instruments, including the đàn bầu (a monochord zither), the đàn gáo (a two-stringed fiddle
with coconut body), and the đàn nguyệt (a two-stringed fretted moon lute). In recent times, there have been
some efforts at mixing Vietnamese traditional music—especially folk music—with modern music to revive and
promote national music in the modern context and educate the younger generations about Vietnam's traditional
musical instruments and singing styles.[441]

Bolero music has gained popularity in the country since the 1930s, albeit with a different style—a combination
of traditional Vietnamese music with Western elements.[442] However, the modern Vietnamese music industry,
known as V-pop, is making its mark in the entertainment field. Many Vietnamese artists have started to
collaborate with foreign artists and producers, especially South Korean, to facilitate the entrance of K-pop into
the Vietnamese market while also promoting V-pop overseas.[443] For example, in 2014, the South Korean
seven-member boy band BTS ( 방탄소년단 ) collaborated with Vietnamese singer Thanh Bùi on the single called
"Danger".[443][444] In 2018, South Korean artist and idol Park Ji-yeon (박지연 ) collaborated with Soobin Hoàng
Sơn on two versions of the title track called "Between Us" (Vietnamese: Đẹp Nhất Là Em; Korean: 우리사이 )
to promote the two countries’ partnership in terms of the music industry.[445] V Live, which is a South Korean
live video streaming service, also collaborated with RBW Entertainment Vietnam (a subsidiary of the Korean
entertainment company) to produce Vietnamese-based shows. V Live also launched special monthly mini-
concerts called "V Heartbeat Live" to connect V-pop and K-pop idols.[446] South Korean entertainment
company SM Entertainment signed an agreement with IPP Group to move into the country's market and
promote joint business.[447] The company held its 2018 Global Audition in both Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City
in search for new talents among the Vietnamese youth.[448]

Cuisine

Traditionally, Vietnamese cuisine is based around five fundamental taste

"elements" (Vietnamese: ngũ vị): spicy (metal), sour (wood), bitter
(fire), salty (water) and sweet (earth).[449] Common ingredients include:
fish sauce, shrimp paste, soy sauce, rice, fresh herbs, fruits and
vegetables. Vietnamese recipes use: lemongrass, ginger, mint,
Vietnamese mint, long coriander, Saigon cinnamon, bird's eye chilli,
lime and basil leaves.[450] Traditional Vietnamese cooking is known for
its fresh ingredients, minimal use of oil and reliance on herbs and
vegetables; it is considered one of the healthiest cuisines
worldwide.[451] The use of meats such as pork, beef and chicken was
relatively limited in the past. Instead freshwater fish, crustaceans
(particularly crabs), and molluscs became widely used. Fish sauce, soy Some of the notable Vietnamese
sauce, prawn sauce and limes are among the main flavouring cuisine, clockwise from top-right:
ingredients. Vietnam has a strong street food culture, with 40 popular phở noodle, chè thái fruit dessert,
dishes commonly found throughout the country.[452] Many notable chả giò spring roll and bánh mì
Vietnamese dishes such as gỏi cuốn (salad roll), bánh cuốn (rice sandwich.
noodle roll), bún riêu (rice vermicelli soup) and phở noodles originated
in the north and were introduced to central and southern Vietnam by
northern migrants.[453][454] Local foods in the north are often less spicy than southern dishes, as the colder
northern climate limits the production and availability of spices.[455] Black pepper is frequently used in place of
chillis to produce spicy flavours. Vietnamese drinks in the south also are usually served cold with ice cubes,
especially during the annual hot seasons; in contrast, in the north hot drinks are more preferable in a colder
climate. Some examples of basic Vietnamese drinks include: cà phê đá (Vietnamese iced coffee), cà phê trứng
(egg coffee), chanh muối (salted pickled lime juice), cơm rượu (glutinous rice wine), nước mía (sugarcane
juice) and trà sen (Vietnamese lotus tea).[456]

Media

Vietnam's media sector is regulated by the government under the 2004

Law on Publication.[457] It is generally perceived that the country media
sector is controlled by the government and follows the official
communist party line, though some newspapers are relatively
outspoken.[458][459] The Voice of Vietnam (VOV) is the official state-
Vietnam Television (VTV), the main
run national radio broadcasting service, broadcasting internationally via
state television
shortwave using rented transmitters in other countries and providing
broadcasts from its website, while Vietnam Television (VTV) is the
national television broadcasting company. Since 1997, Vietnam has
regulated public internet access extensively using both legal and technical means. The resulting lockdown is
widely referred to as the "Bamboo Firewall".[460] The collaborative project OpenNet Initiative classifies
Vietnam's level of online political censorship to be "pervasive",[461] while Reporters Without Borders (RWB)
considers Vietnam to be one of 15 global "internet enemies".[462] Though the government of Vietnam maintains
that such censorship is necessary to safeguard the country against obscene or sexually explicit content, many
political and religious websites that are deemed to be undermining state authority are also blocked.[463]

Holidays and festivals

The country has eleven national recognised holidays. These include:

New Year's Day on 1 January; Vietnamese New Year (Tết) from the
last day of the last lunar month to fifth day of the first lunar month;
Hung Kings Commemorations on the 10th day of the third lunar month;
Reunification Day on 30 April; International Workers' Day on 1 May;
and National Day Celebration on 2 September.[464][465][466] During
Tết, many Vietnamese from the major cities will return to their villages
for family reunions and to pray for dead ancestors.[467][468] Older
people will usually give the young a lì xì (red envelope) while special
Special Tết decoration in the
holiday food, such as bánh chưng (rice cake) in a square shape together
country seen during the holiday
with variety of dried fruits, are presented in the house for visitors.[469]
Many other festivals are celebrated throughout the seasons, including
the Lantern Festival (Tết Nguyên Tiêu), Mid-Autumn Festival (Tết Trung Thu) and various temple and nature
festivals.[470] In the highlands, Elephant Race Festivals are held annually during the spring; riders will ride their
elephants for about 1.6 km (0.99 mi) and the winning elephant will be given sugarcane.[471] Traditional
Vietnamese weddings remain widely popular and are often celebrated by expatriate Vietnamese in Western
countries.[472] In Vietnam, wedding dress has been influenced by Western styles, with the wearing of white
wedding dresses and black jackets; however, there are also many who still prefer to choose Vietnamese
traditional wedding costumes for traditional ceremonies.[473]

Sports

The Vovinam, kim ke and bình định martial arts are widespread in
Vietnam,[474][475] while football is the country's most popular sport.[476]
Its national team won the ASEAN Football Championship twice in
2008 and 2018 and reached the quarter-finals of 2019 AFC Asian
Cup,[477][478][479] its junior team of under-23 became the runners-up of
2018 AFC U-23 Championship and reached fourth place in 2018 Asian
Games, while the under-20 managed to qualify the 2017 FIFA U-20
World Cup for the first time in their football history.[480][481] The
national football women's team also traditionally dominates the Mỹ Đình National Stadium in Hanoi.
Southeast Asian Games, along with its chief rival, Thailand. Other
Western sports such as badminton, tennis, volleyball, ping-pong and
chess are also widely popular. Vietnam has participated in the Summer Olympic Games since 1952, when it
competed as the State of Vietnam. After the partition of the country in 1954, only South Vietnam competed in
the games, sending athletes to the 1956 and 1972 Olympics. Since the reunification of Vietnam in 1976, it has
competed as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, attending every Summer Olympics from 1988 onwards. The
present Vietnam Olympic Committee was formed in 1976 and recognised by the International Olympic
Committee (IOC) in 1979.[482] Vietnam has never participated in the Winter Olympic Games. In 2016, Vietnam
won their first gold medal at the Olympics.[483] By the 2020s, Vietnam will host the inaugural Formula One
Vietnam Grand Prix in the city of Hanoi.[484] Basketball has become an increasingly popular sport in Vietnam,
especially in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi and Soc Trang.[485]

See also
 Index of Vietnam-related articles
Outline of Vietnam

Notes
1. The Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam states that Vietnamese is the "national
language", rather than the "official language"; Vietnamese is the only language used in official
documents and legal proceedings de facto.[1]
2. Also called Kinh people.[2]
3. Nguyễn Phú Trọng is also Secretary of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party
of Vietnam. The first priority political position in one party communist state, Vietnam is General
Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, not President of Vietnam.
4. In effect since 1 January 2014.[5]
5. The South China Sea is referred to in Vietnam as the East Sea (Biển Đông).[10]
6. At first, Gia Long requested the name "Nam Việt", but the Jiaqing Emperor refused.[12][15]
7. Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the
1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to
any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal[101] that Vietnam
be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".[102] The United States, with
the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom, countered with the "American Plan",[103]
which provided for United Nations-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was
rejected by Soviet and other communist delegations.[104]
8. See List of countries and dependencies by area.
9. The national symbol of Vietnam is officially recognised in the country's legal documents, including
in the Constitution, which establishes the national flag, national emblem and national anthem.
Although Vietnam is a country with many flowers, there is no document recognising its national
flower. Other Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries and all of Vietnam's
neighbours have national flowers. The Lotus has been chosen by India as its national flower, but
this does not preclude Vietnam making the same choice. Many countries have chosen the same
flower as their national flower; for example, the rose is the national flower of Bulgaria, the Czech
Republic and the United Kingdom).[189]

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Further reading

Print
Richardson, John (1876). A school manual of modern geography. Physical and political (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=GHYDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA269&dq=french+settled+saigon+cochinchin
a#v=onepage). Publisher not identified.
Thái Nguyên, Văn; Mừng Nguyẽ̂n, Văn (1958). A Short History of Viet-Nam (https://books.google.
com/books?id=nQ1wAAAAMAAJ&q=early+ly+dynasty+van+xuan+independent+china+544&dq=e
arly+ly+dynasty+van+xuan+independent+china+544). Vietnamese-American Association.
Chesneaux, Jean (1966). The Vietnamese Nations: Contribution to a History (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=rVpuAAAAMAAJ&q=early+ly+dynasty+van+xuan+independent+china+544&dq=
early+ly+dynasty+van+xuan+independent+china+544). Current Book Distributors.
Heneghan, George Martin (1969). Nationalism, Communism and the National Liberation Front of
Vietnam: Dilemma for American Foreign Policy (https://books.google.com/books?id=tuVCAAAAIA
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Kissi, Edward (2006). Revolution and Genocide in Ethiopia and Cambodia. Lexington Books.
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South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-99404-0.
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Connected Cultural Spheres. Archaeopress. ISBN 978-1-4073-0396-3.
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Kỳ Phương, Trần; Lockhart, Bruce M. (2011). The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art.
NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-459-3.
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Keith, Charles (2012). Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation. University of California
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64-4.
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Conflict in American History. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62636-528-5.
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Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2014). Rice Wars in Colonial Vietnam: The Great Famine and the Viet Minh
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Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-28248-3.
de Mora, Javier Calvo; Wood, Keith (2014). Practical Knowledge in Teacher Education:
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Eggleston, Michael A. (2014). Exiting Vietnam: The Era of Vietnamization and American
Withdrawal Revealed in First-Person Accounts. McFarland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7864-7772-2.
Dennell, Robin; Porr, Martin (2014). Southern Asia, Australia, and the Search for Human Origins.
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Hong Lien, Vu; Sharrock, Peter (2014). Descending Dragon, Rising Tiger: A History of Vietnam.
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Gibbons, William Conrad (2014). The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War: Executive and
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Duy Hinh, Nguyen; Dinh Tho, Tran (2015). The South Vietnamese Society. Normanby Press.
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Thanh Hai, Do (2016). Vietnam and the South China Sea: Politics, Security and Legality. Taylor &
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Phuong Linh, Huynh Thi (2016). State-Society Interaction in Vietnam. LIT Verlag Münster.
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Ozolinš, Janis Talivaldis (2016). Religion and Culture in Dialogue: East and West Perspectives.
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DK (2017). The Vietnam War: The Definitive Illustrated History. Dorling Kindersley Limited.
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at the Village Level. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-7445-5.
Hinchey, Jane (2017). Vietnam: Discover the Country, Culture and People. Redback Publishing.
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107-04640-5.
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Around Us.

Free content

This article incorporates text from a free content work. UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (http://unesd
oc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf), 713–714, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing.
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Department of State document: "
(U.S. Relations With Vietnam)" (https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4130.htm).

External links
Vietnam profile (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm) from BBC
News
"Vietnam" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html). The World
Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA)
Vietnam (https://web.archive.org/web/20121003000923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/f
or/vietnam.htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Vietnam (https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/Vietnam) at Curlie
Vietnam (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam) at Encyclopædia
Britannica
Wikimedia Atlas of Vietnam
Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Coun
try=VN) from International Futures

Government
Portal of the Government of Vietnam (http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English)
Communist Party of Vietnam (http://cpv.org.vn/) – official website (in Vietnamese)
National Assembly (http://quochoi.vn/en-US/Pages/default.aspx) – the Vietnamese legislative
body
General Statistics Office (http://www.gso.gov.vn/Default_en.aspx?tabid=491)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/)
Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/VM.
html)
Media and censorship
Robert N. Wilkey. "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the
Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190536/http://
www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html) The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information
Law. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013.

Tourism
Official tourism website (http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/)

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