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    Foundations in Microbiology 9th Edition by Talaro and Chess Solution Manual

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    Foundations in Microbiology 9th Edition Language: English ISBN-10: 0073522600 9780073522609 Author: by Kathleen Park Talaro, Barry Chess Full link: https://bom.to/yMfVdt

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    Foundations in Microbiology 9th Edition by Talaro and Chess Solution Manual

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    camriid
    504 views3 pages
    Foundations in Microbiology 9th Edition Language: English ISBN-10: 0073522600 9780073522609 Author: by Kathleen Park Talaro, Barry Chess Full link: https://bom.to/yMfVdt

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    Foundations in Microbiology 9th Edition Language: English ISBN-10: 0073522600 9780073522609 Author: by Kathleen Park Talaro, Barry Chess Full link: https://bom.to/yMfVdt

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    504 views3 pages

    Foundations in Microbiology 9th Edition by Talaro and Chess Solution Manual

    Uploaded by

    camriid
    Foundations in Microbiology 9th Edition Language: English ISBN-10: 0073522600 9780073522609 Author: by Kathleen Park Talaro, Barry Chess Full link: https://bom.to/yMfVdt

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Talaro & Chess, Foundations of Microbiology, 9th ed.

    Chapter 2 Answer Key

    Critical Thinking Questions

    1. a. Nitrogen (N) - 5 valence electrons - will share 3 in covalent bonds or gain 3


    electrons (become a -3 ion)
    Sulfur (S) - 6 valence electrons - will share 2 in covalent bonds or gain 2
    electrons (become a -2 ion)
    Carbon (C) - 4 valence electrons - will share 4 electrons in covalent bonds; can
    either donate or accept 4 electrons.
    Phosphorus (P) - 5 valence electrons - will share 3 in covalent bonds or gain 3
    electrons (become a -3 ion)
    Oxygen (O) - 6 valence electrons - will share 2 in covalent bonds or gain 2
    electrons (become a -2 ion)
    Hydrogen (H) - 1 valence electron - will share 1 in covalent bond, lose 1
    (become a +1 ion), or gain 1 electron
    Calcium (Ca) - 2 valence electrons - will lose 2 electrons (become a +2 ion)
    Iron (Fe) - 2 valence electrons - will lose 2 electrons (become a +2 ion)
    Magnesium (Mg) - 2 valence electrons - will lose 2 electrons (become a +2 ion)

    2. Predict the types of bonds:


    a. ammonia (NH3) - 3 single polar covalent bonds
    b. phosphate (PO43-) - covalent bonds between P & O; will bond ionically to a
    cation
    c. disulfide (S–S) - single nonpolar covalent bond
    d. magnesium chloride (MgCl2) - ionic bonds

    3.
    a. A hydrogen bond will form. H3C–CH=O- - - HOH (dotted line is H-bond)
    b. Cl–Cl is nonpolar, ammonia is polar

    methane is nonpolar

    c. [H+] = 0.00001 mol/L = 1 x 10 – 5 mol/L = pH = 5


    d. [OH–] = 0.00001 mol/L = 1 x 10 –5 mol/L therefore [H+] = 1 x 10 –9 mol/L = pH = 9
    e.

    Magnesium has two electrons in shell 1, eight electrons in shell 2, and only two
    in shell 3.

    f. Magnesium would make a cation with a valence of 2, Mg+2

    4. Polar molecules are created when electrons are shared unequally between two
    atoms of a covalent bond. One atom has a stronger attraction for the shared
    electrons than the other atom in the bond. Polar molecules are made of two or
    more nonmetallic elements. Ionic bonds are created by oppositely charged ions
    attracting each other like the north and south poles of a bar magnet. The cation
    (positive) loses electrons and the anion (negative) gains electrons. Ionic
    compounds are made from metals (cations) and nonmetals (anion).

    5. Galactose is an aldehyde sugar with the carbonyl group on the end of the linear
    molecule.

    6. a. Three water molecules are released when a triglyceride is formed.


    b. There are five peptide bonds in a hexapeptide molecule.

    7. Adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine (or uracil) and cytosine forms
    three hydrogen bonds with guanine. The bonds occur due to the locations of the
    oxygens and nitrogen with hydrogen attached. A single ring base must pair with a
    double ring base so that the “steps” of the DNA ladder are the same length.

    8. a. Butter (in stick form) is saturated


    b. Olive oil is unsaturated
    c. Cholesterol can add stability to the cell membrane because as a nonpolar
    molecule, it is attracted to the nonpolar fatty acid chains of the tails of the
    nearby phospholipid molecules. This attraction holds the phospholipid molecule
    in place, making the membrane less fluid.

    Visual Challenge
    1. Figure (1) is starch. The alpha-glucose molecules bond in such as way as to create
    a compact, almost spherical structure.
    Figure (2) is cellulose. The beta-glucose molecules bond in a branched, linear
    chain that interconnects with other chains.

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