Study On Flood Control Project For Rivers in The Philippines

NO.
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC
WORKS AND HIGHWAYS Japan International
THE REPUBLIC OF THE Cooperation Agency
PHILIPPINES
THE STUDY ON
FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT
IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEM
FOR PRINCIPAL RIVERS
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Under
THE PROJECT FOR ENHANCEMENT OF CAPABILITIES
IN
FLOOD CONTROL AND SABO ENGINEERING OF
THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS
MAIN REPORT
SEPTEMBER 2004
GE
JR
04-034
LOCATION MAP
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LOCATION MAP
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... i
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ iv
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................. v
LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS ................................................................................ vi
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1

1.1 Background .................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Study Objectives .......................................................................................... 2
1.3 Study Area .................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 2. FLOODS IN THE PHILIPPINES ...................................... 3

2.1 Natural and Socio-economic Conditions ..................................................... 3
2.1.1 Natural Condition .......................................................................... 3
2.1.2 Infrastructure Development .......................................................... 8
2.2 Flood Damages ............................................................................................ 11
2.2.1 Flood Conditions ............................................................................ 12
2.2.2 Flood Damages ............................................................................. 13
2.3 Data and Information of Floods ................................................................... 15
2.3.1 Hydrological Data .......................................................................... 15
2.3.2 River Data ..................................................................................... 24
2.3.3 Flood Data ..................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER 3. POLICY AND DIRECTION ............................................... 28

3.1 Flood Control in the National Development Plan ........................................ 28
3.1.1 Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2001 - 2004 ........... 28
3.1.2 Medium-Term DPWH Infrastructure Development Plan
2001 - 2004 ................................................................................... 30
3.1.3 National Framework for Physical Planning 2001 – 2030............... 32
3.1.4 Integrated Water Resources Management .................................... 34
3.2 Budgeting System for Flood Control Works ............................................... 37
3.2.1 General Appropriation ................................................................... 37
3.2.2 Budget of Local Government Units................................................ 39
3.2.3 Foreign Assistance.......................................................................... 40
i
CHAPTER 4. ORGANIZATIONS AND LAWS/REGULATIONS ......... 42
4.1 Organizations ............................................................................................... 43
4.1.1 Department of Public Works and Highways ................................. 43
4.1.2 National Governments related to Flood Control .......................... 49
4.1.3 Other Organizations ..................................................................... 68
4.2 Laws and Regulations .................................................................................. 71
4.2.1 Water Code .................................................................................... 71
4.2.2 Local Governmental Code in 1991 ............................................... 72
4.2.3 Presidential Decree for NDCC ..................................................... 73
4.2.4 Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997................... 74
4.2.5 Environmental Code ..................................................................... 75
4.2.6 Recent Proposed Bill .................................................................... 76
CHAPTER 5. PAST FLOOD CONTROL WORKS.................................. 79

5.1 Flood Control Projects ................................................................................. 79
5.1.1 Major Rivers .................................................................................. 79
5.1.2 Principal Rivers ............................................................................ 81
5.1.3 Urban Drainage ............................................................................. 81
5.1.4 Sediment Control (Sabo) Works ................................................... 83
5.2 Other Related Projects ................................................................................. 84
5.2.1 Watershed Management ................................................................ 84
5.2.2 Forestry Sector Project ................................................................... 84
5.2.3 Irrigation ....................................................................................... 87
5.2.4 Agrarian Reform Infrastructure Support Project .......................... 88
5.2.5 Municipal Water Supply ............................................................... 90
5.3 Review and Evaluation ................................................................................ 90
5.3.1 Engineering and Quality ................................................................ 91
5.3.2 Implementation ............................................................................. 92
5.3.3 Operation and Maintenance .......................................................... 92
CHAPTER 6. PROBLEMS IN IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEM ........... 93

6.1 Problems and Issues by PCM Workshop .................................................... 93
6.1.1 Project Cycle Management (PCM) Workshop............................... 93
6.1.2 Identification and Analysis on Problems and Issues .................... 94
6.1.3 Other Issues .................................................................................. 98
6.2 Summary of Problems in Flood Control Works for Principal Rivers .......... 100
6.2.1 Requirements in National Development Plans and Policies ......... 100
6.2.2 Problems Identified by Survey on Flood Control Projects ........... 101
6.2.3 PCM Workshop.............................................................................. 102
6.2.4 Integration of Problems and Issues ................................................ 103
ii
CHAPTER 7. IMPROVEMENT PLAN OF FLOOD CONTROL
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEM ..................... 105
7.1 Possible Solutions ........................................................................................ 105
7.1.1 PCM Objective Tree ...................................................................... 105
7.1.2 Methods for Solution of Problems/Issues....................................... 105
7.1.3 Actions by DPWH .......................................................................... 107
7.2 Formulation of Improvement Plan ............................................................... 110
7.2.1 Action Plan for Medium-Term (2005 – 2010) ............................... 110
7.2.2 Projects and Activities for Long-Term (2011 – 2030) .................. 113
7.2.3 Organization for Implementation System ...................................... 118
iii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Session Report of IWRM in WWF3.................................................. T-1

Table 3.2 Framework Theme No.3: Revisiting Integrated Water
Resources Management ..................................................................... T-3
Table 3.3 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction ........................................... T-4
Table 3.4 Budgeting timetable........................................................................... T-6
Table 4.1 Past River Basin Development Authority Bills ................................. T-7
Table 4.2 Powers, Duties and Functions of Councils of LGUs ......................... T-8
Table 4.3 Basic Services and Facilities to be Provided by LGUs ..................... T-9
Table 5.1 2004-2009 DPWH Medium-Term Public Investment
Program (Draft) ................................................................................. T-10
Table 5.2 Status of Flood Control Programs of Major River Basins
(1980-Present).................................................................................... T-11
Table 5.3 (1/10) List of Flood Control, Drainage and Other Related Projects in
Amburayan River Basin .................................................................... T-12
Talisay River Basin............................................................................ T-13
Sta. Rita River Basin.......................................................................... T-14
Bucao River Basin ............................................................................. T-15
Angat River Basin.............................................................................. T-16
Pansipit River Basin .......................................................................... T-17
Imus River Basin ............................................................................... T-18
Camatian River Basin ........................................................................ T-19
Quinare River Basin .......................................................................... T-20
Yawa River Basin .............................................................................. T-21
Table 6.1 Summary Matrix Of Problems and Issues in Flood Control Project
Implementation for Principal Rivers ................................................. T-22
Table 7.1 Draft Project Design Matrix (PDM) .................................................. T-23
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Topography of the Philippines ......................................................... F-1

Figure 2.2 Location of the Largest Lakes in the Philippines ............................... F-2
Figure 2.3 Geological Map of the Philippines..................................................... F-3
Figure 2.4 Climatological Map of the Philippines............................................... F-4
Figure 2.5 Typhoon Tracks.................................................................................. F-5
Figure 2.6 Boundaries of the Water Resources Regions ..................................... F-6
Figure 2.7 Location of 18 Major River Basins .................................................... F-7
Figure 2.8 Location of Surveyed Gauging Stations............................................. F-8
Figure 6.1 Problem Tree–Consolidated Workshop Output ................................ F-9

Figure 7.1 PCM Objective Tree - Flood Control Project Implementation for
Principal Rivers ..................................................................................F-10
Figure 7.2 Organizational Structure of Flood Management System
of DPWH with National Flood Management Committee ..................F-11
Figure 7.3 Schedule Diagram of Action Plan and Roles of FCSEC ...................F-12
v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADB : Asian Development Bank

AFP : Armed Forces of Philippines
AMMS : Administrative & Manpower Management Service, DPWH
AO : Administrative Order
ARMM : Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
ASEAN : Association of South East Asian Nations
ASSEC : Assistant Secretary
AusAID : Australian Agency for International Development
BFD : Bureau of Forest Development, DENR
BIR : Bureau of Internal Revenue
BOC : Bureau of Construction, DPWH
BOD : Bureau of Design, DPWH
BOE : Bureau of Equipment, DPWH
BOM : Bureau of Maintenance, DPWH
BRS : Bureau of Research and Standards, DPWH
BSP : Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines)
CAR : Cordillera Administrative Region, DPWH
CARL : Comprehensive Agrarian Reforms Law
CARP : Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
CBFM : Community-Based Forest Management
CBM : Community-Based Management
CBFMO : Community-Based Forest Management Office
CBFMS : Community-Based Forest Management Strategy
CBRMP : Community Based Resource Management Project
CBO : Community-Based Organization
CDA : Co-operative Development Authority
CENRO : Community Environment and Natural Resources
Office/Officer(DENR)
CFP : Community Forestry Program
CIDA : Canadian International Development Agency
CALABARZON : Region; Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon
CO : Community Organization (also Certificate of Origin)
COA : Commission on Audit
CRM : Coastal Resources Management
CY : Calendar Year
DA : Department of Agriculture
DANIDA : Danish International Development Agency
DAO : Department (DENR) Administrative Order
DAR : Department of Agrarian Reform
DBCC : Development Budget Coordination Committee
DBM : Department of Budget and Management
vi
DECS : Department of Education Culture and Sports
DENR : Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DEO : District Engineering Office, DPWH
DepEd : Department of Educations
DFA : Department of Foreign Affairs
DILG : Department of Interior and Local Government
DND : Department of National Defense
DOF : Department of Finance
DOH : Department of Health
DOJ : Department of Justice
DOT : Department of Tourism
DOST : Department of Science and Technology
DOTC : Department of Transportation and Communications
DPWH : Department of Public Works and Highways
DSWD : Department of Social Welfare and Development
DTI : Department of Trade and Industry
EC : European Commission
ECC : Environmental Compliance Certificate
EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment
EMB : Environmental Management Bureau, DENR
ENFOR : Environment Forestry Program
ENR : Environment and Natural Resources
ENRO : Environment and Natural Resources Office
EO : Executive Order
FCSEC : Flood Control and Sabo Engineering Center
FDC : Forest Development Center
FFWSDO : Flood Forecasting and Warning System for Dam Operation
FINNIDA : Finnish International Development Agency
FMB : Forest Management Bureau, DENR
FSP : Forestry Sector Project
GAA : General Appropriations Act
GDP : Gross Domestic Product
GIS : Geographic Information System
GNP : Gross National Product
GPS : Global Positioning System
GWP : Global Water Partnership
HLURB : Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
HUDCC : Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council
HQ : Head Quarters
IEC : Information and Education Campaign
IEE : Initial Environmental Examination
IRR : Implementing Rules and Regulations
vii
ISDR : International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
IT : Information Technology
IWRM : Integrated Water Resources Management
JBIC : Japan Bank for International Cooperation
JMC : Joint Memorandum Circular
KfW : Kreditanstait fur Wiederaufbau (German Development Bank)
LGC : Local Government Code (RA 7160)
LGU(s) : Local Government Unit(s)
LLDA : Laguna Lake Development Authority, DENR
LMB : Land Management Bureau, DENR
LWUA : Local Water Utilities Administration
MIS : Monitoring and Information Services, DPWH
MMDA : Metro Manila Development Authority
MOA : Memorandum of Agreement
MOU : Memorandum of Understandings
MTDIDP : Medium-Term DPWH Infrastructure Development Plan
MTPDP : Medium Term Philippine Development Plan
MWRMC : Municipal Watershed Resources Management Committees
MWSS : Manila Water and Sewerage Services
NA : Not available
NAMRIA : National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
NCSB : National Statistical Coordination Board
NCR : National Capital Region
NDCC : National Disaster Coordinating Council
NEDA : National Economic and Development Authority
NFPP : National Framework for Physical Planning
NGO(s) : Non-Governmental Organization(s)
NHA : National Housing Authority
NHCS : Napindan Hydraulic Control Structures
NHRC : National Hydraulic Research Center, UPERDFI
NIA : National Irrigation Administration
NIPAS : National Integrated Protected Area System
NLUC : National Land Use Code
NPC : National Power Corporation
NSO : National Statistics Office
NWIN : National Water Information Network
NWRB : National Water Resources Board
OCD : Office of Civil Defense
ODA : Official Development Assistance
OECF : Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund of Japan (JBIC)
PAGASA : Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical
Services Administration
viii
PCSD : Philippine Council for Sustainable Development
PD : Presidential Decree
PDCC Provincial Disaster Coordinating Council
PDED : Project Development and Evaluation Division, DPWH
PENRO : Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office/Officer
PFA : Public Forest Administration
PHVOLCS : Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
PIA : Philippine Information Agency
PNCC : Philippine National Construction Corporation
PNP : Philippine National Police
PNRC : Philippine National Red Cross
PO : Peoples’ Organization
PS : Planning Service, DPWH
PWP : Philippine Water Partnership
RA : Republic Act
RDCC : Regional Disaster Coordinating Council
RDP : Regional Development Plan
RENRO : Regional Environment and Natural Resources Office/r
RO : Regional Office, DPWH
ROW : Right-of-Way
TOR : Terms of Reference
UN : United Nations
UNDP : United Nations Development Programme
UP : University of the Philippines.
UPERDFI : U.P. Engineering Research & Development Foundation Inc.
UPLB : University of the Philippines at Los Baños.
US-AID : United States Agency for International Development.
USDA : United States Department of Agriculture
USEC : Undersecretary
VAT : Value Added Tax
WB : World Bank
WMO : World Meteorological Organization
WSSD : World Summit of Sustainable Development
WTO : World Trade Organization
WWF : World Water Forum
ix
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The Philippines has frequently suffered from natural disasters such as typhoons, volcanic eruptions and
earthquakes while the government has continuously endeavored to mitigate the damages. Such disasters
have brought heavy losses to the country’s economy and claimed hundreds of lives every year.
Approximately 700 lives have been lost and damages have amounted 8.1 billion pesos annually. It has
affected primarily agricultural productions, transportation and communication resulting in aggravated and
long time economic depression, enlargement of regional differential and influx of the poor to the urban
areas. The Government of the Republic of the Philippines has hardly prevented disasters due to its
limited technical background, organization structures, regulations as well as budgetary constraint.
Therefore, the Government has requested a technical cooperation project to develop the capacities of
engineers by means of establishing “Flood Control and Sabo Engineering Center” to the Government
of Japan. In response to the request, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has started “The
Project for Enhancement of Capabilities in Flood Control and Sabo Engineering of the Department
of Public Works and Highways” (herein after referred to as “the Project”) on 10 January 2000.
The Project has been implemented aiming at enhancing the capacities of the engineers of DPWH regional
offices, while the Project is now under the Stage 2 (10 January 2003 to 30 June 2005) to accomplish the
objectives below:
Profile of Project for Enhancement of Capabilities in
Flood Control and Sabo Engineering of the DPWH
Super Goal Water-induced disasters will be mitigated through improved effectiveness of disaster
prevention facilities and structures constructed or/and maintained by the DPWH in
accordance with technical standards guidelines (TSG), technical manuals and guidelines, and
flood & sediment control measures developed by the Project.
Overall Goal 1. More effective and appropriately designed flood control and sabo structures/facilities
will be constructed by the DPWH in accordance with technical standards and
guidelines (TSG), technical manuals and guidelines formulated and produced by the
project.
2. Engineers of the DPWH offices other than the offices where OJT training program was
conducted/extended shall be trained by the DPWH.
Project Purpose Capability of the selected DPWH offices in planning, design, construction and maintenance
of flood control and sabo structures will be enhanced in order to cope with water-induced
disasters.
Output 1. The technical manuals and guidelines in the field of construction and maintenance of
flood control structures will be upgraded and be made available for use by all
concerned.
2. Sufficient number of the personnel of the selected DPWH offices will be trained.
3. Recommendations shall be made through Research and Development activities, and
information from damaged structure-profiling database.
4. The DPWH will have an internal mechanism to extend the technical standards,
guideline, manuals and other output of the project throughout all relevant offices of the
DPWH for effective implementation of flood control projects.
-1-
Under the Project Stage 2, DPWH engineers of 50 officers are trained for structural designing/planning
through OJT and those of 30 offices are trained for construction supervision and maintenance until June
2005. It is envisaged that the counterpart personnel, who are conducting the training will continue the
said training activities to the engineers of other DPWH regional offices, and capabilities of DPWH
engineers in planning, designing, construction and maintenance of flood control and sabo structures will
be enhanced.
In the course of the Project, it is recognized that the flood control project implementation system be
improved to accomplish the Project Purpose: “Capability of the selected DPWH offices in planning,
design, construction and maintenance of flood control structures will be enhanced, especially for the flood
control projects in principal rivers”. This “Study on Flood Control Project Implementation System for
Principal Rivers in the Philippines” is decided to conduct to prepare and propose an effective flood
control project implementation system.
1.2 Study Objectives
The objectives of the Study are
(1) To collect and review data and information of flood control projects and their relevant activities
in the Philippines
(2) To prepare and propose the improvement plan of implementation system for flood control
projects on principal rivers∗ in the Philippines.
1.3 Study Area
The study area covers the whole area of the Philippines, while the site survey is focused to the principal
rivers in Luzon Region.
∗ Principal rivers (catchment area is bigger than 40 km2) are counted at 421 rivers nationwide, out of which major
rivers (catchment area is bigger than 1,400 km2) and their tributaries are counted at 95 rivers. Therefore,
Principal Rivers of which catchment area ranges 40 km2 to 1,400 km2 are 326 rivers.
-2-
CHAPTER 2. FLOODS IN THE PHILIPPINES
2.1 Natural and Socio-economical Conditions
2.1.1 Natural Conditions
Most of weather-related disasters in the Philippines are directly or indirectly caused by tropical
cyclones/typhoons. During the months of July to September, the presence of tropical cyclones northeast
of the Philippines may intensify the southeast flow, bringing considerable rain and resulting in inland
flooding and inundation of major river basins. With 421 principal rivers with drainage areas varying
form 41 to 25,649 km2, the hydrological profile of the Philippines makes it imperative to address the
problem of flooding by prioritizing the development of water resources and river management programs
for 18 major rivers and other noted key cities and urban centers nationwide.
(1) Topography
The Philippine archipelago lies off the southeastern coast of the Asia mainland. As shown in
Figure 2.1, the archipelago surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, the Celebes Sea, and the South
China Sea consists of 7,107 islands and islets, making it one of the largest archipelagos in the
world. The total land area is about 298,170 square kilometers. The 11 largest islands make up
more than 90% of the total area: Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Mindoro,
Leyte, Cebu, Bohol and Masbate.
The Philippines is divided into three major island groups known as Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
The largest island is Luzon (150,212.8 km2), followed by Mindanao (128,624.2 km2) and the
Visayas (59,817.9 km2). The Visayas region is composed of about 6,000 islands, including
Panay, Samar, Cebu, Leyte and Bohol. Mindanao encompasses about 400 islands. Only about
460 islands are larger than 2.6 km2.
The islands extend about 1,850 km from north to south and almost 1,127 km from east to west,
lying between latitude 4º 23’N and 21º 25’N and between longitude 116º E and 127º E. The
coastlines of all the islands are extremely irregular, measuring about 36,289 km in length.
Of volcanic origin, the Philippines is generally mountainous. Mountain ranges extend north to
south, running parallel to the coasts and, in many places, bordering them. The mountains in
Luzon include the Sierra Madre, Cordillera Central, the Caraballo Mountains and the Zambales
Mountains. In the second largest island, Mindanao, are the Diwata Mountains and the mountain
ranges in southern Mindanao including Mount Apo (a volcano), which, at 2,954 m, is the highest
point in the Philippines.
The Philippines is part of the so-called Ring of Fire, an area encircling the Pacific Ocean where
earthquakes and volcanic activity result from the movements of tectonic plates, or segments of
Earth’s crust. To the east of the islands lies the 10,539 m deep Philippine Trench, where one
tectonic plate is being forced beneath another in a process known as subduction. This
subduction causes frequent earthquakes in the Philippines. Large submarine earthquakes are
known to cause tidal waves, or tsunamis, that can strike the coasts.
Laguna de Bay, 13 km southeast of Manila, is the largest lake of the Philippines. Lake Taal,
56 km south of Manila, occupies a huge volcanic crater and contains an island that is itself a
volcano, with its own crater lake. Lake Lanao is the largest lake of Mindanao and the source of
the Agus River, which exits the lake in the spectacular Maria Cristina Falls. Figure 2.2 shows
the locations of these lakes.
-3-
There are four large marshes – two in Mindanao, one in Central Luzon and one in Mindoro Island.
Semi-enclosed bays are too many to mention.
(2) Geology
The Philippine archipelago could be considered as wedges caught between two oppositely
dipping subduction zones (see Figure 2.3 for the geological map of the Philippines). The North
and Central Luzon are situated between the Manila Trench and the East Luzon Trench. These
trenches are interpreted as subduction zones where the ocean submarine floor under thrusts
beneath the continental or island massif. A similar situation can be observed in the Visayas
Shelf between the Sulu-Negros Trench and the Philippine Trench.
Trending toward NNW to N direction, the alignment of these trenches (especially the two major
ones, Philippine Trench and East Luzon Trench) characterizes the Philippine Archipelago as a
zonal structure with several wide belts connecting island to island arch-wise in the same trend
with trenches.
The archipelago consists essentially of two separable and distinct structural units, a mobile belt
and a stable region. The mobile belt covers almost all the archipelago and is characterized by
the concentration of earthquake epicenters, numerous active and inactive volcanoes and deeply
sheared zone forming narrow canyons, intermountain basins and straits. The stable region,
which embraces mainly Palawan and Sulu Sea in the southwestern part of the country, is
essentially seismic and shows the virtual absence of Tertiary igneous activity.
Great variety of rocks exists in the country: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Basement
complex is generally made up of gabbro, andesites, agglomerates, serpentine, greisses, schist,
volcanic breccias, volcanic tuff, quartzite and basalt flows. Igneous rock is generally basic to
semi-basic, i.e. low to intermediate in silica content.
Philippine soils have considerable depth even on relatively steep slopes due to rapid chemical
weathering and slow physical weathering of rocks. However, due to this rapid chemical
decomposition, organic matter in the Philippines is very small. Plant material in the tropical
forest is about two to three times that in the temperate forest, but because of rapid chemical
decomposition, very little humus is found in tropical soil. Carbon dioxide and organic acids
provided by this plant material through decomposition attack the rocks, causing their rapid
chemical weathering.
(3) Climate
The Philippines has a tropical climate. At sea level, temperatures rarely fall below 27°C. The
country experiences an average temperature ranging from 28°C to 36°C and humidity varies from
70% to 85% depending on the time of year. Interior valleys and leeward sides of islands tend to
be warmer, while mountain slopes and peaks and windward sides of islands tend to be cooler.
The highest annual rainfall amount (9,006 mm) in the country was recorded in Baguio City in
1910 and the lowest (94.2 mm) in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur in 1948. Rainfall averages about
2,030 mm a year, with more precipitation in coastal plains than in sheltered inland valleys. In
the western part of the country, the rainy season occurs during the summer monsoon, from May
to November, when the wind blows from the southwest; the dry season occurs during the winter
monsoon, from December to April, when the wind blows from the northeast. In contrast, the
eastern side of the country receives most of its rainfall during the winter monsoon and has no true
dry season.
-4-
Tropical storms are common from June to October; each year about 20 typhoons strike the
Philippines, mostly on the eastern coasts of Luzon and Samar, bringing high winds and flooding
that sometimes result in property damage and loss of life.
The classification of climate is basically based on rainfall characteristics rather than temperature
variations. The rainfall variability, topography and air stream direction define the climate at
different parts of the country. As shown in Figure 2.4, the various areas in the Philippines are
thus characterized by four types of climates, which are based on dry and wet seasons induced by
minimum or maximum rain periods, according to Corona Climate Classification:
Type I: Two pronounced seasons, dry from November to April, wet during the rest of the year
Type II: No dry season with a very pronounced maximum rainfall period from November to
January
Type III: Seasons are not very pronounced with relatively dry season from November to April
and wet season during the rest of the year
Type IV: Rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year
Rainfall in the Philippines is brought about by different rainfall-causing weather patterns such as
air streams, tropical cyclones, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), fronts, easterly waves,
local thunderstorm, etc. About 47% of the average annual rainfall in the country is attributed to
the occurrence of tropical cyclones, 14% to the monsoons while 39% are due to the effects of the
other weather disturbances. The significance of each of these climatic influences varies with the
time of the year.
Tropical cyclones are characterized by a low-pressure center where winds of varying intensities
blow around this center. The tropical cyclones are the most destructive weather disturbances
because they are accompanied by strong winds aside from large amounts of rains. They
contribute largely to the rainfall from May to December and result to annual maximum quantities
in many areas of the country especially in Luzon and the Visayas. Tropical cyclones are
classified according to maximum wind speed near the center as follows:
Tropical Depression (TD) - winds with speeds from 45 to 63 kph

Tropical Storm (TS) - winds with speeds from 63 to 117 kph
Typhoon (T) - winds with speeds of more than 117 kph
Figure 2.5 illustrates the monthly representative typhoon tracks and probability of occurrence
within the Philippine area of responsibility (PAR).
The ITCZ is a series of cloudiness that oscillates from May to October. It typically appears in
the southwestern portion of the archipelago in May and moves north reaching its northernmost
position in July or August. It begins moving back southward in August moving south of the
Philippines by November and its southernmost position in January and February. Several floods
in Mindanao are caused by the ITCZ.
The monsoons are wind flows coming from the northeast or southwest. The northeast and
southwest monsoons trigger the onset and recession of the rainy season in the Philippines. The
southwest monsoon may begin as early as mid-April and end as late as early November,
depending on location, while the northeast monsoon may affect the country from November to
March. The eastern coastal areas have a marked rainy season from October to March when the
northeast monsoon is dominant. During the period from May to October when the southwest
monsoon and tropical cyclone seasons are dominant, the western coastal areas receive heavy
rainfall that may trigger flooding and landslides.
-5-
Topography also modifies the climate of a locality. In general, the windward side of a mountain
receives more precipitation due topographic effect compared with the leeward side. Maximum
rainfall is also observed at intermediate elevations. When a rapid change in elevation occurs, a
“splash effect” usually occurs and result to significant rainfall. The “splash effect” is a
phenomenon that results when cold air moves down slope from precipitating clouds and causes
the formation of another cloud at a lower elevation.
Another weather disturbance that effect the eastern sections of the Philippines from November to
late April or early May is the cold front. The cold front coupled with topography produce
rainfall along the eastern coasts and occasionally over the middle and western portions of the
country. Other rainfall-producing systems are the easterly waves, which are frequent in summer
and affect the mountainous and eastern coastal areas. Thunderstorms are localized or
small-scale disturbances that produce considerable amount of rainfall and occur over a relatively
short period of time.
(4) Water Resources Regions
For purposes of comprehensive planning of water resources development, the National Water
Resources Council (NWRC) divided the Philippines into 12 water resources regions (WRR), as
shown in Figure 2.6 and listed in the table below. Major considerations taken into account in
this regionalization are hydrological boundaries defined by physiographic features and
homogeneity in climate of the different parts of the country.
Drawn up from institutional considerations, the Philippines is divided into 16 political regions:
Region 1 to 12, NCR, CAR, ARMM and CARAGA. NCR covers the Metro Manila. These 16
regions are further subdivided into smaller political units: provinces, cities/municipalities and
barangays: the smallest being the barangay.
Actually the water resources regions generally correspond to the existing political regions, except
for Ilocos, Cagayan, Central Luzon and Northern Mindanao where there are minor deviations
dictated primarily by hydrological boundaries.
List of Water Resources Regions
Code Name Major River Basin No. of Principal

Rivers
WRR I Ilocos Region Abra River 14
WRR II Cagayan Valley Cagayan River 39
WRR III Central Luzon Pampanga and Agno Rivers 24
WRR IV Southern Tagalog Pasig-Laguna de Bay Rivers 97
WRR V Bicol Region Bicol River 30
Panay, Jalaur and
WRR VI Western Visayas 37
Ilog-Hilabangan Rivers
WRR VII Central Visayas - 19
WRR VIII Eastern Visayas - 34
WRR IX Southwestern Mindanao - 34
Agusan, Cagayan de Oro
WRR X Northern Mindanao 29
and Tagoloan Rivers
Davao, Tagum-Libuganon,
WRR XI Southeastern Mindanao 35
Buayan Rivers
WRR XII Southern Mindanao Agus and Mindanao Rivers 30
Source: “Principal River Basin of the Philippines” published by NWRC in October 1976
-6-
(5) River Basins
Large rivers, some of which are navigable, traverse the principal islands of the Philippines. The
longest river is the Cagayan, in northern Luzon. Other important rivers of Luzon include the
Agno and Pampanga, crossing the Central Luzon Valley; the Abra, flowing through the
Cordillera Central and irrigating the mountainside rice terraces; the Pasig, a commercially
important artery flowing through Manila; and the Bicol, the primary river of the Bicol Peninsula.
The major rivers of Mindanao are the Mindanao (Cotabato), which receives the waters of the
Pulangi, and the Agusan.
In the report “Principal River Basins of the Philippines” published by NWRC in October 1976,
NWRC identified the principal river basins (PRBs) of the Philippines with these objectives: 1) to
delineate and codify the PRBs for hydrologic purposes; 2) to determine the physical
characteristics of each basin; 3) to generate interest on the minor river basins with potentials for
development; 4) to define the major river basins (MRBs) in the country and trigger national
interest in water resources development; 5) to prepare water resources regional maps showing the
principal rivers and their respective basin boundaries to aid in the preparation of regional water
resources plans and programs; and 6) to initiate an extensive, continuous program for collecting
and organizing data on these basins for a complete characterization of each basin.
For the purpose of identification, principal river basins are defined as those with at least 40 km2
of drainage area. River basins with areas of at least 1,400 km2 are classified as major river
basins as shown below as 18 were identified as MRBs. The locations of the major river basins
are shown in Figure 2.7.
Eighteen Major River Basins

Code No. Rank River Basin Water Resources Catchment Area
Region (km²)
02001 1 Cagayan Region II 25,469
12342 2 Mindanao Region XI and XII 23,169
10315 3 Agusan Region XIII 10,921
03059 4 Pampanga Region III 9,759
03070 5 Agno Region III 5,952
01036 6 Abra Region I 5,125
04076 7 Pasig-Laguna Bay NCR and Region 4,678
IVA
05114 8 Bicol Region V 3,771
02028 9 Abulug Region II 3,372
11303 10 Tagum-Libuganon Region XI 3,064
06235 11 Ilog-Hilabangan Region VI and VII 1,945
06197 12 Panay Region VI 1,843
10331 13 Tagoloan Region X 1,704
12336 14 Agus Region XII and 1,645
ARMM
11307 15 Davao Region XI 1,623
10332 16 Cagayan Region X 1,521
06205 17 Jalaur Region VI 1,503
11364 18 Buayan-Malungun Region XI 1,434
Source: “Principal River Basins of the Philippines” published by NWRC in October 1976
The identification included not only drainage area but also other physical characteristics of the
river basin, such as the location and elevation of the headwater and outlet, extent of built-up area,
cultivated area, grassland area, soils, channel gradient, drainage density and extent of level area,
-7-
where these information were considered then as sufficient for subsequent framework studies but
necessary to update them as made more than 30 years.
Counting the number of PRBs listed in the above-said report, 421 principal river basins were
identified with drainage areas varying from 41 km2 to 25,649 km2. However, 77 of which are
parts of major river basins where the rivers are tributaries of major rivers, and of the 345 are
independent PRBs.
2.1.2 Infrastructure Development
The infrastructure of the Philippines is inadequate for the economic development sought by the
government, international agencies, and multinational corporations. Some large-scale improvements
were made in the past to the country’s schools, health centers, bridges, roads, and irrigation works.
However, government investment in infrastructure has not kept pace with population growth and modern
technologies. Roads remain unpaved in most rural areas. Cities lack sufficient public transportation,
garbage collection, energy resources, potable water and sewerage treatment. Resources for
infrastructure-development projects are often limited because of the country’s huge payments on its
foreign debt.
Cognizant of the huge investment requirements, the government shall increasingly rely on the private
sector in the financing, construction, operation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of major infrastructure in
power, water, and transportation where costs will be partly or totally recovered through user charges,
according to the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2001-2004. This will be a sustained effort
carried out under a regulatory framework that favors fair market competition while safeguarding the
common good and environmental quality.
(1) Road/Transportation Sector
The overall road network of the Philippines as of end-1999 measured 200,187 km., which
translates into a road density of 0.67 km/km2. The road density of the Philippines is much
higher than those of other developing countries in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) region. However, the Philippines still falls below its neighbors in terms of road
quality, as measured by the paved road ratio, i.e. the length of paved roads over the total length of
roads.
The total length of Philippine roads has increased by 38,000 km as of end-2000 from that in 1985
mainly due to the expansion of barangay roads1 . About 85% or 171,956 km of the total
Philippine road network is composed of provincial, city, municipal, and barangay roads, which
fall under the responsibility of the LGUs.
For the national road system of 29,878 km., investments for rehabilitation and upgrading resulted
in the improvement of both paved and all-weather roads. Moreover, about 89% of the 276,878
m of bridges along national roads are now permanent structures, compared to 83% in 1998.
The government rehabilitated and improved the Pan-Philippine Highway in several parts of
Cagayan Valley and the Camarines provinces, and completed the Sto. Tomas-Lipa Expressway.
However, inadequate funding for road maintenance over the years has resulted in a huge backlog
of roads requiring rehabilitation. Financing this backlog will thus reduce funding of additional
road improvement and new construction.
Meanwhile, a Road Safety Program was instituted. The Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH) is also installing a computerized Road Information Management and Support
System (RIMSS) to improve the quality and delivery of services in the provision and
1
Source: Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2001-2004
-8-
management of the national road network. However, difficulties in acquiring right-of-way
(ROW) continued to hound government projects.
Several transport infrastructure projects under the BOT and other joint venture schemes were put
on stream.
(2) Flood Control and Drainage Sector
By end-2000, the total area provided by DPWH with river control and drainage facilities reached
about 305,725 ha. This represents 62.03% of the total potential coverage area of 492,831 ha1.
On the other hand, the accomplishments for the Impounding/Mini Sabo Dams were not available
due to the inability of the LGUs concerned to submit the information needed.
The BSWM has been training recipient farmers to operate and maintain the Small Water
Impounding Management (SWIM) projects that will be turned-over to them. About 25
sub-projects are covered by this arrangement.
Extensive networks of flood control measures, (such as dikes, river walls, river and channel
improvement/dredging) have been undertaken in the major river basins Agno, Cagayan,
Pampanga, Bicol and Agusan river basins). Major components of the flood control and drainage
program in Metro Manila have been built, particularly additional drainage mains, pumping
stations (including the recently completed Balut, Vitas and San Andres pumping stations), estero
improvement works, dredging and related facilities. In Ormoc City, the first phase of the
JICA-assisted Flood Mitigation Project is already completed. This involves the construction of
three slit dams and reconstruction of five bridges. In Butuan City, Phase I of the Lower Agusan
Development Project was completed in 1999 which involves the construction of 10.6 km
embankment levee, 5.28 km concrete floodwall, including related structures such as floodgates
and drainage sluices and dredging works of Agusan River.
Sediment control measures are continuously being pursued, especially within the Mt. Pinatubo
and Mt. Mayon influence areas. To prevent further destruction to lives and properties, help
restore social and economic activities and recover vast agricultural areas now covered by lahar, a
number of projects funded through loans and local funds have been implemented.
(3) DPWH Medium-Term Infrastructure Program
Under the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2001-2004, the medium-term targets for
road transportation infrastructure are the following:
(a) National arterial roads (16,799 km.) will be 90% paved by 2004, compared to 70% in 2000.
This will require the paving of 3,358 km of roads and the rehabilitation/
widening/upgrading/construction of 2,504 km.
(b) National secondary roads (13,079 km) will be 65% paved by 2004, compared to the
existing 51% in 2000. This will entail the paving of 1,838 km of roads and the
rehabilitation of 1,086 km.
(c) National bridges (276,878 m) will be 95% permanent by 2004, compared to 89% in 2000.
It involves the reconstruction of 16,612 m of temporary bridges, the improvement of
36,494 m of existing bridges, and the construction of 4,211 m of new bridges.
(d) The structure of investments for national roads will shift in favor of regions with low road
densities and low paved road ratios, as reflected in the percentage shares of investments
and target paved road ratios.
(e) The medium-term plan will emphasize the upgrading of arterial roads leading to regional
-9-
growth centers with special attention to Mindanao and other underdeveloped regions.
(f) About 271 km of BOT interurban expressways along heavily traveled corridors will be
built, including:
● North Luzon Expressway (widening of existing facility;
● Southern Tagalog Arterial Road (STAR) or Batangas Expressway (Lipa-Batangas City);

● South Expressway (widening and extension to Lucena); and
● Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway.
(g) Access roads will be improved or built to and from the priority tourism hubs, particularly
Manila, Cebu, Davao, Subic-Clark, and Baguio.
(h) Strategic roads will be improved to stabilize the peace and order situation in areas affected
by armed conflicts and, therefore, provide for an environment more conducive to economic
growth. These include among others:
● Basilan Circumferential Road;
● Jolo Circumferential Road;

● Zamboanga-Pagadian Road;
● Awang-Upi-Lebak Road (Maguindanao and Sultan Kudarat);
● Narciso Ramos Highway;
● Parang-Barira-Abubakar Road;
● Davao-Cotabato Road;
● Lake Lanao Circumferential Road;
● Abra-Kalinga and Kalinga-Mt. Province Roads;
● Bondoc Peninsula Roads in Quezon; and
● Hinobnan-Basay Road in CHICKS area; and (l) South Samar Road.
For flood control and drainage infrastructure, the medium-term targets are the following:
(a) The government will implement desirable flood control and drainage projects in major
river systems in the country. It will pursue the provision of adequate structural
schemes especially flooding for Metro Manila and other highly urbanized industrial
centers. With lahar-associated problem still very much in existence due to the
continuous demobilization of lahar sediments, continuing dredging and desilting
activities should likewise be implemented.
(b) The projected total accomplishment for the plan period 2001-2004 is about
1.4 million ha. Controlling the flow of rivers and the provision of drainage is the main
priority. With the generation of this additional area, the total area with flood control
and drainage facilities is about 1.70 million ha, or 87.57% of the total coverage in
hectares for river control and drainage by 2004. The total investment requirements for
the program are about 34.79 billion pesos.
(c) The priority flood control projects to be implemented are in the following areas: Agno,
Laoag, Lower Cagayan, Mt. Pinatubo Rehabilitation, Iloilo, Lower Agusan, Lower
Cotabato, West Mangahan, KAMANAVA (Kaloocan, Malabon, Navotas and Valenzuela),
and Pasig River in Metro Manila.
- 10 -
The table below presents the revised and updated medium-term infrastructure program of the
DPWH covering the period 1999-2004.
1999-2004 DPWH Medium-Term Infrastructure Program

(In Million Pesos, Current Prices)
Later
Projects 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Total
Years
National Roads 24,273 22,951 28,161 29,063 39,983 41,640 238,564 186,070
Arterial Roads 16,018 14,134 17,422 17,046 27,738 28,116 94,630 120,468
Secondary Roads 4,747 6,172 7,871 8,689 8,515 9,918 107,855 45,913
Urban Roads 3,505 2,645 2,868 3,328 3,735 3,606 36,079 19,690
Flood Control 4,384 4,791 6,089 8,285 9,641 10,773 66,160 43,963
Other Projects 581 2,147 458 719 905 1,950 - 6,760

Various Infra.
Incl. Local 606 14,999 1,720 8,430 8,430 11,864 - 46,050
Total 29,843 44,889 36,429 46,497 58,958 66,228 304,724 282,843

Note: *: Provincial Development Assistance allocated to every Congressional District.
Source: DPWH web-site
2.2 Flood Damages
The Philippines has always been subjected to constant disasters and calamities. The archipelago is
exposed to different types of natural hazards, such as typhoons, floods, tsunamis, landslides, mudflows,
droughts, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Destructive typhoons and monsoons come from the
ocean and seas surrounding the country.
There are about 421 principal river basins including 77 sub-basins of major rivers scattered all over the
Philippine archipelago. With an average number of 20 typhoons occurring every year, causing intense
rainfall, overflowing of waterways, inundation and deposition of sediment in the flood plain, extensive
flood damages often result. Monsoons also bring heavy rains that cause flooding. Flood-prone areas
are abundantly located in the eastern Mindanao, Northern Samar, Central Luzon and Bicol Region.
Approximately, there is an aggregate total of about 1,316,230 ha susceptible to flooding nationwide; of
which almost 423,000 ha or 32% are located in Central Luzon alone2. Inadequate drainage systems in
urban areas such as Metro Manila, makes them similarly susceptible to flood. High tides coinciding
with typhoons also intensify storm surges along the coastlines.
Generally, there are only a limited number of the major rivers in the affected regions that have enough
carrying capacity to accommodate excessive flow resulting from heavy rains. River meandering and
inundation due to overbank flows are two of the major river control and flood problems affecting almost
every river basin. These are attributed largely to:
● Partially implemented schemes;
● Poorly designed structures;
● Inadequate and silted waterways due to excessive sediment transport brought about by denuded
watersheds;
2
Source: Philippine Flood Control 1977, NWRC
- 11 -
● Sluggish network of tidal streams at the mouth of major rivers, and
● Encroachment on the flood plains.
The mitigation of flood damages thru various measures is essential in the process of economic
development and raising the people’s standards of living. Several local flood protection schemes have
been proposed in the past but few have reached fruition due to lack of funds for implementation.
However, considerable gains were made lately in the overall flood control program of the Department of
Public Works and Highways (DPWH). The DPWH is the agency responsible for the over-all conduct,
development and implementation of flood control plans and programs in the country. Out of 66.2 billion
pesos budgeted for basic infrastructure program of DPWH in 2004, about 10.8 billion pesos or 16% is
allotted to flood control including the foreign fund (Source: 1999-2004 Medium-Term DPWH
Infrastructure .Program)
2.2.1 Flood Conditions
Urban Flooding
Urban flooding usually takes a form of flash flooding, often occurring from localized heavy rainfall over
an urbanized area. As land is converted from fields to roads and cemented lots, it loses its ability to
absorb rainfall. Urbanization increases runoff 2 to 6 times over what would occur on natural terrain.
In most places in the country, during periods of urban flooding streets can become swift moving
waterways. Urban floodwaters overflow drainage channels and gather in low-lying areas first. This is
dangerous due to the proximity of the floodwaters to increased numbers of people and vehicles. In
urban centers, encroachments into natural waterways and drainage mains restrict the flow of surface
run-off, consequently concentrating floods of greater quantity in longer duration.
In Metro Manila, the recurring floods could possibly be due to the inadequate capacity of drainage
channels. Further, prompt maintenance and improvement programs are hindered by prevalent
construction of dwellings by informal settlers along the banks of waterways. The improper disposal of
garbage into waterways is also a major problem. Garbage diminishes the pumping capacity and
efficiency of existing pumping stations. Flood plains being converted into residential areas and utilized
as farmlands increase the flood risks even in rural areas.
Flash Flood
The tragic flash flood on November 5, 1991 that claimed human lives of almost 8,000 people in Ormoc
City, Leyte is a classic example of flash flood. Flash floods are local floods of great volume and short
duration. A flash flood generally results from a torrential rain or "cloudburst" on relatively small and
widely dispersed streams. Runoff from the intense rainfall results in high flood waves. Discharges
quickly reach a maximum and diminish almost as rapidly. Flood flows frequently contain large
concentrations of sediment and debris. Flash floods are particularly common in mountainous areas but
are a potential threat in any area where the terrain is steep, surface runoff rates are high, streams flow in
narrow canyons, and severe thunderstorms prevail.
Riverine Flood
Frequently experiencing typhoons, overbanking of the Agno River had caused damaging floods in the
Pangasinan Plain. It was estimated that a total area of 180,000 to 200,000 ha are prone to flooding in the
provinces of Pangasinan and Tarlac. The population in these areas is conservatively estimated at
700,000. In 1972, Agno River inundated almost its entire flood prone area with damages estimated at 2
billion pesos, making it the largest flood ever recorded (Source: Water and Flood, DPWH/JICA, 2004).
Riverine floods such as those in the Agno River are caused by rainfall over large areas. These floods
differ from flash floods in their extent and duration. Whereas flash floods are of short duration in small
- 12 -
streams, riverine floods take place in river systems whose tributaries may drain large geographic areas.
Floods on large river systems may continue for periods ranging from a few hours to days. The condition
of the ground (amount of soil moisture, seasonal variations in vegetation, imperviousness due to
urbanization, etc.) directly affects runoff.
Coastal Flooding
In most cases the most devastating flooding from rainfall is that associated with tropical cyclones.
Catastrophic flooding from rainfall is often aggravated by wind-induced surcharge along the coastline.
Rainfall intensity is high and the area of the storm is broad-based; these two factors together are capable
of producing extreme flood discharges.
Flood-producing rainfall can also be of extratropical or weather frontal character. It may alternatively
be the result of a large atmospheric depression with moisture-laden winds, moving from a marine
environment onto and over a landmass. Rainfall in these events is generally widespread and can be
heavy. Intensity can be high and is generally influenced by topographic relief. Coastal seawater
flooding is usually caused by a combination of circumstances that may include astronomical tides, storm
surges, or tsunamis.
Debris, Landslides, Mudflow, and Lahar Floods
The Mt. Pinatubo eruption in June 1991 brought the Philippines face-to-face with sediment flow at its
most vicious form: lahar, i.e. ashes and pyroclastic materials combined with runoff. Massive lahar flows
from the slopes of Mt. Pinatubo buried homes, infrastructures and entire towns. Some 250,000 families
were rendered homeless; bridges collapsed, while roads disappeared. Damage to agriculture was
overwhelming: destroying or burying crops and fruit-yielding trees. Some 77,000 ha of farmlands were
buried under one to 12 feet of volcanic debris. Official records indicate a total of 932 persons dead,
41,979 houses totally destroyed, and 70,257 houses severely damaged as a direct result of lahar
on-slaught. Total damage to infrastructure, agriculture, trade and industry and natural resources
immediately after the initial lahar flows was estimated at 10.4 billion pesos (Source: Water and Flood,
DPWH/JICA, 2004).
2.2.2 Flood Damages
From 1990 to 2003 alone, the Philippines experienced an average of 3.5 destructive typhoons per year
with damages costing up to 96.566 billon pesos mostly incurred from flood-damaged properties,
infrastructures and crops. The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, the world’s biggest in this century, devastated
an entire region. The eruption came at the heels of a destructive intensity 7.9 earthquake that originated
in Northern Luzon, severely affecting the economies of urbanized commercial centers in Central and
Northern Luzon.
From the damage figures of the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) and National Disaster Coordinating
Council (NDCC), the large number of typhoons that hit the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)
undoubtedly takes the heaviest toll on lives and properties. This strikes a heavy blow on the economy of
the Philippines, especially upon the agricultural sector. It is reported that an average of 900 persons are
killed and an estimated cost of approximately 8 billion pesos are lost due to typhoons and associated
flooding events.
The loss of human lives and damages to agricultural crops as well as private properties, and interruption
of business operations deplete the economic development and hinder the delivery of basic social services.
The flood damages are equivalent to 2% of the national budget and almost double the budgetary
allocation of the DPWH for flood control.
Despite the gains made in flood protection measures, the ever-growing flood problems and associated
flood damages persist as a result of partially implemented schemes and insufficient protection measures
- 13 -
to existing dikes and structures, which sometimes lead to dike breaks. The flood situation is being
aggravated by uncontrolled development in the floodplains, exploitation of basin watersheds,
sedimentation of waterways and reduction in wetlands storage areas due to rapid urbanization. Unless
development in the floodplains are controlled and managed properly, the annual flood damages due to
floods are anticipated to increase further. Table below lists the amount of flood damages incurred for
the last 24 years (1980-2003). See also Annex 1.
Recorded Annual Flood Damages

Population Affected Causalities House Damaged Damage
Year Value*
Families Persons Dead Missing Injured Totally Partially (million peso)
1980 248,164 1,666,498 36 4 55 16,510 51,101 1,472
1981 250,325 1,472,417 484 264 1,922 44,994 159,251 1,273
1982 266,476 1,569,017 337 223 347 84,027 97,485 1,754
1983 140,604 747,155 126 168 28 29,892 85,072 523
1984 741,510 4,048,805 1,979 4,426 732 310,646 313,391 416
1985 318,106 1,643,142 211 300 17 8,204 211,151 3
1986 287,240 1,524,301 171 43 155 3,162 14,595 1,838
1987 464,162 2,591,914 1,020 213 1,455 180,550 344,416 8,763
1988 1,173,994 6,081,572 429 195 468 134,344 585,732 8,675
1989 501,682 2,582,822 382 89 1,088 56,473 184,584 4,494
1990 1,265,652 6,661,474 676 262 1,392 223,535 636,742 11,713
1991 150,894 759,335 5,201 4,278 357 15,458 83,664 74
1992 418,964 2,097,693 145 95 51 3,472 8,342 7,359
1993 1,523,250 8,202,118 814 214 1,637 166,004 456,773 25,038
1994 670,078 3,306,783 266 54 260 58,869 226,291 3,401
1995 1,710,619 8,567,666 1,255 669 3,027 294,654 720,502 57,781
1996 260,581 1,254,989 124 49 97 2,690 17,557 10,109
1997 777,997 3,954,175 199 28 66 13,225 53,980 4,842
1998 1,590,905 7,197,953 498 116 873 137,020 406,438 17,823
1999 270,424 1,281,194 56 3 25 144 687 1,555
2000 1,426,965 6,852,826 338 59 370 24,573 195,536 7,217
2001 756,938 3,629,295 431 134 418 14,899 54,422 6,924
2002 538,600 3,546,469 169 33 71 2,980 15,947 829
2003 702,223 3,362,991 139 28 182 12,306 51,579 4,567
Total 16,456,353 84,602,604 15,486 11,947 15,093 1,838,631 4,975,238 188,443
* Total damages in infrastructure, agriculture and private properties.
CASUALTY BY FLOOD
Casualty
12,000
10,000
9,836
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Year
- 14 -
The following table summarizes the tropical cyclones, casualty and missing persons for which exceeded
100 in total. Annex A.2 details the number of casualties and damaged infrastructures by river basin
basis.
Destructive Tropical Disturbance and Corresponding Casualties
Tropical Disturbance Date of Occurrence Casualties

Dead Missing Injured
T Ruping Nov 10-14, 1990 508 246
TS Uring Nov 2-6, 1991 5,101 1,256 292
TD Ditang July 17-21, 1992 36 77
T Kadiang Sep 30-Oct 7, 1993 126 26 37
T Monang Dec 3-4, 1993 273 90 607
T Puring Dec 24-29, 1993 187 52 280
TS Mameng Sep 27 - Oct 1, 1995 116 126 49
TS Pepang Oct 26 -30, 1995 265 67 323
T Rosing Oct 31 - Nov 3, 1995 936 316 4,152
T Emang & TS Gading Sept 16-21, 1998 108 20
Loleng Oct 15-23, 1998 303 29 751
Reming Oct 26-Nov 1, 2000 114 10
T. Feria July 2-6, 2001 188 44 241
TY Nanang Nov. 6-10, 2001 236 88 169
T. Florita, Gloria
Hambalos, Inday June 28-July 14, 2002 85 4 45
T. Harurut July 19-21, 2003 64 2 154
Total 8,497 2,447 6,901
T: Typhoon, TS: Tropical Storm, TD: Tropical Depression
Source: Office of Civil Defense
2.3 Data and Information of Floods
2.3.1 Hydrological Data
The Study Team conducted the survey on condition of hydrological data collection. This survey aims to
analyze the status of hydrological data collection in the country. The results of which are presented
below.
(1) Inventory
Details of this inventory of hydrological data collection are shown in Annex 3
(a) Gauging Stations
The agencies involved in hydrological data collection are:

● Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA)
● Bureau of Research and Standards (BRS)
● National Irrigation Administration (NIA)
● National Power Corporation (NPC)
- 15 -
Agency Operational Abandoned Total Remarks
A. RAINFALL
PAGASA 181 165 346 Source: Station Profile, CDS-CAB,
PAGASA, January 2004 (Data as of
August 2002)
Synoptic 59 9 68
Climat/ 96 147 243 During the field survey, 2 climat
VSS/ stations were found abandoned
Cooperative/Rain contrary to the records of PAGASA.
Agromet 26 9 35 During the field survey, 2 agromet
stations were found abandoned
contrary to the records of PAGASA.
NIA 0 157 157 Source: NIA-PDD
NPC 0 69 69 Data were already turned over to
NWRB
B. STREAMFLOW
BRS 272 479 751 Source: Integration of published
streamflow records
NIA 1 178 179 Source: PDD-NIA
As shown in the table above, PAGASA has established a network of 346

hydro-meteorological stations, which are classified into synoptic, climatic and
agro-meteorological, for its weather studies and forecasting. At present, 181 are
operational stations; 59 of which are synoptic stations, 96 are climatic stations, and 26 are
agro-meteorological stations. Nine of the 165 closed stations are synoptic, 147 are
climatic stations, and nine are agro-meteorological stations.
BRS undertakes hydrological surveys and data collection. At present, 272 out of 751
streamflow gauging stations are operational, while the rest of the stations are already
closed.
NIA established 157 rainfall stations, which are now all closed, and 179 streamflow
gauging stations with only one at present operational. NIA’s provincial offices maintain
those stations. All collection of streamflow and rainfall data of NPC ceased completely in
1997.
(b) Available Records
PAGASA’s data are in spreadsheets and databases. These data include daily rainfall total
as well as monthly and annual summaries. For most of the stations, daily rainfall data are
available for the period from 1951 to 2002. There are 129 stations with more than 30
years of record. According to the NWRB, PAGASA has shared with NWIN their rainfall
records up to year 2000.
NWRB had already given BRS a database established by the National Water Data
Collection Network (NWDCN) and trained them on how-to-use it. In spite of this, data
are still encoded in spreadsheets in different files. BRS still has several years backlog in
data encoding for some stations. Streamflow data are available for the period from 1945
to 2002. As shown in the table below, 112 stations have more than 30 years of record.
NIA’s data are recorded in spreadsheets, which are partially stored in NWIN. Rainfall
data are available for the period from 1972 to 1997. Streamflow data are available for the
period from 1974 to 2004.
- 16 -
When NPC hydrological stations stopped operations in 1997, all records available were
turned over to NWRB. The data are now stored in NWIN databases in Microsoft SQL
2000 format. Rainfall data are available for the period from 1972 to 1996.
Inventory of Rainfall and Stream-flow Records
Length of Records
Agency Available Data
< 20 years 20 - 30 years > 30 years
A. RAINFALL
PAGASA 118 99 129
Synoptic 6 4 58 3-hourly, daily, monthly,
annual
Climat/ 96 81 66 Daily, monthly, annual
VSS/
Cooperative/Rain
Agromet 16 14 5 Daily, monthly, annual
NIA 156 1 0 Daily, monthly, annual
NPC 56 10 3 Daily, monthly, annual
B. STREAMFLOW
BRS 380 259 112 Daily, monthly, annual
NIA 175 4 0 Daily, monthly, annual
(c) Station Density
Rainfall observation represents point measurement. For an area rainfall to be

representative, it must be determined from an optimum number of rain gauge network.
The WMO Guide to Hydrometeorological Practices recommends at least one station for
every 600-900 km2 for flat regions; and at least one station for 100-200 km2 for
mountainous regions.
With the torrential nature of rains in the Philippines, the minimum rain gauge densities for
different topographic categories are as follows:
● Extensive flat plain areas: 1 station/400 km2
● Rolling/mountainous areas: 1 station/200 km2
● Islands at least 1,000 km2: 1 station/100 km2
Streamflow refers to river discharge measurement at a given gauging station. In

accordance with the WMO Guide to Hydro-meteorological Practices, the minimum
densities for different topographic categories are as follows:
● Flat region: 1 station/500 km2
● Mountainous region: 1 station/200 km2
In the two succeeding tables, the number of existing operational and total gauging stations
is shown, in which the number of stations compared to the drainage area may serve as an
indicator on the adequacy or inadequacy of the hydrologic network in the basin. Annex 4
shows the station density for other principal river basins.
- 17 -
For the major river basins, the densities of operational rain and stream-flow gauging
stations are only one station per 2,470 km2 and 913 km2, respectively. Some river basins
have no rain gauge or stream-flow gauging stations, as shown below.
Station Density of the Rain Gauge

Drainage Area Level Area* Operational Total
Rank River Basin 2 2
(km ) (km ) Number Density Number Density
1 Cagayan 25,649 3,546 8 3,206 19 1,350
2 Mindanao 23,169 5,132 2 11,585 9 2,574
3 Agusan 10,921 2,494 1 10,921 2 5,461
4 Pampanga 9,759 6,660 7 1,394 9 1,084
5 Agno 5,952 1,883 2 2,976 11 541
6 Abra 5,125 299 3 1,708 7 732
7 Pasig-Lagun 4,678 1,065 8 585 20 234
8 Bicol 3,771 549 4 943 8 471
9 Abulug 3,362 178 1 3,362 2 1,681
10 Tagum-Libu 3,064 504 0 - 0 -
11 Ilog-Hilaban 1,945 645 1 1,945 1 1,945
12 Panay 1,843 430 1 1,843 2 922
13 Tagaloan 1,704 173 2 852 9 189
14 Agus 1,645 166 0 - 0 -
15 Davao 1,623 164 0 - 0 -
16 Cagayan 1,521 86 1 1,521 2 761
17 Jalaud 1,503 301 2 752 2 752
18 Buayan-Mal 1,435 150 1 1,435 1 1,435
Total/Mean 108,669 24,425 44 2,470 104 1,045
*Level Area includes all level to nearly level lands with slopes ranging from 0 to 3%.
Station Density of the Streamflow Gauges

River Drainage Area Level Area* Operational Total
Rank
Basin (km2) (km2) Number Density Number Density
1 Cagayan 25,649 3,546 22 1,166 83 309
2 Mindanao 23,169 5,132 13 1,782 45 515
3 Agusan 10,921 2,494 6 1,820 10 1,092
4 Pampanga 9,759 6,660 15 651 68 144
5 Agno 5,952 1,883 7 850 24 248
6 Abra 5,125 299 2 2,563 8 641
7 Pasig-Lagun 4,678 1,065 20 234 45 104
8 Bicol 3,771 549 8 471 30 126
9 Abulug 3,362 178 1 3,362 1 3,362
10 Tagum-Libu 3,064 504 2 1,532 2 1,532
11 Ilog-Hilaban 1,945 645 4 486 11 177
12 Panay 1,843 430 6 307 9 205
13 Tagaloan 1,704 173 0 - 2 852
14 Agus 1,645 166 1 1,645 3 548
15 Davao 1,623 164 0 - 0 -
16 Cagayan 1,521 86 3 507 5 304
17 Jalaud 1,503 301 6 251 12 125
18 Buayan-Mal 1,435 150 3 478 8 179
Total/Mean 108,669 119 913 366 297
*Level Area includes all level to nearly level lands with slopes ranging from 0 to 3%.
- 18 -
(2) Data Collection
Hydrological data collection in hydrometeorological stations (synoptic, climat and agromet) and
river gauging stations established and maintained by PAGASA and DPWH-BRS are briefly
described below.
Synoptic Stations – Rainfall information from the synoptic stations are logged by 3-hourly
manual observation using 8-inch standard rain gauge and an automatic
rainfall recorder that has the rainfall data read every minute and
recorded in a strip chart. Observation parameters follow WMO
practices. All meteorological elements are observed and made at
fixed observation times and are transmitted to the Weather and Flood
Forecasting Center (WFFC).
Climat Stations – Rainfall information from climatic stations are done by manual
observation. Rainfall data generated by this type are daily average
rainfall.
Agromet Stations – Rainfall information from agromet stations are observed using 8-inch
standard rain gauge twice daily and an automatic rainfall recorder that
has the rainfall data read every minute and recorded in a strip chart.
Agromet stations also gather and provide simultaneous meteorological
and biological information. These stations are responsible for the
dissemination of agricultural meteorological advice, warning, forecast,
bulletin and other important information needed by farmers.
Streamflow Stations – Streamflow stations are classified into three types: manual, automatic
and modern automated/telemetered. Manual type of station is the
most common type that uses calibrated staff gage in water level
measurements. Instrument used in measuring water level are staff
gage, water level recorders and stilling wells. Hydrology Team of
DPWH Regional Office also conducts the monthly water quality and
discharge measurements in these stations. At present the Hydrology
Team uses current meter and float method in measuring velocity.
The standard procedure in acquiring, processing and transmitting hydrologic data (streamflow,
synoptic, agromet and climat) are presented in flow charts shown in Annex 4). The standard
procedure and general instruction to observers are presented in detail in the Manual of Water Data
Standards, Volumes 1-2 (NWRC, 1976). Volume 1 of this manual presents the development and
construction of rating curves.
The following table shows the activities shall be undertaken in the hydrological stations surveyed.
Details of Rainfall Stations Surveyed
ACTIVITY EQUIPMENT FREQUENCY PERSONNEL

1. Rain gauge 8-inch Standard Climat Sta. - 2 times/day Part-time Weather
measurement Rain Gauge (extra readings during Observation Aid
rainy season)
Synoptic Sta.- 3 hourly Chief Meteorological
reading Observer
Automatic Continuous reading
Rainfall Recorder recorded in a strip chart.
- 19 -
Details of Streamflow Stations Surveyed
ACTIVITY EQUIPMENT FREQUENCY PERSONNEL
1. Water level monitoring Staff Gage 3 times/day (extra reading Gage Keeper
during floods)
2. River discharge Current Meter Once a month DPWH-Regional Office,
measurement Hydrology Div.
3. Collection of water Once a month (with DPWH-Regional Office,
sample discharge measurement) Hydrology Div.
4. Conduct of river Once a year, during DPWH-Regional Office,
cross-section survey summer (or after a major Hydrology Div.
flood)
5. Establishment, As the need arises DPWH-Regional Office,
rehabilitation and Hydrology Div.
maintenance
6. Initial processing of 15 discharge DPWH-Regional Office,
streamflow data measurements or sufficient Hydrology Div.
measurements to represent
the whole range of water
levels.
(3) Budget
The fund allocated for observation, measurement, recording and reporting of atmospheric,
geophysical and astronomical data, including the operation and maintenance of surface and upper
air observation network of PAGASA-Field Operation Center is presented in the following table,
excluding expenses for agrometeorological stations. The Personnel Services cover the wages
for Chief Meteorological Observers (CMOs). The data in this table is taken from the Current
Operating Expenditures of General Appropriation Act of 2004.
ITEMS AMOUNT (pesos) PERCENTAGE (%)
A. Personal Services 72,648,000 88.60
B. Maintenance and Operating Expenses
1. Traveling 1,072,000 1.31
2. Repair/ Maintenance of Gov’t. Facilities 279,000 0.34
3. Repair/ Maintenance of Gov’t. Vehicles 110,000 0.13
4. Transportation 58,000 0.07
5. Supplies/ Materials 7,031,000 8.57
6. Training/ Seminar 60,000 0.07
7. Gasoline, Oil and Lubricants 599,000 0.73
8. Fidelity Bond/ Insurance 147,000 0.18
TOTAL 82,008,000 100
The total annual hydrology budget of BRS-DPWH for CY 2000 as provided in General
Appropriations Act is presented in the table below.
ITEMS AMOUNT (pesos) PERCENTAGE (%)
A. Wages of Gage keepers 2,896,000 53
B. Maintenance and Operating Expenses
1. Traveling 1,178,000 21
2. Supplies/ Materials 605,000 11
3. Repair Vehicles 289,000 5
4. Transport Services 47,000 1
5. Gas, Oil Lubricants 178,000 3
6. Other Services 341,000 6
TOTAL 5,534,000 100
- 20 -
(4) Field Investigations
Field investigations were conducted to further study the existing condition of hydrological data
collection in the field. Figure 2.8 shows the location map of surveyed gauging stations, while
Annex 6 shows the photo documentations of the said field investigations.
Stations Surveyed
Observers (CMOs/Gage Keepers) of 32 selected stations in NCR and neighboring provinces were
interviewed, as detailed in the following table.
AGENCY TYPE OF STATION NUMBER SURVEYED PERCENTAGE
PAGASA Synoptic 6 19
PAGASA Climatic 8 25
PAGASA Agromet 6 19
DPWH-BRS Streamflow 10 31
NIA Streamflow 2 6
TOTAL 32 100
Findings
The survey revealed some basic problems in hydrological data collection such as unavailability of
reliable inventory and information of established gauging stations, lack of coordination with other
agencies, and non-involvement of LGUs. The most common issues/concerns encountered are
listed below:
ACTIVITY ISSUES/CONCERNS
1. Data Collection - Low compensation and delay of payment for observers
- Failure to collect and read data during high floods
- Incomplete/inaccurate information filled in prescribed forms
- Insufficient supply of materials for observation & recording
- Standard procedures in measuring not being followed
- Inaccessible during heavy rains, unsafe trail going to the staff
gauge
- Lack of formal training to observers
- For river gauging, no standard practice in the replacement of
staff gages relative to flow direction
- Reluctant investment in hydrological data collection
2. Operation & Maintenance - Unavailability of new equipment
- No funds for maintenance and instrumentation in case of
breakage and lost
- No regular checking and verification of established stations
- Agency uninformed of unleveled instruments and change of
location
3. Data Processing - Delay of raw data transmission to Central Office
- Delayed rectification of erroneous data
- Variations in quality assurance procedures and standards
between different agencies
- Unreliable telecommunication systems
4. Data Banking - Unavailability of reliable inventory of gauging stations
- Outdated system for information management
- No comprehensive data submittal to NWIN due to funding and
institutional constraints of some participating system
5. Rating Curves - Discharge rating curves are mostly for low flows
- Available river cross-sections are limited
- 21 -
(5) Data Quality
The worth of rainfall data depends primarily on the instrument, its installation, site conditions and
operation by a responsible observer. Likewise, the production of reliable streamflow records is
dependent on the quality of basic measurements. Hence some observations on data quality are
made relative to the above survey findings.
Rainfall Data
Except for synoptic stations, which are operated and maintained by PAGASA personnel, climatic
stations, which are manned by part-time weather observation aide have not been visited by
PAGASA staff for the past few years due to inadequate funds for travel. Hence there is no
regular checking and verification of established climatic stations. The agency is sometimes
uninformed of unleveled instruments and changes of location of rain gauge.
It is essential for reliable rainfall analyses to have direct knowledge of a rain gauge station, and
authorities are recommended to keep a ‘history’ of each station. A well-documented up-to-date
history of a rain gauge station is invaluable in assessing the reliability of rainfall measurements
and is an important first step in quality control.
Before using or storing rainfall records, their validity is checked on receipt at the agency’s central
office based on certain procedure. However, it is up to the hydrologist using the data to do
station comparison and regional mapping to identify errors and anomalies.
Streamflow Data
Of first importance are the field observations whether they are made manually or automatically.
Observers must be very careful in reading the water level at the stage gauge and in recording
immediately the correct level and time. All instrumentation should be checked regularly with all
parts of the recorders, clockwork, mechanical or electronic, receiving routine maintenance and
testing for correct settings.
Since the river discharge is usually indirectly computed from current meter measurements, float
or slope area methods; and then extrapolated from the rating curve, it is necessary to use the data
providing alternative means of checking and verification of processed data.
Adjustment for errors or mistakes from instrumental and observational deficiencies may be made
by double mass analysis. The base station shall be either flow at one or more gauging stations,
that have not been moved, or average rainfall from a number of stations in the area.
(6) New Development
NWRB created in 1974 is mandated as the national agency for coordination of water-related data
and information collection and dissemination for effective water resources management.
The collection of water data in the Philippines has historically been the responsibility of many
agencies concerned with water resources development and management. For some agencies,
data collection is one of their primary responsibilities. Other agencies are basically development
or regulatory agencies whose data collection activity is only a secondary responsibility. The
data collected by each agency is usually limited to those, which are needed by the agency to carry
out its mandate. Access to the databases of the various agencies is inconvenient. Most of the
data has remained as unpublished reports in files.
The conventional way to make the data readily accessible is to have a central repository in
NWRB containing printed copies of all information from the various agencies. Data were
usually submitted to NWRB on a goodwill basis by other agencies, which, however, have little
- 22 -
incentive to do so. This situation made it difficult for NWRB to conduct comprehensive water
resources planning or to decide on water allocations and investments due to inadequate
information on supply, demand and use.
Therefore, NWRB is now implementing the National Water Information Network (NWIN),
which is being funded by the World Bank. The design and establishment of NWIN represents
one of the more recent efforts to address the need to rationalize the collection of water-related
data in the Philippines.
NWIN is a computer-based network system that electronically links the databases of the
collection agencies and providing easy access to user agencies. This is done via modems and
multi-node Wide Area Network (WAN). NWRB acts as the central database (or hub) to which
the various agencies are linked. Any updates made in the databases of the participating agencies
can be downloaded into the central database. The public may access to the data through Internet
by visiting the website of NWIN (www.nwin.nwrb.gov.ph).
With the establishment of NWIN, the GOP now hopes to see a common and solid technical
foundation for cooperation and coordination among the participating agencies, and a common
monitoring tool of the water sector for the implementation of medium and long-term development
of the country’s water resources. NWIN now links the nine agencies tabulated below:
1 NWRB - National Water Resources Board – the lead agency for NWIN
2 BRS - Bureau of Research and Standards, DPWH
3 EMB - Environmental Management Bureau, DENR
4 MGB - Mines and Geo-sciences Bureau, DENR
5 LWUA - Local Water Utilities Administration
6 NIA - National Irrigation Authority
7 NEDA - National Economic Development Authority
8 PAGASA - Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services
Administration, DOST
9 WSSPMO - Water Supply and Sanitation Program Management Office, DILG
The second batch of members, which is now being connected to NWIN are
1 DENR - Department of Environment and Natural Resources
2 FMB - Forest Management Bureau
3 BSWM - Bureau of Soils and Water Management, DA
4 ARBC - Agno River Basin Commission
5 LLDA - Laguna Lake Development Authority
6 NAMRIA - National Mapping and Resource Information Authority, DENR
7 PMO-MFCP - Major Flood Control Projects Project Management Office, DPWH
8 DOE - Department of Energy
The National Water Data Collection Network (NWDCN) of the World Bank-funded Water
Resources Development Project (WRDP) developed three databases listed below:
Database Main Beneficiary
Stream Flow BRS, DPWH
Groundwater MGB, DENR
Water Quality EMB, DENR
Because they are NWIN’s main data sources, these NWDCN databases are connected to NWIN.
- 23 -
(7) Assessments
Need for Capacity Building in Hydrological Data Collection
In spite of the wide recognition that such information is needed, the past two decades have seen
decline in the coverage and reliability of systems for the collection of hydrological data. To
counteract this trend,
● Strengthen the technical and institutional capacities of agencies to capture and process
hydrological data, and meet the needs of their end-users for information on the status and
trend of water resources;
● Conduct lectures, trainings and other capability building activities for gage keepers, CMOs
and weather observers;
● Develop data management capabilities;
● Strengthen and update observation networks; (1) Adopt modern data collection and
transmission technologies; (2) Establish a national network of observatories which provide
information of a consistent quality, transmitted in real-time to national and regional
databases, via the Global Telecommunication System; and
● Promote and facilitate the dissemination and use of water related information, using
modern IT such as the World Wide Web and CD-ROMs.
Sustainability of NWIN
NWIN participating agencies can organize themselves as a visible and effective group able to
convince donors, funding agencies and the government that it is necessary to operate efficient
information systems on water quality and quantity. Users of hydrological information should
also act as an external driving force to get the best possible services from hydrological data
collection agencies, and in particular for putting into practice the WMO resolution on free and
unrestricted exchange of essential hydrological data and products (Resolution 25 of WMO
Congress, Cg-XIII).
2.3.2 River Data
(1) General
Considering various characteristics of rivers, river channel improvement shall be planned and
designed based on not only geometrical shape but also kinetic motion of river channels (river
morphology). The following river data shall be surveyed, collected and made available for river
improvement planning:
River Channel River Flow & Water Geology Catchment
Level
1. Channel Network 1. Recorded Maximum 1. General Geology 1. Area
2. Alignment 2. Frequency of Floods 2. Geology along 2. Topography
River Channel
3. Longitudinal Profile 3. Annual Mean Flow 3. Riverbed 3. Vegetation Cover
Materials (Land Use)
4. Cross-section 4. Seasonal Variation 4. River Bank 4. Surface Soil
Materials
- 24 -
Among those river data, BRS is obliged to observe and collect the following in the survey of
hydrological stations:
Survey Item Frequency
1. Water level monitoring 3 times/day (extra reading during floods)
2. River discharge measurement Once a month
3. Conduct of river cross-section survey Once a year, during summer (or after major
flood)
4. Initial processing of streamflow data Fifteen discharge measurements or sufficient
measurements to represent the whole range of
water levels.
However, the survey has not been conducted by BRS in the recent years due to funding and
manpower constraints. The existing river data has been prepared only in studies and projects for
flood control works in major rivers.
(2) Classification of River Segment
Existing river channels have been formed by the interaction of water and sediment. During
large floods, floodwater not only overflows and brings about inundation to riverine areas, but also
causes serious damages related to sedimentation. These are bank erosion/collapse and riverbed
aggradations. Therefore, river improvement should be planned and designed to attain the
following objectives based on adequate analysis of the river characteristics.
● To carry out design flood water, which is allocated to the target river channel, and
● To protect the target river channel from scouring for flood discharges equal to and lower
than the design flood discharge.
According to the classification, each river segment is classified by riverbed gradient, which has
its own characteristics. These characteristics pertain to the riverbed material, tractive force of
flow during flood, river width and water depth during ordinary flood, etc. In the same segment, if
the roughness and/or sand bar conditions are almost the same, the velocity of flow and
phenomena of scouring will also be almost in the same range. It is very useful in doing river
planning and design of river structures, if the river segment of target stretch for improvement is
known. Availability of past plan and design of structures in the same segment are useful
references. A river system is classified into several segments as shown in this table. This
classification table is further explained in the “Study for the Preparation of Flood Control
Manual for Department of Public Works and Highways Technical Standards and Guidelines
(DPWH, 2003)”.
Longitudinal profile of the river gradually becomes gentle from the upstream towards the
downstream. It has been observed the friction action of the riverbed materials makes them
smaller. The riverbed materials such as gravel disappear at certain area, and the rough sand
appears. There is no tractive force to move the gravel in the downstream at that point where the
riverbed gradient is gentle, and gravel accumulates in the upstream. Moreover, the fine
sediments, which are produced from the mountain area and flows downstream, do not remain so
much in the upstream area.
The safety of river structure against scouring phenomena depends upon the river characteristics
by segment. The main factor of external forces that destroy the dikes and banks is flow velocity.
This flow velocity depends upon the river alignment, longitudinal and cross section profiles and
types of riverbed materials. The countermeasure required to overcome this external force is by
changing/adjusting the riverbed gradient. Thus, when the river improvement plan is discussed,
the classification of each river segment should be recognized primarily.
- 25 -
(3) River Segment of Rivers in the Philippines
The table below listed the rivers in the Philippines, for which cross sectional survey and
longitudinal profile were conducted in previous studies. In the Study for the Preparation of
Flood Control Manual for Department of Public Works and Highways Technical Standards and
Guidelines (DPWH, 2003), the river segments of each river were analyzed based on the slope.
The bed material size distributions for Cagayan, Pasig-Potrero and Tarlac River basins were also
shown in this study.
Rivers in the Philippines with Cross Sectional and Longitudinal Profile

Rivers Major River Rivers Principal River Rivers River Basin/City
Cagayan Cagayan Laoag-Bongo Laoag Iloilo R Iloilo/Iloilo
Agno Agno Cura Labogaon Laoag Mandurriao R Mandurriao/Iloilo
Pampanga Pampanga Madongan Laoag Tigum R Tigum/Iloilo
Pasig-Potrero Pampanga Papa Laoag Bulacao R Bulacao/Cebu
Tarlac Agno Solsona Laoag Guadalupe R Guadalupe/Cebu
Timbu Pampanga Aganan Jaro-Aganan Kinalumsan R Kinalumsan/Cebu
Marikina Pasig-Laguna Jaro Jaro-Aganan Lahug R Lahug/Cebu
Pasig Pasig-Laguna Subang Daku Subang Daku/Cebu
Panay Panay Anilao R Anilao/Ormoc
Agusan Agusan Malbasag R Malbasag/Ormoc
Cotabato Mindanao
Most Philippine rivers flow from mountain headwaters towards the sea. The aforementioned
major river basins have river delta ranging from 50 to 280 km. In comparison with rivers in other
parts of the world, most major Philippine Rivers are short and steep with channel gradients
ranging from 0.40% to 0.70%. However, the two largest rivers in the Philippines – Cagayan and
Cotabato Rivers, have channel gradients of 0.08% and 0.13% respectively, according to Water
and Floods (DPWH, 2004).
2.3.3 Flood Data
Flood data are basic information for the planning and development of flood control projects. Better data
are required for better project decisions. However, they are rarely adequate in this country. Deficient
flood data may result in the danger of under- or over-designed flood control structures. Despite
deficiencies, adequate analysis and utilization of available data are necessary for planning and developing
flood control projects. Methods of analyzing flood data are variously described in many literatures.
Many tools are available for flood analysis, including recorder graphs, hydrographs, probability curves,
and various methods of frequency and correlation analysis. When hydrologic data are unavailable at the
project site, indirect determinations may be employed.
The principal kinds of hydrological data required for flood control projects include rainfall (depth,
intensity, duration, aerial distribution, and maximum probable precipitation); river stage (peak stages,
stage hydrograph during floods, flood-wave profiles along the stream and tributaries); discharge (peak
rates, frequencies, hydrographs); and sediment (rate of suspended and bed-load transportation).
The main publications of streamflow and flood information in the Philippines are the following:
● Water Supply Bulletin Nos. 1-12, Surface Water Supply of the Philippines, 1945-1969, Bureau of
Public Works (BPW)
● Surface Water Records Nos. 13-15, Philippines Water Data 1970-1972, National Water Resources
Council (NWRC)
● Philippine Water Resources Summary Data, 1980, NWRC
- 26 -
● Streamflow Data 1980-2000, Bureau of Research and Standards, DPWH
The informally recorded information may be found in newspapers. Less reliable, but vital, information
may be obtained from field observations, such as flood marks on trees and buildings, and from people
who have lived for a long time in the project area.
Another form of flood data is the flood inundation map which is available only in major river basins
where comprehensive planning for flood control has been undertaken.
- 27 -
CHAPTER 3. POLICY AND DIRECTION
3.1 Flood Control in the National Development Plan
Several national development plans were prepared to orient the policy and direction for economic and
infrastructure development including flood control in the Philippines. Selected among them are
Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2001-2004, Medium-Term DPWH Infrastructure
Development Plan 2001-2004 and National Framework for Physical Planning 2001-2004. As well some
national or international organizations have been developing programs to show the direction of Water
Resources Development, Flood Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM),
which is briefed in this section.
3.1.1 Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2001 – 2004 (MTPDP 2001-2004)3
Description on Flood Control in the MTPDP 2001-2004, accelerating the infrastructure development as
“Flood Control and Drainage” or one of components of water resources sector, is excerpted as follows:
(1) Assessment of Flood Control and Drainage
While flooding has been reduced in many parts of the country, it is still a major concern together
with erosion and sediment control due to the following: (a) deterioration of some rivers and
streams in flood plains and delta areas due to encroachment on their natural channels,
indiscriminate mining operations and deforestation of watershed areas; (b) in urban areas,
encroachment of the waterways and river channels by squatters and private landowners,
indiscriminate garbage dumping and rapid urbanization which cause frequent flooding as a result
of increase of runoff; and (c) deficiencies in technical standards and regulations, organization and
budget for continuous O&M, rehabilitation and improvement of existing facilities and natural
channels.
(2) Policy Framework
(a) General on Water Resources Sector
Water resources planning is based on the following principles: (a) water is a limited
resource that must be conserved and managed efficiently; and (b) water has an economic
value in all its competing uses and shall be treated as an economic good, thus, capacity and
willingness-to-pay must be taken into consideration in pricing water.
Sustainable development and management of water resources through appropriate policy

and legal reforms, particularly in resource exploitation, allocation, prioritization,
optimization, protection and conservation shall be pursued. Accordingly, the promotion
of an integrated approach that will link social and economic development with
environmental concerns shall be emphasized. The government shall support the creation
of river basin and watershed authorities to effect integrated water resources management
(IWRM). Each basin authority shall develop a master plan for their respective area.
Further, forest protection efforts including reforestation activities shall be strengthened
through community-based projects.
Policies shall be implemented through decentralized operations within a national

framework cognizant of the policy of devolution and community-based approaches in
3
NEDA is preparing a Medium Term Development Plan for 2005 – 2010 that emphasized promoting IWRM for
Water Resources Sector.
- 28 -
water management. This will address the need for capacity building and training in the
local levels in development planning, operation, and maintenance.
Private sector participation in all aspects of water resources management, utilization and
development shall be continued. Towards this end, promotion of market-based incentives
to rationalize water utilization will be pursued. Furthermore, incentive programs for
private sector investments on all water resources development initiatives will be provided.
In the assessment of water resources, a coordinated basic water data collection system for
efficient and effective flow of information shall be rationalized and institutionalized.
Priority shall be given to research and development on applicable and appropriate
technologies for groundwater assessment and water conservation, sanitation and pollution
control both in concession areas and resource/watershed sites. The government shall
support the strengthening of existing and efficiently operating river/lake basin authorities.
(c) Flood Control and Drainage
The objective under the flood control sub sector is to promote economic development and
poverty reduction through the implementation of several flood control projects.
In the mitigation of flood damages, two methods are employed, namely: structural and
non-structural. Structural measures in rural areas are dikes, levees, cut-off channels,
diversion floodways, training levees and bank protection. Structural measures in urban
areas are river wall revetment, drainage mains and pumping stations. O&M, rehabilitation
and improvement of the facilities mentioned are also considered as structural measures.
Non-structural measures are flood forecasting and warning system, flood zoning,
reforestation, floodplain management and river management. Expeditious implementation
of sabo projects and sourcing of technical assistance in implementing forecasting/warning
system will be pursued in cooperation with concerned agencies and local government units.
Gender concerns will be integrated specifically in project development and management

activities. Women’s participation therein will be encouraged accordingly.
Reduction/minimization of liquid wastes generation will be implemented at source. The

efficiency and effectiveness of transfer and transport system from source to processing of
liquid waste will be improved.
(3) Strategies
(a) General on Water Resources

● Pursue the strengthening/creation of an independent regulatory authority;
● Implement capability building programs;
● Strengthen water data collection activities;
● Adopt a holistic approach in water resources development;
● Implement adequate erosion and sediment control programs (sabo works) in river basins,
mountains and volcanic areas;
● Pursue economic pricing of raw water to ensure sustainability of the quantity and
quality aspects of raw water sources;
● Safeguard the quality of water at all times;
● Pursue the preservation of the environment, particularly the maintenance and
development of watershed areas; and
- 29 -
● Prioritize the Water Resources Management Act, which provides for a comprehensive
water resources management to address the national water crisis, and for other
purposes.
(b) Flood Control and Drainage including Sabo
The policies and strategies for flood control, drainage and sabo are:
● Mitigate flooding to tolerable levels in Metro Manila and major river basins with the
additional construction/installation of flood control facilities such as dikes, river walls,
levees, cut-off channels, diversion floodways and revetments and installation of
pumping stations, dredging and related works in all flood prone areas that need
protection as determined under the national land use plan. To this end, pursue the
Flood Control Act which provides for a flood control mechanism;
● Strengthen the Flood Control and Sabo Engineering Center to conduct basic and
applied research and development, human resource development, feasibility studies and
preliminary engineering;
● Conduct comprehensive floodplain management strategy with the installation of flood
forecasting and warning systems in all major river basins;
● Pursue proper O & M of flood control and drainage facilities including an effective
garbage collection and disposal, Bantay Estero/Ilog Brigades and regulation/rules in
coordination with other concerned government agencies and LGUs;
● Coordinate the development of flood control projects with the implementation of water
resources development projects;
● Relocate and prevent informal settlers living along the banks of rivers/esteros/creeks;
● Implement sabo projects for the prevention/mitigation of sediment-related disasters,
debris and lahar flow/landslide;
● Study and formulate guidelines leading to sustainable development/land use in
sediment-related disaster-prone areas. In relation, the Erosion and Sediment
Movement Management Act providing for a comprehensive erosion and sediment
movement management will be promoted to address the national problems on
sedimentation;
● Implement comprehensive measures consisting of construction, warning/ evacuation,
livelihood programs in coordination with concerned agencies and LGUs; and
● Legislate an act creating a National Commission on Flood Control and Drainage
Research and Development.
3.1.2 Medium-Term DPWH Infrastructure Development Plan 2001 – 2004
(1) Overall Objectives
In addressing these developmental concerns, the DPWH through its Medium-Term Infrastructure
Program seeks to provide the physical foundation needed to support the government through
sustained growth and reduced poverty under an institutional and policy environment that is fair
and transparent and provide a level competitive playing field for the transport and service
providers.
Specifically the Medium-Term DPWH Infrastructure Challenges are the following:

● Provide the primary needs of the population such as reliable and adequate highway network
for mobility and flood control for health and production;
- 30 -
● Improve the quality of maintenance to preserve existing asset;
● Speedy clearing of the ROW for flood control projects specially of squatters, with due
consideration to the total costs to society of delays and the special needs of poor
households that may be displaced; and
● Focus on road infrastructure that would cater on the development efforts t5o support 1)
agricultural modernization, 2) peace and order, 3) tourism, 4) traffic decongestion and
5) IGT.
Overall Policies and Strategies

● Focus the transportation strategy on well-defined complementary roles of the government
and private sectors;
● Improve the quality of existing infrastructure through proper and preventive maintenance in
order to prolong the useful life of the road network at minimum cost;
● Institutional restructuring to separate regulation from operation;
● Inter-modal transport system for efficient traffic flow;
● Prioritize maintenance, then rehabilitation, improvement, and construction;
● Focus on roads leading to regional growth centers and in less developed areas, with special
attention Mindanao; and
● Local roads to complement national roads through Integrated Area Development
Appropriation.
(2) Objectives for Flood Control and Drainage
To support the economic development, poverty reduction and land use improvement of the
country, the flood control and sabo program will give priority to the major river basins identified
by the National Water Resource Board, and other principal river basins which require urgent
measures to avoid extensive loss of lives and properties.
(3) Policies and Strategies of Flood Control and Drainage

● Pursue comprehensive planning of prioritized major and principal river basins;
● Identify inundation areas in major and principal river basins and rationalize prioritization of
river segment protection;
● Provide adequate flood control and drainage facilities in all flood/sediments disaster prone
areas to mitigate flooding within tolerable levels;
● Strengthen the Flood Control and Sabo Engineering Center (FCSEC) to conduct basic and
applied research and development feasibility studies, serve as an information center, and
implementation sabo engineering programs;
● Establish database on river information (i.e., flood prone area, sediment-risk area,
socio-economic data, etc.) including existing flood control, drainage and sabo structures;
● Pursue non-structure measures to mitigate floods, such as flood forecasting, warning and
monitoring system, evacuation plan, hazard mapping and reforestation;
● Implement adequate erosion and sediment control programs (sabo works) in sediment
disaster-prone areas; and
● Keep optimum conveyance capacities of river channels, floodways, drainage canals, esteros,
etc. through riverbank protection, dredging/desilting, observance or river easements,
efficient management in coordination with LGUs.
- 31 -
3.1.3 National Framework for Physical Planning 2001 – 2030
Land Use Committee has promulgated National Framework for Physical Planning (NFPP) 2001 – 2030 to
guide effective land use planning with guidelines for infrastructure development including an item as
“Protection and Disaster Mitigation” that is excerpted in the followings:
(1) Vision and Principles
The vision of national development is anchored on sustainable development and growth with
social equity. It is development that will be sustainable for all generations of Filipinos, such that
the use of the country’s land and other physical resources yields the greatest economic benefit to
both the present and future generations. To achieve the national vision, land use, physical and
related planning activities shall proceed within the context of the principles that support the
allocation, and use of land and water resources with due regard to their sustainability. These
principles include:
● Food security;
● Environmental stability and ecological integrity;
● Rational urban development;
● Spatial integration;
● Equitable access to physical and natural resources;
● Private-public sector partnership;
● People empowerment;
● Recognition of the rights of indigenous people; and
● Market orientation.
(2) Land Use Policy Guidelines for Infrastructure Development
The role of infrastructure in national development is to provide the built-up environment that
allows production, consumption, and service activities to take place. Infrastructure is the
physical entity that enables economic processes, supports and guides urban and rural
development, integrates the various communities of the archipelago into the Philippine nation,
and links the country to the global community. In this manner, the state of infrastructure,
including the way it enhances and complements the natural environment, provides a physical
measure of national and local development and, ultimately, of the quality of life.
Infrastructure is the common, physical link among the production, protection, and the settlements
components of the NFPP. Infrastructure development in the NFPP covers five subsectors:
transportation, communications, energy, water resources, and social infrastructure. Its basic
concerns are the provision of basic services, fostering economic and other forms of integration
necessary for producing or obtaining the material requirements of Filipinos, and the development
of an efficient, responsive, safe, and ecologically friendly built environment. The major
planning concerns and corresponding policy guidelines in infrastructure development are:
(a) Strategic Role of Infrastructure

● Prioritize and implement infrastructure projects that support the policy of national
dispersal through regional concentration;
● Promote inter-modal transportation systems, taking into account compatibility,
economic feasibility, comparative advantage and linkages of desired transportation
modes to facilitate smooth transfer of people and goods between designated transfer
points;
- 32 -
● Prioritize and implement infrastructure projects that allow increased access to basic
social and other development services while catering to the productive sectors and
market-based industry putting the entire population into the mainstream of sustainable
development;
● Ensure compatibility of infrastructure with local land use and development plans,
giving priority to projects with the most strategic impacts; and
● Protect infrastructure right-of-way.
(b) Protection and Disaster Mitigation
(i) Compatibility with NIPAS and other production areas
Infrastructure facilities can have a double-edged impact on local and regional

development objectives. They are indispensable elements to urban and economic
growth but they can also cause or encourage environmental degradation and threaten
protected areas. Infrastructure can expose previously inaccessible areas to intensive
and unsustainable activities and, by the nature of the infrastructure facility itself, cause
environmental damage. These can be avoided by the following:
● Avoid unnecessary encroachment into NIPAS and other protection areas;
provide only required capacities; minimize extensive alignments; provide slope
and erosion protection measures and buffer areas; and utilize environmentally-
sensitive construction methods and technologies;
● Adopt river basin management concept in infrastructure planning to ensure
upstream and downstream compatibility;
● Conserve and develop water resources in areas where existing supply is
constrained and protect against saline water intrusion in aquifers, groundwater
contamination, and ground subsidence;
● Mitigate hazardous impacts of infrastructure projects by strict compliance with
environmental rules and regulations particularly in the implementation of
environmentally-critical infrastructure projects; and
● Require urban infrastructure projects to include properly designed and integrated
landscaping components. This is especially relevant in built-up areas where
major infrastructure projects are dominant visual elements that can compromise
urban aesthetics and contribute to the degradation of the urban landscape.
While the negative impacts of infrastructure projects on protection areas should be
prevented, established infrastructure projects also need to be protected from
encroachment settlements and other activities that threaten their operational efficiency.
Many infrastructure projects represent large investments that are difficult to replace
and require extensive funding commitments. Such protection of infrastructure
projects can be achieved by integrating them into local development and land use
plans – by providing appropriate buffer areas, for example – and involving local
(public and private sector) participation in monitoring enforcement activities.
(ii) Incorporate disaster mitigation principles in infrastructure development.
In addition to avoiding unnecessary encroachment into NIPAS and other protection

areas, additional planning considerations are needed to incorporate disaster mitigation
principles in infrastructure planning. These include:
● Designing infrastructure facilities according to specific hazard risk assessments;
- 33 -
● Building backup capabilities and alternative routes into infrastructure facilities,
where appropriate, to ensure life support systems and services (fire-fighting
services, access to medical services, power and water supply, transportation, and
telecommunication) in the event of a disaster; and
● Intensifying or introducing disaster mitigation disaster mitigation measures in
road projects, for instance, designing roads with slope protection, while at the
same time emphasizing the need to adopt non-structural or non-engineering
measures, such as warning system and controlled zoning. The use of
non-structural measures also intends to reduce the need for large infrastructure
investments. The adoption of non-traditional measures such as terracing rock
sheds is also encouraged.
(c) Local and Private Sector Participation
Promote local and private sector participation in infrastructure planning and

implementation.
Local and private sector participation in the planning and implementation of infrastructure
projects should be encouraged. Lack of such participation has led to increased project
costs, wasted resources, and protracted delays in project implementation. Sufficient
participation, on the other hand, can lead to better design (through primary source
identification and confirmation of project objectives), facilitate construction, and improve
maintenance by fostering a degree of ownership among concerned local communities.
Sharing of capital costs and maintenance responsibilities between the LGUs and the private
sector should also be encouraged.
3.1.4 Integrated Water Resources Management
(1) World Summit on Sustainable Development
The Plan of Implementation adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)
in Johannesburg in 2002 called for countries to “develop Integrated Water Resources
Management and Water Efficiency Plans by 2005”. These “plans” are in fact milestones in cyclic
and long-term national water strategy processes.
(2) World Water Forum
Along this line, the Third World Water Forum held in Kyoto, Japan, March 2003, has maintained
discussion on IWRM in the sessions and reported by raising three key issues (details are referred
to Table 3.1), as (1) IWRM shall address both the management of water as a resource and the
framework for provision of water services to all categories of users, (2) Basin (river, lake or
groundwater) must be recognized as the basic unit for planning and management, and (3) a firm
societal commitment and proper public participation must be pursued.
The Fourth World Water Forum is scheduled to hold in Mexico, March 2006, and to announce
IWRM as one of four Framework Themes, which are shown as follows (details are referred to
Table 3.2):
● Providing water supply and sanitation services and infrastructure;
● Feeding the world while maintaining ecosystems;
● Revisiting Integrated Water Resource Management; and
● Interlinking water with other policy sectors for environmental sustainability.
- 34 -
(3) National Water Forum 2004
National Water Forum 2004 was held on March 22, 2004 in Manila to present and discuss the
recent water issues and to hold the signing ceremony on Clean Water Act in Malacañang. The
National Water Forum was originally the National Water Conference and led by the National
Economic Development Authority (NEDA), which was then proposed to hold in 2002.
The holding of the Forum at this time was part of the directive to the 3rd World Water Forum
meeting in Kyoto, Japan in March 22 – 24, 2003 and a manifestation to the 3rd World Water
Forum declaration. The Forum is in consonance with the Ministerial Declaration during the 1st
Ministerial Meeting on Managing Water Resources at the First Southeast Asia Water Forum held
in Chiang Mai, Thailand on 21 November 2003, espousing among others the implementation of
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), basin approach, taking into consideration the
critical role of water resources in the country’s socio-economic development.
NWRB’s role as the lead convener of the Forum is in light of its reconstitution per Executive No.
123 series of 2002. National Water Conference was then renamed as the National Water Forum
to be held on March 22, 2004 to coincide with the celebration of World Water Day.
In this Forum the following recommendations to water related disasters and risk management
were submitted.
● Intensify reforestation, forest protection and other watershed protection activities;
● Adopt philosophy of flood management in place of flood control;
● Enhance comprehensive land use planning LGUs;
● Push for the full implementation of solid wasted management plans under the Ecological
Solid Waste Management Acts; and
● Conduct public awareness program and more research on disaster preparedness and
mitigation.
OCD submitted recommendations to flood control are summarized and shown as follows;
● Adopt the revised master plan for forestry development recently completed by the Forest
Management Bureau of the DENR;
● Undertake forestation and terracing or contour farming in hilly lands. Conversion of
certain areas into forests to stem erosion and regain lost forestlands and watersheds;
● Adopt the philosophy of Flood Management in place of flood control, as part of IWRM.
Flood management must be considered as part of IWRM because there are beneficial uses
of floods such as in sustaining natural system;
● Include proper drainage and erosion control components in all roads and other public works
particularly in hilly areas. This applies not only to national roads but also local roads and
other public works;
● Restore the original width and channel capacity of rivers to allow them to convey flood
discharge to the sea;
● Construct flood mitigation reservoirs and flood channels wherever appropriate to capture
runoff and recharge groundwater aquifers;
● National government agencies should provide necessary technical assistance to LGUs in
considering geophysical hazards and protection of water and other natural resources in the
preparation of their comprehensive land use plans. Land-use regulations and zoning
ordinances should consider the capacity of communities to accommodate the population so
that people do not encroach into hazardous areas or in areas used for flood control;
- 35 -
● Secure multi-stakeholder consensus on and early passage of the pending National Land Use
Act;
● Accelerate implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 with the
cooperation of the LGUs;
● Disaster preparedness, monitoring and mitigation: It is important that flood forecasting
and early warning systems are properly maintained. These become especially important
as communities continue to settle and grow in flood-prone areas;
● Public awareness and information campaign on possible water-related disasters as well as
corresponding mitigation measures should be more intensely conducted through the printed
material, radio and television;
● The efficiency of flood control strategies cannot be properly evaluated without a
monitoring system. The duration and magnitude of every flood event should be mapped
at the local and regional level by local government units and/or national government
agencies. Flood mapping can aid in pinpointing local causes of flooding; and
● More research on water-related hazards should be conducted and flood forecasting methods
and early warning systems should be further developed. The information-sharing system
among government agencies involved in the generation and collection of information on
weather and other natural phenomena that can induce water-related disasters should be
further enhanced.
(4) Global Water Partnership (GWP)4
Global Water Partnership (GWP) Technical Committee (TEC) prepared ‘Guidance in Preparing a
National Integrated Water Resources Management and Efficient Plan’ to provide practical advice
on implementing the WSSD Plan of Implementation 2005 directive ‒ explaining IWRM
approaches in practical terms and outlining what needs to be done to prepare plans. It addresses
in a practical, implementation-oriented way some of the constraints that countries may experience
in preparing plans. It puts special emphasis on demystifying concepts, identifying the essential
elements that need to be addressed as part of the process of change, and providing practical ideas
on how to deal with typical issues that arise in the preparation of plans.
Some of tools provided in this guidance are shown as follows;
(a) Preparing a Plan-the Technical Content
Clearly, the technical content of a Plan will be entirely context-driven, responding directly
to the specific water demand and supply characteristics of each country as well as its
politics, history, culture, and ecology. As noted earlier, a Plan should provide a road map
for changing from current fragmented ways of water resources planning, development,
management and use to an integrated approach. It should therefore contain at least three
parts: 1) Current approaches and 2) Desired future approaches to water resources planning,
development, management and use and 3) The transition plan to change from current to
future approaches, involving the updating of existing approaches to bring them in line with
the desired new approach.
(b) Checklist of issues that might be addressed in an IWRM plan

● Interfaces between macro-economic and water resource decision making:
● Efficiency of water infrastructure;
4 Drawn from Falkenmark, Malin, Water Management and Ecosystems: Living with Change , TEC Background
Paper No. 9, Global Water Partnership
- 36 -
● Mitigation of the effects of floods and droughts and other extreme water-related events;
● Non-conventional water resources and conservation technologies;
● Water quality and broader environmental issues;
● Data collection systems, and access to information by users;
● Policy instruments and the legal and regulatory framework;
● The role of the state and the potential for public private partnerships;
● Processes for reconciling water quantity and quality need of all water users;
● Mechanisms for consultation and public participation;
● Water allocation systems;
● The roles of women in the provision, management and safeguarding of water;
● Capacity building;
● Management agencies (including river basin organizations); and
● Mechanisms to achieve financial sustainability.
(c) Practical approaches to balance human activities and ecosystem protection
Three key directions have to be incorporated in the emerging management system

(secure-avoid-foresee): securing water-related services to the population, avoiding
ecosystem degradation, and foreseeing changes and variability. Adequate attention has to
be paid to the fact that water is deeply involved from many different perspectives through
its many parallel functions:
● As societal support: health, socio-economic production, food/timber production, and
energy production;
● In ecological services, both in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems;
● In environmental threats from floods, droughts, diseases; and
● In its function as a silent destroyer through its two lift up/ carry away functions
(erosion/sedimentation and solute transport).
(d) International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) and UNDP are developing a
framework for understanding, guiding and monitoring disaster risk reduction at all levels
(refer to Table 3.3). The framework is composed of five thematic areas: (1) Political
Commitment and Institutional Aspects, (2) Risk Identification, (3) Knowledge
Management, (4) Risk Management Applications and (5) Preparedness and Emergency.
In the framework, building and strengthening of community-based risk management and
reduction are focused through information and educational activities over the affected
and/or to be affected communities.
3.2 Budgeting System for Flood Control Works
3.2.1 General Appropriation
On the basis of MTPDP the national agencies prepare the Medium-Term Public Investment Program
(MTPIP), in which the agencies provide all projects and programs to be implemented within the
medium-term (six years). Until the annual budget execution/implementation, it may take a year starting
in January (Budgeting timetable is shown in Table 3.4).
- 37 -
(1) General Appropriation of DPWH
The general appropriations bill is categorized into three references, they are first, second and third.
Further, each reference is itemized with Programs and Projects. For the budget of 2003, a total
of 42 billion pesos is allocated to the DPWH. The detailed percentage of allocations for the
respective programs and projects are shown in table below:
P r o je c ts a n d P r o g r a m s R a tio
F IR S T P R E F E R E N C E 7 4 .1 %
A PROGRAMS
I G e n e r a l A d m in is tr a tio n a n d S u p p o r t S e r v ic e s 1 .3 %
II S u p p o r t to O p e r a tio n 1 .6 %
III O p e r a tio n 1 4 .2 %
B P R O JE C T S
I L o c a lly F u n d e d P r o je c t( s ) 5 7 .0 %
a . N a tio n a l A r te r ia l, S e c o n d a r y & L o c a l R o a d s a n d B r id g e s 2 0 .7 %
b F lo o d C o n tr o l a n d D r a in a g e P r o je c ts 1 .8 %
c V a r io u s In f r a s tr u c tu r e s in c lu d in g L o c a l P r o je c ts 2 7 .1 %
d P r e lim in a r y /D e ta ile d E n g in e e r in g 0 .6 %
e N a tio n a l B u ild in g s 0 .2 %
O th e r N a tio n a l P u b lic W o r k s /L o c a l In f r a s tr u c tu r e
f 6 .5 %
P r o je c ts
g A c c e s s ib ility F a c ilitie s f o r D is a b le d P e r s o n s 0 .1 %
h In f r a s tr u c tu r e S u p p o r t to G e n d e r a n d D e v e lo p m e n t 0 .0 %
SECO ND PREFERENCE 2 5 .9 %
A PROGRAMS
I G e n e r a l A d m in is ta tio n a n d S u p p o r t 0 .1 %
II S u p p o r t to O p e r a tio n 0 .1 %
III O p e r a tio n s 3 .1 %
B P R O JE C T S
II F o r e ig n A s s is te d P r o je c t( s ) 2 2 .6 %
a H ig h w a y s ( R o a d s a n d B r id g e s ) P r o je c ts 1 7 .6 %
b F lo o d C o n tr o l P r o je c ts 5 .0 %
In the Locally Funded Projects, the biggest allocation is Various Infrastructures including Local
Projects, which is a lump-sum budget to be allocated to the Representatives (Congressman and
Senator) so called as “Pork Barrel” (Priority Development Assistant Fund = PDAF, previously
Countrywide Development Fund = CDF) accounting for 27.1% of total budget. Flood Control
and Drainage Projects shares only 1.8% of total and 3.2% of Locally Funded Projects, while
National Roads and Bridges occupies 20.7% of total and 36.3% of Locally Funded Projects.
The ratio of foreign loan in the 2003 budget of the DPWH is estimated at 22.6%, out of which
Flood Control Projects is 22.1% and Highways Projects is 77.9%.
(2) Locally Funded Flood Control Projects
In the general appropriation, the budget for flood control projects, which were locally funded are
estimated within last five years.
The allocation for each region is tabulated below:
- 38 -
Region and Item 2003 2002 2000 1999
1 National Capital Region 6,388,000 955,000,000 264,000,000
2 Region I 5,007,000 35,130,000 187,000,000
3 Cordillera Administration Region 15,400,000 33,932,000 37,000,000 23,000,000
4 Region II 7,371,000 14,740,000 33,100,000 80,000,000
5 Region III 36,200,000 112,500,000 141,294,000
6 Region IV-A 1,000,000 1,250,000 99,792,000 47,000,000
7 Region IV-B 78,624,000 28,892,000 54,140,000 82,000,000
8 Region V 24,630,000 100,639,000 71,360,000 111,000,000
9 Region VI 3,258,000 10,731,000 149,640,000 164,000,000
10 Region VII 550,000 17,210,000 33,000,000 118,000,000
11 Region VIII 69,900,000 89,358,000 69,500,000 20,000,000
12 Region IX + ARMM (Basilan, Sulu & Tawi-tawi) 10,000,000 40,761,000 30,000,000
13 Region X 3,395,000 12,603,000 64,695,000 76,000,000
14 Region XI 8,000 26,169,000 191,700,000 102,000,000
15 Region XII + ARMM (Lanao del Sur & Maguuindanao) 58,926,000 102,198,000 71,260,000 62,891,000
16 Region XIII 10,632,000 31,873,000 115,333,000 89,784,000
a. Right-of-Way 120,000,000 115,000,000 87,996,000 242,000,000
b. Payment for Completed Pinatubo 110,525,000 97,705,000
c. Payment for Financial Losses 5,881,000 97,705,000
d. Other Urgent Flood Control and Drainage Projects 234,119,000 248,171,000 354,900,000 320,000,000
Total 283,694,000 1,058,414,000 2,576,807,000 2,159,969,000
Note: Budget for 2000 was reenacted for 2001.
The budget for flood control projects (locally funded) has been suddenly decreased 2001 to 2002
and 2003. For the regional level, Regions IV-B, VIII and XII+ARMM have maintained the
budget for flood control projects. The allocation to other regions dropped sharply.
3.2.2 Budget of Local Government Units
As it is figured out in Sub-section 4.2.2: Local Government Code in 1991, the Local Government Code in
1991 was enacted in 1992 aiming at decentralization, devolution and development of the country. In
line with the Code, it devolved to the local government units’ responsibility for the delivery of various
aspects of basic services that earlier were the responsibility of the national government. The basic
services include health, social services, environment, agriculture, public works (funded by local funds),
education, tourism, telecommunication services and housing projects, and other services such as
investment support.
The Code increased the financial resources available to local government units by:
(1) Broadening their taxing powers;
(2) Providing them with a specific share from the national wealth exploited in their area; e.g. mining,
fishery, and forestry charges; and
(3) Increasing share from the national taxes, i.e. internal revenue allotments (IRA), from previously
low of 11% to as much as 40%.
The Code also increased the elbowroom of local governments to generate revenues form local fees and
charges. Finally, the Code also laid the foundation for the development and evolution of more
entrepreneurial oriented local governments. For instance, it provided the foundations for local
- 39 -
governments to enter into build-operate-transfer arrangement with the private sector, float bond, obtain
loans from local private institutions, etc.
Although the share in national budget: IRA has increased abruptly, it is generally observed that IRA has
been unable to cover the costs of devolution. Therefore, the budgeting to the flood control works by
LGUs is rarely affordable, while minor drainage projects of the LGUs are undertaken using their regular
budget for infrastructure.
Outside Metro Manila, flood control, urban drainage and other urban infrastructure projects of the LGUs
are implemented through credit facilities provided by the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP),
Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP), and the Municipal Finance Corporation (MFC, formerly
Municipal Development Fund Office of the Department of Finance) under the following WB-, ADB- and
JBIC-assisted projects:
Project Executing Agency
Philippine Regional Municipal Development Project (PRMDP) DILG
Subic Bay Area Municipal Development Project (SBAMDP) DILG
Clark Area Municipal Development Project (CAMDP) DILG
Mindanao Basic Urban Sector Services (MBUSS) DILG
Local Government Finance and Development Project (LOGOFIND) DOF
LGU Urban Water and Sanitation Projects 1 and 2 (LGUUWSP) DBP
Mindanao Rural Development Project - Coastal Marine Project (MRDP-CMP) DA
Water Districts Development Project (WDDP) LBP
Local Government Units Support Credit Program LBP
These credits are usually called as “Two-step Loan”, where the LGUs may borrow funds for
infrastructure projects through the guarantee of the national governments or national funding institutions.
Generally the interest rate for amortization may be added by 9% to 10% on the original rate of the foreign
funding institutions so that the LGUs could not afford to repayment for the said “Two-step Loan”.
On the other hand, the LGUs may request for financial assistance from the PDAF of congressmen.
3.2.3 Foreign Assistance
Budgeting for the foreign funded projects also included in the general appropriation for the national
agencies, the DPWH. The MTPIP is the primary basis for identification of country program projects to
ensure that the projects supportive of the MTPDP are given due priority in funding. The project study
shall also specify the cash flow requirements, such as:
● Payment of principal and interest;
● Peso component of capital costs and project preparation;
● Infrastructure and support facilities to be financed by the government;
● Operating and other expenditures for which General Fund support is required; and
● Peso requirements needed as counterpart.
The budgeting for the foreign assisted projects requires (1) ICC Evaluation and NEDA Board Approval
and (2) Donor Appraisal and Approval through their evaluation panel and appraisal meetings.
- 40 -
(1) Funding Institutions for Flood Control Works
The flood control projects are, in the recent years, funded by mostly Japanese Government
through Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Japan Bank for International
Cooperation (JBIC, formerly Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund = OECF) and other
institutions for findings and preliminary studies. Other funding institutions such as WB and
ADB usually finance to water resources developments except for flood control, transportation,
urban development, environmental conservation, etc. while the US-Aid financed for rehabilitation
works of Mt. Pinatubo Hazard in the recent years.
JICA is the main institution which has been conducting most of the surveys, investigations and
studies for flood control nation-wide in the Philippines on the grant basis. Starting with “the
Study on Pampanga Delta Development Project” in 1975, either master plan or feasibility study
of flood control works were conducted by JICA for more than 1/3 of 18 major river basins.
Further, the sabo (sediment control) master plans were prepared for Mayon Volcano and Mt.
Pinatubo Hazard Mitigation projects.
Delegating to Japanese Government, JICA has undertaken grant-aid projects for flood control;
such as Pampanga River Basin Flood Forecasting and Warning System, Ormoc City Flood
Mitigation Project and Metro Manila Flood Operation and Warning System Project. In January
2000, JICA has provided project type technical cooperation: Project ENCA, which is on-going
now.
On the other hand, JBIC has provided loans for flood control projects, usually on the basis of
JICA master plans and feasibility studies. From the beginning of ODA loan operation in 1972,
JBIC (OECF) has committed the first flood control project “Manila and Suburbs Flood Control
and Drainage Project” in 1973. As of December 1998, JBIC has provided ODA loan for the
following flood Control projects.
● Metro Manila (Mangahan Floodway and Drainage)
● Pasig (Marikina) River (Flood Operation and Warning System)
● Pampanga River (including Flood Forecasting and Warning System)
● Bicol River (Dredging and Flood Forecasting and Warning System)
● Cotabato River (River Dredging only)
● Agusan River (Lower Reaches)
● Cagayan River (Flood Forecasting and Warning System)
● Agno River (including Flood Forecasting and Warning System)
● Mt. Pinatubo Hazard Prevention
In the recent years, the expanded budget deficit is a real problem. With debt service accounting
for over one third revenues there is insufficient to finance necessary infrastructure to meet the
needs of the growing population – estimated at over 81 million at year end 2002 and growing by
2.3% annually.
Another indicator flashing warning signs is the debt service ratio where the steady growth of the
external debt has this to rise from 12.8% in 1998 to 19.4% at the end of 2002. Therefore, the
government has started to limit the external debt: loan for financing and spending for the
infrastructure development, including flood control projects.
- 41 -
(2) Allocation to Flood Control Projects
As the foreign loan is also counted in an annual national budget, the budgetary allocations to the
flood control projects in 1999 to 2003 are shown in table below:
On average 2.4 billion pesos are allocated to the flood control projects, of which foreign loan is
counted at 1.6 billion pesos.
- 42 -
CHAPTER 4. ORGANIZATIONS AND LAWS/REGULATIONS
4.1 Organizations
4.1.1 Department of Public Works and Highways
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) is one of the three departments of the government
undertaking major infrastructure projects. The DPWH is mandated to undertake (a) planning of
infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, flood control, water resources projects and other public works,
and (b) design, construction, and maintenance of national roads and bridges, and major flood control
systems. These activities are undertaken in support of the national objectives of (a) alleviating rural
poverty and attaining food security, and (b) expanding industries for greater productivity and global
competitiveness as envisioned in the MPDP 2001-2004.
The DPWH functions as the engineering and construction arm of the Government tasked to continuously
develop its technology for the purpose of ensuring the safety of all infrastructure facilities and securing
for all public works and highways the highest efficiency and quality in construction.
(1) Functions
The functions are presented in the order of a process for the Infrastructure Development Cycle,
which the development of infrastructure projects (e.g. roads, bridges, flood control facilities and
water supply) follows a cycle process consisting of four phases as follows:
IDENTIFICATION
- Collection of Potential Projects
OPERATION &
PREPARATION
EVALUATION
- Project Feasibility Study
- Operation and Maintenance - Inclusion in the Medium-Term Plan
- Fund Appropriation
- Impact Evaluation - Detailed Engineering
- Inclusion in Annual Program
IMPLEMENTAION
- Fund Release
- Right-of-Way Acquisition
- Bidding and Constracting
- Construction
- Completion and Acceptance
- Payment
- 43 -
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
It is the process of collecting potential projects with expected return of investments.
PROJECT PREPARATION
a. Project Feasibility Study

The feasibility study consists of various investigations and tests necessary to determine
whether the project can and should be carried out and if, so, how and when?
b. Inclusion in the Medium-Term
If the project meets the above feasibility criteria, it is considered for inclusion in the
medium-term infrastructure program for the period of six years.
c. Fund Appropriation
Based on the medium-term infrastructure program, appropriations for the projects are
authorized thru legislation.
d. Detailed Engineering
Detailed engineering of a project under the medium-term program is undertaken in
preparation for actual implementation under the annual infrastructure programs.
e. Inclusion of Project in Annual Program: Programming
Projects proposed for inclusion in the annual infrastructure program are a) those rank
high in priority within the medium-term program, and b) those are technically ready for
actual implementation during the year (i.e. with substantially completed detailed
engineering).
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
a. Fund Releases
Immediately after the NEDA Board approves the annual infrastructure program in early
November, the DBM issues the Advice's of Allotment (AAs) for the projects in the program
on a comprehensive basis.
b. Right-Of-Way Acquisition
The right-of-way of any infrastructure project, such as road, should be acquired ahead of
construction in order not to impede the work.
c. Bidding and Contracting
In line with the policy of the government to rely on the private sector as the main engine of
economic development, infrastructure projects are generally undertaken by contract after
public bidding.
d. Construction
Actual construction work is carried out through the Project Management Offices (PMO) and
the Regional/District Engineering Offices.
e. Completion and Acceptance
Project completion is the transition from the development to the operational stage.
Completion reports and as-built plans are prepared for the submission to the implementing
office heads, to management, and to funding institutions.
f. Payment
Due and demandable claims are processed by the DPWH either at the Central, Regional or
District level, in accordance with existing government budgeting, accounting and auditing
rules
- 44 -
PROJECT OPERATION AND EVALUATION
a. Operational and Maintenance
National roads and bridges, major flood control structures, and related facilities of national
importance remain under the responsibility of the DWPH during the operational phase.
The Regional and District Engineering Offices undertake the maintenance of the facilities
generally by administration
b. Impact Evaluation
Impact evaluation or post-project appraisal is an attempt to assess the results of a project and, as
a function of the results, of the means employed to achieve them.
(2) Organization
Organizational structure of the Department of Public Works and Highways is pursuant to

Executive Order No. 124 dated 30 January 1987. The authorities and areas of responsibilities
are based on the Department Orders No. 114, 127 & 149 Series of 2003.
Central Office
As of August 2004, there are 10 bureau level offices and seven project management offices
(PMOs) in the Central Office of DPWH. (Organizational Charts of Bureaus are detailed in Annex
10)
Office Regular Contractual Daily Total
Department Proper 1,299 196 1,495
Bureau Staff 1,138 79 1,217
Regional Offices 18,524 13,582 32,106
PMOs 112 1,229 510 1,851
Total 21,073 1,229 14,367 36,669
Attached Agencies
Secretary
MWSS, LWUA, PNCC, RB
Internal Audit Public IROW – PMO

LLO
Service Information IROW Taskforce
Undersecretary Undersecretary Undersecretary
Assistant Secretary Assistant Secretary Assistant Secretary Assistant Secretary
Legal
Service
PS AMMS
BOM BOE CFMS
MIS BOC
PMO BRS
Region Regions Regions Regions
II, III, CAR IX, X, XI VI, VII, VIII I, IV-A IV-B, V
BOD
XII & XIII & NCR
DEOs RESs DEOs RESs DEOs RESs DEOs RESs
- 45 -
Among seven PMOs, PMO-Major Flood Control Projects (MFCP) and Mount Pinatubo
Emergency mainly undertake flood control and sabo projects, which are usually under foreign
assisted. Their on-going projects for flood control and sabo are as follows:
(a) PMO-MFCP – Project Management Office for Major Flood Control Projects
(i) Cluster I
On-going major flood control projects nationwide funded by any or all of the lending
agencies.
Name of Project Location Year Started Funding
(Region) Source
Metro Manila Flood Control Project - NCR Construction JBIC
West Mangahan Floodway 1997
KAMANAVA Flood Control and NCR Construction JBIC
Drainage System Improvement Project 2003
Iloilo Flood Control Project VI Construction JBIC
2005
Pasig-Marikina River Channel NCR Construction JBIC
Improvement Project 2006
Project ENCA: Flood Control and Sabo Nationwide JICA
Engineering Center (FCSEC)
(ii) Cluster II
On-going major flood control projects nationwide funded by any or all of the lending
agencies
(Region) Source
Lower Agusan Flood Control Project CARAGA Construction JBIC
1997
Agno and Allied Rivers Urgent Mitigation CAR, I & Construction JBIC
Project III 2003
Laoag River Basin Flood Control and I Construction JBIC
Sabo Project 2005
(b) MPE-PMO (Mount Pinatubo Emergency-Project Management Office)
This PMO is located in San Fernando, Pampanga and executing some rehabilitation and
improvement works in devastated areas due to the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. The on-g0ing
projects are mainly funded by JBIC, as follows:
(Region) Source
Mt. Pinatubo Hazard Urgent Mitigation III Construction JBIC
Project 1996
Mt. Pinatubo Hazard Urgent Mitigation III Construction JBIC
Project (II) 1999
- 46 -
Regional Office
There are 16 regional offices nation-wide to mainly undertake the locally funded infrastructure
projects, 176 district engineering office under the regional office. Typical organizational
structure of regional office is shown below:
In the Regional Office, there are usually six divisions and one regional equipment service, of
which the Engineer V 5 is placed as the division chief except for Administrative and
Comptrollership & Financial Management Divisions. Further, 75 to 80 engineers are assigned
to conduct the service and operation for the infrastructure projects, under the engineering
division.
In a region or under the Regional Offices, there are 10 to 15 District Engineering Offices, with an
organization as below:
Engineer V is usually assigned as the District Engineer and Engineer IV is for Chief of
engineering sections. About 10 to 25 engineers are assigned to the engineering sections and
working for the implementation of locally funded projects as well as special projects under
Country-wide Development Fund (CDF).
As of 2002, the total number of DPWH engineers in the Regional Offices nation-wide is
estimated at around 7,000 to 8,000 for permanent employees.
5
One of the positions for ranking technical officials in the DPWH. Starting with Engineering Aid, Engineer I to V,
and above which Project Manager I to IV.
- 47 -
(3) History of DPWH Organization
Chronology
The development of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) into its present
structure underwent a long process of evolution spanning a century of significant events in laying
the groundwork for the physical foundation of the country.
The Department is considered as old as the Philippine Government, its existence dates back to
about four centuries at the time of the Spanish colonial era. It emerged from its embryonic form
in 1565 when the first settlement roads were constructed by forced labor. It was in 1868 when
the Bureau of Public Works and Highways (Obras Publicas) and Bureau of Communications and
Transportation (Communicationes y Meteologia) were organized under a civil engineer known as
“Director General”.
Since then, the Department underwent various stages of development and evolution that largely
depended upon the change in government shift of administration policies, and reorganization in
its structure and responsibilities to suit the demands of times.
Finally after a long process of evolution by virtue of Executive Order No. 124, dated January 30,
1987, the agency is now known as the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) with
five bureaus, six services, 16 regional offices, 24 project management offices, 16 regional
equipment services and one-hundred eighteen 118 district engineering offices.
Undertakings of Flood Control Works by DPWH
In the early 1970s many typhoons and floods of which the biggest was by Typhoon Dading in
October 1971 attacked Central and Southern Luzon. The flood control works was started as one
of the significant infrastructure by the Philippine Government delegated to DPWH, as below:
1970s 1980s Present
DPWTC/DPW Bureau of Flood DPWTC/MWPH/DPWH

Flood Control & Drainage
PMO-MFC
Management Management
Serious Water Technology Planning
Flood Code Coordination Design
Problems Construction
MMFC/Task Force Maintenance
Flood Control for Research & Standard
MM
NCR-DPWH MMDA
Environmental NWRC
Code NIA
Coordination on Water
Right
Planning on Water
Under DA
Resouces Dvlpmnt
River Water Guaging MMWS
DoE
IRRIGATION Under Private Mng't
Forest
Management Office of President
MMWS
Soil Control
LWUA
LWUA
PD
DISASTER DENR
CONTROL,
CAPABILITY AND NDCC NWRB
ESTABLISHING Information/
COMMUNITY Emergency/
DISASTER
Preparedness on
NDCC
PREPAREDNESS
Flood
- 48 -
4.1.2 National Governments related to Flood Control
(1) Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
As provided for under Section 4 of E.O. 192, the DENR is mandated to be the primary
government agency responsible for the conservation, management, development and proper use
of the country's environment and natural resources, including those in reservations, watershed
areas and lands of the public domain, as well as the licensing and regulation of all natural
resources utilization as may be provided by law in order to ensure equitable sharing of the
benefits derived therefrom for the welfare of the present and future generations of Filipinos.
Functions
The powers and functions of the DENR, per Section 5 of E.O. 192, are as follows:
● Advise the President on the enactment of laws relative to the development, use, regulation
and conservation of the country's natural resources and the control of pollution;
● Formulate, implement and supervise the government's policies, plans and programs
pertaining to the management, conservation, development, use and replenishment of the
country's natural resources.
● Promulgate rules and regulations in accordance with law governing the exploration,
development, conservation, extraction, disposition, use and such other commercial
activities tending to cause the depletion and degradation of our natural resources;
● Exercise supervision and control over forest lands, alienable and disposable lands, and
mineral resources and impose appropriate payments, fees, charges, rentals and any such
form of levy and collect such revenues for the exploration, development, utilization or
gathering of such resources;
● Undertake exploration, assessment, classification and inventory of the country's natural
resources using ground surveys, remote sensing and complementary technologies;
● Promote proper and mutual consultation with the private sector involving natural resources
development, use and conservation;
● Undertake geological surveys of the whole country including its territorial waters;
● Establish policies and implement programs for the:
- Accelerated inventory, surveys and classification of lands, forest and mineral
resources using appropriate technology, to be able to come up with a more
accurate assessment of resource quality and quantity;
- Equitable distribution of natural resources through the judicious
administration, regulation, utilization, development and expansion of natural
resource-based industries;
- Promotion, development and expansion of natural resource-based industries;
- Preservation of cultural and natural heritage through wildlife conservation and
segregation of national parks and other protected areas;
- Maintenance of a wholesome natural environment by enforcing environmental
protections laws; and
- Encouragement of greater people's participation and private initiative in
natural resource management.
● Promulgate rules and regulations necessary to:
- 49 -
- Accelerate cadastral and emancipation patent surveys, land use planning and
public land titling:
- Harness forest resources in a sustainable manner, to assist rural development,
support forest-based industries, and provide raw materials to meet increasing
demands, at the same time keeping adequate reserves for environmental
stability; and
- Expedite mineral resources surveys, promote the production of metallic and
non-metallic minerals and encourage mineral marketing.
● Regulate the development, disposition, extraction, exploration and use of the country's
forestland and mineral resources;
● Assume responsibility for the assessment, development, protection, conservation, licensing
and regulation as provided for by law, where applicable, of all natural resources; the
regulation and monitoring of service contractors, licensees, lessees, and permittees for the
extraction, exploration, development and utilization of natural resource products; the
implementation of programs and measures with the end in view of promoting close
collaboration between the government and the private sector; the effective and efficient
classification and sub-classification of lands of the public domain; and the enforcement of
natural resources laws, rules and regulations;
● Promulgate rules, regulations and guidelines on the issuance of co-production, joint venture
or production sharing agreements, licenses, permits, concessions, leases and such other
privileges and arrangement concerning the development, exploration and utilization of the
country's natural resources and shall continue to oversee, supervise and police our natural
resources; to cancel or cause to cancel such privileges and arrangements upon failure,
non-compliance or violations of any regulations, orders, and for all other causes which are
in furtherance of the conservation of natural resources and supportive of the national
interest;
● Exercise exclusive jurisdiction on the management and disposition of all lands of the public
domain and shall continue to be the sole agency responsible for the classification,
sub-classification, surveying and titling of lands in consultation with appropriate agencies;
● Implement measures for the regulation and supervision of the processing of forest products,
grading and inspection of lumber and other forest products and monitoring of the
movement of timber and other forest products.
● Promulgate rules and regulations for the control of water, air and land pollution;
Promulgate ambient and effluent standards for water and air quality including the allowable
levels of other pollutants and radiations;
● Promulgate policies, rules and regulations for the conservation of the country's genetic
resources and biological diversity, and endangered habitats; which will be presented to the
Cabinet for the President's approval;
● Formulate an integrated, multi-sectoral, and multi-disciplinary National Conservation
Strategy, which will be presented to the Cabinet for President's approval;
● Exercise other powers and functions and perform such other acts as may be necessary,
proper or incidental to the attainment of its mandates and objectives.
Organization
The present DENR organizational structure is headed by the Secretary of Environment and
Natural Resources, assisted by three (3) Undersecretaries and three (3) Assistant Secretaries, each
assigned to a key functional office. Six (6) bureaus represent the staff sectoral bureaus, namely:
● Forest Management Bureau (FMB)
- 50 -
● Lands Management Bureau (LMB)
● Environmental Management Bureau (EMB)
● Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB)
● Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB)
● Mines and Geosciences Bureau
At the operational level, DENR organization reflects a line structure under the direct supervision
of the Field Operations Office. The line functions are decentralized down to three levels,
namely:
● Regional level - Regional Environment and Natural Resources Offices
● Provincial level - Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Offices (PENROs)
● Community level - Community Environment and Natural Resources Offices (CENROs)
A Regional Office is established in each of the fifteen (15) administrative regions, namely:
DENR - Regional Offices Nos. 1 to 13, the DENR - National Capital Region (NCR) and DENR -
Cordillera Autonomous Region (CAR). It is headed by a Regional Executive Director (RED),
supported by four Regional Technical Directors (RTD) each heading a major services. The
regional technical services are:
● Forest Management Services (FMS)
● Lands Management Services (LMS)
● Environmental Management Services (EMS)
● Ecosystems Research and Development Services (ERDS)
● Protected Areas and Wildlife Services (PAWS)
● Mines and Geosciences Services
There are at present 73 Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Offices (PENROs), one
PENRO for almost every province. There are also 171 Community Environment and Natural
Resources Offices (CENROs), each covering several municipalities in a province, presently
existing in provinces with PENROs. This excludes the transferred four PENROs and eight
CENROs to the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) by virtue of R.A. 6733.
The DENR provincial office is headed by a Provincial Environment and Natural Resources
Officer (PENRO). The district office is headed by the Community Environment and Natural
Resources Officer (CENRO). In the case of small province, the PENRO also acts as the
CENRO in the province.
There are also four attached agencies/corporations, namely:

● National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA)
● Natural Resources Development Corporation (NRDC)
● Laguna Lake and Development Authority (LLDA)
● National Water Resources Board (NWRB)
- 51 -
The organizational chart is shown as follows;
NAMRIA
Secretary
NRDC
Undersecretaries (3) LLDA
NWRB
Assistant Secretaries (3)
Forest Lands Environment Ecosystems Protected Mines &

Research &
Management Management Management Development
Areas & Wild Geosciences
Bureau Bureau Bureau Bureau Bureau Bureau
Regional Environment &

Natural Resources Offices
Regional Executive
Director
(RED)
Regional Technical
Directors (RTD)
Forest Lands Environment Ecosystems Protected Mines &

Research &
Management Management Management Development Areas & Wild Geosciences
Services Services Services Services Services Services
Provincial Environment &

(PENROs)
Community Environment &

(CENROs)
(2) National Economic Development Authority (NEDA)
The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), as mandated by the Philippine
Constitution, is the country’s independent economic development and planning agency. It is
headed by the President as chairman of the NEDA board, with the Secretary of Socio-Economic
Planning, concurrently NEDA Director-General, as vice-chairman. All Cabinet members, as
well as the Central Bank Governor, are members of the NEDA Board.
Functions
The powers and functions of the NEDA reside in the NEDA Board. It is the country's premier
social and economic development planning and policy coordinating body.
The Board is composed of the President as chairman, the Secretary of Socio-Economic Planning
and NEDA Director-General as vice-chairman, and the following as members: the Executive
Secretary and the Secretaries of Finance, Trade and Industry, Agriculture, Environment and
Natural Resources, Public Works and Highways, Budget and Management, Labor and
Employment, and Interior and Local Government.
Pursuant to Sec. 4 of EO 230, empowering the President to modify the membership of the Board
whenever deemed necessary, the following members have been added:
- 52 -
The Secretaries of Health, Foreign Affairs, and Agrarian Reform (per Memorandum Order
No. 164, dated 21 March 1988); the Secretary of Science and Technology (per Memorandum
Order No. 235, dated 19 May 1989); and the Secretary of Transportation and Communications
(per Memorandum Order No. 321, dated 26 September 1990). In addition, the Secretary of
Energy (per R.A. No. 7638, approved Dec. 9, 1992) and the Deputy Governor of the Bangko
Sentral ng Pilipinas (per Section 124 of R.A. No. 7653, approved June 14, 1993) have been added
as members of the NEDA Board.
Organization
Assisting the NEDA Board in the performance of its functions are five cabinet-level interagency
committees. These are as follows:
(a) Development Budget Coordination Committee (DBCC)
The DBCC is composed of the Secretary of Budget and Management, as chairman; the
Director-General of the NEDA Secretariat, as co-chairman; and the Executive Secretary,
Secretary of Finance and the Governor of the Central Bank of the Philippines, as members.
The DBCC recommends to the President the following:
● Level of annual government expenditures and the ceiling of government spending for
economic and social development, national defense, and government debt service;
● Proper allocation of expenditures for each development activity between current
operating expenditures and capital outlays; and;
● Amount set to be allocated for capital outlays broken down into the various capital or
infrastructure projects.
(b) Infrastructure Committee (InfraCom)
The InfraCom is composed of the Director-General of the NEDA Secretariat, as chairman;

Secretary of Public Works and Highways, as co-chairman; and the Executive Secretary and
Secretaries of Transportation and Communications, Finance, and Budget and Management,
as members. The InfraCom does the following:
● Advise the President and the NEDA Board on matters concerning infrastructure
development, including highways, airports, seaports and shore protection; railways;
power generation, transmission and distribution; telecommunications; irrigation, flood
control and drainage, water supply and sanitation; national buildings for government
offices; hospitals and related buildings; state colleges and universities elementary and
secondary school buildings; and other public works;
● Coordinate the activities of agencies, including government-owned or controlled
corporations involved in infrastructure development; and
● Recommend to the President government policies, programs and projects concerning
infrastructure development consistent with national development objectives and
priorities.
(c) Investment Coordination Committee (ICC)
The ICC consists of the Secretary of Finance, as chairman; the NEDA Director-General, as
cochairman; and the Executive Secretary, the Secretaries of Agriculture, Trade and
Industry, Budget and Management and the Governor of the Central Bank of the Philippines,
as members. The ICC has the following functions:
● Evaluate the fiscal, monetary and balance of payments implications of major national
projects, and recommends to the President the timetable of their implementation on a
- 53 -
regular basis;
● Advise the President on matters related to the domestic and foreign borrowings
program; and
● Submit a status of the fiscal, monetary and balance of payments implications of major
national projects.
(d) Social Development Committee (SDC)
The Committee is composed of the Secretary of Labor and Employment, as chairman; the
Director-General of the NEDA Secretariat as cochairman; and the Executive Secretary, and
the Secretaries of Education, Culture and Sports, Health, Interior and Local Government,
Agrarian Reform, Agriculture, Social Welfare and Development, and Budget and
Management, as members.
The SDC performs the following functions:

● Advise the President and the NEDA Board on matters concerning social development,
including education, manpower, health and nutrition, population and family planning,
housing, human settlements, and the delivery of other social services.
● Coordinate the activities of government agencies concerned with social development;
and
● Recommend appropriate policies, programs and projects consistent with the national
development objectives.
(e) Committee on Tariff and Related Matters (CTRM)
The CTRM is composed of the Secretary of Trade and Industry, as chairman, with the
Director-General of the NEDA, as co-chairman. Its members are the executive Secretary,
the Secretaries of Foreign Affairs, Agriculture, Transportation and Communications,
Environment and Natural Resources, Budget and Management, and Finance, the Governor
of the Central Bank, and the Chairman of the Tariff Commission.
The CTRM does the following:

● Advise the President and the NEDA Board on Tariff and related matters and on the
effects on the country of various international developments;
● Coordinate agency positions and recommends national positions for international
economic negotiations; and
● Recommend to the President a continuous rationalization program for the country's
tariff structure.
(f) NEDA Board Executive Committee
Created under Memorandum Order No. 222 (dated 26 July, 1994), the NEDA Board
Executive Committee resolves policy issues without the necessity of convening the entire
NEDA Board. It facilitates the decision-making process at the NEDA Board to ensure
that projects or issues requiring NEDA Board discussion and decision are immediately
acted upon.
The NEDA Board ExCom is composed of the Executive Secretary as Chairman; the
Secretary of Socio-Economic Planning and NEDA Director-General as Co-Chairman;
Chairpersons of the Development Budget Coordination Committee, Investment
Coordination Committee, Committee on Tariff and Related Matters, Social Development
Committee; Co-Chairperson of the Infrastructure Committee; and the Governor of the
- 54 -
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.
(g) NEDA Secretariat
The NEDA Secretariat serves as the research and technical support arm of the NEDA
Board. It also provides technical staff support and assistance, including the conduct of
studies and formulation of policy measures and other recommendations on the various
aspects of development planning and policy formulation, and coordination, evaluation and
monitoring of plan implementation.
The Secretariat is headed by a Director-General who carries the rank and title of Secretary
of Socio-Economic Planning and Development and who exercises general supervision and
control over the technical and administrative personnel of the Secretariat.
The NEDA Director-General is assisted by three deputy director-generals, each of whom is

responsible, respectively, for the three major offices of NEDA, the National Development
Office (NDO), the Regional Development Office (RDO) and Central Support Office (CSO).
Assisting the deputy directors-general in their task of coordinating and supervising their
respective Offices are three assistant director-generals.
Each of the Central Office Staffs is headed by a staff director, assisted by an assistant
director, while each Regional Office is headed by a regional director, assisted by an
assistant regional director. The organizational set-up is shown below (Functions and roles
of NEDA Secretariat with its offices are presented in Annex 7):
Director-General
Deputy Director-General Deputy Director-General Deputy Director-General

(National Development Office) (Regional Development Office) (Central Support Office)
Scholarship Affairs
Committee
Assistant Assistant
Directors-General Directors-General
Regional Development
Agriculture Staff Management Staff
Coordination Staff
Infrastructure Staff Regional Offices Legal Staff
National Planning
Administrative Staff
and Policy Staff
Project Monitoring Information Technology

Staff Coordination Staff
Public Investment Scholarship Affairs Development

Staff Secretariat Information Staff
Social Development
Staff
Trade, Industry and

Utilities Staff
(3) National Irrigation Administration (NIA)
NIA was established in 1963 as a government agency charged with the development, operation
and maintenance of irrigation systems all over the country.
Functions
- 55 -
NIA aims to development water resources for irrigation and provide corollary services in line
with the agricultural development program of the national government. In particular, NIA is to
develop irrigation systems in support of the national food production program, whose level of
service should be adequate to enhance the economic and social growth in the rural areas.
Consequently, NIA is to ensure their stability through the proper maintenance and operation of
these systems.
In the course of implementation of irrigation systems, NIA sometimes constructs flood control
facilities like dike to protect the systems, in case they are developed flood prone areas.
Organization
Its organizational set-up consists of a seven-man Board of Directors and a Management hierarchy
headed by and an administrator. He is assisted by a deputy administrator and four assistant
administrators who are: (a) Project Development and Implementation; (b) Systems Operations
and Equipment Management; (c) Finance and Management; and Administrative Services.
It has 13 regional irrigation offices (RIO) nationwide, 67 provincial irrigation offices (PIO) and
101 irrigation systems offices (ISO).
(4) Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA)
The Laguna Lake Development Authority was organized in 1966 by virtue of Republic Act 4850
as a quasi-government agency with regulatory and proprietary functions. By virtue of
Presidential Decree 813 in 1975 and Executive Order 927 in 1983, its powers and functions were
further strengthened to include environmental protection and jurisdiction over surface waters of
the lake basin. In 1993, the administrative supervision over LLDA was transferred to the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) through Executive Order 149.
Functions
Its functions are described as follows;

● Lead, promote and accelerate the development and balanced growth of the Laguna de Bay
basin within the context of national and regional plans and policies for social and economic
development and to carry out the development of the basin with due regard and adequate
provision for environmental management and control, preservation of the quality of human
life and ecological systems, and the prevention of undue ecological disturbances,
deterioration and pollution.
● Catalyze Integrated Water Resource Management in the Laguna de Bay Region,
showcasing the symbiosis of Man and Nature for sustainability, with focus on preserving
ecological integrity and promoting economic growth with equitable access to resources.
Organization
LLDA management and operation is carried out through its Technical, Administrative and
Corporate Management Divisions under the direct supervision of a General Manager and an
Assistant General Manager.
A group of professionals in the field of limnology and environmental management, specifically,

water quality monitoring, pollution control, hydrology water/wastewater analysis, regional
development planning, resource economy, among others form part of LLDA's staff complement.
A Board of Directors, composed of ten (10) members representing the central and local
government units and the private sector, serves as the highest policy-making body of LLDA. It
is specifically tasked to formulate, prescribe, amend and repeal policies, rules and regulations to
- 56 -
direct the corporate affairs and conduct of business of the Authority. The organization of LLDA
is shown below:
Board of Directors
Board Secretary
Office of the Gen. Manager
Office of the Asst. Gen. Manager
International Corporate
and Local Management
Cooperation Services Staff
Division
Special Public
Concerns Information
Division Unit
Engineering Environmental Integrated Planning and

Pollution Lake Community Research and
and Quality Water Project Finance Administrative Legal
Control Management Development Development
Construction Management Resource Development Division Division Division
Division Division Division Division
Division Division Management Division
Permitting Section Permitting Section Project Development and Investment and Personnel
Evaluation Section Budget Section Section
Environmental Biology Section Research and Evaluation Accounting General Service

Impact and Policy
Section Section Section
Section
Microbiology Section
Management and
Monitoring and
Information Systems
Enforcement
Data Management Section
Section
and Research
Section
Flagship Programs
In line with its thrust and priorities, the following Flagship Programs are envisioned to pave the
way for the transformation of the LLDA from a dominantly regulatory to a market/client-driven
developmental agency:
● Environmental User Fee Program as the centerpiece of LLDA's Environmental
Management Program;
● River Rehabilitation Program with strong community organizing and information,
education and communication (IEC) components to form partnerships among LLDA,
LGUs, POs and NGOs to sustain the program;
● Lake Fishery Management Program with emphasis in the full implementation of the
Revised Zoning and Management Plan (ZOMAP) for Laguna de Bay and the
deconcentration of LLDA's administrative functions over the Seven Crater Lakes; and
● Laguna de Bay Shoreland Management to be highlighted by the demarcation of the 12.50
m elevation around the lake and intensified IEC Campaign.
● River Rehabilitation Program
One of the country's premiere development corridors, CALABARZON (Cavite - Laguna -

Batangas - Rizal - Quezon); is located within the watershed of Laguna de Bay, the largest inland
body of water in the Philippines. The presence of these vital resources has contributed largely to
the zone's significant economic success. This success brought with its rapid population expansion,
urbanization and industrialization.
However, as rapid as the rate of this economic zone's development is the destruction of the rivers
and streams flowing through them, which ultimately drain into Laguna de Bay. Indiscriminating
dumping of domestic and industrial waste, and contamination of hazardous run-off from
- 57 -
agricultural lands have resulted into the threatened extensive of these tributaries and the life forms
they sustain.
With the escalating need to arrest the further deterioration of Laguna de Bay and its tributaries,
and to undertake rehabilitation efforts for these waterways, the Laguna Lake Development
Authority launched the River Rehabilitation Program.
In 1996, the Laguna Lake Development Authority launched its River Rehabilitation Program and
placed it under its Community Development Division for implementation. The flagship utilizes an
integrated approach to watershed management. It takes into account both water quality and
quantity in the continuum to the downstream areas of thriving urbanization all the way to the lake
basin. (Refer to Annex 8 as a summary of Sustainable Development of Laguna de Bay
Environment (SDLBE) Project)
(5) Philippine Climate Authority (PAGASA)
PAGASA’s mandate is to provide protection against natural calamities and utilize scientific
knowledge as an effective instrument to insure the safety, well-being and economic security of all
the people, and for promotion of national progress.
Functions
PAGASA, presently existing, is hereby reorganized and shall have the following functions:
● Maintain a nationwide network pertaining to observation and forecasting of weather and
other climatologically conditions affecting national safety, welfare and economy;
● Undertake activities relative to observation, collection, assessment and processing of
atmospheric and allied data for the benefit of agriculture, commerce and industry;
● Engage in studies of geophysical and astronomical phenomena essential to the safety and
welfare of the people;
● Undertake researches on the structure, development and motion of typhoons and formulate
measures for their moderation; and
● Maintain effective linkages with scientific organizations here and abroad, and promote
exchange of scientific information and cooperation among personnel engaged in
atmospheric, geophysical and astronomical studies.
Organization
OFFICE OF
THE
DIRECTOR
FINANCE AND ENGINEERING FIELD

ADMINISTRATI
MANAGEMENT & OPERATION
VE DIVISION
DIVISION MAINTENANCE CENTER
CLIMATOLOGY ATMOSPHERIC NATURAL

FLOOD
WEATHER AND AGRO- GEOPHYSICAL & DISASTER
FORECASTING SPACE
BRANCH METEOROLOGY REDUCTION
BRANCH BRANCH SCIENCE BRANCH
FIELD
SERVICES
- 58 -
PAGASA’s organization chart is presented as follows. Functions of Flood Forecasting Branch
and Natural Disaster Reduction Branch are closely related with flood control works conducted by
DPWH. The other branches are also important role for flood control because they provide basic
information and data on meteorology.
(a) Flood Forecasting Branch Functions
Office of Weather Services Chief (OWSC):

● Formulate, administer and review the implementation of the agency’s operational
hydrology plans, programs and policies.
● Coordinate the operations of the River Flood Forecasting and Warning Centers with the
Field Operation Center.
● Coordinate the public information/education drive and investigation on floods with the
other unit
● Maintain local/international water-related linkages/cooperation
Flood Forecasting and Warning Section (FFWS)

● Undertake meteorological and hydrological conditions monitoring for flood forecasting
and disaster mitigation
● Coordinate the monitoring operation activities of the river flood forecasting and
warning centers.
● Collaborate with other water-related government agencies of the hydrological aspect of
the various inter-agency flood protection activities.
● Develop/improve methods, procedures and techniques in flood forecasting.
Hydrometeorological Investigations and Special Studies Sections (HISSS)

● Undertake basic hydro-meteorological data measurements, processing and publication.
● Establish, operate and maintain hydro-meteorological station network.
● Coordinate the primary data processing of the river flood forecasting and warning
centers.
● Develop/improve methods, procedures and techniques in hydrometeorological
prediction and other applications.
Telemetry System Services Section (TSSS)

● Take charge in the overall operation and maintenance of telemetry/ telecommunication
system networks, and electronic-mechanical and gauging equipment.
● Collaborate with other water-related government agencies on the telemetry/
telecommunication aspect of the various inter-agency flood protection activities.
Pampanga/Agno/Bicol/Cagayan River Flood Forecasting and Warning Centers

● Monitor the basin’s meteorological and hydrological conditions for hydrological (flood)
forecasting (Flood Forecasting and Warning System for Dam Operation: FFWSDO,
Refer to Annex 9).
● Conduct/participate in hydrologic/hydrographic data measurement and processing, and
post-flood investigation for the basin.
- 59 -
● Operate and maintain the basin’s telemetry system, electro-mechanical and gauging
equipment, observing station and other facilities under its jurisdiction.
Office of the Weather Service Chief
Hydromrteorology
Flood Forecasting
Investigation & Telemetry System
& Warning (FFW)
Special Studies Service Section
Section
Section
River Dam Special Investi- Tele- Multi-

Basin Operation Study gation metry plex
Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit
Pampanga River Agno River Bicol River Cagayan River

FFW Section FFW Section FFW Section FFW Section
FLOOD FORECASTING BRANCH ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
(b) National Disaster Reduction Branch Function

● Undertake researches on tropical cyclones and other disaster causing phenomena and on
weather modification; undertakes comprehensive hazards and vulnerability
assessments;
● Study measures to reduce risk of damage and casualties due to meteorological hazards
such as tropical cyclones, thunderstorms and monsoons; conducts impact assessment of
weather parameters on diseases, human comfort and changes on coastal zones;
● Undertake information, education and communications (IEC) program of activities to
increase the level of awareness of the population, the decision and policy-makers on
natural hazards, disaster preparedness, mitigation and prevention (PMP); and
● Recommend relevant policy options pertaining to strategies for adaptation and
mitigation of impacts of natural hazards.
(6) National Water Resources Board (NWRB)
NWRB was created by virtue of PD 424 and renamed from Council to Board through EO 124-A
with powers to coordinate and integrate water resources development activities. It is the agency
mandated to administer and enforce PD 1067, otherwise known as the Water Code of the
Philippines, with the functions of regulating the utilization, exploitation, development, control,
conservation or protection of water resources; including the Economic Regulation of water
utilities operation under PD 1206 and CA146 on the Public Service Law.
Functions
In particular, the jurisdictional powers, functions and duties of NWRB include:

● Formulate policies and guidelines on water resources development and management;
● Effect cross-sectoral and inter-departmental coordination of water resources development
activities;
● Grant issue water permits and certificates of public convenience and necessity;
- 60 -
● Advise NEDA on matters relating to water resources development plan, programs and
projects, and
● Exercise jurisdiction over disputes concerning water allocation and utilization.
Reorganization
(a) Recent Reorganization
EO No. 123 stipulated for reorganization as follows;

● NWRB shall to immediately initiate a review of the Implementing Rules and
Regulations (IRR) of the Water Code, and amend the same as may be necessary to
effectively implement and enforce the provisions of the Code. NWRB shall likewise
formulate a new/revised organization structure for its Secretariat to effectively and
efficiently carry out its mandate under PD 424 and PD 1067.
● Upon approval by the President of the new/revised organization and manpower
structure of the NWRB Secretariat, the NWRB shall then be transferred to DENR as a
bureau for purposes of administrative control and supervision.
● DENR shall ensure that the NWRB Secretariat is managed effectively, efficiently and
economically. For this purpose, DENR shall:
- Rationalize/harmonize its organization structure, together with that of
NWRB, to eliminate duplication of functions and facilitate integration and
coordination;
- Ensure the effective and continuous implementation of NWRB’s policies
and programs without unduly expanding its personnel and resource
requirements.
- Enjoin NER to utilize existing DENR structures and facilities to
effectively perform its functions; and
- Streamline the systems and procedures and/or decentralization of
functions with the end view of rendering faster service without
surrendering appropriate controls
(b) Composition of the Board
NWRB previously under the DPWH has been transferred to the Office of the President.
The membership of the Board is reconstituted with EO No. 123 to exclude those with direct
claims on water resource. The present composition of the Board is shown as follows;
Chair : Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources
Vice-Chair : Secretary of Socio-Economic Planning

Members : Secretary of Justice
Secretary of Finance
Secretary of Health
Director, National Hydraulic Research Center
(NHRC), UP
Executive Director, NWRB Secretary
- 61 -
(7) National Disaster Coordination Council (NDCC)
NDCC was created under PD No. 1566 for “Strengthening the Philippines Disaster Control,
Capability and Establishing the National Program on Community Disaster Preparedness”.
Functions and Role
Its functions and role are presented as follows;

● Advise the President on the status of disaster preparedness programs, disaster operations
and rehabilitation efforts undertaken by the government and the private sector;
● Advise the lower-level Disaster Coordinating Councils and Disaster Control Groups
through the Office of Civil Defense in accordance with the guidelines on disaster
management;
● Formulate policy guidelines on emergency preparedness and disaster operations involving
relief and rehabilitation;
● Formulate priorities in the allocation of funds, services, disaster equipment and relief
supplies;
● Formulate a comprehensive disaster management plan based on various calamities/disaster
that often hit the country (i.e. drought, flooding, typhoon, earthquake, etc.);
● Recommend to the President the declaration of a state of calamity in areas extensively
damaged; and submits proposals to restore normalcy in the affected areas, subject to the
provision of RA 8185;
● Constitute a technical Working Group composed of permanent representatives from the
member-Departments and other government agencies with the Executive Officer as head;
and
● Utilize the facilities and services of the Office of Civil Defense in Camp Aguinaldo,
Quezon City, in discharging its functions.
Members of NDCC
Members of NDCC are composed of the following governmental agencies;

Department of Agriculture (DA)
Department of Budget and Management (DBM)
Department of Education , Culture and Sports (DECS)
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
Department of Finance (DOF)
Department of Health (DOH)
Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)
Department of National Defense (DND)
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
Department of Tourism (DOT)
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)
- 62 -
Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)
National Housing Authority (NHA)
Philippine Information Agency (PIA)
Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC)
Other Agencies
Role of DPWH
DPWH is a one of the members of NDCC, bearing some components for disaster mitigation using
its capacity and facility as describing as follows;
● Organize reaction teams in the department proper as well as in all bureaus and offices under
it;
● Prepare and identifies buildings/infrastructures and facilities for appropriate use as possible
evacuation shelter in future emergencies;
● Provide warning to the public on impending releases of water from dams under its control;
● Assist in providing transportation facilities to transport relief supplies, personnel and
disaster victims;
● Make available existing communications facilities for disaster operations;
● Provide heavy and light equipment for rescue and recovery operations; and
● Restore destroyed public works such as flood control, national/secondary roads and bridges,
central and regional offices of the national government agencies and their public buildings.
Flood Prone Areas
NDCC has published the locations of Flood Prone Areas in units of municipality through its
web-site. There are 954 locations (cities/municipalities) presented as follows:
Region I 130
Region II 64
Region III 88
Region IV-4 111
Region V 64
Region V 55
Region VI 31
Region VII 199
Region VIII 70
Region IX 70
Region X 46
Region XI 42
Region XII 16
Region CARAGA 28
ARMM 10
Total 954
- 63 -
(8) National Hydraulic Research Center (NHRC-UPERDFI)
The NHRC is an attached research center to University of the Philippines Engineering Research
and Development Foundation, Inc. (UPERDFI), which was formally organized in 1972 as a
private, non-stock, non-profit corporation based in the University of the Philippines, Diliman
Campus.
Objectives
The objectives of UPERDFI are to promote and support engineering research and development in
the country, in furtherance and enhancement of its economic development. More details are:
● Assist the development and growth of a core of engineering educators in the country in
general and at the University of the Philippines in particular;
● Support scholarships and other forms of academic endeavors and achievements in the field
of engineering;
● Serve as a private institutional medium for research and innovation, technology
development and utilization, strategic studies, continuing education, technological services
and information dissemination in the various fields of engineering or areas where
engineering knowledge is applied; and
● Engage in advocacy that would contribute towards the country’s economic and
technological development.
Functions and Roles
The UPERDFI maintains the earlier established capacity for research and development in the
College of Engineering, in the National Engineering Center, and in the National Hydraulic
Research Center. Especially, the NHRC has developed into a regional center of excellence in
water resources researches in Southeast Asia.
Not limited to flood control sector, the NHRC has been conducting some hydraulic researches
and tests for nation’s major water resources development projects such as Mangahan Floodway,
Magat Multipurpose Dam, Iloilo Flood Control Project and Laoag River Basin Flood Control and
Sabo Project in the last two decades.
(9) Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
Functions and Roles
As specified in Executive Order No. 128, PHIVOLCS has been mandated to perform the
following functions:
● Predict the occurrence of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes and their geotectonic
phenomena;
● Determine how eruptions and earthquakes shall occur and also areas likely to be affected;
● Exploit the positive aspects of volcanoes and volcanic terrain in furtherance of the
socio-economic development efforts of the government;
● Generate sufficient data for forecasting volcanic eruptions and earthquakes;
● Formulate appropriate disaster-preparedness and mitigation plans; and
● Mitigate hazards of volcanic activities through appropriate detection, forecast and warning
system.
Organization
- 64 -
Organizational structure of PHIVOLCS is presented below. Geologic Disaster Awareness and
Preparedness Division (GDAPD) includes debris or lahar disaster, which is closely related to the
field of Sabo Engineering.
D ire c to r
D e p u ty D ire c to r
PPS*
V S G In s tru m e n ta tio n **
V o lc a n o S e ic m o lo g ic a l G e o lo g y , G e o lo g ic
M o n ito rin g a n d O b s e rv a tio n a n d G e o p h y s ic s D is a s te r
E ru p tio n E a rth q u a k e R e s e a rc h a n d A w a re n e s s
P re d ic tio n P re d ic tio n D e v e lo p m e n t a n d P re p a re d n e s s
D iv is io n D iv is io n D iv is io n D iv is io n
(V M E P D ) (S O E P D ) (G G R D D ) (G D A P D )
* : P la n in g & P ro g ra m m in g S e c tio n F in a n c e
* * : V o lc a n o lo g ic a l, S e is m o lo g ic a l and
a n d G e o lo g ic a l In s tru m e n ta tio n S e c tio n A d m in is tra tiv e
D iv is io n
(F A D )
T h e P h ilip p n e In s titu te o f V o lc a n o lo g y a n d S e is m o lo g y
O r g a n iz a tio n C h a rt
(10) Metro Manila Development Authority (RA 9724)
On 24 July 1994 by virtue of RA 9724, “An Act Creating the Metropolitan Manila Development
Authority, Defining its Powers and Functions, Providing Funding therefor and for Other
Purposes”, the former Metro Manila Authority (MMA) was replaced by Metro Manila
Development Authority (MMDA). The organizational structure is shown below:
Organizational Structure of MMDA
Scope of Services
Under the law, the MMDA shall perform planning, monitoring and coordinative functions, and in
the process exercise regulatory and supervisory authority over the delivery of metro-wide services
- 65 -
within Metro Manila without diminution of the autonomy of the local government units
concerning purely local matters. Tasks to perform are as follows:
(a) Preparation of Development Plan

● Medium and long-term development plans: development evaluation and packaging of
projects; and
● Investment programming and coordination and monitoring of plan, program and project
implementation.
(b) Transport and Traffic Management

● Formulation, coordination and monitoring of policies, standards, programs and projects
to rationalize the existing transport operations, infrastructure requirements, the use of
thoroughfares, and promotions of safe and convenient movement of persons and goods;
● Provision for the mass transport system and the institution of a system to regulate road
users;
● Administration and implementation of all hirer enforcement operations, traffic
engineering services and traffic education programs, including the institution of a single
ticketing system in Metropolitan Manila.
(c) Solid Waste Disposal and Management
Formulation and implementation of policies, standards, programs and projects for proper
and sanitary waste disposal
It shall likewise include the establishment and operation of sanitary landfill and related
facilities and the implementation of other alternative programs intended to reduce, reuse
and recycle solid waste.
(d) Flood Control and Sewerage Management
Formulation and implementation of policies, standards, programs and projects for an

integrated flood control, drainage and sewerage system.
(e) Urban Renewal, Zoning and Land Use Planning, and Shelter Services
Formulation, adoption and implementation of policies, standards, rules and regulations,

programs and projects to rationalize and optimize urban land use and provide direction to
urban growth and expansion.
● Rehabilitation and development of slum and blighted areas;
● Development of shelter and housing facilities and the provision of necessary social
services thereof.
(f) Health and Sanitation, Urban and Pollution Control
Formulation and implementation of policies, rules and regulations, standards, programs and
projects for:
● Promotion and safeguarding of the health and sanitation of the region and
● Enhancement of ecological balance and the prevention, control and abatement of
environmental pollution.
- 66 -
(g) Public Safety
● Formulation and implementation of programs and policies and procedures to achieve
public safety, especially preparedness for preventive or rescue operations during times
of calamities and disasters such as conflagrations, earthquake, flood and tidal waves;
and
● Coordination and mobilization of resources and the implementation for rehabilitation
and relief operations in coordination with national agencies concerned.
Functions and Powers
Functions and powers of MMDA are defined as follows:

● Formulate, coordinate and regulate the implementation of medium and long-term plans and
programs for the delivery of metro-wide services, land use and physical development
within Metropolitan Manila, consistent with national development objectives and priorities.
● Prepare, coordinate and regulate the implementation of medium term investment programs
for metro-wide services which shall indicate sources and uses of funds for priority
programs and projects, which shall include the packaging of projects and presentation to
funding institutions;
● Undertake and manage on its own metro-wide programs and projects for the delivery of
specific services under its jurisdiction subject to the approval of the Council. For this
purpose, MMDA can create appropriate project management offices;
● Coordinate and monitor the implementation of such plans, programs and projects in Metro
Manila; identify bottlenecks and adopt solutions to problems of implementation; and
● The MMDA shall set the policies concerning traffic in Metropolitan Manila, and coordinate
and regulate the implementation of all programs and projects concerning traffic
management specifically pertaining to enforcement, engineering and education. Upon
request, it shall be extended assistance and cooperation, including but not limited to,
assignment of personnel, by all other government agencies and offices concerned.
Metro Manila Council
As the governing board and policy making body of the MMDA, Metro Manila Council is placed,
composed of the mayors of thirteen (13) cities and four (4) municipalities as of 2004, and
representatives from DOTC, DPWH, DOT, DBM, HUDCC and PNP as non-voting members.
The functions of the Council are:
● It shall approve metro-wide plans, programs and projects and issue rules and regulations
and resolutions deemed necessary by the MMDA to carry out the purposes of this Act.
● It may increase the rate of allowances and per diems of the members of the Council to take
effect during the term of the succeeding Council; it shall fix the compensation of the
officers and personnel of the MMDA, and approve the annual budget thereof for
submission to the DBM.
● It shall promulgate rules and regulations and set policies and standards for metro-wide
application governing the delivery of basic services, prescribe and collect service and
regulatory fees, and impose and collect fines and penalties.
- 67 -
4.1.3 Other Organizations
The consulting firms and construction companies are examined if they are well capable for carrying out
the flood control projects.
(1) Consulting Firms
(a) Consultant’s Organization: COFILCO
The Confederation of Filipino Consulting Organizations (COFILCO) was organized in

1988 in response to Executive Order 164, signed in 1986, which was to guide all
government Departments, Government Corporations, Agencies, and Bureaus and attached
agencies in the purchase of services for government projects. The Implementing Rules
and Regulations of the Republic Act No. 9184 recognize COFILCO as the Umbrella of
Consulting Organizations.
Under the RA 9184, the Umbrella Organization shall prepare and certify a list of fields and
expertise in such fields available with the local consultants, which shall be updated
annually. Further, the organization shall accredit its members on the types of services and
fields of professions where their members are technically and financially qualified to offer
their services. It shall likewise police its members for the development of the industry.
Lastly, the government may consult and deal with this Umbrella Organization on matters
relating to the industry.
The Confederation of Filipino Consulting Organizations (COFILCO) is presently

composed of ten member-organizations (MEM’O) of Consultants. Three of which are
mainly engaged in civil engineering:
● Council of Engineering Consultants, Inc. (CECOPHIL) – composed of corporations,
which include Domestic and Foreign Consultants.
● Council of Filipino Consultants, Inc. (COFIC) – the composition is a conglomeration
of corporation, partnership and sole proprietorship of various professional fields.
● Association of Consultants Civil Engineers of the Philippines Inc. (ACCEP) – the
association is composed of consulting firms principally engaged in the various branches
of Civil Engineering like Roads, Bridges, Ports, Water Supply, Irrigation, Drainage,
Flood Control, Geotechnical, Structural Engineering and the like.
(b) Capacity for Flood Control
From the list of members shown in Annex 12a, 19 members of CECOPHIL and COFIC
were surveyed to evaluate their qualifications as consultants for flood control project
implementation. Those firms not surveyed mostly specialize in only one discipline, like
topographic surveying, geotechnical investigation, structural design or construction
management. The 19 surveyed firms offer consulting services in feasibility study, design,
construction supervision, topographic survey and geotechnical investigation.
Only two surveyed firms have more than 100 million pesos average annual revenue and
more than 200 full time employees. As shown in Annex 12b, the 19 firms indicated that
they are stronger in flood control, urban drainage and irrigation than in sabo engineering
and watershed management. This is also shown in Annex 12c by the lesser number of
sabo engineers and watershed management specialists as compared with flood control
engineers, drainage engineers, irrigation engineers, etc. This is understandable since the
number of sabo engineering and watershed management projects has been very few.
- 68 -
In Annex 12d, experience in locally funded projects is gained mostly from urban drainage
followed by flood control, with the least coming from watershed management. This is
also true with foreign assisted projects, as shown in Annex 12e. Note that the 19 firms
are more exposed to foreign assisted projects, involving major projects, than locally funded
projects. Local consultants have the capability in terms of engineers and experience to
undertake flood control projects.
Summarizing the capability of the local consultants in flood control works, major points are
enumerated as follows:
● Local consultants are well experienced and capable in detailed design for flood control
structures and construction supervision since they had worked as partners of
joint-venture in the consulting services for foreign assisted flood control projects;
● Local consultants have been still developing their capabilities in preparation of master
plans and their structure plans of large-scale flood control projects;
● Engineers of local consultants are less experienced with studies for formulation of flood
control plans, particularly knowledge of hydrologic/hydraulic engineering since there
have been very few colleges/universities holding hydrologic/hydraulic subjects in their
civil engineering course; and
● Local consultants maintain some high-grade specialists for economy and sociology
rather than engineers, as most of them had trainings in the abroad.
(2) Construction Companies
(a) Organizations of Construction Company
There are more than 3,000 construction companies in the country. The Philippine
Constructors Association (PCA), at 53 years, is the oldest trade organization in the country.
The PCA has been at the forefront for the continued development of the construction
industry, domestic and overseas. Aside, there are two organizations of constructors such
as the National Constructors Associations of the Philippines (NCAP) and National
Confederation of Constructors Association in the Philippines (NCCAP).
In order to overview about the capacity of Filipino Construction Company, the PCA is
analyzed in the following:
Number of the member construction companies of PCA is summarized as follows: in terms

of membership, classification and category:
Membership
Membership Number of Company
Regular 166
Associate 92
Chapter 16
Total 374
Classification of Lines of Business
Classification Number of Company*
Road, Highway, Pavement & Bridge 130
Irrigation and Flood Control 75
Dam, Reservoir and Tunneling 52
Port, Harbor and Offshore Engineering 55
*: There are many construction companies covering multiple lines of business.
- 69 -
Among the regular member of PCA, their categories are,
Category Track Record* Number of Company
AAA Above P25.0M 69
AA Above P15.0M to P25.0M 11
A Above P7.5M to P15.0M 52
B Above P1.5M to P7.5M 19
C Less than or equal to P1.5M 4
D Less than or equal to P1.5M 3
Trade Less than or equal to P0.5M 2
Others 8
Total 166
*: Present value of single largest relevant project completed
(b) Leading Construction Company
Among the construction companies with the category AAA, there are 38 companies
holding the irrigation and flood control for their lines of business. Among them, there
three big companies, those are: (1) D.M.Consunji, Inc., (2) EEI Corporation, and (3) F.F.
Cruz & Co., Inc. as shown below:
Company Name Year Average Annual Number of Staff Experience in
Established Gross Sales* (Regular) Flood Control
(P billion/year) Works**
(1) DMCI 1954 2.3 410 F
(2) EEI Corp. 1931 3.0 872 F
(3) FF. Cruz 1956 1.4 n.a. E
*: Average of last five years.
**: E = Enough Experience, F = Few Experience
(c) Construction Capacity for Flood Control Works
Among three leading construction companies, FF. Cruz has relatively more experiences of
participating large-scale flood control projects than other two. However, the three
companies may be evaluated to have enough capacity to undertake the construction works
of flood control structures and facilities on account of their construction works experiences.
The capacity of Filipino construction company is evaluated as follows referring to the data
and information obtained through the survey.
● So-called “General Contractor” (large construction company) has enough capability to
undertake infrastructure projects including flood control works in the aspects of
financing, manpower and management;
● Machineries and equipment for construction works may adequately available in Metro
Manila but some modern equipment in the provinces;
● Some construction methods such as tunneling, long-spanned bridge, etc. may also
undertaken by the Contractor with proper guidance and advises by the experienced
engineer;
● Particularly, river diversion works or dewatering works shall require an instruction and
guidance by the experienced engineers; and
● Further, management skills for construction shall be graded up for effective
construction and time savings.
- 70 -
4.2 Laws and Regulations
4.2.1 Water Code
The Water Code of the Philippines (Presidential Decree No. 1067, issued on December 31, 1976) is the
basic water law of the Philippines.
The objectives of the Water Code are stipulated in the Article 2 as follows:
● Establish the basic principles and framework relating to the appropriation, control and conservation
of water resources to achieve the optimum development and rational utilization of these resources;
● Define the extent of the rights and obligation of water users and owners including the protection and
regulation of such rights;
● Adopt a basic law governing the ownership, appropriation, utilization, exploitation, development,
conservation and protection of water resources and rights to land related thereto; and
● Identify the administrative agencies, which will enforce this Code.
The underlying principles of the Code are in Article 3 as follows:

● All waters belong to the States.
● All waters that belong to the state cannot be subject to acquisitive prescription.
● The state may allow the use or development of waters by administration concession.
● Utilization, exploitation, development, conservation and protection of water resources shall be
subject to the control and regulation of the government through the National Water Resources
Council, hereinafter referred to as the Council (presently NWRB).
● Preference in the use and development of waters shall consider current usages and be responsive to
the changing needs of the country.
As an ownership of waters, the Code stipulates: “Rivers and Their National Beds’ belong to the State in
Article 5. Flood control aspect is stipulated in Chapter V, ‘Control of Waters’ as follows:
Art. 53. To promote the best interest and the coordinated protection of flood plain lands, the Secretary of
Public Works, Transportation and Communications 6 may declare flood control areas and
promulgate guidelines for governing flood plain management plans in these areas.
Art. 55. The government may construction necessary flood control structures in declared flood control
areas, and for this purpose it shall have a legal easement as wide as may be needed along and
adjacent to the river bank and outside the bed or channel of the river.
Regarding cost sharing, Article 45 stipulates: “When a drainage channel is constructed by a number of
persons for their common benefit, cost of construction and maintenance of the channel be borne by each
in proportion to the benefits derived.”
It is significant that the Water Code has presented the idea of flood plain management in an early stage
that such idea has come up to the international flood control field only recently. Unfortunately, DPWH
has conducted several mater plan studies including flood plain management but not exercised authority
stipulated in the Article 537 to implement the flood plain management plan and to promulgate such
guidelines yet.
6
Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications (DPWTC) is now DPWH.
7
NWRB is on the process of amending the IRR of the Water Code and the proposal of the Study on the creation of
National Flood Management Committee (under 7.3.3) can be considered in the said amendment.
- 71 -
4.2.2 Local Governmental Code in 1991
(1) Policy
The Local Government Code of 1991 has effected as RA 7160 declaring the policies:
● It is hereby declared the policy of the State that the territorial and political subdivisions of
the State shall enjoy genuine and meaningful local autonomy to enable them to attain their
fullest development as self-reliant communities and make them more effective partners in
the attainment of national goals. Toward this end, the State shall provide for a more
responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of
decentralization whereby local government units shall be given more powers, authority,
responsibilities, and resources. The process of decentralization shall proceed from the
national government to the local government units.
● It is also the policy of the State to ensure the accountability of local government units
through the institution of effective mechanisms of recall, initiative and referendum.
● It is likewise the policy of the State to require all national agencies and offices to conduct
periodic consultations with appropriate local government units, non-governmental and
people's organizations, and other concerned sectors of the community before any project or
program is implemented in their respective jurisdictions.
(2) Basic Services and Facilities of LGUs Stipulated in Local Government Code
LGUs has a responsibility to deliver basic services including flood control facilities, which are
intended primarily to service the needs of residents of the municipality or province and funded
out of municipality or province.
In case of national fund given to LGUs for infrastructure projects, which of National Government
or LGUs shall render such services is not specified in the Code or in any other laws or
regulations.
DPWH has a rule as an interim measure for such projects to be handed over to LGUs with
acceptance agreement when the project was completed. Some of LGUs, however, declined to
accept. Such cases cause problems of operation and maintenance of the facilities.
(a) Infrastructure in LGUs
Flood control and drainage are included in the following section:
SEC. 17. Basic Services and Facilities. - Local government units shall endeavor to be
self-reliant and shall continue exercising the powers and discharging the duties and
functions currently vested upon them. They shall also discharge the functions and
responsibilities of national agencies and offices devolved to them pursuant to this Code.
Local government units shall likewise exercise such other powers and discharge such other
functions and responsibilities as are necessary, appropriate, or incidental to efficient and
effective provision of the basic services and facilities, as enumerated in Table 4.2.
While, the public works and infrastructure projects and other facilities, programs and
services funded by the National Government or those wholly or partially funded from
foreign sources are not covered under this Section, except in those cases where the local
government unit concerned is duly designated as the implementing agency for such projects,
facilities, programs, and services.
- 72 -
(b) Maintenance of Infrastructure in LGUs
Councils of LGUs shall enact ordinances, approve resolutions and appropriate funds for the
general welfare of the LGUs and its inhabitants and to ensure the efficient and effective
delivery of the basic services and facilities as provided above item (a) shown in Table 4.3.
(3) Technical Assistance
As Operative Principles of Decentralization in Section 3, it is stipulated that the realization of

local autonomy shall be facilitated through improved coordination of national government
policies and programs and extension of adequate technical and material assistance to less
developed and deserving local government units.
4.2.3 Presidential Decree for NDCC
Presidential Decree for Disaster Control, Capability and Establishing Community Disaster Preparedness,
so-called “PD for NDCC” was created under PD 1566 in 1978 for “Strengthening the Philippines Disaster
Control, Capability and Establishing the National Program on Community Disaster Preparedness”,
creating National Disaster Coordinating Council, enhancing the survival capability and economic stability
against all types of disasters whether natural or man-made, and responding to a cogent requirement for
pre-disaster planning, community disaster preparedness and positive, precise disaster control action for
rescue evacuation, relief and rehabilitation to insure the survival of the country.
(1) Policy
● Self-reliance shall be developed by promoting and encouraging the spirit of self-help and
mutual assistance among the local officials and their constituents;
● Each political and administrative subdivision of the country shall utilize all available
resources in the area before asking for assistance from neighboring entities or higher
authority;
● The primary responsibility rests on the government agencies in the affected areas in
coordination with the people themselves;
● It shall be the responsibility of all government departments, bureaus, agencies and
instrumentalities to have documented plans of their emergency functions and activities;
● Planning and operation shall also be done on the barangay level in an inter-agency,
multi-sectoral basis to optimize the utilization of resources;
● On the absence of a duly constituted regional government, national government offices at
the regional level shall be led and operationally controlled by the Regional Commissioner
or by the official so designated by the President;
● Responsibility for leadership rests on the Provincial Governor, City Mayor and Municipal
Mayor, (and Barangay Chairman), each according to his area of responsibility;
● When an emergency affects an area covering several towns and cities, the city mayors and
their personnel and facilities shall be placed under the operational control of the Provincial
Governor for the duration of the emergency;
● The national government exists to support the local government. In time of emergencies
and according to their level of assignment, all national government offices in the field shall
support the operations of the local government; and
● To ensure that operational activities become automatic and second nature to all concerned,
exercises and periodic drills shall be conducted at all levels, principally at the Barangays.
- 73 -
(2) Organization of the Regional Level
At the regional level, there shall be constituted Regional Disaster Coordinating Council with
Regional Commissioner or the official so designated by the President as Chairman. The Council
shall be composed of the executives of regional offices and field stations at the regional level.
The Council shall establish an operating facility to be known as the Regional Disaster Operations
Center.
(3) Organization of the Local Government Level
The organizations for coordination or disaster and/or emergency operations in all local political
and administrative subdivisions are hereby prescribed as follows:
(a) In Metropolitan Manila, there is hereby constitutional a Metropolitan Manila Disaster

Coordinating Council. The Metro Manila Governor shall determine the composition of
the Council and may designate as action officer for disaster operations. The Council shall
establish an operating facility to be known as the Metropolitan Manila Disaster Operations
Center.
(b) At the provincial level, there is hereby constituted the Provincial Disaster Coordinating
Council, with the Provincial Governor as Chairman. The Provincial Superintendent of the
Integrated National Police shall be the Vice-Chairman and Action Officer of the Council.
The Council shall be further composed of all organic provincial officials as well as
National Officials assigned to the province. The Council shall establish on operating
facility to be known as the Provincial Disaster Operations Center; and
(c) At the City/Municipal level, there shall be constituted the City/Municipal Disaster
Coordinating Councils, with the City/Municipal Mayor as Chairman. The Station
Commander of the Integrated National Police shall be the Vice-Chairman and Action
Officer of the Council. The Council shall be further composed of organic City/Municipal
officials as well as National Officials assigned to the City/Municipality.
4.2.4 Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997
(1) Policy
The State shall promote industrialization and full employment based on sound agricultural
development and agrarian reform, through industries that make full and efficient use of human
and natural resources, and which are competitive in both domestic and foreign markets. In
pursuit of these goals, all sectors of the economy and all regions of the country shall be given
optimum opportunity to develop. Private enterprises, including corporations, cooperatives, and
similar collective organizations, shall be encouraged to broaden the base of their ownership.
Thus, it is hereby declared the policy of the State to enable those who belong to the agriculture
and fisheries sectors to participate and share in the fruits of development and growth in a manner
that utilizes the nations resources in the most efficient and sustainable way possible by
establishing a more equitable access to assets, income, basic and support services and
infrastructure.
(2) Role of DPWH
All units and agencies of the government shall support the Department of Agriculture (DA) in the
implementation of the AFMP.
In particular, the DPWH shall coordinate with the DA with respect to the infrastructure support
aspect of the plan order to accomplish networking of related infrastructure facilities.
- 74 -
The DPWH, DOTC, DTI and the LGUs shall coordinate with the DA to address the infrastructure
requirements in accordance with this Act provided, that the DA and the LGU shall also strengthen
its agricultural engineering support in carrying out the smooth and expeditious implementation of
agricultural infrastructure projects.
The DPWH shall coordinate with the DA for the purpose of determining the order of priorities for
public works funded under the Public Works Act directly or indirectly affect agriculture and
fisheries.
4.2.5 Environmental Code
The Environmental Code of the Philippines was issued as Presidential Decree No. 1152 on June 6, 1977.
The Code is composed of five (5) Titles such as,
● Air Quality Management;
● Water Quality Management;
● Land Use Management;
● Natural Resources Management; and
● Conservation, Waste Management.
Flood Control aspect concern is stipulated in Title IV, Natural Resources Management and Conservation,
with Forestry and Soil Conservation in Chapter III and Flood Control and Natural Calamities in Chapter
IV along with the other sectors such as Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Wildlife, Energy Development,
Conservation and Utilization of Surface Ground Waters, Mineral Resources. Those chapters present to
promote watershed management including flood control and soil conservation which is appreciated as a
forerun of recent idea of river basin management.
(1) Flood Control
Flood control aspect is stipulated in Section 34 Measures in Flood Control Program of Chapter IV,
Flood Control and Natural Calamities, as follows:
In addition to the pertinent provisions of existing laws, the following shall be included in soil
erosion, sediment and flood control program:
● The control of soil erosion on the banks of rivers, the shores or lakes and the sea-shores;
● The control of flow and flooding in and from rivers and lakes;
● The conservation of water which, for purposes of this Section shall mean forms of water,
but shall not include captive water;
● The needs of fisheries and wildlife and all other recreational uses of natural water;
● Measures to control the damming, diversion, taking, and use of natural water, so far as any
such act may affect the quality and availability of natural water for other purposes; and
● Measures to stimulate research in matters relating to natural water and soil conservation
and the application of knowledge thereby acquired.
(2) Soil Conservation
Soil conservation is the similar concept to the Sabo Works stipulated in Section 32 Management
Policy on Soil Conservation of Chapter III, Forestry and Soil Conservation, as “The National
Government, through the Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Department
Agriculture, shall likewise undertake a soil conservation program including therein the
identification and protection of critical watershed areas, encouragement of scientific farming
- 75 -
techniques, physical and biological means of soil conservation, and short-term and long-term
researches and technology for effective soil conservation”.
4.2.6 Recent Proposed Bill
(1) Water Resources Authority Bill
The bill of “An Act to Address the National Water Crises, Creating the Water Resources
Authority of the Philippines, Abolishing the National Water Resources Board, Rationalizing the
Organization and Functions of Government Agencies related to Water, and for Other Purposes”
was read on First Reading in 12th Congress and referred to the Committees on Public Works,
Local Government and Finance on July 24, 2001, status of which has been pending since then.
The policy of the act is proposed to adopt urgent and effective measures to address the national
water crises as well as measures for the long-term sustainable management of scarce water
resources. To achieve this purpose, the utilization and development of water resources must be
rationalized and optimized through an integrated approach to planning, development and
regulation of the water sector.
Sustainable management of water resources shall take into consideration the following principles:
(a) Water is a limited and vulnerable resource not only indispensable for the sustenance of life
but also of vital importance to all socio-economic sectors. The sustainable management
of water resources demands an integrated approach linking social and economic
development with protection of natural water sources and ecosystems.
(b) Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and shall be treated as an economic
good.
(c) Water Resources management shall be decentralized, participatory and community based
and conducted ant the lowest appropriate level.
(d) Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water
resources and shall be represented in decision-making processes with regard to water
resources management.
(e) Private sector participation shall be encouraged in all levels of water resources
management, utilization and development.
(f) Licensing shall be the mechanism to ensure that public interest is protected in the provision
of drinking water, sanitation, irrigation or other water services by monopoly suppliers.
As its powers and functions, the act proposes the authority shall be the source of authorization
and power to form and maintain the bodies like form basin or watershed authorities.
(2) Metropolitan Flood Control Authority Bill
The bill of “An Act Creating the Metropolitan Flood Control Authority and for Other Purposes”
was read on First Reading in 12th Congress and referred to the Committees, Environment and
Natural Resources, Ways and Means and Finance, status of which has been pending since then.
The Policy of the act is proposed as that:
(a) Ensure the safety of Metro Manila and other urban residents from floods and its negative
effects.
- 76 -
(b) Encourage the participation of the private sector and non-governmental organizations in the
promotion of the objectives of this Act.
(c) Encourage the adoption of a comprehensive development plan for Metro Manila and other
urban centers to address the perennial flood problem.
Purpose of the Authority is also proposed in the act as that, the Authority shall be the sole agency
to formulate and implement all development efforts relative to Metro Manila and other urban
flood control activities with the end in view of alleviating.
Functions of the Authority are proposed in the act as follows:
(a) Review all existing flood control projects under national or local government agencies;
(b) Formulate an integrated flood control plan for Metro Manila and other flood-prone centers
in consultation with other concerned agencies;
(c) Formulate and enforce programs and campaigns against flooding such as anti-littering,
anti-squatting along waterways, dredging and cleaning of esteros and the like;
(d) Encourage the active involvement and participation of local government units, national
government agencies, non-governmental organizations, private sector and other interest
groups by adopting a process of consultation with these concerned groups and agencies in
formulation and integration of the flood control plan;
(e) Solicit financial assistance, obtain loans and grants from any entity, including but not
limited to Official Development Assistance funds.
(3) River Basin Development Authority Bills
There have been several bills recently proposed to the Congress to create authority for
development with river basin approach. While a number of laws for the preservation and
development of rivers have been enacted, effective enforcement by local government units is
weak due to the absence of a local agency with which coordination can be made. What must be
created is efficient institutional machinery in each local government unit not only to implement
such laws, but also to promote development of rivers, river systems, and natural waterways.
Title, status and some other information of those bills are shown in Table 4.1.
(4) Agno River Basin Development Authority Bill
Among the several bills on river basin development authority, briefing of the bill on the Agno
River Basin Development Authority is presented as follows:
The bill proposes as the policy to promote the integrated management and development of
resources in the country’s river basins, within the context of a river basin approach to optimize
economic and social welfare without compromising the sustainability of environmental systems
and to ensure a fair sharing of the national patrimony between upland and lowland peoples.
Purposes and objectives of this act are proposed as follows:
● Consolidate and harmonize all development initiatives within the river-basin under the
over-all framework of a unified river-basin management and development approach;
● Maximize the participation of all stakeholders in the area, establishing the most effective
approach to effect and active and sustainable collaboration among stakeholders from
- 77 -
government agencies, non-government agencies/peoples’ organizations and the private
sector.
● Promote equitable sharing of costs and benefits from the basin’s natural resources across
sectors, groups of communities, across apace and time; and
● Negotiate local and external investment in the area, thereby increasing livelihood
opportunities for the people within the Basin.
As the special functions the authority is to exercise and perform the following powers and
functions:
● Prepare, review, evaluate and update the Agno River Basin Comprehensive Master Plan
(ARBMP) in the interest of the Regional Development Plans;
● Provide the machinery for extending the necessary technical assistance to local government
units, line agencies, public corporations, the private sector and affected indigenous cultural
communities/indigenous peoples;
● Provide the machinery for extending the necessary technical assistance for the maintenance,
repair and rehabilitation, as may be necessary of the Binga Dam, Ambuklao Dan and San
Roque Multi-Purpose Dam, including the resolution of problems on siltation and flooding;
● Establish a functional basin information and database system, including computer-generated
planning tools such as GIS;
● Commission or undertake integrated studies, researches and other such undertakings to
determine appropriate measures to carry out the development of the River Basin;
● Coordinate the integration of all proposed plans, programs and projects of the local
government units, line agencies, public corporations and the private sector where such plans,
programs and/or projects;
● Coordinate and monitor all planning, studies, design and implementation of various
programs and projects for the development;
● Initiate, receive and recommend project proposals for the development, conservation and
management of the basin’s water resources;
● Receive grants, donations and other forms of development assistance in the discharge of its
duties;
● Plan, program and/or undertake infrastructure projects such as river, flood, waste water and
sewerage works, water supply, roads, irrigation, housing and related works when so required
within the context of its development plans and programs including readjustment,
relocations or settlement by population within the Basin as may be deemed necessary and
beneficial by the authority.
- 78 -
CHAPTER 5. PAST FLOOD CONTROL WORKS
5.1 Flood Control Projects
DPWH has implemented flood control projects by its Central Office through Project Management Office
for Major Flood Control Projects (PMO-MFCP) for the foreign assisted project, and Regional Offices and
District Engineering Offices for the locally funded projects of which costs are less than 30 million pesos.
As of now, a lot of studies on flood control and drainage improvement have been carried out for the
specific basins at a study level of master plan and/or feasibility, as tabulated in Water and Floods (DPWH,
2004).
As shown in Table 5.1, the 2004-2009 Medium-Term Public Investment Program (MTPIP) of DPWH8
shows that the Government intends to implement a number of flood control and drainage projects placing
priority on major river basins and Metro Manila. The total budget for these priority projects nominated
in the DPWH-MTPIP is estimated at about 41.3 billion pesos, excluding locally funded projects.
This chapter presents the results of the Survey on Flood Control Implementation Conditions carried out
for 40 national and regional government offices (DPWH, DENR, DA, etc.) and around 70 local
government offices (province, city/municipality and barangay). Annex 12 lists the flood-related
projects being undertaken by the surveyed national government offices.
5.1.1 Major Rivers
Existing flood control measures depend largely on the type of flood problem and physical characteristics
of the area being protected. Similarly, the density and magnitude of such structures depend on the
intensity of the problem in terms of flood damage of the area under protection. Hence, major river
basins with high damage potential such as the Agno, Pampanga, and Pasig-Laguna Lake Basins usually
require basin-wide flood control schemes involving considerable investment.
Localized flood problems are remedied by local protection measures without regard to the overall flood
problem in a river basin. Such situation usually occurs on minor river basins where demands for
protection are implemented on a case-to-case basis. However, the most complex schemes may not
succeed in preventing all losses. At most, it may only reduce the frequency of large floods. Table 5.2
presents the status of flood control programs of major river basins from 1980 to present.
Among the 18 major rivers, either a basin-wide study or master plan study for flood control has been
prepared for 11 rivers or the actual implementation has been made for five rivers. The target flood
control scales are mostly proposed at 20 to 30 years return period depending on economic viability. A
few locally funded projects currently being implemented by PMO-MFCP Clusters 1 and 2 are as follows:
Project Cluster Budget Project Description
1. Davao River Project 2 0.6 million Dredging
2. Tagum-Libuganon River Project 2 1.5 million + Dredging
3. Cotabato River Project 2 1 million + Dredging
4. Pasig River Rehabilitation Project 1 2 billion + Revetment Works
Besides DPWH, there are other national government agencies currently implementing projects related to
flood management and sabo engineering.
8
Based on the on-going preparation of Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (2005-2010), this MTPIP will
accordingly revised.
- 79 -
(1) PAGASA
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)

disseminates atmospheric, geophysical and astronomical data for use by economic sectors, the
engineering and scientific community and the general public. PAGASA is involved in three
activities related to flood management, namely: flood forecasting and warning; flood hazard
mapping; and public awareness and emergency preparedness.
Through its Flood Forecasting Branch, it issues flood forecasts and warnings in the form of basin
flood bulletins to telemetered major or non-major river basins throughout the country (most of
these are located on the islands of Visayas and Mindanao).
Flood hazard mapping is undertaken by the Natural Disaster Reduction Branch of PAGASA in
line with the government's call for the implementation of programs on disaster preparedness and
mitigation.
As an integral part of its mandate and operational functions, PAGASA plays a significant role in
minimizing the effects of natural disasters through appropriate public education and emergency
preparedness. It’s Public Information and International Affairs Staff (PIAAS) coordinates all
activities pertaining to information, education and communication - including the production of
awareness/information packs for individuals and communities.
PAGASA now carries out the following flood management-related projects/activities:

● Strengthening of Flood Forecasting and Warning Section (FFWS), Pampanga, Agno, Bicol
and Cagayan rivers
● Hydrological study of E.B. Magalona's waterways, Madalag River/Malogo River
● Partnership for sustainable disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness
● Community-Based Flood Forecasting and/or Warning System (CBFF/WS), Sinocalan and
allied river basins, Iloilo Province
● Community-Based Flood Forecasting and/or Warning System (CBFF/WS), Municipality of
Dumangas, Iloilo Province
(2) DENR
World Bank is financing the DENR’s River Basin and Watershed Management Project
(RBWMP). The Project would comprise two components: a Bicol Basin Development Program
to pilot a basin planned, watershed based rural development and water resources management
program; and a Water Resources Management component to develop WRM Action Plans in the
Philippines' two most critical water areas.
The Bicol Basin Development Program component covers the Bicol river basin in Region V of
the Philippines, situated in south Luzon, the Philippines' main island. It is based on the Bicol
River Basin Water Resources Management Plan, which is currently being prepared under Region
V's Project Preparation Steering Committee (PSC) headed by the DENR and NEDA regional
directors, with participation of line agencies and LGUs and with assistance from PHRD financed
consultants. Bicol river basin comprises 3,771 km2, 90% of which is in the provinces of Albay
and Camarines Sur involving a total of 28 municipal LGUs and three cities. The basin contains
about 44% of the region's total population.
The Bicol River Basin Development Program would consist of the following sub-components: (a)
Institution building; (b) Community driven LGU development activities; (c) Irrigation
improvement and management transfer; and (d) Basin infrastructure and flood mitigation.
- 80 -
(3) MGB
When adequate information and data is made available to various stakeholders, mitigation and
preventive measures to forestall tragedies can best be formulated. MGB issued Special Order
No. 4396 dated January 5, 2004 creating an MGB Special Task Force on Geohazard Map
Preparation. The geohazard maps will cover disaster and hazard prone areas of the Philippines.
Subsequently, MGB and PHIVOLCS agreed to jointly generate and standardize geohazard maps.
It was also agreed that Landslide Geohazard Maps would be prepared by PHIVOLCS while
Flashflood Geohazard Maps will be prepared by MGB. These maps will be disseminated to
various stakeholders. Other cooperating agencies are NAMRIA, PAGASA and NDCC.
5.1.2 Principal Rivers
The following ten principal rivers were surveyed for flood control project implementation conditions:
Existing Flood Control
Name of City/Municipality, DA* Surveyed
IA** Structures/Projects/
River Province and Region (km2) Section
Activities
Amburayan Bangar, La Union I 1,386 Lower DPWH Dikes
Talisay Balanga City, III 144 Lower DPWH Dikes, Desilting
Bataan
Sta. Rita Olongapo City, III 95 Whole DPWH Desilting, Flood Gate
Zambales Weir, Revetments, Sabo
Dam
Bucao Botolan, Zambales III 734 Lower DPWH Dikes, Dredging
Angat Calumpit, Bulacan III 781 Lower DPWH Dikes; River Bank Slope
Protection
Pansipit Lemery, Batangas IVA 656 Lower DPWH River Bank Slope
Protection, Parapet Walls,
Dredging
Imus Bacoor, Cavite IVA 105 Lower DPWH Dredging, Revetment
Walls
Camatian Lucban, Quezon IVA 269 Lower DPWH River Walls
Quinali Malinao, Albay V 103 Lower DPWH Dredging, Dikes
Yawa Legaspi City, Albay V 70 Lower DPWH Dredging, Dikes
*: DA = Drainage Area
**: IA = Implementing Agency
Flood problems in most principal rivers especially the minor ones are localized, and structural measures
are usually employed to existing situations thereat. There are a number of river control projects existing
in the 10 principal river basins surveyed, as summarized in Table 5.3. The majority of the flood control
plans in the 10 principal river basins are proposed or implemented to be of the flood protection dikes or
flood walls. Some projects consist of river dredging works (excavation works) to mitigate the flood
damages in the lower reaches.
5.1.3 Urban Drainage
The DPWH and LGUs implement urban drainage projects as described below:
(1) DPWH
Major components of the flood control and drainage program in Metro Manila have been built,
particularly additional drainage mains, pumping stations, estero improvement works, dredging
and related facilities. Operation and maintenance works were also responsible by DPWH with
its National Capital Region, although MMDA shall undertake all flood control works composed
of formulation, implementation and O&M of the works in accordance with RA 9724 in 1994.
- 81 -
However, a memorandum of agreement entered into between DPWH and MMDA on July 9, 2002
that aimed at an orderly transfer of powers and functions, policy directions and programs,
officials and employees, assets and liabilities. Through the several discussions between DPWH
and MMDA, all flood control works in Metro Manila shall eventually be transferred to MMDA,
details are as follows with some pending items for which both parties agreed.
● Implementation of flood control projects in Metro Manila, particularly under the local fund
shall be transferred to MMDA.
● Operation and maintenance works for all completed flood control structures and facilities,
including those, which were constructed by foreign, assisted shall be the responsibility of
MMDA.
● On-going foreign assisted flood control projects shall be implemented by the DPWH, while
the engineers of MMDA may participate in the implementation for their technical training.
● New projects including surveys and studies of flood control in Metro Manila will be
principally implemented by MMDA with a technical assistance of DPWH.
In conformity with the agreement, about 1,600 engineers and technicians of DPWH-NCR have
transferred to MMDA and annual budget for O&M cost of flood control facilities was also
reallocated to MMDA starting from 2004 annual budget.
The on-going urban drainage projects in Metro Manila and its surroundings to be implemented by
the DPWH are:
● Metro Manila Flood Control Project – West of Mangahan Floodway
● KAMANAVA Area Flood Control and Drainage System Improvement Project
● Pasig-Marikina River Channel Improvement Project
Further, in the 2004-2009 DPWH MTPIP, the Valenzuela-Obando-Meycauayan (VOM) Area
Drainage Improvement and Related Works Project is the major urban drainage project proposed
in Metro Manila. JICA and DPWH are now conducting the Study on Drainage Improvement in
Core Area of Metropolitan Manila, wherein a master plan and feasibility study will be prepared
to solve perennial flooding in Manila and Suburbs.
(2) LGUs
There have been a few urban drainage projects with covering a LGU area undertaken by LGU
itself such as:
No. Name of City Title of Project Finance Source
1 Laoag Flood Control and Drainage Project City/DPWH
2 Ilagan n.a. n.a.
3 Olongapo n.a. n.a.
4 Batangas Flood Control and Drainage Project PREMIUMED*
5 Lucena Iyam River Control Project City/DPWH
6 Puerto Princesa Flood Control and Drainage Project PREMIUMED
7 Legaspi City Flood Control Project City
8 Iloilo Master Plan of Iloilo Drainage Project City
9 Cebu Central Visayas Urban Project World Bank (Grant)
10 Ormoc 1991 Flood Rehabilitation Plan DPWH
11 Tacloban Overall Drainage Master Plan Study City
12 Davao Davao City Storm Drainage Project City/NEDA
13 Zamboanga Flood Control and Drainage Project City
Source: Study on Flood Control for Rivers in the Selected Urban Centers, JICA 1995
* = Program for Essential Municipal Infrastructure Utilities, Maintenance and Engineering
Development (financed by World Bank for DPWH)
- 82 -
Urban drainage projects are usually with small-scale structures implemented by the respective
LGUs with a technical assistance in accordance with Local Government Code –1991 which cites
to devolve to LGUs responsibility for the delivery of various aspects of basic services including
programs and projects.
However, common and serious drainage problems in the LGUs were addressed by the national
government with a financial assistance of foreign funding institutions, so called PREMIUMED,
of which program was implemented by the DPWH.
5.1.4 Sediment Control (Sabo) Works
Most of the sediment control (Sabo) works have been implemented under the foreign technical and
financial assistances, while the Sabo projects were undertaken by the DPWH. Inclusive of the studies,
the previous and on-going Sabo projects are enumerated below:
Name of Project/Study Location Year Funding
Completed Source
1 Pasig-Potrero River Flood Control and Sabo Project Pampanga 1978 JICA
2 Master Plan for Mayon Volcano Sabo and Flood Control Bicol 1981 JICA
Project
3 Re-Study of Mayon Volcano Sabo and Flood Control Project Bicol 1983 JICA
4 Study on Flood Control and Mudflow Control for Pampanga 1995 JICA
Sacobia-Banban/Abacan River Basin Darining from Mt.
Pinatubo
5 Study on Sabo and Flood Control in the Laoag River Basin Ilocos 1997 JICA
6 Study on Comprehensive Disaster Prevention around Mayon Bicol 2000 JICA
Volcano
7 Mt. Pinatubo Hazard Urgent Mitigation Project Pampanga 2002 JBIC
8 Study on Sabo and Flood Control for Western River Basins Zambales 2003 JICA
of Mt. Pinatubo
9 Study on Camiguin Island Disaster Prevention Project Camiguin 2003 JICA
10 Mt. Pinatubo Hazard Urgent Mitigation Project (II) Pampanga 2003 JBIC
11 Laoag River Basin Flood Control and Sabo Project Ilocos On-going JBIC
Source: “Water & Floods”, DPWH March 2003
Other than the projects with a tile of “Sabo”, flood control projects implemented under the foreign
technical and financial assistances were provided with sediment control aspects. Those flood control
projects for rivers of steep slopes such as Agno River and Anilao/Malbasag Rivers in Ormoc City are also
considered as Sabo Projects.
Therefore, the Sabo projects have been implemented by the DPWH, while the related works such as soil
conservation and reforestation projects have been implemented by NIA and DENR, respectively.
On the other hand, mud/debris flows and land slides in the mountainous area, which have usually brought
catastrophic damages claiming human lives and cutting lifelines but small scale are not clearly
investigated and studied. The sediment damages brought by landslides in Southern Leyte and Northern
Surigao in December 2003 should have some preventive works, even identified as natural hazardous area.
The rehabilitation works of sediment disasters require more manpower and longer time.
For the localized sediment disasters such as mud/debris flows and land slides, the sabo plans shall be
formulated emphasizing on (1) Mitigation of dangers on human lives, (2) Preventive measures to be
provided by both structural and non-structural methods, and (3) Stage-wise implementation of sabo plans
covering nation-wide.
- 83 -
5.2 Other Related Projects
Table 5.3 also lists watershed management and irrigation projects being undertaken in surveyed principal
river basins. The following subsections described the watershed management and irrigation projects
being implemented by the surveyed national government agencies.
5.2.1 Watershed Management
The Forest Management Bureau (FMB) of the DENR formulates and recommends policies and programs
for the effective protection, development, management and conservation of forestlands and watersheds
including grazing and mangrove areas.
Forestry Sector Project (FSP) is one of the projects of the DENR, which underscores the government’s
thrust on giving local communities in the upland and mangrove areas broader role in the management and
conservation of the country’s finite resources. The main goal of the FSP is to attain Sustainable Forest
Resource Management by the People’s Organizations (POs). Funded by JBIC and GOP, the project aims
to rehabilitate a total of 68,748 ha, covering 57,573 ha of watershed area and 11,175 ha of mangrove area.
Watershed rehabilitation was implemented on 24 pre-selected subproject sites nationwide. The sites
were identified to be adjacent or supportive of other investments related to irrigation systems, water
impoundment, flood control, hydroelectric power and other energy related projects. Mangrove
rehabilitation was implemented in 12 pre-selected sites in selected regions.
The DENR carries out other watershed management programs; among them are Soil Conservation and
Watershed Management. The program’s main concern is the conservation, management and
development of water resources and watershed areas in consonance with the provisions of R.A. No. 8041.
It also involves the rehabilitation of the critical watershed areas through the establishment of vegetative
measures, construction of structural measures, plantation establishment, and other activities to prevent
soil erosion and sedimentation in the area.
The LLDA’s thrust and priorities reflect the emerging focus of water resources management to ensure the
sustainability of the lake water resources as source of domestic and industrial water supply without
sacrificing its other beneficial uses especially fishery. In line with this, LLDA is now implementing
several programs; among them is watershed management.
5.2.2 Forestry Sector Project (Project Summary in Annex 11)
(1) Organization and Implementing System
Promoting forest land use planning as an integral activity of comprehensive land use planning to
determine the optimum and balanced use of natural resources to support local, regional and
national growth and development, DENR and DILG concluded JOINT MEMORANDUM
CIRCULAR NO. 98-01 (JMC98-01) to stipulate LGU’s sharing responsibility with DENR in the
sustainable management and development of the forest resources within their territorial
jurisdiction.
In this regard, responsibility of Community Environmental and Natural Resources Office

(CENRO) and Provincial Environmental and Natural Resources Office (PENRO) provided by
LGUs and Regional environment and Natural Resources Office (RENRO) is stipulated as
follows:
● Community Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO) refers to the DENR
Office, headed by a Community Environment and Natural Resources Officer Appointed by
the Secretary of DENR, which is responsible for the implementation of DENR policies,
programs, project and activities and the enforcement of ENR laws and regulations in the
community level (JMC98-01, 4.2).
- 84 -
● Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office (PENRO) refers to the DENR office,
headed by the Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Officer appointed by the
Secretary of the DENR, which is responsible for the implementation of DENR policies,
programs and projects in the province (JMC98-01, 4.12).
● Regional Environment and Natural Resources Office (RENRO) refers to the DENR Office
headed by a Regional Executive Director (RED) appointed by the President that is
responsible for the coordination and implementation of all policies, programs and projects
on environmental and natural resources development and conservation of DENR in the
region (JMC98-01, 4.14).
Organization Chart for CBFM
DENR
S ecretary
U S E C for International
U S E C for P olicy and
C om m itm ents and L ocal
Technical S ervices
G overnm ent Affairs
FAS PO
R egional N ational Forestation

Forest M anagem ent
E xecutive D irector D evelop m ent O ffice
B ureau
(R E D ) (N FD O )
AR E D for O perations P EN R O
R egio nal F ocal P erso n CENRO
Assisting P rofessinals
S ubproject Site M anagem ent O ffice

S U S IM O
Adm inistrative
Su pport U n it
C om m un ity Site D evelopm ent

V alidation &
O rganizing & & M anagem ent
B illing U nit
S trengthening U nit U nit
Jointly implementation with LGUs and DENR is stipulated as follows:
Implementation of new CBFM projects shall be undertaken jointly by DENR and concerned
communities/beneficiaries as provided for under DENR DAO 96-29.
● DENR through its regional, provincial and community field offices shall consult and
coordinate with concerned provincial, municipal or city governments for their participation
in the implementation of CBFM projects in their respective territorial jurisdiction.
● Formulation of action plans for CBFM that will include, among others:
- Definition of specific roles/responsibilities of DENR and concerned LGUs consistent
with DENR DAO 96-29 and other pertinent rules and regulations;
- Creation of teams composed of representatives from both offices to undertake the
various phases of CBFM;
- 85 -
- Commitments of financial and other resources needed in CBFM implementation;
- Monitoring and evaluation system;
- Schedule of activities; and
- DENR-LGUs phase-out plan for project management.
(2) Monitoring and Evaluation
Monitoring and evaluation for CBFM projects are conducted according to the stimulation of
JMC98-01, 7.5 that, the DENR and the concerned DILG office and/or LGU shall conduct
periodic monitoring of activities for the DENR-DILG-LGU partnership in devolved and other
forest management functions. The organization chart and Implementing System of DENR for a
Community-Based Forestation Management are shown as follows.
Implementing System for CBFM
Re-establishment of
Empowerment of POs
Forest
Support
LGUs
Report
CSD
Livelihood Development
Project
Activities Mo
n
POs Su ito
p p ri n
or g
t
SUSIMO
&
ring
rt
CO ito po Monitoring
on up
M S & Support
NGOs
DENR HQ:
(NFDO)
Monitoring
& Support
Report
Project
Administration
& Management
Monitoring &
Support
DENR: ROs, PENROs & CENROS
Report
The People’s Organizations (POs) are the centers of development assisted by NGOs; Assisting
Organization (AO); DENR through the Sub-project Site Management Office (SUSIMO), DENR
Field Offices and NFDO; and LGUs for empowerment and re-establishment of forest with the
objective of Sustainable Forest Resource Management of the Project area by PO.
- 86 -
5.2.3 Irrigation
There are two agencies of the Department of Agriculture involve in irrigation:
(1) National Irrigation Administration (NIA)
NIA undertakes program-oriented and comprehensive water resources projects for irrigation
purposes, as well as concomitant activities such as flood control, drainage, land reclamation,
hydraulic power development, watershed management, etc.
As of the end of 2000, according to the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2001-2004,
the total area provided by NIA with irrigation facilities reached about 1.366 million ha, benefiting
about 1 million farm-families. This represents 43.69% of the total potential irrigable area of
3.126 million ha that are primarily devoted to rice and corn.
Operation and maintenance (O&M) costs of National Irrigation Systems (NIS) are recovered
through the collection of Irrigation Service Fee (ISF) from the farmer-beneficiaries. The
farmer-beneficiaries through their Irrigators Associations (IAs) amortize direct construction costs
of Communal Irrigation Systems (CIS) on terms agreed upon by IA and NIA. Full cost recovery
of O&M remains a government policy.
For years 1999 and 2000, targets for irrigation were 77,500 ha in new areas generation and the
rehabilitation of 273,905 ha of existing irrigation systems. Actual accomplishments were
21,707 ha new areas generation and 220,199 ha rehabilitated. The high accomplishment on
rehabilitation compared to the target in 1999 was due mainly to the implementation of the El
Niño program, which involved mostly CIS. Annex 11 details all the irrigation projects presently
being undertaken by NIA.
Moreover, the Water Resources Development Project (WRDP) assists the Government in
developing an appropriate policy and institutional framework to improve water resources
planning, development and management; initiating an integrated and comprehensive approach to
watershed management to sustain water sources; improving existing irrigation system efficiency,
thereby increasing agricultural production, and alleviating rural poverty; improving irrigation
services in the long term by accelerating management turnover of irrigation systems to water
users and by increasing the National Irrigation Administration's (NIA's) institutional
effectiveness; and improving the environment in irrigated areas.
The five-year project includes the following components:
(a) Improved water resources planning and management - preparation of a national water
resources plan, improvement of national data collection networks, establishment of a
national water information network (NWIN) and strengthening of the National Water
Resources Board (NWRB);
(b) Improved watershed management - formulation of a national watershed management

strategy and investment and institutional strengthening program, investments for improved
management; and staff training/study watershed management tour;
(c) Improvement and repair of National Irrigation System (NIS) - system improvement, repairs
in major structures, strengthening of Masiway dam, and construction of sediment inclusion
structures;
(d) Institutional strengthening of NIA and Irrigators Associations (IAs) - staff training,
consultancies, computers and incremental operating costs to facilitate progressive
management; and
- 87 -
(e) Environmental improvement - control of schistosomiasis, erosion control works; sediment
monitoring, and establishment of an Environmental Unit within NIA and provision of
training and consultancy to the unit.
(2) Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM)
BSWM undertakes assessment, development and conservation of existing and potential soil and
water sources for agriculture. It also conducts cloud seeding activities. BSWM undertakes
planning, design, construction, of locally-funded and foreign assisted small water impounding
project, small farm reservoir, and small diversion dams for irrigation and flood control purposes.
On the other hand, the total area provided with irrigation facilities by BSWM is 153,099 ha. The
total picture therefore shows a total of 1,519,132 ha with irrigation facilities, representing 48.59%
of the total irrigable area9.
5.2.4 Agrarian Reform Infrastructure Support Project
The Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) has approved Agrarian Reform Communities (ARCs) in over
900 locations nationwide. Using ARCs as the basic unit of development, it has promoted integrated
support for services such as the provision of basic infrastructure, organization of farmers and finance,
which are required for the improvement of agricultural productivity.
The ODA loans supported agrarian reform in its 20th Loan Package of JBIC to the Philippines with
projects including the Agrarian Reform Infrastructure Support Project and the Rural Farmers and
Agrarian Reform Support Credit Program. This project follows the Agrarian Reform Infrastructure
Support Program: Phase I (ARISP-I), which provided basic infrastructure and organizational support to
ARCs in 78 locations. It will provide the basic economic infrastructure (irrigation, post-harvest
processing equipment, farm roads and water supply) needed for agriculture to ARCs in about 150
locations nationwide. In addition, it will support the organization of farmers and strengthening of local
governments, and aims to contribute to improvements in agricultural productivity and increased living
standards for agricultural families. Further, this project also includes some minority ethnic group and
remote area ARCs.
In the implementation of the project, the Department of Agrarian Reform will be the lead executing
agency with the NIA and DPWH as collaborating executing agencies to supervise civil works. In
addition, NGOs will participate in the organization of farmers, the consolidation, organization, formation
and strengthening of agricultural cooperatives and training.
The proceeds of the loan will be used for civil works, procurement of machinery and equipment,
organizational reinforcement and consulting services (bid assistance, supervision of construction, training
for local government employees, support for the organization of farmers and agricultural cooperatives,
environmental monitoring, etc.).
(1) Infrastructure Development
The development of systems is indispensable if the projects that have been tackled under ARISP-I
are to be appropriately effected. The aims of system development are threefold, to increase
agrarian productivity, to realize autonomous/functional organizations, and to establish basic
companies in agricultural communities. The key program for undertaking this development has
been formulated to cover the following four fields. To wit, 1) infrastructure development,
2) agrarian development, 3) development of cooperatives, and 4) project development/
management. The following details the results that have been achieved in these areas.
9
Source: Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2001-2004
- 88 -
It goes without saying that ensuring the sustainability of project results through the
maintenance/repair activities of related parties, in addition to promoting more satisfactory
utilization of the infrastructure provided under ARISP-I by the farmer-beneficiaries, is
indispensable. Finding ways to incorporate the related parties into the framework of the
ARISP-I project remains an issue.
Regarding infrastructure, there are cases in which it is necessary for the local governments of the
ARBs (municipalities <towns> and barangays <villages>) to bear the burden of equity for
ARISP-I. This is similar to the World Bank’s Agrarian Reform Community Development
Project (ARCDP), and there is optimism within local governments. Specifically, most local
governments divert the appropriation of the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) development
budget that is distributed by the central government as subsidies. Breaking local government
dependency on IRA is currently under discussion; however, this will be difficult in light of the
need to enhance the profits of local government enterprises and develop independent sources of
tax revenue.
In terms of the maintenance of infrastructure that has been fully transferred, as has been
evidenced in the case of the construction of farm-to-market roads, the infrastructure is being
managed on the basis of the exchange of memorandum circulars between the DPWH and the
local barangays. In reality, barangays have meager development budgets, and within individual
ARISP-ARCs, damage/repairs are carried out according to the Bayanihan method (mutual
cooperation), which involves joint operations by mobilizing the community. There are some
questions concerning how to eliminate free riders, for example, and the effectiveness of
introducing the method in terms of the ambiguities inherent in its execution.
The amortization of construction costs is applicable to irrigation facilities, and in this instance the
role of the Irrigation Associations (IA) is crucial. Even when Development Contingency Costs
(DCC) are born by the work force, funds are required to maintain and conduct partial repairs to
irrigation facilities, and thus the effective levying of Irrigation Service Fees (ISF) is crucial.
However, the collection ratio of ISF in the La Union and Iloilo ARISP-ARCs is low. Ensuring
the sustainability of irrigation will be problematic if such basic problems cannot be overcome.
(2) Sustainability of Infrastructure
The infrastructure facilities provided under the ARISP-I project have fulfilled a definite role.
Ensuring the sustained viability of these gains so that they do not end up as merely a temporary
phenomenon will contribute to the development of autonomous agricultural communities.
Calls are being made for the beneficiary organizations to take responsibility for the sustainability
of the infrastructure. The organizations will thus need to take up their financial obligations.
While the ARISP-II project is moving in this direction, conscientious efforts will be needed in
order to solicit the involvement of the provincial governments in the more complex aspects and
so forth. Utility rates for post-harvest facilities were particularly low. The warehouse in the
ARISP-ARC in Iloilo is predominantly unused.
While there are various problems in terms of storage capacity, location, and the shouldering of
storage costs (interest rate arrangements), the fundamental issue at stake is trader/middleman
intervention in rice production and distribution. Capital build up is needed to undertake
projects.
It is necessary to establish conditions that will energize the business activities of the cooperatives.
In this case, it is necessary to give the cooperatives a competitive edge over existing traders and
rice polishing traders, and to investigate new methods of ensuring the sustainability of the
infrastructure support services that are to be provided under the ARISP-II project. This method
involves the cooperatives purchasing unpolished rice, having it polished at highly efficient,
- 89 -
privately owned rice mills that have been authorized by the local governments, transporting it to
the markets, then engaging in retail sales. In this instance, the local governments (municipality)
will become the base for the cooperative federations, and it will be their role to organize the loans
to fund rice purchasing. This system is currently under development in the province of Ilocos
Norte. Memorandum of Circulars between DPWH and barangays for implementation of
infrastructure
5.2.5 Municipal Water Supply
In the provincial urban areas, the total population served as of December 2000 is 18.3 million. This
means 88.13% of the total urban households have safe drinking water through Level III Systems provided
by Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA)-WDs/private operators/LGUs. This was attributed to
the new projects as well as the upgrading of water system facilities implemented by LWUA-WDs, LGUs
and private subdivisions. LWUA as a specialized government lending institution has been primarily
responsible in the development of water supply systems in areas outside Metro Manila.
The rural population, on the other hand, is served primarily with Level I systems and in some cases,
Levels II and III systems. The total rural population served with these water systems by LGUs, BWSAs
and RWSAs under the jurisdiction of DILG, DPWH and LWUA is about 35.76 million representing
84.77% of the country’s rural population.
Moreover, the Water Resources Management (WRM) component of World Bank-funded River Basin and
Watershed Management Project (RBWMP) of the DENR supports the creation of two Water Resources
Management Task Forces (WRMTFs) and the subsequent development of integrated, Water Resources
Management Action Plans by these WRMTFs for the Philippines' two most pressing water problem areas,
Manila and Cebu and their surrounding catchments.
Metropolitan Manila and Cebu are the two largest cities and economic centers in the Philippines, and
suffer acute water problems, including shortages, resource depletion and poor water quality. While
studies on these cities exist, they need to be translated into Action Plans that represent the stakeholders
concerned as a basis for future investments and water resources management. The WRMTFs are
comprised primarily of the concerned local government officials, water related agencies, private sector
and civil society, with small full-time core teams of technical specialists.
5.3 Review and Evaluation
Localized flood problems are remedied by local protection measures without regard to the overall flood
problem in a river basin. Such situation occurs on the surveyed principal river basins where demands
for protection are implemented on a case-to-case basis. In the minor projects identified during the
survey, the use of appropriate standard plans prepared by DPWH is usually the basis of construction of
these projects. No surveys and investigations were undertaken to determine whether these standard
plans are really appropriate for the project site.
As shown by the results of the survey conducted, major concerns in the flood control project
implementation are technically the following:
● Deficiencies in technical standards and regulations,
● Organization and budget for continuous O&M, and
● Rehabilitation and improvement of existing facilities and natural channels.
Basically, the laws and regulations are not clear for DPWH to implement the flood control projects of
principal rivers nor really reflects the actual conditions as well as requirements of other related laws, as
follows:
● DPWH mandates in EO 124 are not well implemented;
- 90 -
● Implementation rules and regulations of Water Code shall be prepared in compliance with actual
conditions; and
● Implementation rules and regulations of Local Government Code shall be revised to clarify the
jurisdictions of river areas.
The government has long recognized these concerns. The table below shows the status of the existing
flood control/river structures in the ten (10) principal rivers surveyed.
Name of Existing Flood Control River and Flooding Problems of the Existing
River Structures/Projects/Activities Conditions Flood Control Structures
Amburayan Dikes Siltation; Overbanking Deterioration of structures;
scouring of foundations
Talisay Dikes, Desilting Encroachment; Siltation; Collapsed sections;
Overbanking; Tidal piece-meal
flooding
Sta. Rita Desilting, Flood Gate Weir, Siltation; Overbanking; Piece-meal
Revetments, Sabo Dam Tidal flooding
Bucao Dikes, Dredging Heavy siltation due to Total collapse
Lahar; Overbanking
Angat Dikes; River Bank Slope Bank erosion; Piece-meal; collapsed
Protection Overbanking sections
Pansipit River Bank Slope Protection, Garbage dumping; Piece-meal
Parapet Walls, Dredging Heavy siltation
Imus Dredging, Revetment Walls Garbage dumping; Piece-meal
Encroachment; Tidal
flooding
Camatian River Walls Overbanking Scouring of foundations;
piece-meal; low and
ineffective
Quinali Dredging, Dikes Garbage dumping; Piece-meal
Siltation; Overbanking
Yawa Dredging, Dikes Garbage dumping; Piece-meal; low and
Siltation; Overbanking ineffective; collapsed
sections
5.3.1 Engineering and Quality
In minor projects identified during the survey, the use of appropriate standard plans prepared by DPWH
is usually the basis of construction of these projects. No surveys and investigations were done to
determine whether these standard plans are really appropriate for the project site. Other issues gathered
during the survey regarding planning and design are:
● Lack of flood control data such as discharge, catchments area and/or survey work on all flood-prone
areas
● Needs further study on the river flow behavior especially on the effect of floodwater backflows and
quarrying
● Design insufficient relative to physical condition of the river and flooding condition
● Lack of consultation and coordination with other related agencies during planning period
● Improper river dike alignment
● No comprehensive study
- 91 -
5.3.2 Implementation
Funding constraints; perennial lack of funds discourages or hampers initiatives for undertaking bigger
projects and often resulting to piece-meal project implementation. Other issues gathered during the
survey regarding implementation are:
● Choice of projects and priority in implementation are dictated more by political expediency rather
than by actual project appropriateness and capability of the municipality to undertake;
● Wrong construction method being adopted;
● Lack of continuity of the system (piece-meal implementation); and
● Lack of cooperation and coordination during construction period.
5.3.3 Operation and Maintenance
Lack of regular maintenance is a big factor in the rapid deterioration of existing flood control structures.
Other issues gathered during the survey regarding operation and maintenance are:
● No funds and no manpower at the LGU level to undertake O&M;
● Responsibility of the LGU in operation and maintenance is not clear;
● No clear agreement exist between LGU and DPWH regarding operation and maintenance; and
● No operation and maintenance budget and no O&M team that would monitor all flood control
structures in the district engineering office.
- 92 -
CHAPTER 6. PROBLEMS IN IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEM
6.1 Problems and Issues by PCM Workshop
6.1.1 Project Cycle Management (PCM) Workshops
Participation of all stakeholders in the entire cycle of the Study/Project (i.e. planning, implementation to
monitoring/evaluation) is necessary for an “effective and sustainable implementation system of flood
control projects for principal rivers” to be developed. PCM method was adapted in the Study to
encourage and facilitate active participation of stakeholders, particularly to identify the problems/issues in
flood control project implementation for beneficiaries and the affected.
The PCM method, which is a tool for managing the entire cycle of a development project by means of a
project format termed the Project Design Matrix (PDM), has the following advantages:
(1) Through the workshop discussions, all stakeholders (i.e. direct beneficiaries, negatively affected
groups, community leaders, potential opponents, supporting groups, implementing agencies,
funding agencies, and decision-makers) and other relevant organizations could have equal
opportunities to participate/play role in project planning;
(2) In the formulation of the Project Design Matrix (PDM), an effective implementation system may
be developed in a logical manner based on “cause-effect” and “means-ends” relationships in the
flood control project implementation; and
(3) Through the Objectively Verifiable Indicators and Means of Verification in the PDM, the
performance/status of the project can be regularly monitored/evaluated against target
achievements for Outputs, Project Purpose, and Overall Goal such that timely remedial actions
can be undertaken if shortfalls in the target achievements occur.
To facilitate active participation of all stakeholders in the study/project planning, three levels of
workshops were conducted, as follows:
PCM Workshop of the Study Team
This PCM workshop was conducted amongst the members of the Study Team to formulate the draft
PDM-0, and the basic concept and methodology of the Study. The Stakeholders Analysis, the first step
of the PCM method, was also conducted in this workshop wherein, among others, the number of
succeeding PCM workshops to be conducted and the participants of each workshop were determined.
PCM Workshop 1
PCM Workshop 1 was intended for decision-makers, funding agencies, implementing agencies, and other
relevant agencies in the national level/central offices. The purpose of the workshop was “To identify
current conditions of laws/regulations, institutions, roles of relevant organizations, and problems in the
existing flood control implementation system of principal rivers”. The process for PCM Workshop 1 is
outlined in Annex 13.
PCM Workshop 2
PCM Workshop 2 was designed for decision-makers, funding agencies, implementing agencies, and other
relevant agencies in the regional, district, provincial, and municipal levels; and direct beneficiaries,
negatively affected groups, community leaders, potential opponents, and supporting groups in areas
affected by selected principal rivers.
- 93 -
The purpose of PCM Workshop 2 is to “Identify problems in the existing flood control project
implementation system through attitude survey with relevant government officers and local residents”.
PCM Workshop 2 were conducted at six times: one each in Regions I, III and V, and three in Region
IV-A.
Annex 14 is a copy of the information regarding PCM Workshop 2 (i.e. duration, schedule, venue,
grouping of participants, methodology, etc.) attached to the Letters of Invitation delivered to different
stakeholders. The results of the PCM workshop are discussed in the following sections.
6.1.2 Identification and Analysis of Problems and Issues
The main purpose of the PCM workshops was to “Identify and analyze the causes and effects of current
problems in the existing flood control project implementation system”.
To attain this objective, the Problem Analysis in the Participatory Planning of the PCM method was
employed. Problem analysis involves the selection of a core problem, which is analyzed to identify the
causative factors as well as consequent effects. It is usually diagrammatically presented in the form of a
cause-effect tree or problem tree. The effects of the core problem indicate its wider dimensions and
impacts on flood mitigation and the economy. The causative factors identify the variables influencing
the problem and provide the basis for solutions.
As the main consequence of problems/deficiencies in the existing flood control project implementation
system for principal rivers, “Flood control projects for principal rivers are not effectively implemented”
was chosen/validated as the core problem. In every PCM workshop conducted, each participant
identified at least one problem/deficiency in the existing implementation system that may have
caused/affected the core problem. These problems/deficiencies were analyzed as to their causative
factors and consequent effects, to come-up with a problem tree. The problem tree developed by each
group of workshop participants in the selected regions is presented in Annex 15. These were analyzed
further to come-up with a consolidated problem tree for the Study (Figure 6.1).
The identified problems/deficiencies in the existing flood control project implementation system for
principal rivers can be categorized under the four direct causes of the core problem, as follows:
(1) No comprehensive implementation program of flood control is prepared for principal rivers
Since the 1970’s, the Government of the Philippines (GOP) has prepared basin-wide flood control
master plans for 13 out of the 18 major rivers in the Philippines. Most of the projects
recommended in the master plans were formulated and/or implemented with technical and
financial cooperation of the Japanese Government through its ODA programs (i.e. JICA and
JBIC). As part of the technical assistance, some standards and criteria for formulation and
implementation (i.e. design and construction) were transferred to engineers/ officers of the
DPWH central offices such as the Planning Services, Bureau of Design and Project Management
Office for Major Flood Control Projects (PMO-MFCP).
However, no master plans for principal rivers were prepared up to the present, except for Jaro and
Iloilo Rivers in Iloilo Province, Panay Island, of which master plan was formulated under “Study
on Flood Control for Rivers in the Selected Urban Centers” with the technical assistance of JICA
in 1995. The following are the causative factors to this problem:
(a) Technical standards and guidelines for flood control plans are not well established nor
disseminated among DPWH offices.
Some standards and guidelines (particularly those for planning) that were developed and
applied to specific flood control projects in major rivers are only filed in the archives of the
DPWH Central Offices, and not disseminated to regional and district offices. Limited
- 94 -
efforts were made to review, evaluate and utilize this information to formulate technical
standards and guideline for flood control planning that can be adapted for principal rivers.
(b) Inadequate manpower to prepare flood control master plan in DPWH regional and district
engineering offices.
Since, generally, DPWH’s 16 Regional Offices and/or 176 District Engineering Offices
only undertake some rehabilitation or remedial works after the occurrence of floods, the
engineering experience and technologies that they have acquired are limited/inadequate to
undertake flood control master planning for principal rivers. In addition, the more
experienced engineers hardly stay with the regional and district offices due to relatively
low working conditions.
(c) Only limited basic data gathering/surveys/investigations are conducted for project planning,
and processed and stored basic data/information are inadequate for use.
Hydrologic data gathering, ground/river survey, and geological investigation are not
continuously conducted. Therefore, data/information, which are indispensable in the
preparation of effective and accurate flood control plans, are neither updated nor renewed.
Furthermore, since data gathering, survey and investigation are conducted by different
agencies, data/information are scattered among these agencies and hence difficult to access.
Particularly, these data are not properly collated for principal rivers.
The factors contributory to this problem are:

● Hydrologic gauging stations are not properly operated and maintained;
● Inadequate and less systematic processing and storage of data/ information (database);
and
● Inadequate budget for basic data gathering, survey and investigation.
Generally, the data/information required for flood control plan preparation, and the
government offices responsible for their collection/upkeep/documentation are indicated in
table below:
Basic Data/Information for Flood Control Planning and Responsible Office

Relevant
Data/Information Responsible Office Status of Data/Information
Office
Climate (Rainfall, PAGASA PHIVOLCS Collected and processed for
etc.) long time. Number of
stations is inadequate.
Topography NAMRIA-DENR - Map of 1/50,000 &
1/250,000 are available.
They are not updated.
Geology MGB-DENR - Digitalizing is started but
only for damaged areas.
River Flow BRS-DPWH NWRB and Few field survey. Annual
(Water NIA report is only until 1980’s.
Level/Discharge)
Flood Damage OCD-DND DSWD Damage records are well
filed.
River Survey DEO ＆ LGU Almost no conduct.
RO-DPWH
- 95 -
(d) Too much attention/emphasis is given to structural measures in addressing flooding.
Based on the records of flood control works implemented in principal rivers, it appears that
most of the flood control works are structural flood mitigation measures. Non-structural
measures (i.e. reforestation, solid waste management, etc.), which are equally important in
the mitigation of floods, are not adequately provided.
(e) Planning is not participatory.
Involvement of beneficiaries, negatively affected groups, etc. in planning is neglected.
(2) Roles and functions in the implementation of flood control projects for principal rivers are not
clearly delineated
The problem of overlapping or absence of roles and functions of relevant agencies in the
implementation of flood control projects for principal rivers is due to the following:
(a) Relevant laws and regulations hardly meet actual conditions.
As shown below, there are conflicts in jurisdictions between relevant agencies in regard to
implementation of flood control projects and management of rivers in their watersheds.
The Water Code: PD 1067, and EO 124 designated DPWH as the responsible agency to
manage all rivers in the country. The Local Government Code: RA 7160 (1991), however,
allows the LGUs to implement flood control projects for principal rivers. Furthermore,
the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) has implemented flood control works to
protect farmlands as well as irrigation facilities, the DENR is undertaking flood/sediment
control works through watershed management and reforestation projects.
This situation has not been corrected, as there has been no constant coordination among
these government agencies (i.e. DPWH, LGU, DENR and NIA). Particularly for flood
control works of principal rivers, the plans are formulated without any coordination with
the agencies concerned.
Laws for Flood/Sediment Roles in Flood/Sediment Control Actual Undertakings of Flood/ Issues in
Control Works Works within Laws Sediment Control Works Implementation
1. Water Code: PD 1067 LGU:

After NIA belonged to Department of Most of flood/sediment control works
Utilization, development and Agriculture, DPWH is responsible are implemented by DPWH, DENR
conservation of water resources mainly for flood control works of and NIA based on the request by
shall be under this law. DPWH is the major river basins, while NIA is local govermnets. Local
only office which may manage all responsible for flood/sediment control governments only implement urban
rivers in the Philippines works for their irrigation areas. drainage improvement works.
2. EO 124/1987 DPWH:
NWRB, which was attached to Flood control works for not only Comprehensive
DPWH shall be responsible for DPWH conducts coordination and major rivers but also principal rivers flood control
planning, design, construction and arrangement for development and are undertaken by DPWH from program is
operation/maintenance for all river management of water resources. planning to operation and necessary together
and flood control works in the DPWH is responsible mainly for flood maintenance. Local fund is only with regional priority
Philippines. control works of major river basins. allocated to rehabilitation. for implementation.
3. Local Government Code: Most of local governments hardly NIA:

RA 7160/1991 implement flood control works due to Rather small scale flood/sediment In the preparation
budgetary constraint and request the control works are undertaken by NIA on basin-wide flood
To promote decentralization of works to DPWH to undertake. Some in order to protect farm land and control, roles of
power, local governments may local governments implement the irrigation facilities. DPWH, LGU,
implement the flood control projects flood control works and undertake DENR and NIA
for principal rivers. operation and maintenance works shall be clearly
only. defined.
4. EO 192/1987 DENR:
DENR conducts forest conservation, Mainly watershed management
prevention e.g. soil erosion and DENR undertake limited sabo works including reforestation and sediment
maintaining water retension capacity to prevent sediment production by control has been undertaken. With
in order to achieve the sustainable means of hillside works. foreign financial assistance, DENR
development of natural resources implements a basin-wide
and environment. reforestation projects.
- 96 -
(b) Inadequate Information & Education Campaign (IEC), and consultation with beneficiaries,
negatively affected group, and other stakeholders.
Since IEC and consultation with beneficiaries, negatively affected group, community
leaders, NGOs, LGUs, etc. are not adequate, these stakeholders do not know their roles and
functions in the flood control projects, especially in the maintenance of the flood control
works.
(c) There is neither exchange nor transfer of data/information between DPWH and other
relevant agencies.
There is no constant information exchange between DPWH and other relevant agencies,
and between DPWH’s central office and regional offices. Other than in major rivers,
where comprehensive studies on flood control projects have been conducted, it is difficult
to align the roles of relevant agencies for flood control projects of principal rivers. This is
mainly because of the absence of systematic information system that results in
limited/inadequate basic information and plans that can be obtained from these agencies.
Presented in the following is a list of planning conditions and the respective responsible
agencies, necessary for the formulation of effective flood control plans.
Plans and Relevant Organizations to Flood Control Projects
Plans Related to Flood Organizations to
Planning Conditions
Control Projects Prepare Plans
Land Use (Urban Plan) LGU Flood prone area
Flood damage to be mitigated
Urban drainage discharge
River improvement alignment
Irrigation Development NIA Flood prone area
Flood damage to be mitigated
Urban drainage discharge
River improvement alignment
Road & Bridge DPWH & LGU River improvement alignment
New bridge construction
Watershed Management DENR Design flood runoff discharge &
sediment discharge
Municipal Water Supply LGU Water extraction volume and quality
Regional Development NEDA Planning scale and frame
Large-Scale Private LGU Land acquisition and compensation
Development
(3) Importance of flood control projects for principal rivers is not well recognized/ understood by the
government as well as the people
Flood control projects for principal rivers undertaken as of now are not sufficient for mitigating
flood damages there both in quality and quantity. There are some causes other than financial
restriction as follows:
● Flood inundation scale and its damages are relatively smaller than those in major rivers.
Therefore, the flood control works for the principal rivers are given lesser priority in
government policies as compared to those for major rivers.
● Since each principal river generally affects a province or a city/municipality only,
investment in flood control works in principal rivers by the national government may be
perceived to result in inequality in government funding among regions.
- 97 -
● Flooding, particularly in principal rivers, is understood as a momentary phenomenon, and
reduction in flood damages attributable to flood control works is considered to be
negligible. Therefore, the concerns to floods, especially by the central offices, which are
located far from the damaged area, do not last.
Consequently, the central office of DPWH provides PMO for Major Flood Control Projects and
implement flood control projects for 18 major rivers, while the flood control works for principal
rivers have been left to the regional offices or district engineering offices. As a consequence,
flood control projects undertaken for principal rivers are not sufficient (both in quality and
quantity) for mitigating flood damages.
(4) Funds for flood control projects for principal rivers are not adequate
Due to the present economic situation of the Philippines, budget for most projects in the country
is less than what is desired/required. This is aggravated by the fact that flood control projects in
principal rivers have low priority in the national budget for infrastructure projects. Flood
control infrastructure development is also beyond LGU's affordability/ budget.
6.1.3 Other Issues
During each PCM Workshop 2, a perception/attitude survey regarding the following issues was also
conducted.
(1) What should be done in order to enhance coordination between agencies regarding flood control
project implementation? What should be the role of your agency in the coordination?
(2) Who should be responsible for the O&M of flood control structures/works? What should be
your role as an agency/stakeholder in the O&M of flood control structures/works?
(3) What are the specific impacts of flooding in your living conditions?
(4) What are the causes of flooding in your area?
(5) What are the flood control projects that should be done in order to mitigate flooding in your area?
The responses of the workshop participants to the preceding questions are presented in Annex 16, and
summarized/analyzed below:
Issue no. 1
Almost all participants indicated that in order to enhance coordination between flood control project
implementing agencies, a coordinating body (i.e. Inter-agency Technical Working Group, Technical
Committee or Multi-sectoral Task Force) should be established/operationalized.
As to their respective agency’s roles in enhancing coordination, the participants identified the following:
● Provide relevant data/information being gathered by their respective agencies;
● Provide funds for flood control projects that are within their agencies’ scope of responsibilities;
● Participate in the planning, design, implementation and monitoring of flood control projects; and
● Participate in the Information and Education Campaign.
Based on the above viewpoints, it appears that the proposed coordinating body can be explored/mobilized
in addressing the problems/deficiencies in the existing flood control project implementation system
through its active participation in: (i) formulation of comprehensive flood control plan for principal
rivers; (ii) clarification and delineation of roles and functions of relevant agencies; (iii) IEC such that
- 98 -
necessity for flood works for principal rivers will be recognized; and (iv) ensuring that flood control
projects in principal rivers are implemented according to the comprehensive plan.
Issue no. 2
The participants perceived the DPWH (the implementing agency of most flood control works), and the
LGU and direct beneficiaries as the responsible agencies/stakeholders who should be responsible for the
operation and maintenance of flood control projects.
As indicated by participants from relevant agencies, their roles in the O&M of flood control projects
include: (i) provision of technical assistance, (ii) conduct of information and education campaign
regarding the importance of flood control works; (iii) training of direct beneficiaries in the O&M of flood
control works; and (iv) monitoring and feedback.
Close cooperation amongst DPWH, LGUs and direct beneficiaries in the O&M of flood control works
along/in principal rivers appears reasonable. However, close cooperation of DENR, DA, DAR, NIA and
LGUs and other stakeholders (especially residents in the catchment area) in the management of the
watershed areas is also necessary.
Issue no. 3
The specific impacts of flooding in the living conditions of participants who are directly affected by
flooding can be generally classified into:
● Direct damages/losses, which include:
- Damage to buildings, equipment, furniture, and inventories.
- Damage to infrastructures including roads, bridges, river facilities, etc.
- Damage/losses to agricultural production particularly to crops.
● Indirect damages/losses, which include:
- Damages/losses to household economy.
- Damages/losses to business activities.
- Damages/losses to public services due to stoppage or slow down of activities.
By bringing out the impacts of flooding in their living conditions, the participants intend to substantiate
their expressed need for flood control projects in their areas.
The benefits of flood control projects are the reductions in the aforementioned damages/ losses resulting
from the implementation of the projects.
Issue nos. 4 and 5
The common causes of flooding in the selected study areas, based on those identified by the participants,
are: (i) reduction in river carrying capacity due to siltation, (ii) erosion of river banks, (iii) insufficient
internal drainage, and (iv) improper waste disposal.
The responses of the participants to these issues show that stakeholders, especially those directly affected
by flooding, are not only able to identify the causes of flooding in their areas but also come-up with
proposals on the flood control projects that should be implemented to mitigate flooding. Their
participation in the whole project cycle is therefore important.
- 99 -
6.2 Summary of Problems in Flood Control Works for Principal Rivers
In order to examine the problems in the implementation system for the principal rivers, problems and/or
issues are extracted from:
● National development plans and policies for flood control;
● Survey results of past flood control projects; and
● PCM workshops conducted with relevant national governments, local governments and beneficiaries.
Further, all problems and issues are summarized into main themes and categorized based on the
Infrastructure Development Cycle in order to find the solutions.
6.2.1 Requirements in National Development Plans and Policies
Problems are firstly extracted from the requirements of the national development plans and policies in the
flood control works are summarized as follow:
(1) MTPDP 2001 - 2004

● Pursue proper O & M of flood control and drainage facilities including an effective garbage
collection and disposal in coordination with other concerned government agencies and
LGUs;
● Relocate and prevent informal settlers living along the banks of rivers/esteros/creeks;
● Implement sabo projects for the prevention/mitigation of sediment-related disasters, debris
and lahar flow/landslide;
● Study and formulate guidelines leading to sustainable development/land use in
sediment-related disaster-prone areas, and
● Implement comprehensive measures consisting of construction, warning/evacuation,
livelihood programs in coordination with concerned agencies and LGUs
(2) MTIDP – DPWH 2001 - 2004
● Comprehensive planning and identification of inundation areas in major and principal
rivers;
● Provide flood control facilities and sabo works, and pursue non-structure measures in
flood/sediment disaster-prone areas;
● Strengthen the FCSEC for research and studies, information center and sabo engineering
program; and
● River management in coordination with LGUs.
(3) Requirement of NFPP 2001 - 2030

● Prioritize and implement infrastructure projects that support the policy of national dispersal
through regional concentration;
● Ensure compatibility of infrastructure with local land use and development plans, giving
priority to projects with the most strategic impacts;
● Compatibility with NIPAS (National Integrated Protected Area System) and other
production areas; and
● Incorporate disaster mitigation principles in infrastructure development.
- 100 -
(4) IWRM
● Evaluate properly the efficiency of flood control strategies;
● Improve data collection systems and access to information by users;
● Establish policy instruments and the legal and regulatory framework;
● Establish mechanisms for consultation and public participation and conduct intensely
information/education campaign;
● Enhance capacity building of not only governmental agencies but also non-governmental
organizations;
● Adopt the philosophy of flood management and create management agencies (including
river basin organizations); and
● Establish mechanisms to achieve financial sustainability.
6.2.2 Problems Identified by Survey on Flood Control Projects
Throughout the survey on past flood control projects for principal rivers, the following problems are
identified.
(1) Engineering
● Lack of flood data/information and survey works for rivers and flood-prone area;
● Deficiencies in technical standards and regulations;
● Lack of consultation and coordination with other related agencies; and
● No comprehensive study.
(2) Implementation
● Choice of works and priority in implementation are dictated by political expediency rather
than by actual appropriateness;
● Wrong construction method being adopted;
● Lack of continuity of the project (piece-meal implementation);
● Lack of cooperation and coordination with relevant agencies and LGUs concerned during
the construction period.
(3) Operation and Maintenance
● Responsibility of the LGU in O&M is not clear;
● No clear agreement made between LGU and DPWH regarding O&M;
● No funds and no manpower at the LGU level to undertake O&M; and
● No O&M budget and team that would monitor all flood control structures in the DEO.
(4) Rules and Regulations
● DPWH’s mandate to be “tasked to carry out ensuring the safety of all infrastructure facilities
– “ in EO 124 is not well implemented;
● Implementation rules and regulations of Water Code shall be prepared in compliance with
actual conditions; and
● Implementation rules and regulations of Local Government Code shall be revised to clarify
the jurisdiction of river areas.
- 101 -
6.2.3 PCM Workshop
Selecting the core problem to be “Flood control projects for principal rivers are not effectively
implemented”, four direct causes were recognized in the PCM workshops as follows:
(1) No comprehensive implementation program

● Technical standards and guidelines for flood control plans are not well established nor
disseminated among DPWH offices;
● Inadequate manpower to prepare flood control master plan in DPWH regional and district
offices
● Basic data gathering/surveys/investigations are limited, and processed and stored data are
inadequate for planning;
● Attention/emphasis is only given to structural measures in addressing flood control; and
● Planning is not participatory.
(2) Roles and functions are not clear
● Relevant laws and regulations hardly meet actual conditions;
● In adequate information and education campaign and consultation with beneficiaries,
negatively affected group, and other stakeholders; and
● No exchange nor data/information between DPWH and other relevant agencies.
(3) Importance of Flood Control Projects
● Importance of flood control projects for principal rivers is not well recognized/understood
by the government as well as the people; and
● Funds for flood control projects of principal rivers are not adequate.
(4) Coordination between implementing agencies
● Relevant data/information gathered by respective agencies shall be provided among them;
● Funds for flood control projects that are within their agencies’ scope of responsibilities shall
be provided;
● Relevant agencies shall participate in the planning, design, implementation and monitoring
flood control projects; and
● Relevant agencies shall participate in the information and education campaign.
(5) Operation and maintenance
● DPWH shall technical assistance to the responsible agency for O&M;
● Information and education campaign regarding importance of flood control works shall be
intensely conducted;
● Training for O&M of flood control works shall be given to the direct beneficiaries; and
● DPWH shall monitor and feed back of the flood control project implementation.
- 102 -
6.2.4 Integration of Problems and Issues
Through the analysis and grouping all problems and issues, they are integrated into eight main agenda as
follows and Summary Matrix is shown in Table 6.1.
(1) Jurisdiction of River Areas

● No definition on the jurisdiction for rivers and their areas under the law.
● No coordination among governmental agencies to undertake river works.
(2) Coordination and Cooperation between DPWH and LGUs
● Importance of flood control is not well recognized.
● Choice of projects and priority in implementation shall be dictated by actual project
appropriateness.
● Study to formulate sabo projects is urged for sustainable development/land use in
sediment-related disaster-prone areas.
(3) Proper Management System of Data/Information
● No comprehensive implementation of flood control including non-structural measures as
well as livelihood program.
● No management body covering river basin.
(4) Flood Control Project Identification
● Basic data gathering/surveys/investigations are limited including processing and storing.
● No proper data collection systems, and access to information by users.
● No proper monitoring and feedback mechanism for project implementation.
(5) Planning Resources/Capability
● Technical standards and guidelines are not well disseminated among DPWH offices.
● Hydraulic/hydrologic analytical capacities are not well developed.
● Inadequate manpower to prepare master plan of river basin flood control.
(6) River Basin approach and Flood Management
● No data/information exchange between DPWH and relevant agencies.
● No coordination and cooperation during construction.
● No clear arrangement for O & M between DPWH and LGUs.
(7) Public Consultation and Participatory
● Inadequate information & education campaign, and consultation with stakeholders.
● Participation of beneficiaries and stakeholders is not well practiced in the planning, design,
implementation and O&M.
(8) Fund for Implementation and O&M
● Funds for flood control projects for principal rivers are not adequate.
● No funds and no manpower at the DPWH DEOs as well as LGU level to undertake O&M.
● No mechanisms to achieve financial sustainability is established.
- 103 -
Summarized eight main agenda are categorized into the respective stages of Infrastructure
Development Cycle as follows:
Infrastructure Project Cycle

Issues and Problems Operation &
Identification Preparation Implementation
Maintenance
1. Jurisdiction of River Area
2. Coordination and Cooperation between DPWH and Relevant Agencies
3. Proper Management System of Data/Information
4. Flood Control Project Identification
5. Planning Resources/Capability
6. River Basin Approach and Flood Management
7. Public Consultation and Participatory
8. Fund for Implementation and O&M
The problems and issues concerning all stages of the Cycle shall be counteracted and solved in
the long-term with all the efforts of the government, while those concerning one to three stages
are tackled by mainly DPWH and related agencies.
- 104 -
CHAPTER 7. IMPROVEMENT PLAN OF FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT
IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEM
7.1 Possible Solutions
7.1.1 PCM Objective Tree
Based on the initial Objectives Analysis (Figure 7.1 – Objective Tree) performed on the Problem Tree
and other issues, the draft PDM is prepared as shown in Table 7.1.
Output 1: Comprehensive plan of principal rivers flood control works will be proposed.
a) Establishment of technical standards and guidelines for flood control master planning.
b) Enhancement of technical capacity of engineers/officers in DPWH regional and district
engineering offices.
c) Rehabilitation/establishment of hydrologic gauging stations, and enhancement of capacity of
personnel in the operation and maintenance of these stations.
d) Establishment of systematic processing and storage of data/information (database).
e) Identification of funding sources.
f) Provision of adequate non-structural flood mitigating measures (i.e. reforestation, solid waste
management, etc).
g) Participatory approach to be employed in the whole project cycle.
Output 2: Roles and functions in flood control project of relevant organizations will be clarified.
a) Revision of laws and regulations to meet actual conditions.
b) Formulation of IEC and consultation strategies.
c) Establishment of systematic information system.
Output 3: Necessity of flood control works for principal rivers will be recognized.
a) Establishment of extensive IEC.
Output 4: Optimal utilization of funds for flood control projects.

a) Explore the viability of establishing an agency/body that will regulate the implementation of
flood control projects in principal rivers, and assure that these projects are implemented
according to the comprehensive plan.
b) Identification of funding sources.
7.1.2 Methods for Solution of Problems/Issues
Including possible solutions to problems and issues from PCM Objective Tree, the directions/actions and
concerned agencies (except DPWH) are recognized as follows:
(1) Jurisdiction of River Areas (Legislative Body, NRWB, LGUs)

● Revise IRR of Water Code
● Clarify jurisdiction and obligation of LGUs in Local Government Code
- 105 -
(2) Coordination and Cooperation between DPWH and Relevant Agencies (DENR, LGUs)
● Basically, DPWH shall control river flow and river area of the channel sections in the
developed area, and other area of river basin could be controlled by DENR.
● Create an organization for Flood Management for river basin
(3) Proper Management System of Data/Information (PAGASA, NWRB, NAMRIA, OCD)
● Enhancement/rehabilitation of observation system of PAGASA and BRS
● Establish information network for DPWH
● Add the function of information center to FCSEC
(4) Flood Control Project Identification (DENR, OCD, NWRB)
● Conduct inventory survey for flood and sediment disasters
● Conduct inventory survey for rivers and river basins
● Ranking or prioritizing the river basin for flood control works
(5) Planning Resources/Capability (DENR, NWRB, NHRC, PHIVOLCS, LGUs)
● Continue and strengthen the activities of FCSEC
● Recruit more engineers to FCSEC
● Reorganization of planning sector in DPWH
● Exchange information among the related agencies
(6) River Basin Approach and Flood Management (DENR, NWRB, NEDA)
● Capacity development for planning in DPWH
● Expansion of FCSEC's function
● Close coordination among agencies through an organization of flood management
(7) Public Consultation and Participatory (LGUs, NEDA)
● Develop the methodology for participatory planning
● Employ the results into the project evaluation
● Conduct general IEC of flood control nation-wide
(8) Fund for Implementation and O&M (NEDA, DBM, DOF)
● Establish the rules for cost sharing between national agency and LGUs for implementation
and O&M
● Develop the financial sources for flood control works
- 106 -
7.1.3 Actions by DPWH
By DPWH, the following actins shall be taken in connection with the above agencies and actions.
Problems and Issues Action to be Taken by DPWH

Agreement on jurisdiction of rivers shall be drafted by DPWH relation to
LGUs and the other governmental agencies.
2. Coordination and Cooperation between DPWH and Relevant Technical assistance shall be extended to LGUs. General coordination will
Agencies be made through an organizarion of flood management.
3. Proper Management System of Data/Information Capacities for hydrological data and its analysis shall be developed.
Criteria (draft) shall be prepared for sediment hazard risk.

4. Flood Control Project Identification
Inventory survey for flood, sediment and river shall be conducted.
FCSEC shall be continued and expanded with increasing engineers 1) in
5. Planning Resources/Capability
FCSEC and 2) for training. Engineers in planning sector shall be increased.
Functions of FCSEC shall be expanded especially for the concepts of flood
management.
Public consultation and participatory planning shall be intensively employed
7. Public Consultation and Participatory
in project formulation stage in coordination with LGUs.
Projects under CDF (PADF) shall be controlled by DPWH in compliance
8. Fund for Implementation and O&M
with the MTDIP.
Focusing on the actions to be taken by DPWH, it is emphasized that 1) Planning Section (Service) and
2) FCSEC shall play an important roles in DPWH’s actions required to solve the problems and issues.
(1) Planning Section
(a) Jurisdiction of River Area
The Planning Service will draft the concepts and guidelines for jurisdiction river area in
consultation with NERB and DENR. Accordingly the implementation rules and
regulations of Water Code will be drafted and submitted to the legislative body.
Particularly, the ownership of river flow and river area shall be clarified to be under the
state (the national government). The authority of LGUs to alter river area and river flow
shall be limited or with consent of the national government responsible for them, i.e.
DPWH and DENR.
(b) Coordination and Cooperation between DPWH and Relevant Agencies
Presently AMMS of DPWH is preparing and coordinating capacity training programs for
employees within the Department. In case, LGUs request DPWH for such programs,
DPWH shall provide them under the provision of Local Government Code-1991. Providing
the regular programs, a mutual agreement between DPWH and DILG are required. Under
the rules provided for this purpose, FCSEC should take a main role of assistance.
DPWH principally controls river flow and river area (flow section and easement) of the
channel sections in the developed area. DENR may control land use of other areas in the
river basin including floodplain
It is, therefore very important for DPWH to cooperation with these agencies concerned as
well as to participate IWRM with its own provision on river basin approach to flood control.
The planning sections are encouraged to carry out those aspects. In the course of IWRM,
- 107 -
an organization of flood management may be created for the effective coordination and
cooperation among the agencies concerned.
(c) Proper Management System of Data/Information
Planning sections shall lead the DPWH and PAGASA to enhance and rehabilitate the
hydrological observation system. Recording and data collecting activity should involve
the DEOs, ROs and the central office; the processing should be taken by FCSEC, and
access authority should be given to FCSEC so the total system should be kept in FCSEC.
(d) Flood Control Project Identification
Project identification consists of some steps described as follows:

● Either inventory survey or past flood data shall be used for preparation of criteria on
project identification;
● Prioritization of rivers or areas for flood control projects shall be made firstly with
collection on data/information on flood damages/losses and their potentials in the
future;
● Analysis on the listed flood control projects with economic, financial and social aspects;
● Evaluation and prioritization of projects based on the analysis and criteria.
Central level of planning sections or FCSEC is required to prepare the criteria for project
identification and further prioritization for the project implementation.
(e) Planning Resources/Capability
In order to prepare a comprehensive flood control implementation plan, the planning

resources and capability shall be strengthened. The FCSEC (Project ENCA), which was
started in January 2000 shall be continued and expanded having a wider target for
technology transfer. It is necessary to increase the number of engineers having training
under and working in FCSEC.
Enforcement of institutional capacity is badly required for the Planning Service to promote
the RBA-FC planning. Some sections for flood control shall be added to or reorganized in
the Planning Service. Further, data/information of the relevant agencies shall be always
provided and updated for easy access. Particularly, capability of the hydrological analysis,
which is a basis of project identification and formulation of flood control, shall be
well-developed in the PS and FCSEC.
(f) River Basin Approach and Flood Management
Strengthening this function for RBA-FC is to organize the existing bodies, DENR,
PAGASA, PHIVOLCS, for machinery for consultation chaired by FCSEC. At the
planning stage, DPWH is required to pay more attention to involvement to IWRM and
RBM. The planning sections, therefore, are required to prepare the plan of comprehensive
flood control and drainage and integrated infrastructure program within the river basin
utilizing guidelines and criteria provided by FCSEC.
A new concept of flood control, that is “Flood Management” shall be integrated into
RBA-FC and IWRM as one of the important keys in the Philippines. A national
committee for Flood Management shall also be scheduled for RBA-FC scheme.
- 108 -
(g) Public Consultation and Participatory Planning
The planning sections are required to practice the public consultation and participatory
planning with guidelines prepared by FCSEC. Structure and method of sharing tasks
among the central office, ROs and DEOs should be established.
(h) Fund for Implementation and O&M
Projects are identified among the projects proposal requested from DEO through RO or
some are requested other organizations like Regional Development Councils. In this stage
the process is to identify potential projects with expected return of investments.
In the deliberation of projects at the Regional Development Council, it should also

identified and arranged fund for the actual implementation of the project, as well as for a
proper O&M. The national budget, local budget, request from CDF and foreign loans
may be discussed.
The proposed projects are mostly made for portion by portion of damaged areas or rivers.
In order to rationalize the expected return, preliminary studies are conducted assisted by the
Planning Service.
(2) Flood Control and Sabo Engineering Center (FCSEC)
Considering the requirement for flood control and sabo works above mentioned, FCSEC should
be responsible to render its power and authority for the following issues, other than the tasks and
works mentioned planning sections:
● Continue to prepare/revise technical guidelines, standards and manuals,
● Continue to promulgate the technical guidance for engineers of DPWH in regional and
district levels,
● Pursuit the way of promulgation of technical guidance for engineers in LGU level,
● Brush-up the technical guidelines, standards and manuals for planning, especially for
hydrological analysis, and foster the hydrological analysts,
● Prepare the guidelines, standards and/or manuals for participatory planning and
socio-economic aspects,
● Prepare the guidelines, standards and/or manuals for comprehensive flood control and
mitigation methodology with river basin approach on flood management with the concept
of IWRM, including structure and non-structure methods.
● Be core for coordination and cooperation with the other agencies concerned with flood and
sediment-disasters.
- 109 -
7.2 Formulation of Improvement Plan
In the preparation of flood control plan for major rivers, most of which were conducted with the technical
cooperation of JICA and financial assistance of JBIC, those aspects such as IWRM, basin-wide approach,
integrated planning including structural/non-structural measures and sediment control. As well the
related agencies were also involved in the planning stage by organizing a steering committee for the
project. Further, the methods of participatory planning and social impact assessment have been
developed in the flood control project implementation in the recent years.
On the other hand, the aforementioned aspects and/or methods have been not considered, and the
coordination with related agencies and their works has not pursued for flood control project
implementation for principal rivers. As the projects have been designed and implemented by Regional
Office or District Engineering Office, the capacities of offices and fund allocated were not adequate.
In order to formulate the improvement plan of flood control project implementation system for principal
rivers, a Comprehensive Flood Control Project Implementation Plan for principal rivers shall be
emphasized as summarized in Chapter 6. The stage or term-wise approach is prepared to attain the
above objectives. Categorizing the plan into two terms, the period of each term is assumed as follows:
Medium-Term: 2005 to 2010 (6 years)
Long-Term: 2011 to 2030 (20 years)
7.2.1 Action Plan for Medium-Term (2005-2010)
Inclusive of the preparation of comprehensive flood control project implementation plan, the projects and
activities to be carried out for medium-term in the course of improvement of implementation system are
enumerated as follows:
● Preparation of comprehensive flood control project implementation plan for principal rivers;
● Establishment of data/information management system for flood control and sabo works;
● Preparation and implementation of information and education campaign for flood control and sabo
works; and
● Implementation of the flood control 1st medium-term plan.
(1) Preparation of Comprehensive Flood Control Project Implementation Plan
A comprehensive flood control implementation plan for principal rivers will be prepared within
the early period in the Medium-Term Schedule (2005 to 2010).
(a) Inventory Survey
As an initial step, an inventory survey shall be conducted for 326 principal rivers (A
catchment area is 40 km2 to 1,400 km2) including identification of other principal rivers and
review on the dimensions such as catchment area, river length, etc. The inventory survey
will be made for the following items:
● Location and basin area (administrative region to belong);
● Topography, geology and vegetation;
● River length and gradient;
● Records of rainfall and water level stations, if any;
● Annual mean basin rainfall;
- 110 -
● Administrative units (province, city, municipality), their areas and populations;
● Land use and population within the river basin;
● Records of past flood and sediment damages, if any;
● Area and population within the flood-plain area;
● Outline of water resources development projects, if any; and
● Other regional development plans and projects, if any.
(b) Preparation of Comprehensive Flood Control Project Implementation Plan
With the key indices indicating importance and urgency in project implementation such as
area and population of flood-plain for importance and magnitude/frequency of flood
damages for urgency, priority for implementation will be placed to all subject rivers.
Selecting 20 rivers with higher priorities, a flood control master plan will be prepared for
each selected river, while the master plan is mainly formulated with structural measures, as
planning dimensions to be defined below:
● Project scale;
● Main structures and facilities;
● Project cost;
● Investment plan/economic evaluation;
● Management plans for natural/social environmental impacts; and
● Implementing bodies and schedules.
Assuming the project scale to be once in 30 to 50 years for recurrence probability, the
optimum project scale will be selected through the economic evaluation. Aspect of
IWRM and basin-wide approach shall be employed in the planning as well as
consultation/coordination with relevant agencies and LGUs shall be carried out in the
preparation. On the basis of the flood control master plans for 20 selected rivers, the
implementing schedules including major structures, project costs, etc. will be tabulated as
follows:
Area (km2)/ Major Project Implementation
Priority River Population Region Structures/ Cost
Catch Flood Popu- Facilities (mil. (Year)
ment lation peso)
1. Ambura 1,386 I Dike, 2006 - 10
yan Revetment
2. Talisay 144 III Dike, 2006 - 10
Dredging
3. Pansipit 656 IV-A River Wall, 2006 - 10
Dredging
4. Imus 105 IV-A Revetment, 2006 - 10
Dredging
∼ ∼
20. Lucban 269 IV-A Revetment 2011 - 15
21. Yawa 70 V Dikes, 2011 - 15
Revetment
∼ ∼
326.
- 111 -
(2) Establishment of Data/Information Management System
A network for data/information will be established in the Medium-Term. Other than the data
and information, of which network has been constructed through NWIN, the river and flood data
shall be firstly collected and processed into a database (Flood Control Database = FCD).
Secondly, the database will be developed into an information network (Flood Control
Information Network = FCINET) including NWIN.
For establishing the flood control information network by Planning Service as a lead office, the
following works will be undertaken in the Medium-Term in collaboration with the related
agencies:
(a) Inventory Survey on Existing River Data and Flood Data
Including past projects and studies of flood control, an inventory survey on river and flood
data (refer to Section 2.3, Chapter 2) will be conducted with central and regional offices of
DPWH.
(b) Preparation of Data Format and Encoding
Referring the existing format for data encoding, a unified format will be prepared by
integrating types of data and information. The unified format will be distributed to the
regional offices for encoding. For this work, each regional office shall establish a
Working Group for inventory and encoding the data and information on river and flood
within its jurisdiction. Each regional office shall prepare a library in its office for storing
and updating the raw data as well as encoded format for reference and future development.
(c) Digitizing Data and Preparation of Database
After encoding the data into specified format, digitizing and preparing the database will be
carried out by the central office (Planning Service).
(d) Establishment of FCINET
Through an investigation of available telecommunication system such as Internet and

exclusive communication line, a network (FCINET) for collection and dissemination of
data/information of river and flood will be established.
(e) Management and Development of FCINET
FCSEC will preferably manage and develop the FCINET, including integration with other
information network such as NWIN. Further, FCINET will be expanded for not only
data/information but also monitoring of rivers and floods as well as their project
implementation.
(3) Preparation and Implementation of Information and Education Campaign
For proper floodplain management, specifically smooth and effective flood control project
implementation, a total information and education campaign shall be commenced in the early
stage in the Medium-Term. Inclusive of concepts for IWRM and River Basin Approach, general
policies and directions for flood mitigation shall be disseminated.
(a) Preparation of Program
Together with the preparation of Comprehensive Flood Control Project Implementation

Plan, a program of information and education campaign will be prepared. The program
- 112 -
shall emphasize the importance of public consultation and participatory planning.
The program preparation may refer to and develop the guidelines/methods of the recent
practices of information and education campaigns, conducted in several projects such as
Pasig-Marikina River Channel Improvement Project, Iloilo Flood Control Project, etc.
Planning Service and Public Information Division of DPWH will prepare the program in
collaboration with FCSEC.
(b) Implementation of Campaign
Based on the program for information and education campaign, two types of campaign will
be implemented. One is for general about all flood control works undertaken by the
DPWH, which will be mainly conducted through the related organization and media. The
other is for some specific flood control plans for principal rivers listed in the
Comprehensive Flood Control Project Implementation Plan; therefore it will be conducted
by the relevant regional offices by means of public consultation and participatory planning.
(4) Implementation of Flood Control 1st Medium-Term Plan
At the later part of Medium-Term, the flood control projects designated in the 1st Medium-Term
will be started with the detailed engineering. The implementing office will be the regional
office of which jurisdiction may cover the area of principal rivers for the implementation.
(a) Target Rivers
In the Comprehensive Flood Control Project Implementation Plan, four to five principal
rivers will be selected with higher priorities for the implementation. The flood control
projects are works for rather maintenance, rehabilitation and improvement than new
construction, on account of the recent financial constraint.
(b) Implementation Organization
The regional office will be an implementing office with technical assistance of FCSEC,
assistance for contracting and administration from PMO-MFCP and monitoring by
Planning Service.
(c) Coordination with Related Agencies
Coordination with other related agencies at regional level would be also carried out by the
subject Regional Office.
7.2.2 Projects and Activities for Long-Term (2011–2030)
The Flood Control Project Implementation System will be finalized from the lessons and experiences
through the Action Plan for Medium-Term.
(1) Major Undertakings
Integrating the flood control works for both principal and major rivers, a hierarchic organization
and system for flood control and sediment disaster prevention (sabo) works will be prepared
through the following undertakings mainly by DPWH:
● Review of the flood control medium-term plans;
● Review of the sabo medium-term plans; and
● Implementation of information and education campaign.
- 113 -
The works will be carried out on account of major issues identified in the existing flood control
project implementation system such as IWRM, river basin approach, coordination with other
agencies, participatory planning, etc.
(2) Flood Management for Long-Term Program
In the comprehensive flood control, now called as Flood Management, many governmental
agencies are involved with their own mandates on the flood control and sediment-related
disasters; DPWH for flood control and drainage while DENR for watershed management, NIA
for soil conservation, PAGASA for weather and flood forecasting, LLDA for Laguna Lake
development and conservation, NEDA for Regional Development, NHRC for hydraulics,
PHIVOLCS for volcanic sediment disasters and NWRB for integrated water resources
development.
Under the National Flood Management Committee, River Flood Plain Management Committee is
created in the flood plain, which the Secretary of DPWH designated consisting of the following
members (Organizational Chart of the NFMC is shown in Figure 7.2):
(a) Definition of Flood Management
Flood Management is the action to mitigate the damages caused by flood- and
sediment-related disasters, by means of structures such as floodway, dam and etc. and/or by
non-structural method such as risk-mapping, forecasting & warning system and land use
regulation provided in river basin-wide area, and other methods and activities in any forms
to mitigate such damages.
(b) Objectives
Objectives of creating National Flood Management Committee are:

● Lead all agencies and people for flood disaster mitigation;
● Integrate all efforts and investments to be effective for flood disaster mitigation; and
● Coordinate all activities related to flood and water resources.
(c) Roles and Functions

● Formulate and promulgate the national flood management guideline to promote the best
interest of the country and the coordinated protection of flood- and sediment-related
disaster prone areas.
● Organize the joint inspection team for flooding areas to identify and study the causes
and countermeasures.
● Monitor the progress of the projects for flood mitigation.
● Provide necessary arrangement and coordination among the central government
agencies for technical and administrative support to the local government units for the
flood management.
(d) Organization
The organization of the National Flood Management Committee is composed of the

related government agencies as shown in the table below, while it has a regional branches:
Regional Flood Management Committee, which should take action closely to the
respective regions as well as LGUs therein under the guidelines and instructions of the
National Flood Management Committee.
- 114 -
National Flood Management Committee
Co - Chair Chair
DENR DPWH
Secretariat of NFMC
League of
NIA-DA NHRC PHIVOLCS DILG NEDA NWRB OCD PAGASA
Governor
Regional Flood Management Committee
Chair Chair
DPWH Region DPWH Region
Secretariat of RFMC
NEDA NIA Cities/

Provinces Private Sectors
Regional Office Regional Office Municipalities
ORGANIZATIONAL SETUP OF NATIONAL FLOOD MANAGEMENT
National Flood Management Committee

Chair : Department of Public Works and Highways
Co-chair : Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Member : Department of Public Works and Highways
: Department of Environment and Natural Resources
: Department of Interior and Local Government
: National Economic Development Authority
: Department of Agriculture/National Irrigation Administration
: PAGASA
: National Water Resources Board
: National Hydraulic Research Center
: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
: Office of Civil Defense
: League of Governors
Regional Flood Management Committee
Chair Department of Public Works and Highways
Co-Chair Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Member Department of Public Works and Highways
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
National Economic Development Authority
Department of Agriculture/National Irrigation Administration
Provinces
Cities/Municipalities
Private Sectors
- 115 -
(e) Roles of Secretariats and Committee Member
The roles of Secretariats of both National and Regional Flood Management Committees are
proposed as follows:
Secretariat of National Flood Management Committee

● Arrange the meeting of this National Committee regularly and periodically;
● Prepare the necessary materials for this National Committee;
● Draft the flood management guideline; and
● Provide necessary coordination for technical and administrative cooperation among the
member agencies on the implementation of flood control, sabo and drainage projects.
Secretariat of Regional Flood Management Committee

● Arrange the meeting of this Committee regularly and periodically;
● Prepare the necessary materials for this committee;
● Draft the regional flood management guideline in line with the national flood
management guideline;
● Provide necessary arrangement for technical and administrative support to the local
government units on the implementation of flood control, sabo and drainage projects
within its region.
For committee members of either National or Regional Flood Management Committees,

their roles are enumerated as follows:
Department of Public Works and Highways

● Provide secretariat for this Committee;
● Provide all necessary data/information on flood control and sabo works;
● Prepare Medium-Term Flood Control and Sabo Plan under the flood management
guideline and submit to the Committee; and
● Prepare annual flood control and sabo plan for both national and regional levels.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources

● Provide all necessary data/information on the forest management and watershed
management; and
● Formulate and implement the forest management and watershed management according
to the flood management guideline.
Department of Interior and Local Government

● Provide necessary arrangement for implementation of projects in jurisdiction of the
local government units, and technical and administrative supports of the central
government for the local government units; and
● Provide necessary arrangement for devolution of implementing projects
National Economic Development Authority

● Provide necessary arrangement on the national policy, development and foreign
assistance; and
● Examine and evaluate the flood management guideline from the view of national
- 116 -
development plan.
Department of Agriculture/National Irrigation Administration

● Provide all data/information on irrigation and drainage projects and soil conservation
projects; and
● Formulate and implement the irrigation and drainage plan in accordance with the flood
management guideline.
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

● Provide necessary data and information on meteorology and hydrology; and
● Prepare the plans of weather/flood forecasting systems nationwide.
National Water Resources Board

● Review and update the inventory of rivers and water resources;
● Provide the national policy and direction of water resources developments; and
● Prepare an expansion plan of the National Water Information Network (NWIN) and
coordinate/arrange functions of agencies concerned.
National Hydraulic Research Center

● Provide necessary information and technical support on hydrology and hydraulics; and
● Introduce the modern technology for flood control and sabo engineering.
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

● Provide necessary information and technical support on volcanic sediment flow; and
● Provide data on topographical and geological features of flood and sediment disaster
prone areas.
Office of Civil Defense

● Provide necessary information on damages caused by floods and sediment related
disasters, and
● Prepare the plans and measures of fighting, evacuation, rescue and restoration for
natural disasters.
League of Governors
● Provide necessary arrangement for implementation of projects in jurisdiction of the
local government units; and
● Coordinate technical and administrative supports of the central government for the local
government units.
Provinces/Cities/Municipalities
● Provide data/information on damages and conditions of flood and sediment disasters in
their jurisdictional area;
● Identify the flood control projects according to the regional flood management
guideline; and
● Represent the benefit of their jurisdiction and public services and facilities
- 117 -
Private Sectors
● Provide data/information of affects and damages of flood and sediment disasters on
private entities; and
● Perform their activities related to flood management in consistent with the regional
flood management guideline.
7.2.3 Organization for Implementation System
(1) Organizational Structures
Organizational resources will be maximized to effectively formulate and implement the

Comprehensive Flood Control Project Implementation Plan. Based on the existing
organizational structure of DPWH, (1) Strengthening the capacity of Planning Sector and
(2) Extending functions of FCSEC, are proposed to pursue the Action Plan in the Medium-Term
as follows:
(a) Strengthening the Capacity of Planning Sectors
(i) Create the Flood Control Section to the Development Planning Division, the Planning
Service. This section is in charge of the followings:
● Manage the information on flood control and drainage over the country;
● Formulate/examine the flood control and drainage programs/projects;
● Monitor and evaluate the flood control and drainage project implementation;
● Coordinate with the other agencies concerned with flood control and drainage;
● Supervise the Regional Offices for works on the flood control and drainage; and
● Consult and cooperate with FCSEC on technical matters.
(ii) Create the Flood Control Section to Planning and Design Division in Regional Office.
This section is in charge of the followings works in their jurisdiction:
● Manage the information on flood control and drainage;
● Formulate/examine the flood control and drainage programs/projects;
● Implement the flood control and drainage projects;
● Coordinate with other agencies concerned on the flood control and drainage at
the regional level; and
● Evaluate the project implementation and report to the Central Office.
(b) Extending Functions of FCSEC
(i) Formulate Good Practices on Comprehensive Flood Management
Formulate the good practices compiling the information on comprehensive flood

management practices collected in the Philippines and from the other countries.
(ii) Prepare Manual for M/P and F/S on Comprehensive Flood Management
Prepare the manual for M/P and F/S including the convenient manners for evaluation
using diametrical analysis, which are compiled from the results of the previous studies
on the flood control and drainage projects carried out in the Philippines
- 118 -
(iii) Strengthen the Technical Capacity of RO’s Engineers through OJT
Strengthen the technical capacity of ROs through the OJT including the actual
implementation in addition to the present activities to promulgate the technical
guidelines and standards through the seminars.
(iv) Strengthen the Function of FCSEC as Information Management Center on Flood

Control and Sabo Engineering
(2) Structure of Executing Body
For the undertaking the projects and activities in the two terms: medium- and long-terms, the
executing body for the implementation is proposed as follows:
(a) Executing Body for Medium-Term Projects and Activities
The organizational configuration is proposed as follows:
JICA/JBIC
Provide
Request
Technical/Financial
Assistance
Committee for ・Preparation of Medium and Long-Term Flood Control Plan

Relevant
Principal River Flood Control ・Preparation of Medim-Term Sediment Control Plan
Agency
Project ・Preparation and Implmentation of IEC
Coordination
Central PS PMO-MFCP FCSEC
Regional Coordination
for Regional
Flood Control Plan
Regional Office ・Preparation of Regional Medium-Term Flood Control Plan

・Preparation of Regional Medim-Term Sediment Control Plan
・Preparation and Implmentation of IEC at Regional Level
Technical Assistance
Project Monitoring
LGUs Implementation of Flood Control Project

for Principal Rivers
With this organizational structure, the main works to be undertaken are as follows:
● By creating “Principal River Flood Control Project Committee”, which consisting of
engineers of FCSEC, PS and PMO-MFCP, an expected JICA study for nation-wide
flood control plan will be carried out by the Committee.
● Simultaneously, the engineers of planning & design division of ROs, which belongs to
the region where the subject river is located, shall be members of the Committee.
● The regional office shall implement the medium-term flood control plan, as leading
executing body. The Committee shall function for providing the technical assistance
and monitoring the project implementation.
● The regional office shall coordinate with the relevant agencies as well as LGUs
concerned for management for natural and social environmental impacts and O&M
after construction.
- 119 -
● The Committee will prepare the medium-term flood control plan after 1st medium-term
plan, further study for optimum organization for principal river flood control
implementation.
● The Committee shall prepare the medium-term sediment control plan.
The above work items and necessary assistances by FCSEC are enumerated in the diagram
as shown in Figure 7.3.
(b) Executing Body for Long-Term Projects and Activities
The organizational configuration is proposed as follows:
JICA/JBIC
Provide
Request Technical/Financial
Assistance
DPWH
Flood Control Technical

Division FCSEC Assistance NATIONAL FLOOD MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE
Planning Service Direction and
Policy
・Preparation of Medium and Long-Term Flood Control Plan

Technical Assistance ・Preparation of Medim-Term Sediment Control Plan
Project Monitoring ・Preparation and Implmentation of IEC
Technical
Assistance
Regional Office Direction and
REGIONAL FLOOD MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE
Policy
Flood Control Section
Planning & Design Division
・Preparation of Regional Medium-Term Flood Control Plan
・Preparation of Regional Medim-Term Sediment Control Plan
Cost Sharing & ・Preparation and Implmentation of IEC at Regional Level
Coordination
LGUs
Implementation of Regional
Flood Control Projects
With this organizational structure, the main works to be undertaken are as follows:
● Principal River Flood Control Committee will be converted into a permanent office for
planning, ex. “Flood Control Division in Planning Services, DPWH” which shall
undertake the preparation of flood control plan for both principal and major rivers in the
Philippines.
● A “River Division” will be created in every Regional Office for design and construction
of flood control projects.
● All projects implemented by the District Engineering Offices will be integrated into the
project for the implementation of the Regional Office.
- 120 -
TABLES
Table 3.1 (1/2) Session Report of IWRM in WWF3
1. Key Issues
The key issue confronting most countries today is that of more effective governance,
improved capacity and adequate financing to address the increasing challenge of satisfying
human and environmental requirements for water.
We face a governance crisis, rather than a water crisis. Water governance is about putting
Integrated Water Resources Management, IWRM, with river and lake basin management and
public participation as critically important elements of it, into practice.
IWRM addresses economic efficiency, environmental sustainability and equity. And with
good reason: global figures of water scarcity, billions without adequate water supply and
sanitation, devastating floods and droughts, environmental degradation, water related health
problems and poverty tell a story of failure to act.
The three basic ”pillars” of IWRM are the enabling environment of appropriate policies and
laws, the institutional roles and framework, and the management instruments for these
institutions to apply on a daily basis. IWRM addresses both the management of water as a
resource, and the framework for provision of water services to all categories of users, and it
addresses both water quantity and quality. In doing so the basin (river, lake or groundwater)
must be recognized as the basic unit for planning and management, and a firm societal
commitment and proper public participation must be pursued.
2. Actions
New national policies, strategies and laws for water resources development and management
are being developed in a large number of countries worldwide, most often following the
principles of IWRM. Such plans have often led to restructuring of the institutional
framework as a result, including river and lake basin organizations as the basic institutional
entities for implementing IWRM.
Many regions, countries and local communities have come to realize that water is a
multi-stakeholder issue, and that partnerships of all interested and affected parties are a viable
mechanism to translate this into practice.
Encouraging actions in IWRM and basin management are also taking place between states at
the regional level, both in terms of regional conventions and protocols for shared waters.
The vital role of ecosystems in sustaining water as a resource and providing livelihoods to
human beings and other species is increasingly being recognized in national and local
planning and management of water.
T-1
Table 3.1 (2/2) Session Report of IWRM in WWF3
3. Commitments/Recommendations
Recommendation 1: Prepare national IWRM strategies

Pursue Article 25 of the WSSD Plan of Implementation: “develop IWRM and water
efficiency plans by 2005, with support to developing countries, through actions at all levels”.
This objective should be pursued in close coordination with the UN Task Force for the
achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.
In doing so it is critically important to integrate policies and strategies on water with other
relevant sectors such as agriculture, energy, health, transport, education etc. In this context
the integration of water into poverty reduction strategies (and PRSP’s) must be pursued.
Recommendation 2: Build multi-stakeholder partnerships

Multi-stakeholder partnerships at regional, country and local levels should be promoted,
including the water related Type II Partnerships launched at WSSD in Johannesburg. Such
partnerships include governments, private sector, academia, NGO’s and civil society
organizations.
Recommendation 3: Create and support river and lake basin management structures
As also stressed in the WSSD Plan of Implementation there is a need to “develop and
implement national/regional strategies, plans and programs with regard to integrated river
basin, watershed and groundwater management”, including “programs for mitigating the
effects of extreme water related events”.
The creation and support to river and lake basin organizational structures involves all
stakeholders, and include public participation through the mobilization and empowerment of
the users and other relevant interest groups.
The support required for basin management spans from policies and laws through
regulations, standards, financial arrangements and information management to practical
capacity building at all levels.
Recommendation 4: Disseminate and implement the World Lake Vision

A World Lake Vision (WLV) has been prepared as a major basis for developing and
implementing individual lake visions and action plans. It should be supported to promote
immediate actions to address the major environmental and socio-economic challenges facing
lakes and their drainage basins.
T-2
Table 3.2 Framework Theme No. 3: Revisiting Integrated Water Resource Management
General
IWRM is a still a contested framework to devise water resource strategies. Many
Description
efforts have been directed towards building strategies, institutions and processes for
integrated water resource management. The main objective of this theme is to
constructively review these intents.
Theoretical progress on different aspects and tenets of IWRM will be reviewed with a
particular emphasis on specific policy oriented contributions. Diverse river basin
approaches and experiences will be discussed as well as groundwater management
practices in an attempt to further elaborate on the political, social, economic,
institutional, technological and cultural factors that have an influence over the
performance of such integrated approaches. Also because river basin organizations
rely on processes of public participation, public deliberation, conflict resolution,
consensus building and collective action, the inputs of political and social science are
thought to have important analytical leverage to help understand the performance of
such institutions and processes, and thus are also welcomed (i.e. governance and
politics) Lastly, another very important aspect to be addressed as part of IWRM is
water disaster prevention and management issues.
Associated Issues
Advances in theoretical developments and implementation of IWRM approaches.
Lessons learnt from IWRM plan preparation. Forms of institutional innovation for
IWRM.
River basin management; legal reforms and decentralization, institutional building and
local capacity-building for river basin management. The role of information system.
Partnerships with communities. Transboundary water resource management, global
water commons. The role of water legal frameworks and the process of legal reform.
Institutional innovation for ground water management. Mechanisms for conflict

resolution and for water sharing. Managing water hazards, preventive measures, risk
and vulnerability assessment, health impact assessment, etc. Inter-institutional
coordination for emergency planning and community participation.
Expected Outputs Will be defined during the 2004 World Water Week
T-3
Table 3.3 (1/2) Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
Thematic Areas/ Characteristics

Components
Thematic Areas 1: POLITICAL COMMITMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS

(GOVERNANCE)
Political commitment
● Shift in approach from response to risk reduction
Policy and planning ● Promotion of disaster reduction including in reconstruction process
● Integration of risk reduction in development planning and sectoral policies
(poverty eradication, social protection, sustainable development, climate change
adaptation, desertification, energy, natural resource management, etc)
Legislation ● Laws, acts and regulations
● Accountability
● Resource mobilization and allocation: financial (innovative and alternative
Resources funding, taxes, incentives), human, technical, material
Institutional aspects
● Interministerial, multidisciplinary & multisectoral approaches
Organizational ● Implementing and coordinating mechanisms
structures ● Decentralization, civil society and community participation, local institutions
Normative framework ● Codes, standards, norms

● Enactment mechanisms
Thematic Areas 2: RISK IDENTIFICATION

● Hazard analysis: characteristics, impacts, historical and spatial distribution,
Risk assessment multi-hazard assessments, hazard monitoring including of emerging hazards
● Vulnerability and capacity assessment: social, economic, physical and
environmental, political, cultural factors
● Risk monitoring capabilities, risk maps, risk scenarios
● Loss/impact assessment,
Impact assessments ● Socio-economic and environmental impact assessment
● Loss analysis
Forecasting and early ● Forecast and prediction
warning systems ● Warning processing and dissemination
● Response
T-4
Table 3.3 (2/2) Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
Thematic Areas/ Characteristics

Components
Thematic Areas 3: KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

● Official information and dissemination programs and channels
Information ● Public and private information systems (including disaster, hazard and risk
management and databases & websites) and networks for disaster risk management (scientific,
communication technical and applied information, traditional knowledge), timely end user
products
● Inclusion of disaster reduction from basic to higher education (curricula, material
Education and training development and institutions)
● Vocational training
● Dissemination and use of traditional/indigenous knowledge.
● Community training programs.
● Official public awareness policy and programs with associated material,
Public awareness guidelines and instructions
● Media involvement in communicating risk
● Comprehensive research agenda for risk reduction
Research ● Related methodological development including for planning and progress
assessment
● Regional and international cooperation in research, science and technology
development.
Thematic areas 4: RISK MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS

Environmental and ● Interface between environmental management and risk reduction practices, in
natural resource particular in wetland and watershed protection and restoration, integrated water
management resource management; reforestation, agricultural practices, ecosystem
conservation
Social and economic ● Social protection and safety nets (social solidarity strategies, e.g. PRSPs)
development practices ● Financial instruments (involvement of financial sector in disaster reduction:
insurance/reinsurance, risk spreading instruments for public infrastructure and
private assets, micro-credit and finance, revolving community funds, social
funds)
● Sustainable livelihoods strategies
Technical measures ● Land use planning, urban and regional planning
● Implementation and control mechanisms for specific risk (construction,
infrastructure, desertification and flood control techniques, hazard control
structures)
● Compliance with international standards, codes and norms
Thematic areas 5: PREPAREDNESS AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

● Effective communication and coordination system between response entities
● Contingency planning
● Preparedness planning
● Logistics, infrastructure
T-5
Table 3.4 Budgeting Timetable
Step ACTIVITY TIME/PERIOD

1. Issuance of Budget Call by the DBM January
2. Conduct of budget forum and issuance of budget ceiling January
3. RDC/DBM Regional Offices consultations January
4. Submission of agency budget proposals to the DBM March
5. Evaluation of agency budget proposals by DBM April – May
6. Conduct of DBM Inter-Office Coordination Groups-Agency April – June
consultation/dialogue
7. DBM budget review of the proposed budget April – May
8. Initial presentation to the Cabinet June
9. Presentation of the proposed budget levels of June
Departments/Agencies/Special Purpose Funds to the LEADEC
10. Presentation to the President/Cabinet of the proposed expenditure June
program of departments/agencies
11. Issuance of the proposed expenditure program of departments/agencies June
for confirmation by agency heads
12. Printing of the Budget Documents July
13. Submission of the proposed national budget documents to Congress July
14. Submission by the President of the Budget to Congress July
15. Budget legislation/authorization – Approval of the GAA including veto 4 months
message by the President
Budget execution/implementation
T-6
Table 4.1 Past River Basin Development Authority Bills
No. Date Full Title Principal Author Primary Referral Bill Status
Filed
HB01 2001-0 An Act mandating each city and municipality to create a river Jaraula, Constantino G Local Government Pending with the Committee
188 7-19 development authority for the preservation, protection, and on Local Government since
development of all rivers, river systems and natural 2001-07-30
waterways within its respective jurisdiction, defining its
powers and functions and appropriating funds therefore.
HB01 2001-0 An Act creating the Iloilo River and Muelle Loney Gonzales, Raul Government Pending with the Committee
295 7-24 Development Authority, defining its powers and functions, Enterprises and on Government Enterprises
providing appropriations therefor and for other purposes Privatization and Privatization since
2001-07-30
HB03 2001-1 An Act creating the Davao River Authority and for other Garcia, Vincent J. Government Pending with the Committee
790 0-29 purposes. Enterprises and on Government Enterprises
Privatization and Privatization since
2001-11-19
T-7
2001-1 An Act creating the Cagayan River Development Authority, Uy, Edwin C. Government Pending with the Committee
1-05 prescribing its powers, functions and duties, providing funds Enterprises and on Government Enterprises
therefore, and for other purposes Privatization and Privatization since
2001-11-19
HB03 2002-0 An Act creating the Zamboanga City River Development Lobregat, Celso L. Government Pending with the Committee
801 5-08 Authority for the preservation, protection and development of Enterprises and on Government Enterprises
all rivers, river systems and natural waterways within the Privatization and Privatization since
city’s jurisdiction, defining its powers and functions, and 2002-05-13
appropriating funds therefore.
HB04 2002-0 An Act creating the Agusan River Basin Authority, Plaza, Rodolfo Government Pending with the Committee
767 6-06 prescribing its powers, functions and duties, appropriating its "Ompong" G. Enterprises and on Government Enterprises
therefore and for other purposes. Privatization and Privatization since
2002-07-23
HB06 HB049 An Act creating the Agno River Basin Development De Venecia, Jose Jr. C. Government Pending with the Committee
411 16 Authority, defining its powers, functions and responsibilities, Enterprises and on Government Enterprises
appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes Privatization and Privatization since
2003-09-10
Table 4.2 Powers, Duties, and Functions of Councils of LGUs
Barangay Municipality Province
Provide for the - Provide for the establishment, Subject to applicable laws,
construction and maintenance, protection, and facilitate or provide for the
maintenance of barangay conservation of communal forests establishment and maintenance
facilities and other public and watersheds, tree parks, of a waterworks system or
works projects chargeable greenbelts, mangroves, and other district waterworks for
to the general fund of the similar forest development projects. supplying water to inhabitants
barangay or such other of component cities and
funds actually available for - Authorize the establishment, municipalities.
the purpose. maintenance and operation of
ferries, wharves, and other
structures, and marine and seashore
or offshore activities intended to
accelerate productivity.
- Subject to existing laws, provide

for the establishment, operation,
maintenance, and repair of an
efficient waterworks system to
supply water for the inhabitants;
regulate the construction,
maintenance, repair and use of
hydrants, pumps, cisterns and
reservoirs; protect the purity and
quantity of the water supply of the
municipality and, for this purpose,
extend the coverage of appropriate
ordinances over all territory within
the drainage area of said water
supply and within one hundred
(100) meters of the reservoir,
conduit, canal, aqueduct, pumping
station, or watershed used in
connection with the water service;
and regulate the consumption, use
or wastage of water.
T-8
Table 4.3 Basic Services and Facilities to be Provided by LGUs
Barangay Municipality Province

Infrastructure
Infrastructure Infrastructure facilities intended primarily to Infrastructure facilities intended
facilities such as service the needs of the residents of the to service the need of the residents
multi-purpose hall, municipality and which are funded out of of the province and which are
multi-purpose municipal funds including but not limited to funded out of provincial funds
pavement, plaza, municipal roads and bridges; school including, but not limited to,
sports center, and buildings and other facilities for public provincial roads and bridges;
other similar elementary and secondary schools; clinics, inter-municipal waterworks,
facilities. health centers and other health facilities drainage and sewerage, flood
necessary to carry out health services; control, and irrigation systems;
communal irrigation, small water reclamation projects; and similar
impounding projects other similar projects, facilities:
fish-ports; artesian wells; spring
development, rainwater collectors and water
supply systems; seawalls, dikes, drainage
and sewerage, and flood control; traffic
signals and road signs; and similar facilities:
Public facility
Information and - Municipal buildings, cultural centers, Provincial buildings, provincial
reading center, and public parks including freedom parks, jails, freedom parks and other
satellite or public playgrounds public assembly areas, and other
market, where - Sports facilities and equipment, and other similar facilities.
viable. similar facilities.
- Public markets slaughterhouses and other
municipal enterprises and public cemetery
- Sites for police and fire stations and
substations and municipal jail.
Others
Tourism facilities and other tourist Programs and projects for
attractions including the acquisition of low-cost housing and other mass
equipment, regulation and supervision of dwellings, except those funded by
business concessions, and security services the Social Security Systems
for such facilities. (SSS), Government Service
Insurance System (GSIS), and the
Home Development Mutual Fund
(HDMF); Provided, that national
funds for these programs and
projects shall be equitably
allocated among the regions in
proportion to the ratio of the
homeless to the population.
T-9
Table 5.1 2004-2009 DPWH MEDIUM-TERM PUBLIC INVESTMENT PROGRAM
Implementation
LIST OF PROJECTS Funding Aid Total Cost
Schedule
1. Pasig-Marikina River Channel JBIC-STEP 2004-2010 3,547,000

Improvement Project Phase II
Manila, Makati, Mandaluyong, Pasig
and Marikina
2. Bicol River Basin and Watershed World Bank 2006-2010 860,194

Management Program
3. Restoration/ Rehabilitation of Nationwide Finish Concessional Credit 2007-2009 415,410

Selected River Basins and Waterways,
Phase 1
4. Disaster Prevention and Reconstruction for JICA 2007 20,860

Camiguin Island
5. Mt. Pinatubo Hazard Urgent JBIC 2006-2012 4,132,000

Mitigation Project, Phase III
6. Panay River Flood Control Project JBIC-STEP 2008-2012 4,224,990

(1st Stage), Aklan, Capiz and Iloilo
7. Mayon Volcano Hazard Urgent JBIC-STEP 2008-2012 2,442,560

Mitigation Project
8. Agno and Allied Rivers Urgent JBIC 2008-2012 3,476,900

Rehabilitation Project, Phase III
9. Cagayan River Flood Control Project, JBIC 2008-2012 2,390,110

Phase I-Urgent Bank Protection Work
(Lower Cagayan River)
10. Valenzuela-Obando-Meycauayan (VOM) German Financing? 2008-2012 3,076,110

Area Drainage System Improvement
and Related Works Project
11. Mt. Pinatubo Hazard Urgent JBIC 2000-2005 4,278,022

Mitigation Project
12. Phase II-A & II-B (Wawa, Bayambang to JBIC 1999-2007 4,696,942
Alcala, Pangasinan including Poponto
Swamp, Hector Mendoza Bridge & Tarlac
River) JBIC 22nd YCP (PH-P-193)
JBIC 24th YCP (PH-P223)
Pangasinan and Tarlac
13. San Roque Multi-Purpose Project NPC 726,180

Flood Control Component
(Reimbursement of Funds Advance
by NPC) JEXIM
14. Lower Agusan Development Project JBIC 1997-2005 2,659,397

Stage I, Phase II, Butuan City
JBIC 21st YCP (PH-P180)
Agusan del Norte 1st District
15. Iloilo Flood Control Project Phase II JBIC 2003-2009 4,262,000

Iloilo City JBIC 25th YCP (PH-230)
(DE Completed)
Total 41,258,675
Source: DPWH Planning Services
T-10
Table 5.2 Status of Flood Control Programs of Major River Basins (1980-Present)
GENERAL INFORMATION COMPLETED / ON-GOING PROGRAMS

Code Name of Catch A. River Description STUDY IMPLEMENTATION
Region Province
No. River Basin (sq.km.) Section Features Agency Year Type Title / Scope Status Agency Year Project Description Status
1 Laoag I Ilocos Norte 1,353 Sedimentation JICA 1996-97 M/P& Sabo/Flood Control Completed JBIC 2001-06 DD On-Going
Problem F/S
2 Abra I CAR Abra 5,125 Sedimentation
Problem
3 Cagayan II Cagayan 25,649 Whole Largest River JICA 1985-87 M / P Water Res. Dev. Completed
Isabel Lower Flooding Due to
Quirino Narrow Sections JICA 2000-02 F/S Flood Control Completed
Nueva Vizcaya
Upper
4 Abulug II CAR Cagayan 3,372
Apayao
5 Agno CAR Benguet 5,952 Whole Flooding / Sedim. JICA 1998-91 F/S Flood Control Completed
I Pangasinan Lower Flooding / Sedim. D/D Flood Control Completed OECF 1995 PH-1 Completed
III Tarlac Middle Poponto-Swamp D/D Flood Control Completed OECF 1999-2007 PH-2A On-Going
JBIC 2001-07 PH-2B On-Going
Upper
Lower-Sinocalan
Tarlac River Lahar JBIC 2002 D/D

6 Pampanga III N. Vizcaya 9,759 Delta Delta-Development JICA 1979-82 M / P Flood Control Completed
16-YL 1990-2003 Ph-1 On-Going
Pampanga w/ Opposition 13-YL 1986-89 D / D Flood Control Completed
Bulacan Upper
7 Pasig-Marikina NCR Metro Manila 4,678 Metro Manila 1-YL 1973-83 10 Pumping Sta. Completed
Laguna Lake IV-A Rizal 12-YL 1984-87 2 Pumping Stations Completed
Pumping Stations
Laguna 14-YL 1988-98 3 Pumping Stations Completed
Mangahan FW 4-YL 1975-88 Floodway Completed

11-YL 1983-93 FC Operation Completed
EFCOS
GOJ/GA 2000-01 Rehabilitation Completed
West of Mangahan JICA 1987-90 F/S Flood Control Completed North Laguna
Floodway 21-YL 1996 On-Going
16-YL 1990-96 D / D Flood Control Completed Flood Control
JICA 1987-90 F/S Flood Control Completed
KAMANAVA DPWH 1998 Re-FS Flood Control Completed
JBIC 2001 D/D Flood Control Completed JBIC 2002-04 Flood Control On-Going
Drainage Main / GOJ/GA 1989 Retrieval Completed
Laterals GOJ/GA 1992 Retrieval 2 Completed
Metro Manila Core
Area JICA 2003 F/S Flood Control On-Going
Esteros JICA 2000 Pre-FS

Pasig-Marikina Channel JICA 1987-90 F/S Flood Control Completed
River Improvement SAPROF 1997-98 F/S Flood Control Completed
23-YL 1999-04 D / D Channel Improv. Completed

Pasig River Dredging Belgium 2000 Dredging On-Going
San Juan R. Dredging GOP 2000 Dredging On-Going
8 Amnay-Patrick IV-B Occidental 993 Sedimentation & 7-YL 1978-82 M / P NFCPRDP Completed
Mindoro Flooding DPWH 1984 Pre-FS Multi-purpose Completed
9 Bicol V Camarines Sur 3,771 Flooding in 7-YL 1978-82 M / P NFCPRDP Completed
Albay Urban Area BRBDP 1983 F/S Flood Control Completed DPWH 1973-91 Cut off / Diversion Completed
Component Channels
BRBDP 1992 D/D Irrigation & Flood Completed
(ADB) Control
10 Panay VI Capiz, Iloilo Panay 1,843 Flooding JICA 1985 M/P NFCPRDP Completed
Island Flood Control JETRO 2002 F/S Flooding Completed
11 Jalaur VI Iloilo, Antique 1,503 7-YL 1978-82 M / P NFCPRDP Completed
Capiz
12 Ilog-Hilabangan VI Negros Occidental 1,945 Flooding at Lower 7-YL 1978-82 M / P NFCPRDP Completed
Negros Oriental Reaches JICA 1989-91 M / P Flood Control
13 Agusan CARAG Agusan del Norte 10,921 Lower Flooding in 7-YL 1978-82 M / P NFCPRDP Completed
A Agusan del Sur Urban Area 10-YL 1982-85 D / D Flood Control Completed 14-YL 88-99 Ph-1, West Bank Completed
Surigao del Sur 21-YL 1996 Ph-2, East Bank On-Going
Surigao del Norte Whole Bunawan Marsh 7-YL 1978-82 M / P NFCPRDP Completed
14 Tagoloan X Misamis Oriental 1,704 Sedimentation &
Bukidnon Flooding 7-YL 1978-82 M / P NFCPRDP Completed Completed
15 Cagayan de Oro X Misamis Oriental 1,521 Flooding in Urban LGU 1999 M/P Flood Control & for funding
Bukidnon Area Env'l Imprvt
16 Tagum - XI Davao 3,064 Flooding in Agrc'l NIA - Flood Control & NIA Diking-Left Bank Completed
Libuganon Area F/S Irrigation Completed
DPWH DPWH Diking-Right Bank Completed
17 Davao XI Davao 1,623 Flooding in Urban Davao 1998 M / P,
Area City F/S Drainage Completed
18 Buayan- XI South Cotabato 1,434

Malingan Davao del Sur
19 Agus XII Lanao del Norte 1,645
T-11
Table 5.3 (1/10) List of Flood Control, Drainage and Other Related Projects in Amburayan River Basin
River System: Amburayan River

City/Munincipality/Province: Bangar, La Union Province
Other Involved
Name of Project Location Implementing Agency Funding/Est'd Cost (Php) Source of Fund Date Undertaken Date Completed Remarks
Agency
Flood Control
1.0 Amburayan -Caba Creek Bangar, La Union DPWH Region 1 DPWH 2001-2002
2.0 Amburayan River Control Project Bangar, La Union DPWH Region 1 Requested verbally to the Central Office
3.0 Amburayan River Control Ipet, Sudipen, La Union Sudipen, La Union 1st DEO DPWH 1999/6/27 1999/12/30 completed
4.0 Amburayan River Control Mindoro, Bangar, La union Bangar, La Union 1st DEO DPWH 2001/1/17 2001/2/12 completed
5.0 Amburayan River Control Caggao, Bangar, L a Union Bangar, La Union 1st DEO DPWH 2001/6/10 2001/6/29 completed
6.0 Amburayan River Control Maria Cristina, Bangar, La Union Bangar, La Union 1st DEO DPWH 2002/3/28 2001/4/28 completed
7.0 Amburayan River Control Up-Uplas, Bangar, La Union Bangar, La Union 1st DEO DPWH 2002/3/28 2002/5/22 completed
8.0 Amburayan River Control Caggao, Bangar, La Union Bangar, La Union 1st DEO DPWH 2002/3/25 2002/6/22 completed
9.0 Amburayan River Control Maria Crisitna, Bangar, La Union Bangar, La Union 1st DEO DPWH 2002/4/6 2002/12/31 completed
10.0 Resolution No. 002-2004:
Fund for the Construction of Amburayan River Dike Flood Control submitted / Requested at the office of the Congressman 1st
Bangar, La Union 12 million CDF 19-Jan-04
System at Barangay Mindoro District Manuel Ortega
Funding for the Construction of Boulder Apron along the Existing
submitted / Requested at the office of the Congressman 1st
Concrete Revetment of Brgy. Maria Cristina East and Brgy. General Bangar, La Union 5 million CDF January 19 2004
District Manuel Ortega
Terero Areas of the Amburayan River Flood Control System
Fund for the Construction of Spur Dikes to Divert the Flow of Water
Bangar, La Union 600,000.00 January 19 2004 submitted to the office of the 1st DEO
thereby Protecting the Eastern Portion of Brgy. Mindoro,
14.0 Patching on Damaged Portions of Dikes Gen. Prin West, Bangar, La Union Brgy. General Prim West Barangay Fund implemented
Drainage
1.0 Infrastructure Support to Clean and Green Program La Union Municipality of Luna 375,000.00 Municipal Fund Jan-Dec. 2003 Proposed
2.0 Integrated Flood Control and Drainage System La Union DPWH Region 1 Proposed/Requested verbally from Central Office
3.0 Sition Urban Canal Gen. Prim West, Bangar, La Union Barangay Fund implemented
4.0 Man-made Canal Gen. Prim East, Bangar, La Union Barangay Fund implemented
5.0 Urban Drainage Concrete Canal Maria Cristina West, Bangar Barangay Fund implemented
Watershed Management
1.0 Geohazards Coastal Survey and Landslides La Union DENR-MGB DENR-MGB proposed
Amburayan River Basin Watershed (Suyo Proper-Watershed Suyo, Alilen, Sugpon, Tagudin,
2.0 DENR-FMS DENR-FMS December 31,2003 for implementation
Rehabilitation Project) Cervantes & Sigay Ilocos
3.0 Tree Planting along River Banks Gen. Prim East, Bangar, La Union Barangay Fund implemented
Irrigation
1.0 Maintenance of Irrigation Facilities Luna, La Union NIA 200,000.00 NIA Jan-Dec. 2003 Proposed
2.0 Sudipen STW ( 20 units) Sudipen, La Union (80 hectares) NIA 300,000.00 NIA CY 2004
3.0 Bangar STW (20 units) Bangar, La Union (60 hectares) NIA 300,000.00 NIA CY 2004
4.0 Maloyo SWIP Balaoan, La Union (2,000 hectares) NIA 310 million NIA CY 2004
Repair / Rehabilitation of Irrigation Main Canal from Barangay San
5.0 Bangar, La Union Municipality of Bangar 3 million DAR Proposed/Requested to Central Office of DAR
Cristobal to Luzong Sur, Bangar, La Union
6.0 Repair / Rehabilitation of the Irrigation Canal from Sitio Apaleng,
Bangar, La Union Municipality of Bangar 3 million DAR Proposed/Requested to Central Office of DAR
Rissing, to Sitio Kimmarayan, Luzong Sur, Bangar, La Union
Municipal and Water Supply
T-12
Table 5.3 (2/10)-a List of Flood Control, Drainage and Other Related Projects in Talisay River Basin
River System: Talisay River

City/Munincipality/Province: Balanga City, Bataan
Other involved
Name of Project Location Implementing Agency Funding/Est'd Cost (Php) Source of Fund Date Undertaken Date Completed Remarks
Agency
Flood Control
1.0 Dredging of Talisay River, Balanga Balanga Balanga Region III 9,637,260
2.0 Desilting of Sibacan River (Mouth Section) Sibacan River Bataan SDEO, Region III 9,637,260
3.0 Desilting of Sibacan River (Upper Section) Sibacan River Bataan SDEO, Region III 9,637,260
Construction / Rehabilitation of Dike Barangay Pto. Rivas, Itaas, LH CY 2003 under MOA with
4.0 Balanga City Bataan SDEO, Region III 1,000,000 Completed
Balanga City City of Balanga
Construction / Rehabilitation of Drainage, Barangay Daan Pare, LH CY 2002 under MOA with
5.0 Orion Bataan SDEO, Region III 150,000 Completed
Orion City of Balanga
LH CY 2002 under MOA with
6.0 Construction / Rehabilitation of Drainage Various Barangays, Orion Orion Bataan SDEO, Region III 300,000 Completed
City of Balanga
LH CY 2001 under MOA with
7.0 Pilar Flood Control Pilar Bataan SDEO, Region III 1,000,000 Completed
City of Balanga
8.0 Bataan Rivers, District wide Bataan SDEO, Region III 1,000,000 DPWH CY 1999 Completed
9.0 Construction of Talisay River Control, Bagumbayan, Balanga Bagumbayan, Balanga Bataan SDEO, Region III 1,300,000 APP CY 1998 Completed
10.0 Construction of Talisay River Control, Pto. Rivas Lote, Balanga Balanga City Bataan SDEO, Region III 2,180,000 APP CY 1998 Completed
11.0 Dike Construction / Rehabilitation Brgy. Pto. Rivas Itaas Pto. Rivas Itaas Municipal LGU 1,000,000 Under MOA CY 2004 Proposed
12.0 Dike Construction / Rehabilitation Brgy. Tuyo Barangay Tuyo Municipal LGU 1,000,000 Under MOA CY 2004 Proposed
13.0 Rehabilitation of Existing Dike and other Flood Control System Balanga City Municipal LGU 2,992,658 Under MOA CY 2004 Proposed
Improvement of Flood Control System leading to MRF Munting
14.0 Munting Batangas Municipal LGU 800,000 Under MOA CY 2004 Proposed
Batangas
Drainage
1.0 Drainage System, Cupang to Malabia, Balanga, Bataan Bataan Bataan SDEO, Region III 300,000 DPWH CY 1999 Completed
2.0 Drainage Construction / Rehabilitation, Barangay Ibayo Barangay Ibayo Municipal LGU 500,000 Under MOA CY 2004 Proposed
3.0 Drainage Construction / Rehabilitation, Barangay Poblacion Barangay Poblacion Municipal LGU 800,000 Under MOA CY 2004 Proposed
4.0 Drainage Construction / Rehabilitation, Brgy. Pto. Rivas Lote Brgy. Pto. Rivas Lote Municipal LGU 750,000 Under MOA CY 2004 Proposed
5.0 Drainage Construction / Rehabilitation, Brgy. Pto. Rivas Itaas Brgy. Pto. Rivas Itaas Municipal LGU 1,250,000 Under MOA CY 2004 Proposed
Declogging, Desilting of Flood Control System within the vicinity of
6.0 Balanga City Municipal LGU 2,000,000 Under MOA CY 2004 Proposed
Balanga City
Conctuction / Road Widening and drainage system, Ibayo to
7.0 Municipal LGU 950,000 Under MOA CY 2004 Proposed
Tenejero (night side)
Construction / Road Widening and drainage system, Ibayo to
8.0 Municipal LGU 977,500 Under MOA CY 2004 Proposed
Tenejero (Left Side)
Construction of Drainage System at BES to Talisay River, Barangay
9.0 Barangay Talisay Municipal LGU 500,000 Under MOA CY 2004 Proposed
Talisay
10.0 Construction of Box Culvert, Brgy. Doña Maria Brgy. Doña Maria Municipal LGU 800,000 Under MOA CY 2004 Proposed
Rehabilitation of Urban Drainage System Improvement, Brgy.
11.0 Brgy. Cataning Barangay 20% IRA
Cataning
12.0 Rehabilitation / Construction of Drainage System Barangay 20% IRA
National and Local
13.0 River Improvement Works / Drainage System, Pto. Rivas Itaas Barangay 500,000
Government
National and Local
14.0 Improvement of Drainage System at River Works Barangay
Government
Irrigation
Repair of dam and existing canal an area of 440 has. (Manimas

1.0 Balanga City NIA 2,000,000 Completed
(CIS), Balanga)
2.0 Repair of dam and canal (Panikian (Magsaysay CIS), Pilar) Pilar NIA 2,500,000 Completed
3.0 Repair of dam and canal (Tabon ng Bayan (Magsaysay CIS), Pilar) Pilar NIA 2,435,000 Completed
Bataan province is now 80% developed in terms of Communal
Irrigation. The remaining 20% is targeted to be developed in 5 years
4.0 98,515,000 1996 2002
starting CY 1996. The Bataan Irrigation Program was proposed and
will cover the construction of 39 project / system
1.0 Construction / Rehabilitation of Water System at Various Barangays, Balanga City Municipal LGU 895,000 Under MOA (CY 2004) Proposed
2.0 Water System Construction / Rehabilitation, Brgy. Cabog-Cabog Brgy. Cabog-cabog Municipal LGU 800,000 Proposed
3.0 Water System Construction / Rehabilitation, Brgy.Camacho Brgy. Camacho Municipal LGU 500,000 Proposed
4.0 Water System Construction / Rehabilitation, Brgy. Central Brgy. Cental Municipal LGU 800,000 Proposed
5.0 Water System Construction / Rehabilitation, Brgy. Lupang Proper Brgy. Lupang Proper Municipal LGU 1,500,000 Proposed
6.0 Water System Construction / Rehabilitation, Brgy. Dangcol Brgy. Dangcol Municipal LGU 500,000 Proposed
7.0 Water System Construction / Rehabilitation, Brgy. Ibayo Brgy. Ibayo Municipal LGU 500,000 Proposed
8.0 Water System Construction / Rehabilitation, Brgy. Munting Batangas Brgy. Munting Batangas Municipal LGU 500,000 Proposed
9.0 Water System Construction / Rehabilitation, Brgy. Tenejero Brgy. Tenejero Municipal LGU 1,500,000 Proposed
10.0 Water System Construction / Rehabilitation, Brgy. Tortugas Brgy. Tortugas Municipal LGU 1,400,000 Proposed
11.0 Construction of Water System and Water Tank, Brgy. Tanato Brgy. Tanato Municipal LGU 500,000 Proposed
Construction of 3000 gal. Elevated Water Tank and Distribution of
12.0 Brgy. Munting Batangas Municipal LGU 550,000 Proposed
Pipeline at MRF, Brgy. Munting Batangas
Construction / Rehabilitation of Water System within the City of
13.0 Balanga City Municipal LGU 1,000,000 Proposed
Balanga,
T-13
Table 5.3 (3/10) List of Flood Control, Drainage and Other Related Projects in Sta. Rita River Basin
River System: Sta. Rita River

City/Munincipality/Province: Olongapo City, Zambales
Name of Project Location Implementing Agency Other involved Agency Funding/Est'd Cost (Php) Source of Fund Date Undertaken Date Completed Remarks
Flood Control
District Office, Olongapo
1.0 Desilting of Kalaklan River Kalaklan River 9,301,087
City DPWH ZSDEO
Construction of Flood Gate Weir and Access Road (Operation & District Office, Olongapo
2.0 Annual 3,168,305.08 Completed
Maintenance) City DPWH ZSDEO
District Office, Olongapo
3.0 Desilting of Sta. Rita River Sta. Rita River 9,325,044
City DPWH ZSDEO
4.0 Maintenance of Sabo Dam, Upper Section of Sta. Rita River District Office, Olongapo Annual 1,869,985.00 Completed
5.0 Construction of 1 Km Revetment Wall Local Government Unit Completed
6.0 Flood Barricade (8 Km) Local Government Unit Completed
Drainage
1.0 Construction of Drainage System Local Government Unit 1999 2004

2.0 Construction of Drainage with Road Improvement Local Government Unit 1999 2004
50,000 annualy fund from 20% IRA National & Local
3.0 Drainage Improvement, Brgy. Banicain Barangay Local Government Unit
National & Local Government Government
Construction of Drainage System (300m) Rizal Avenue - Corpuz,
4.0 Local Government Unit Barangay 456,830 Local Fund Completed
Brgy. Banicain
Construction of Drainage Sysem (300m) w-1st st-w-2nd st.,
5.0 Local Government Unit Barangay 633,780 Local Fund Completed
Barangay Banicain
(340m) Desilting of drainage channel at perimeter road, between
6.0 Local Government Unit Barangay 1,980,000 DPWH Fund Completed (1996)
SBMA and Olongapo City
Construction of one side drainage system at Foster St. (222m) w-1st
7.0 Local Government Unit Barangay 529,025 Local Fund Completed (1997)
to Luna St., Brgy. Banicain
Asphalting and Rip-rap revetment wall at Luna St. (50m), Brgy.
8.0 Local Government Unit Barangay 687,123 Local Fund Completed (1998)
Banicain
Construction of one-side drainage system at W-1st st. (Phase I),
9.0 Brgy. Banicain Local Government Unit Barangay 479,031 Local Fund Completed (1998)
Corpuz St. to Luna St., Brgy. Banicain
Construction of one-side drainage system at Gil St., Gordon St. to
Basa St., Brgy. Banicain
Construction of oneside drainage system at Luna St. (114m) W-St. to
Foster St., Brgy. Banicain
Construction of Drainage System at Foster St. (L-1981m) W-1st St. -
12.0 Brgy. Banicain Local Government Unit Barangay 436,773 Local Fund Completed
W2nd St., Brgy. Banicain
Construction of one side drainage system at W-1st St. (130m) Rizal
13.0 Brgy. Banicain Local Government Unit Barangay 249,980 Local Fund Completed
Avenue to Basa St., Brgy. Banicain
14.0 Construction of drainage system at Basa St. and Silahis St. Local Government Unit Barangay Proposed
15.0 Drainage Improvement, Brgy. New Ilalim Barangay Local Government Unit 100,000 Annually 20% IRA & Local Fund
16.0 Desilting and declogging the main drainage system, Brgy. Sta. Rita Brgy. Sta. Rita Barangay Local Government Unit 250,000 Annually 20% IRA & Local Fund
Irrigation
T-14
Table 5.3 (4/10) List of Flood Control, Drainage and Other Related Projects in Bucao River Basin
River System: Bucao River

City/Munincipality/Province: Botolan, Zambales
Flood Control
1.0 Maculcol River Control System Maculcol River District Office (DPWH) For Flood Control (2003 - 1992 Present
44M, 2002 - 5M, 2001 - 6M,
2.0 Bucao River Control System Bucao River District Office (DPWH) 1992 1998
2000 - 5M, 1999 - 45 M, 1998 -
3.0 Maloma River Control System Maloma River District Office (DPWH) 150M) 1996 2000
4.0 Road Dike Improvement Botolan Brgy. Paudpod Municipal on going
5.0 Desilting of Carael Creek, Brgy. Carael Carael Creek Barangay 20% IRA on going
6.0 Construction of Bucao River Dike (6.5km) Bucao River Local Government Unit 93,000,000 Government/ BOT Proposed
7.0 Dredging of Batonlapoc Creek Batonlapoc Creek Local Government Unit 300,000 Proposed
8.0 Dredging of Tampo-Paco Creek Tampo-Paco Creek Local Government Unit 750,000 Proposed
9.0 Dredging of Talabangka Bancal Creek Bancal Creek Local Government Unit 500,000 Proposed
10.0 Dredging of Pamalabangan Creek Pamalabangan Creek Local Government Unit 500,000 Proposed
Drainage
20% IRA & National / Local

1.0 Drainage System Improvement Brgy. San Juan Barangay Municipal
Governemnt
20% IRA & National / Local
2.0 Drainage System Improvement Brgy. San Miguel Barangay Municipal
Governemnt
3.0 Improvement Road Drainage System Brgy. Paudpod Barangay 400,000 Annually Local Government
Irrigation
1.0 400 Hectares Permanent Agricultural Rehabilitation of Lahar Plan Local Government Unit 100,000,000
1.0 Construction of water supply Brgy. Parel DPWH 810,800 Proposed

2.0 Construction of water supply Brgy. San Juan DPWH 791,400 Proposed
3.0 Construction of water supply Brgy. Bihawa DPWH 635,400 Proposed
T-15
Table 5.3 (5/10) List of Flood Control, Drainage and Other Related Projects in Angat River Basin
River System: Angat River

City/Munincipality/Province: Calumpit, Bulacan
Flood Control
1.0 Concrete Slope Protection (2.8km) Pampanga River PRCS 1994 Present
2.0 Concrete Slope Protection (1.8km) Quitagil River PRCS 1994 Present
3.0 Concrete Slope Protection (1.759 km), Sapang Maragul PRCS 1995 Present
4.0 Slope Protection (1.4km), Angat River PRCS 500,000 1996 Present
5.0 Labangan Upgrading and Dewatering (2km) Labangon C.O.C PRCS Completed
6.0 Operation and Maintenance of Concrete Slope Protection PRCS 5,185,000 Annually
7.0 Operation and Maintenance of Slope Protection PRCS 800,000 Annually
8.0 Operation and Maintenance of Restoration of scoured and PRCS 21,900,000 Annually
9.0 Provision of check gate, upgrading of dike and slope protection PRCS 7,920,000 Annually
Drainage
1.0 Drainage Improvement, Brgy. Caniogan Brgy. Caniogan Barangay Local Government Unit 20% IRA & Local Fund
2.0 Drainage Improvement, Brgy. Sto. Niño Brgy. Sto. Niño Barangay Local Government Unit 20% IRA & Local Fund
3.0 Drainage Improvement, Brgy. Dampol II-A Brgy. Dampol II-A Barangay 20% IRA & Local Fund
4.0 Drainage Improvement, Brgy. Dampol II-B Brgy. Dampol II-B Barangay Local Government Unit 20% IRA & Local Fund
5.0 Drainage Improvement, Brgy. Pungo Brgy. Pungo Barangay Local Government Unit 20% IRA & Local Fund
Irrigation
T-16
Table 5.3 (6/10) List of Flood Control, Drainage and Other Related Projects in Pansipit River Basin
River System: Pansipit River

City/Munincipality/Province: Lemery Batangas
Project Location Implementing Agency Other Involved Agency Funding / Estimated Cost Source of Fund Date Undertaken Date Completed Remarks
Flood Control
1.0 Construction of embankment protection Brgy. Matingain II 95,000.00 Gen. Fund 2003 Completed
2.0 Construction of breakwater Brgy. Sambal Ilaya 136,079.40 2003 Completed
3.0 Embankment protection / riprapping Brgy. Mahayahay 184,095.98 2003 Completed
4.0 Construction of embankment protection Brgy. Gulod 258,500.00 20% Dev. Fund 2002 Completed
5.0 Construction of embankment protection Brgy. Nonong Casto 96,025.25 20% Dev. Fund 2002 Completed
6.0 Construction of parapet wall Brgy. District II 281,820.00 Brgy. Fund 2001 Completed
Drainage
1.0 Portioned const. of a CHB lined canal w/ cover Brgy. Maguihan LGU 67,000.00 20% Dev. Fund 2003 Completed
2.0 Portioned const. of a CHB lined canal w/ cover Brgy. Rizal LGU 96,350.75 20% Dev. Fund 2003 Completed
3.0 Portioned const. of a CHB lined canal w/ cover Brgy. Lucky LGU 96,250.00 20% Dev. Fund 2003 Completed
4.0 Portioned const. of a CHB lined canal w/ cover Brgy. Wawa Ibaba LGU 96,250.00 20% Dev. Fund 2003 Completed
5.0 Portioned const. of a drainage canal (open lined canal) Brgy. Palanas LGU 96,131.76 20% Dev. Fund 2003 Completed
6.0 Portioned construction of a CHB lined canal Brgy. Wawa Ilaya LGU 96,350.75 20% Dev. Fund 2003 Completed
7.0 Portioned construction of a CHB lined canal Brgy. Anak-Dagat LGU 96,350.75 20% Dev. Fund 2003 Completed
8.0 Cleaning & clearing of canal Brgy. District III LGU 14,400.00 2003 Completed
9.0 Improvement of drainage canal Brgy. District II LGU 240,955.07 2003 Completed
10.0 Declogging of drainage canal Brgy. Bucal LGU 6,300.00 2003 Completed
11.0 Cleaning & clearing of canal Brgy. Lucky LGU 27,000.00 2003 Completed
12.0 Const. of CHB open lined canal along Filipinismo St. Brgy. Sangalang LGU 374,000.00 Suppl. Plan No. 3 2002 Completed
13.0 Cleaning & clearing of canal Brgy. Maguihan LGU 22,500.00 Barangay Fund 2001 Completed
14.0 Declogging of canal - OPLAN Linis Poblacion LGU 25,650.00 Municipal Fund 2001 Completed
Irrigation
1.0 Pull-out & replacement of submersible pump & motor Brgy. Payapa Ilaya LGU 206,000.00 2003 Completed
2.0 Installation of irrigation system Brgy. Matingain I LGU 216,499.98 Trust Fund 2001 Completed
3.0 Installation of irrigation system Brgy. Balanga LGU 71,610.52 Trust Fund 2001 Completed
4.0 Installation of irrigation system Brgy. Nonong Casto LGU 532,987.00 Trust Fund 2001 Completed
5.0 Installation of jetmatic pump Brgy. Sinisian West LGU 4,941.00 Barangay Fund 2001 Completed
Water Supply
1.0 Rehabilitation of water system facilities Brgy. San Isidro Itaas LGU 65,291.00 20% Dev. Fund 2003 Completed
2.0 Construction of waterworks facilities Brgy. Arumahan LGU 179,996.69 20% Dev. Fund 2003 Completed
3.0 Improvement of water facilities Brgy. Arumahan LGU 76,600.86 20% Dev. Fund 2003 Completed
4.0 Installation of pipes Brgy. Cahilan II LGU 257,710.50 20% Dev. Fund 2003 Completed
5.0 Improvement of waterworks facilities Brgy. Payapa Ibaba LGU 170,026.81 20% Dev. Fund 2003 Completed
6.0 Construction of waterworks facilities Brgy. Cahilan I LGU 1,100,000.00 20% Dev. Fund 2002 Completed
7.0 Construction of waterworks facilities Brgy. Talaga LGU 1,200,000.00 20% Dev. Fund 2002 Completed
8.0 Construction of waterworks facilities Brgy. Payapa Ibaba LGU 964,500.00 20% Dev. Fund 2002 Completed
9.0 Const. of waterworks facilities / installation of 3KVA transformer Brgy. Payapa Ibaba LGU 217,600.00 20% Dev. Fund 2002 Completed
10.0 Construction of waterworks facilities Brgy. Payapa Ilaya LGU 962,977.75 20% Dev. Fund 2002 Completed
11.0 Installation of water distribution main line Brgy. San Isidro Ibaba LGU 94,330.75 20% Dev. Fund 2002 Completed
12.0 Installation of water distribution main line Brgy. San Isidro Itaas LGU 163,678.00 20% Dev. Fund 2002 Completed
13.0 Construction of waterworks facilities Brgy. San Isidro Itaas LGU 479,309.98 20% Dev. Fund 2002 Completed
T-17
Table 5.3 (7/10) List of Flood Control, Drainage and Other Related Projects in Imus River Basin
River System: Imus River

City/Munincipality/Province: Bacoor, Cavite
Project Location Implementing Agency Other involved Agency Funding / Estimated Cost Source of Fund Date Undertaken Date Completed Remarks
Flood Control
1.0 Const. Of watergate and Flood Control Structure San Nicolas Cavite PEO DPWH/ Bacoor LGU 1,935,771.22 Provincial Fund 05/30/2002 06/28/2002
Drainage
1.0 Construction of Canal Lining Tabing Dagat Cavite PEO Recipient Brgy Council 290,664.69 Provincial Fund 06/29/2001 07/26/2001 These information were obtained from the
2.0 Construction of Canal Lining Talaba IV Cavite PEO Recipient Brgy Council 96,567.00 Provincial Fund 08/14/2001 08/29/2001 list of projects implemented by the Cavite
3.0 Riprapping and Rehab of storm drainage canal Queen's Row Cavite PEO Recipient Brgy Council 96,724.83 Provincial Fund 07/02/2001 07/20/2001 Provincial Engineer's Office for the
4.0 Construcution of Drainage Canal salinas II Cavite PEO Recipient Brgy Council 96,514.00 Provincial Fund 03/06/2001 09/04/2001 year 2001 to 2004. Said document
5.0 Rehab/Construciton of Canal Lining Salinas I Cavite PEO Recipient Brgy Council 145,385.21 Provincial Fund 09/14/2002 09/20/2002 was provided by the Provincial
6.0 Construction of Drainage Canal Maliksi Cavite PEO Recipient Brgy Council 199,218.81 Provincial Fund 09/03/2002 09/16/2002 Engineer of Cavite, Engr. Mario Silan
7.0 Construction of Canal Lining with Covers Zapote Cavite PEO Recipient Brgy Council 241,858.15 Provincial Fund 05/30/2002 06/19/2002 at his office at Trece Martirez City.
8.0 Construction of Covered Canal Lining Molino II Cavite PEO Recipient Brgy Council 193,345.74 Provincial Fund 04/29/2003 05/09/2003
9.0 Construction of Canal Lining Habay I Cavite PEO Recipient Brgy Council 83,635.05 Provincial Fund 09/16/2003 09/27/2003
10.0 Construction of Drainage Canal Aniban II LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 200,000.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 1995 These information were obtained from the
11.0 Construction of Drainage Canal Aniban III LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 100,000.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 1995 list of projects implemented by the
12.0 Construction of Drainage Canal Aniban V LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 70,000.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 1995 Municicpality of Bacoor thru
13.0 Construction of Drainage Canal Banalo LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 100,000.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 1995 the cooperation of the
14.0 Construction of Drainage Lines Bayanan LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 300,000.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 1995 Office of the Municipal Engineer
15.0 Improvement of Drainage Canal Ligas II LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 100,000.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 1995 headed by Engineer Alvarez.
16.0 Improvement of Drainage Canal Ligas III LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 90,000.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 1995
17.0 Construction of Drainage Canal Maliksi I LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 100,000.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 1995
18.0 Construction of Open Canal Drainage Mambog II LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 100,000.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 1995
19.0 Construciton of Canal Covering Talaba I LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 60,000.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 1995
20.0 Construciton of Canal Covering Talaba IV LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 25,000.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 1995
21.0 Construciton of Canal Lining Talaba V LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 35,000.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 1995
22.0 Installation of Drainage Line Aniban I Brgy Council LGU Bacoor, MEO 9,980.00 Brgy Dev. Fund 1995
23.0 Declogging of all Canals Aniban IV Brgy Council LGU Bacoor, MEO 9,680.00 Brgy Dev. Fund 1995
24.0 Clearing of Canals Maliksi I Brgy Council LGU Bacoor, MEO 9,975.00 Brgy Dev. Fund 1995
25.0 Clearing of Canals Maliksi II Brgy Council LGU Bacoor, MEO 9,975.00 Brgy Dev. Fund 1995
26.0 Construction of Open Drainage Canal Mambog III Brgy Council LGU Bacoor, MEO 9,998.00 Brgy Dev. Fund 1995
27.0 Construction of Open Canal Molino I Brgy Council LGU Bacoor, MEO 9,997.50 Brgy Dev. Fund 1995
28.0 Clearing of Canals Panapaan II Brgy Council LGU Bacoor, MEO 9,607.00 Brgy Dev. Fund 1995
29.0 Clearing of Canals Panapaan III Brgy Council LGU Bacoor, MEO 9,975.00 Brgy Dev. Fund 1995
30.0 Construction of Canal Cover Salinas I Brgy Council LGU Bacoor, MEO 9,985.00 Brgy Dev. Fund 1995
31.0 Construction of Open Canal San Nicolas I Brgy Council LGU Bacoor, MEO 9,952.50 Brgy Dev. Fund 1995
32.0 Construction of Open Canal Talaba II Brgy Council LGU Bacoor, MEO 9,995.00 Brgy Dev. Fund 1995
33.0 Canal Cleaning Alima LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 49,473.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002 These information were obtained from the
34.0 Canal Cleaning Aniban I LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 161,980.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002 annual report provided by the
35.0 Canal Cleaning Aniban II LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 128,660.50 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002 Municipal Planning and Design
36.0 Canal Cleaning Aniban III LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 153,689.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002 Office headed by Mr. Jesus
37.0 Canal Cleaning Aniban IV LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 65,334.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002 Francisco
38.0 Canal Cleaning Aniban V LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 52,736.50 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
39.0 Canal Cleaning Banalo LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 105,316.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
40.0 Canal Cleaning Bayanan LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 94,354.50 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
41.0 Canal Upgrading Camposanto LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 59,642.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
42.0 Construction, rehabilitation and clearing of Canal Daang Bukid LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 1,039,805.15 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
43.0 Construction, clearing and rehabilitation of Canals Dulong Bayan LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 223,326.50 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
44.0 Cosntruction and Rehabilitation of Canals Habay I LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 89,906.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
45.0 Construction of Open Canal Ligas I LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 119,156.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
46.0 Cleaning of Canal Ligas II LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 101,585.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
47.0 Cleaning of Canal Ligas III LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 107,854.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
48.0 Cleaning of Canal Mabolo I LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 39,879.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
49.0 Cleaning of Canal Mambog I LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 55,518.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
50.0 Improvement of Canal Mambog II LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 59,801.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
51.0 Canal Cleaning Mambog III LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 57,939.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
52.0 Canal Cleaning Mambog IV LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 45,555.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
53.0 Canal Cleaning Mambog V LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 35,599.50 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
54.0 Canal Cleaning Molino V LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 54,555.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
55.0 Canal Cleaning Molino VI LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 54,555.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
56.0 Canal Cleaning Niog II LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 19,496.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
57.0 Canal Construction Panapaan III LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 146,157.20 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
58.0 Construction of Canal Real II LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 233,708.03 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
59.0 Canal Cleaning San Nicolas I LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 54,970.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
60.0 Construction of Open Canal San Nicolas II LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 59,981.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
61.0 Canal Rehabilitation Talaba I LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 52,444.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
62.0 Canal Cleaning Talaba II LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 55,644.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
63.0 Construction/cleaning/rehab of Canal Talaba III LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 177,253.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
64.0 Construction of Canal Zapote II LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 59,912.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
65.0 Canal Construction and Improvement and Cleaning Zapote III LGU Bacoor Recipient Brgy Council 197,643.00 Mun. Dev. Fund 2002
Irrigation
T-18
Table 5.3 (8/10) List of Flood Control, Drainage and Other Related Projects in Camatian River Basin
River System: Camatian River

City/Munincipality/Province: Lucban, Quezon Province
Name of Project Location Implementing Agency Other Involved Agency Funding/Est'd Cost (Php) Source of Fund Date Undertaken Date Completed Remarks
Flood Control
(Date/Period/Status)
1.0 Construction of Camatian River Embankment Protection Sitio Maderal, Brgy. Palola Municipality of Lucban 200,000.00 Calamity Fund 2000 completed
2.0 Construction of Camatian River Embankment Protection Sitio Maderal, Brgy. Palola Municipality of Lucban 40,000.00 20% Dev. Fund 2001 completed
Drainage
1.0 Concreting with gutter and canal Mabini St., Brgy. Palola Municipality of Lucban 74,000.00 20% Dev. Fund 1997 Completed
2.0 Desilting and Rehabilitation of Canal Brgy. 7 and 9 Municipality of Lucban 200,000.00 20% Dev. Fund 2004 Completed
Irrigation
Brgy's. Palola, Samil, kakawit,

1.0 Rehabilitation of irrigation System Municipality of Lucban 704,771.96 20% Dev. Fund 1995 - 1996 Completed
tinamnam,Igang, Abang
2.0 Rehabilitation of irrigation System Brgy's. Palola, Samil, Abang, Ayuti Municipality of Lucban 1 million ABS-CBN 1995 - 1996 Completed
Brgy's. Igang, Samil, Ayuti, Palola,
3.0 Communal Irrigation System Tinamnan, Kulapi, Malupak, DA 7.5 million DA 2001 Completed
Kakawit, Abang, Kalyaat

1.0 Rehabilitation/Expansion of Lucban Waterworks System Brgy. Palola and Poblacion Municipality of Lucban 350,000.00 20% Dev. Fund 1997 Completed
Rehabilitation/Additional Mainline of Apolinario dela Cruz
2.0 Brgy. Palola Municipality of Lucban 1 million PMS 1997 Completed
Waterworks System
T-19
Table 5.3 (9/10)-a List of Flood Control, Drainage and Other Related Projects in Quinale (B) River Basin
River System: Quinale (B) River

City/Munincipality/Province: Malinao, Albay
Flood Control
1 Dredging, Taque River (Upstream Section - Lateral B) Barangay Tagoytoy Proposed
2 Dredging, Quinale River - Balza Section Proposed
3 Dredging, San Francisco River - Pawa Bagumbayan Section Proposed
4 Dredging, Quinale River - Comun Soa Section Proposed
6 Dredging, San Francisco River - Labnig Tuliw Section Proposed
7 Dredging, San Francisco River - Awang Section Proposed
8 River Dike, Comun - Soa Section Proposed
9 River Dike, Labnig - Diaro Section Proposed
10 River Dike, Labnig-Malolos Section Proposed
11 River Dike, Tagoytoy Section (Taque River) Proposed
12 River Dike, Ogob River Proposed
13 River Dike, Poblacion Section (To Payahan) Proposed
14 RIVER CONTROL REHAB: Rechannelization/Rehab. of San Francisco River Control Bagumbayan, Balza Payahan DPWH 7000000 20% EDF Implemented
15 RIVER CONTROL REHAB: Ogob-Diaro Section Ogob-Diaro 4000000 20% EDF Implemented
16 RIVER CONTROL REHAB: Labnig-Malolos Section Labnig-Malolos 4000000 20% EDF Implemented
17 RIVER CONTROL REHAB: Pawa-Tuliw Rear Dike Pawa-Tuliw 1500000 20% EDF Implemented
18 RIVER CONTROL REHAB: Comun-Soa Section Comun-Soa 2000000 20% EDF Implemented
19 RIVER CONTROL REHAB: Quinale River (Balza Section) Balza 7000000 20% EDF Implemented
20 RIVER CONTROL REHAB: Estancia-Awang Section Estancia-Awang 4500000 20% EDF Implemented
21 RIVER CONTROL REHAB: Labnig-Awang Section Labnig-Awang 4500000 20% EDF Implemented
22 RIVER CONTROL REHAB: Lagbanog River Control Sta. Elena/Tagoytoy 10000000 20% EDF Implemented
23 RIVER CONTROL REHAB: Tanawan Section Tanawan 5000000 20% EDF Implemented
24 Construction of Slope Protection at Sugcad-Matalipni Road Malinao, Albay
25 Dredging of Pawa - Burabod & Mabinit River Channel (Phase II) Legazpi City
Drainage
1 BRIDGE/BOX CULVERTS REHAB: Ogob Bridge Ogob DPWH 20000000 20% EDF Implemented
2 BRIDGE/BOX CULVERTS REHAB: Balza Box Culverts Balza DPWH/LGU 500000 20% EDF Implemented
BRIDGE/BOX CULVERTS REHAB: Bulang-Quinarabasahan Box
Bulang-Quinarabasahan DPWH 4500000 20% EDF
3 Culverts Implemented
BRIDGE/BOX CULVERTS REHAB: Bulang-Quinarabasahan
Bulang-Quinarabasahan -do- 2100000 20% EDF
4 Spillway Implemented
6 BRIDGE/BOX CULVERTS REHAB: Awang Bridge Awang -do- 5000000 20% EDF Implemented
7 LINE CANAL CONSTRUCTION: Open Line Canal Poblacion-Payahan Prov'l/LGU 1000000 20% EDF Implemented
Irrigation
Rehabilitation of BURABOD-JONOP Communal Irrigation System
Sta. Elena NIA 758483.38 20% EDF Oct. 2002 Nov. 2002
1 (Phase 2) Completed
Rehabilitation of BURABOD-JONOP Communical Irrigation System
Sta. Elena NIA 1650000 20% EDF 01-Aug-03
3 Rehabilitation of DIARO Communal Diaro NIA 679828.83 20% EDF Oct. 2002 Nov. 2002 Completed
4 Rehabilitation of Tagoytoy Communical Irrigation System Tagoytoy NIA 2435829.84 20% EDF Oct. 01 01-Jan-02 Completed
Rehabilitation of BURABOD-JONO Communal Irrigation System
Sta. Elena NIA 2838091.14 20% EDF 01-Sep-00 01-Aug-01
7 Rehab of "SAGOANKANBANWA" irrigation system Awang to Pawa Department of Agriculture 413533 20% EDF Nov. 2004 Dec. 2001 Completed
Water Supply Systems
77 Installation of Water System "Cluster A" at Baybay Malinao, Albay 300000 20% EDF 16-Jun-03 Completed
78 Installation of Water System Cluster "A" (Extension) Baybay, Malinao, Albay 200000 20% EDF 16-Sep-03 Completed
Roads and Bridges
1 ( Road Opening) Bulang-Quinarabasahan Malinao, Albay Proposed
2 ( Road Opening) Quinarabasahan-Bagatangki Malinao, Albay Proposed
3 (Road Opening) Pawa Circumferential Road Malinao, Albay Proposed
4 ( Road Opening) Balading - Poblacion Alternate Road Malinao, Albay Proposed
6 ( Road Opening) Balza-Bakyad to Jonop Malinao, Albay Proposed
7 ( Road Opening) Malolos - Diaro Malinao, Albay Proposed
8 Bridge Construction, Awang Section Awang Proposed
9 Bridge Construction, Labnig - Malolos Malinao, Albay Proposed
10 Bridge Construction, Balza (approach going to Balza Proper, Libod, etc.) Malinao, Albay Proposed
11 Road Concreting, Tagoytoy to Tanawan Malinao, Albay Proposed
12 Road Concreting, Estancia - Ogob - Comun Malinao, Albay Proposed
13 Road Concreting, Ogob-Diaro Malinao, Albay Proposed
14 Road Concreting, Payahan -Baybay Payahan Proposed
15 Road Concreting, Balading Iraya Road Malinao, Albay Proposed
16 Road Concreting, Jonop Road Jonop Proposed
17 Road Concreting, Cabunturan Road Cabunturan Proposed
18 Road Concreting, Comun - Soa Road Malinao, Albay 1000000 20% EDF Implemented
19 Road Concreting, Soa - Bulang Road Malinao, Albay 2000000 20% EDF Implemented
20 INFRS. & UTILITIES SECTOR FARM TO MARKET ROAD CONCRETING: Ogob Road Estancia DPWH 2000000 20% EDF Implemented
21 INFRS. & UTILITIES SECTOR FARM TO MARKET ROAD CONCRETING: Ogob-Comun Road Ogob-Comun -do- 3000000 20% EDF Implemented
22 INFRS. & UTILITIES SECTOR FARM TO MARKET ROAD CONCRETING: Tanawan - Tagoytoy Road Tanawan-Tagoytoy -do- 3000000 20% EDF Implemented
23 INFRS. & UTILITIES SECTOR FARM TO MARKET ROAD CONCRETING: Balza Bakyad Road Balza -do- 5000000 20% EDF Implemented
24 INFRS. & UTILITIES SECTOR FARM TO MARKET ROAD CONCRETING: Baybay Road Baybay -do- 3000000 20% EDF Implemented
25 INFRS. & UTILITIES SECTOR FARM TO MARKET ROAD CONCRETING: Cabunturan-Jonop Road Cabunturan -do- 2000000 20% EDF Implemented
26 INFRS. & UTILITIES SECTOR FARM TO MARKET ROAD CONCRETING: Bulang Road Bulang -do- 6000000 20% EDF Implemented
27 INFRS. & UTILITIES SECTOR FARM TO MARKET ROAD CONCRETING: Labnig - Awang Road Awang -do- 3000000 20% EDF Implemented
28 INFRS. & UTILITIES SECTOR FARM TO MARKET ROAD CONCRETING: Balading/Sitio Awang Road Balading -do- 5000000 20% EDF Implemented
29 INFRS. & UTILITIES SECTOR FARM TO MARKET ROAD CONCRETING: Matalipni-Malolos Road Matalipni-Malolos -do- 4000000 20% EDF Implemented
30 INFRS. & UTILITIES SECTOR FARM TO MARKET ROAD CONCRETING: Ogob-Diaro Road Ogob-Diaro -do- 3000000 20% EDF Implemented
31 INFRS. & UTILITIES SECTOR FARM TO MARKET ROAD CONCRETING: Comun-Soa-Bulang Road Comun-Soa-Bulang -do- 30000000 20% EDF Implemented
32 ROAD OPENING, Bulang-Quinarabasahan-Bagatangki Rd. Bulang-Quinarabasahan DPWH/LGU 32000000 20% EDF Implemented
33 ROAD OPENING, Diaro-Sitio Palale Road Diaro DPWH 5000000 20% EDF Implemented
34 ROAD OPENING, Poblacion-Balading Alternate Road Poblacion-Balading -do- 5000000 20% EDF Implemented
35 ROAD OPENING, Sitio Bakyad-Jonop Road Balza-Jonop -do- 5000000 20% EDF Implemented
36 ROAD OPENING, Balading-Awang Road Balading-Awang -do- 8000000 20% EDF Implemented
37 ROAD OPENING, Malolos-Diaro Road Malolos-Diaro -do- 5000000 20% EDF Implemented
38 Construction of COMUN-SOA Road with 180 linear REINFORCED CONC. DECK GIRDER BRIDGE Comun DAR, WB-ARCDP and LGU 19475076.34 20% EDF 01-Jan-00 01-Apr-01 Completed
39 Construction of SOA-BULANGROAD Soa to Bulang DAR 5540513.16 20% EDF 01-May-01 01-Nov-02 Completed
40 Construction of 200 linear meter Balading-Ilawod Road Balading Department of and LGU 586467 20% EDF 05-Dec-01 28-Dec-01 Completed
T-20
Table 5.3 (10/10) List of Flood Control, Drainage and Other Related Projects in Yawa River Basin
River System: Yawa River

City/Munincipality/Province: Legazpi, Albay
Flood Control
1.0 Construction of Pumping Station Pawa Devt. Fund of LGU 150000 20% EDF 01-Mar-03 01-Aug-03 Completed
2.0 Pumping Station Energization Project Pawa Dev. Fund of LGU 210000 20% EDF Aug. 2004 01-Dec-03 Completed
3.0 Dredging of Pawa - Burabod & Mabinit River Channel (Phase II) Legazpi City 300000 20% EDF 08-Apr-03 Completed
4.0 Construction of Retaining walls/ seawall Legazpi City 36934000 1998 2002 Completed
5.0 Dredging of Basin Legazpi City 40000000 1998 Completed
6.0 Riverbank Riprap Legazpi City 1050000 1997. 1998 Completed
Drainage
1.0 Construction of Open-Lined Canal at Rawis Legazpi City 300,000.00 20% EDF 07-May-03 Completed
2.0 Construction of Drainage System at Albay Capitol Annex Building Legazpi City 300,000.00 20% EDF 14-Oct-03 Completed
3.0 Formulation of Sewerage Waste Legazpi City
4.0 Drainage System, Open Canals, River and Waterworks Legazpi City 67,340,000.00 1998 2000 Completed
5.0 Construction of Drainage System Legazpi City 1,200,000.00 1997 1998 Completed
6.0 Line/ Drainage Canal Legazpi City CEO 350,000.00 2004 2006 Proposed
7.0 Construction of Drainage System Legazpi City LGU/ Nat'l 31,310,000.00 2004 2006 Proposed
8.0 Riprapping along riverbanks Legazpi City LGU/ Nat'l/ Brgy 8,780,000.00 LGU/ Nat'l/ Brgy 2004 2006 Proposed
1.0 Reforestation Project Legazpi City LGU 1,500,000.00 2004 2006 Proposed
2.0 Tree Planting Legazpi City LGU 100,000.00 2004 2006 Proposed
Irrigation
1.0 New Development of Irrigation Facilities Legazpi City 35,000,000.00 1998 2002 Completed
2.0 Rehabilitation/ Maintenance of Irrigation Facilities Legazpi City 16,070,000.00 1998 2002 Completed
3.0 Construction of CIP Irrigation Facilities Legazpi City DAR/ PGA 9,000,000.00 Nat'l Fund 1998 Completed
4.0 Rehabilitation/ maintenance of existing/ old irrigation facilities Legazpi City DAR/ PGA/ City Gov't 2,632,000.00 Nat'l Fund 1996 2002 Completed
5.0 Construction of Irrigation Facilities Legazpi City CAO 9,000,000.00 NIA/ DA 2004 2006 Proposed
1.0 Construction of Homapon & Banquerohan Gravity Bed Water System Legazpi City LWD 1998 2002 Completed
2.0 Construction/ Maintenance of Water Supply Sytem Legazpi City LGU/ CEO/ LCWD 7,500,000.00 LGU/ Nat'l 2004 2006 Proposed
Roads and Bridges
1.0 Road Concreting of Brgy. 8 Washington Drive Legazpi City 300,000.00 20% EDF 15-Apr-03 Completed
2.0 Repair of Brgy. Road Buyoan, Legazpi City 300,000.00 20% EDF 19-Sep-03 Completed
3.0 Concreting of City Roads Legazpi City 69,120,000.00 1998 2000 Completed
4.0 Patching/resealing and asphalting of brgy. Roads Legazpi City 92,455,000.00 1998 2000 Completed
5.0 Construction of permanent bridges in specific road section of the city Legazpi City 59,500,000.00 1998 Completed
6.0 Opening of Villahermosa-Banquerohan Road Daraga & Legazpi City PGA 6,000,000.00
7.0 Homapon-Mariawa-Talahib-Bascaran Road Legazpi City LGU/DPWH 50,000,000.00 Nat'l Fund 1999 2002 Completed
8.0 Villahermosa-Banquerohan-Bariis Road Legazpi City LGU/DPWH 100,000,000.00 Nat'l Fund 1999 2002 Completed
T-21
Table 6.1 SUMMARY MATRIX OF PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION FOR PRINCIPAL RIVERS
Requirements in National Development Plans Problems Identified by Survey on Flood

PCM Workshop SUMMARY OF ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
and Policies Control Project Implementation
MEDIUM-TERM PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN Pursue proper O & M of flood control and drainage
facilities including an effective garbage collection Lack of flood data/information and survey works
and disposal in coordination with other concerned for rivers and flood-prone area Technical standards and guidelines for flood control
NO COMPREHENSIVE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

government agencies and LGUs - No definition on the jurisdiction for rivers and their areas under the law.
plans are not well established nor disseminated
among DPWH offices. - No coordination among governmental agencies to undertake river works.
Relocate and prevent informal settlers living along - Relevant laws and regulations hardly meet actual conditions.
Deficiencies in technical standards and regulations
the banks of rivers/esteros/creeks
Implement sabo projects for the prevention/ Inadequate manpower to prepare flood control
ENGINEERING
mitigation of sediment-related disasters, debris and master plan in DPWH regional and district
lahar flow/landslide engineering offices.
2. Coordination and Cooperation between DPWH and Relevant Agencies
Lack of consultation and coordination with other - No data/information exchange between DPWH and relevant agencies
related agencies - No coordination and cooperation during construction
Study and formulate guidelines leading to Basic data gathering/surveys/investigations are
sustainable development/land use in sediment-related limited, and processed and stored data are - No clear arrangement for O & M between DPWH and LGUs
disaster-prone areas inadequate for planning
Implement comprehensive measures consisting of

construction, warning/evacuation, livelihood Attention/emphasis is only given to structural 3. Proper Management System of Data/Information
programs in coordination with concerned agencies measures in addressing flood control
No comprehensive study of flood control project - Basic data gathering/surveys/investigations are limited including processing and storing
and LGUs
implementation for principal rivers - No proper data collection systems, and access to information by users
Comprehensive planning and identification of - No proper monitoring and feedback mechanism for project implementation
Planning is not participatory
MEDIUM-TERM DPWH
DEVELOPMENT PLAN
inundation areas in major and principal rivers

INFRASTRUCTURE
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS ARE

Provide flood control facilities and sabo works, and
pursue non-structure measures in flood/sediment
Relevant laws and regulations hardly meet actual 4. Flood Control Project Identification
Choice of projects and priority in implementation are conditions - Importance of flood control is not well recognized.
disaster-prone areas
dictated more by political expediency rather than by
- Choice of projects and priority in implementation shall be dictated by actual project
NOT CLEAR
IMPLEMENTATION
actual project appropriateness.

Strengthen the FCSEC for research and studies, Inadequate Information & Education Campaign appropriateness.
information center and sabo engineering program (IEC), and consultation with beneficiaries, negatively - Study to formulate sabo projects is urged for sustainable development/land use in
affected group, and other stakeholders sediment-related disaster-prone areas.
River management in coordination with LGUs Wrong construction method being adopted
Prioritize and implement infrastructure projects that
FOR PHYSICAL PLANNING
Lack of continuity of the system (piece-meal No exchange nor transfer of data/information

NATIONAL FRAMEWORK
support the policy of national dispersal through

implementation); between DPWH and other relevant agencies
regional concentration 5. Planning Resources/Capability
Ensure compatibility of infrastructure with local land Lack of cooperation and coordination with relevant Importance of flood control projects for principal
IMPORTANCE
- Technical standards and guidelines are not well disseminated among DPWH offices.
OF FLOOD
CONTROL
use and development plans, giving priority to agencies and LGUs concerned during construction rivers is not well recognized/ understood by the
projects with the most strategic impacts period government as well as the people
- Hydraulic/hidrologic analytical capacities are not well developed.
- Inadequate manpower to prepare master plan of river basin flood control.
Compatibility with NIPAS (National Integrated No funds and no manpower at the LGU level to Funds for flood control projects for principal rivers
Protected Area System) and other production areas undertake O&M are not adequate
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES
COORDINATION BETWEEN
Incorporate disaster mitigation principles in Responsibility of the LGU in operation and Relevant data/information being gathered by their
infrastructure development maintenance is not clear respective agencies shall be provided among them
Evaluate properly the efficiency of flood control Funds for flood control projects that are within their - No comprehensive implementation of flood control including non-structural measures
INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
strategies agencies’ scope of responsibilities shall be provided

No clear agreement exist between LGU and DPWH as well as livelihood program.
regarding operation and maintenance Relevant agencies shall participate in the planning, - No management body covering river basin
Improve data collection systems and access to
design, implementation and monitoring of flood
information by users
control projects
Establish policy instruments and the legal and Relevant agencies shall participate in the Information
regulatory framework No operation and maintenance budget and team that and Education Campaign
Establish mechanisms for consultation and public would monitor all flood control structures in the 7. Public Consultation and Participatory
DPWH shall provide technical assistance to the
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
POLICY
participation, and conduct intensely information/ district engineering office - Inadequate information & education campaign, and consultation with stakeholders
responsible agencies
education campaign - Participation of beneficiaries and stakeholders is not well practiced in the planning,
Information and education campaign regarding the design, implementation and O&M
Enhance capacity building of not only governmental DPWH mandate in EO 124 are not well
LAW ARRANGEMENT
importance of flood control works shall be intensely

agencies but also non-governmental organizations implemented.
conducted
Adopt philosophy of flood management and create Implementation rules and regulations of
Training for O&M of flood control works shall be
management agencies (including river basin Water Code shall be prepared in compliance with 8. Fund for Implementation and O&M
given to the direct beneficiaries
organizations) actual conditions. - Funds for flood control projects for principal rivers are not adequate
Implementation rules and regulations of - No funds and no manpower at the DPWH DEOs as well as LGU level to undertake O&M
Establish mechanisms to achieve financial DPWH shall monitor and feedback of the flood - No mechanisms to achieve financial sustainability is established
Local Government Code shall be revised to clarify
sustainability control project implementation
the jurisdiction of river areas.
T-22
Table 7.1 Draft Project Design Matrix
Objectively Verifiable Means of Important

Narrative Summary
Indicators Verification Assumptions
Overall Goal
More effective and appropriately designed
flood control and sabo structures/facilities
will be constructed by the DPWH in
accordance with technical standards and
guidelines (TSG), technical manuals and
guidelines formulated and produced by the
Project.
Project Purpose
Improved flood control project Proper recommendations will be Submission of Final
implementation system. made for flood control project Report.
implementation of principal Implementation and
rivers. evaluation of pilot
projects.
Outputs
I. Collected and analyzed
data/information of flood control
project 1-1 Current conditions of flood 1-1 Conduct of
(1) Current conditions of flood control control works in the country participatory
projects by both national and local will be compiled through workshop
governments will be analyzed. data collection and
(2) Data/information of flood control interview with residents. 1-2 Preparation &
projects for major and principal 1-2 Relevant information on submission of
rivers will be collected and flood control works will be Interim Report.
processed. collected and processed by
the Project until June 2004.
II. Formulated/prepared Flood Control
Project Implementation System
2-1 Flood control 2-1 Comprehensive No major changes
(1) Comprehensive plan of principal comprehensive plan of flood control in relevant laws
rivers flood control works will be principal rivers will be plan will be and regulation
proposed. proposed until Sept. 2004. concurred by
2-2 Function-role matrix of the government.
relevant organizations to 2-2 Function-role of
(2) Roles and functions in flood control flood control will be relevant
project of relevant organizations will prepared until Sept. 2004. organizations
be clarified. will be agreed
2-3 80% of attendants to the by themselves.
Technical Transfer 2-3 Questionnaire
Seminar could basically survey in
(3) Necessity of flood control works for absorb the technical Seminar
principal rivers will be recognized. principles of flood control 2-4 Institutional and
works of principal rivers. financial study
2-4 Establishment of an on
(4) Optimal utilization of funds for flood agency/body that will implementation
control projects. regulate the and O&M of
implementation of flood flood control
control projects in principal projets.
rivers.
Activities Input
Presented below by Project Output. [Japan side] [Philippine side] The Project is
JICA Study Team (3 experts) - Counterparts to continued.
and local engineers and staff JICA Study Team Security conditions
Japanese staff in FCSEC - Counterparts in are not changed.
FCSEC
Pre-conditions
FCSEC continues
its activities
T-23
FIGURES
Figure 6.1 PROBLEM TREE - CONSOLIDATED WORKSHOP OUTPUT
FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION FOR PRINCIPAL RIVERS
Flood damages are not

effectively mitigated
Priority of flood control

projects is evaluated to
be low
Benefits from projects Project is not completed Coordination with

Economic/effective life of
may become less than and always partial with relevant projects is
structures is shortened
expected less function difficult
Cost for flood control Planning conditions are

Project implementation is O&M for structures are
projects are not Project quality is low neither updated nor
always delayed not well undertaken
effectively utilized improved
Flood control projects for

principal rivers are not
effectively implemented
No comprehensive Roles and functions in the

Importance of FC projects for Funds for FC projects for
implementation program of implementation of FC projects for
principal rivers is not well principal rivers are not
FC is prepared for principal principal rivers are not clearly
recognized/ understood adequate
rivers delineated
Low priority in FC infrastructure Tech. standards and Inadequate Basic data gathering Too much attention/ Relevant laws and Inadequate IEC, and Neither exchange nor
No nationwide Central offices less
budgeting of development is beyond guidelines for FC plan manpower to survey and investigation emphasis on structural Planning is not regulations hardly consultation with transfer of data/
monitoring system recognize the
infrastructure LGU's affordability/ are not well established prepare FC master are limited/inadequate for measures in addressing participatory meet actual beneficiaries, negatively information among
for flood disasters importance
projects budget nor disseminated plan in RD & DEO planning flooding conditions affected group, etc. agencies concerned
Floods are Flood damages are Affected area is Previous projects Hydrologic gauging Inadequate and less Inadequate budget Involvement of
Experienced Non-structural Lack of proper
understood as a small comparing to limited to a are neither stations are not systematic processing for basic data beneficiaries, negatively
engineers hardly measures are not coordination among
momentary those of major province or a evaluated nor properly operated and storage of data/ gathering, survey affected groups, etc. in
stay in RO & DEO adequately provided relevant agencies
phenomenon rivers municipality/city reviewed and maintained information (database) and investigation planning is neglected.
Salary for engineer

is low
Legend: - Problems from PCM Workshop 0
- Additional problems from PCM Workshops 1 & 2
FC : Flood Control
F-9
FIGURE 7.1 PCM OBJECTIVE TREE
FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION FOR PRINCIPAL RIVERS
Flood damages are

effectively mitigated
Higher priority of flood

control projects
Coordination with
Expected benefits from Project is completed Economic/effective life
relevant projects is
projects are attained and functional of structures is attained
facilitated
Cost for flood control

Project implementation Planning conditions are
projects are effectively Project quality is O&M for structures are
on time updated and improved
utilized satisfactory well undertaken
Flood control projects for

principal rivers are effectively
implemented
Comprehensive Roles and functions in

Importance of flood
Optimal utilization implementation program the implementation of
control projects for
of funds for flood of flood control is flood control projects for
principal rivers is well
control project prepared for principal principal rivers are
recognized/ understood
rivers clearly delineated
Technical standards Adequate & Adequate Information &

Nationwide Higher priority in LGU and beneficiaries Adequate/balanced Relevant laws Enhanced exchange
Central offices and guidelines for flood experienced manpower Basic data gathering Education Campaign, and
monitoring system budgeting of contribute to flood utilization of structural & Planning is and regulations and transfer of data/
recognize the control plans are well to prepare flood control survey and investigation consultation with
for flood disasters infrastructure control infrastructure non-structural measures participatory meet actual information among
importance established and master plan in RD & are adequate for planning beneficiaries, negatively
is established projects development in addressing flooding conditions agencies concerned
disseminated DEO affected group, etc.
Hydrologic gauging Adequate and systematic Optimal budget for Sufficient/proper

Involvement of
Previous projects are stations are properly processing and storage of basic data gathering, coordination among
beneficiaries, negatively
evaluated and reviewed operated and data/ information survey and relevant agencies
affected groups, etc. in
maintained (database) investigation planning is adequate.
F - 10
N ation al F lood M an agem en t C om m ittee P o lic y a n d G u id e lin e
S E C R E T A R Y O F D PW H
C o - C hair C ha ir
DENR DPW H
U N D E R SE C R E T A R Y
Secreta ria t o f N F M C T e c h n ic al S u p p o rt
A S S IS T A N T S E C R E T A R Y
N IA -D A NHRC P H IV O L C S P A G A SA D IL G NEDA
P L A N N IN G S E R V IC E
FCSEC
L ea gu e of F loo d C on tro l D ivision
OCD NW RB
G overno r
C o o rd in a tio n fo r
R egion al Flood M an agem en t C om m ittee Im p le m e n tatio n
R E G IO N A L D IR E C T O R
C o-C h air C ha ir
DENR DPW H
P L A N N IN G & D E SIG N
F-11
S ecretariat o f R F M C D IV ISIO N
T ec h n ic a l S u p p o rt
F lood C on trol S ection
P ro vin cial E n gineers

NEDA
P rov inces
R eg ional O ffice
P rov incia l P la nning C o ordinators
Im ple m e n tation of
C ity /M u n icipa l E n gin eer F lood C on trol P roje c t
N IA
R eg ion al O ffice C ities/
C ity/M unicipal P lanning O ffice
M u nicipa lities
T e ch n ica l D IS T R IC T E N G IN E E R IN G
B a ran ga ys S u p p o rt O F F IC E
DENR
R eg ional O ffice
P riva te S ectors
DEO s of
DPW H
Figure 7.2 Organizational Structure of Flood Management System of DPWH with National Flood Management Committee
Comprehensive Flood Output of Improvement
Roles of FCSEC Control Implementation Plan in Implementation
Plan System
1st Year (2005)

Provide Engineers for Principal River Flood
Staff of the Committee Control Committe Formulation of Flood
Control Projects
JICA Study
Provide Data & Data/Information
Information of Flood Management
Preparation of
Control Comprehensive Flood
Control Plan Strengthen Planning
Service for Flood Control
Inventory Survey for Principal
Preparation and Rivers
Promulgation of Jurisdiction of River
Prioritization of Flood Control
Guidelines for Flood Projects for Principal Rivers
Management
Control Planning
Flood Control Planning
Master Plan Study for 20 by River Basin Approach
Priority Projects
2nd Year (2006)

Development and
Conduct of Participatory
Update and Medium-Term Flood Ploanning
Promulgation of Control Project
Guideline for Flood Implementation Plan for Coordination among
Control Master Plan Principal Rivers Relevant Agencies
3rd Year (2007)

Enhancement of Capacity
Update and Selection of Priority RO in Flood Control
Promulgation of Projects among 20 Rivers Planning
Standards for Flood
Control Master Plan Enhancement of Capacity
Feasibility Study for of Planning Sector in Flood
Priority Projects Control Planning
4th Year (2008)

Update and
Promulgation of Design Social and Natural Strengthen of Capacities of
Environmental Design and RO in Design and
Standards
Implementation of Flood
Impact Assessment Tendering
Inspection of Design and and Management Control Project
Specifications
5th Year (2009)

Update and Strengthen Capacities of
Promulgation of Rehabilitation and RO in Monitoring and
Construction and O&M Maintenance Works O&M for Flood Control
Standards Project
TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL

ASSISTANCE OF FOREIGN
COUNTRY
Figure 7.3 Schedule Diagram of Action Plan and Roles of FCSEC
F-12

Study On Flood Control Project For Rivers in The Philippines

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Study On Flood Control Project For Rivers in The Philippines

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Study On Flood Control Project For Rivers in The Philippines

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

NO.

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1

CHAPTER 2. FLOODS IN THE PHILIPPINES ...................................... 3

CHAPTER 3. POLICY AND DIRECTION ............................................... 28

CHAPTER 5. PAST FLOOD CONTROL WORKS.................................. 79

CHAPTER 6. PROBLEMS IN IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEM ........... 93

Table 3.1 Session Report of IWRM in WWF3.................................................. T-1

Figure 2.1 Topography of the Philippines ......................................................... F-1

Figure 6.1 Problem Tree–Consolidated Workshop Output ................................ F-9

ADB : Asian Development Bank

1.2 Study Objectives

The objectives of the Study are

1.3 Study Area

2.1 Natural and Socio-economical Conditions

2.1.1 Natural Conditions

Tropical Depression (TD) - winds with speeds from 45 to 63 kph

(4) Water Resources Regions

List of Water Resources Regions

Code Name Major River Basin No. of Principal

Eighteen Major River Basins

2.1.2 Infrastructure Development

(1) Road/Transportation Sector

(2) Flood Control and Drainage Sector

(3) DPWH Medium-Term Infrastructure Program

● Southern Tagalog Arterial Road (STAR) or Batangas Expressway (Lipa-Batangas City);

● Jolo Circumferential Road;

1999-2004 DPWH Medium-Term Infrastructure Program

Other Projects 581 2,147 458 719 905 1,950 - 6,760

Total 29,843 44,889 36,429 46,497 58,958 66,228 304,724 282,843

2.2 Flood Damages

2.2.1 Flood Conditions

Debris, Landslides, Mudflow, and Lahar Floods

2.2.2 Flood Damages

Recorded Annual Flood Damages

Destructive Tropical Disturbance and Corresponding Casualties

Tropical Disturbance Date of Occurrence Casualties

2.3 Data and Information of Floods

2.3.1 Hydrological Data

Details of this inventory of hydrological data collection are shown in Annex 3

(a) Gauging Stations

The agencies involved in hydrological data collection are:

As shown in the table above, PAGASA has established a network of 346

(b) Available Records

(c) Station Density

Rainfall observation represents point measurement. For an area rainfall to be

Streamflow refers to river discharge measurement at a given gauging station. In

Station Density of the Rain Gauge

Station Density of the Streamflow Gauges

Details of Rainfall Stations Surveyed

ACTIVITY EQUIPMENT FREQUENCY PERSONNEL

(6) New Development

Need for Capacity Building in Hydrological Data Collection

2.3.2 River Data

(2) Classification of River Segment

Rivers in the Philippines with Cross Sectional and Longitudinal Profile

2.3.3 Flood Data

3.1 Flood Control in the National Development Plan

3.1.1 Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2001 – 2004 (MTPDP 2001-2004)3