Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 42 views

    3 Sterilization and Disinfection

    Uploaded by

    kushal Neupane
    Sterilization aims to kill all microorganisms including bacterial spores, while disinfection only kills most pathogens excluding spores. Sterilization methods include heat sterilization using hot air ovens, flaming or red-hot surfaces, chemical sterilization using gases, and filtration which separates microbes from solutions. Disinfection can be achieved through heat, chemicals, filtration and pasteurization which heats liquids like milk to temperatures that kill pathogens. Common sterilization methods are autoclaving, hot air ovens, filtration and chemicals, while disinfection uses chemicals, heat or filtration depending on the item.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    3 Sterilization and Disinfection

    Uploaded by

    kushal Neupane
    42 views2 pages
    Sterilization aims to kill all microorganisms including bacterial spores, while disinfection only kills most pathogens excluding spores. Sterilization methods include heat sterilization using hot air ovens, flaming or red-hot surfaces, chemical sterilization using gases, and filtration which separates microbes from solutions. Disinfection can be achieved through heat, chemicals, filtration and pasteurization which heats liquids like milk to temperatures that kill pathogens. Common sterilization methods are autoclaving, hot air ovens, filtration and chemicals, while disinfection uses chemicals, heat or filtration depending on the item.

    Original Description:

    Original Title

    3 sterilization and disinfection

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Sterilization aims to kill all microorganisms including bacterial spores, while disinfection only kills most pathogens excluding spores. Sterilization methods include heat sterilization using hot air ovens, flaming or red-hot surfaces, chemical sterilization using gases, and filtration which separates microbes from solutions. Disinfection can be achieved through heat, chemicals, filtration and pasteurization which heats liquids like milk to temperatures that kill pathogens. Common sterilization methods are autoclaving, hot air ovens, filtration and chemicals, while disinfection uses chemicals, heat or filtration depending on the item.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    42 views2 pages

    3 Sterilization and Disinfection

    Uploaded by

    kushal Neupane
    Sterilization aims to kill all microorganisms including bacterial spores, while disinfection only kills most pathogens excluding spores. Sterilization methods include heat sterilization using hot air ovens, flaming or red-hot surfaces, chemical sterilization using gases, and filtration which separates microbes from solutions. Disinfection can be achieved through heat, chemicals, filtration and pasteurization which heats liquids like milk to temperatures that kill pathogens. Common sterilization methods are autoclaving, hot air ovens, filtration and chemicals, while disinfection uses chemicals, heat or filtration depending on the item.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    Practical No.

    : 4

    STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION

    Sterilization is defined as the process where all the living microorganisms, including bacterial spores
    are killed. Sterilization can be achieved by physical, chemical and physiochemical means. Chemicals
    used as sterilizing agents are called chemisterilants.
    Disinfection is the process of elimination of most pathogenic microorganisms (excluding bacterial
    spores) on inanimate objects. Disinfection can be achieved by physical or chemical methods.
    Chemicals used in disinfection are called disinfectants. Different disinfectants have different target
    ranges, not all disinfectants can kill all microorganisms. Some methods of disinfection such as filtration
    do not kill bacteria, they separate them out.
    Sterilization is an absolute condition while disinfection is not. The two are not synonymous.

    VARIOUS METHODS OF STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION

    Red heat: Articles such as bacteriological loops, straight wires, tips of forceps and searing spatulas are
    sterilized by holding them in Bunsen flame till they become red hot. This is a simple method for
    effective sterilization of such articles, but is limited to those articles that can be heated to redness in
    flame.

    Flaming: This is a method of passing the article over a Bunsen flame, but not heating it to redness.
    Articles such as scalpels, mouth of test tubes, flasks, glass slides and cover slips are passed through the
    flame a few times. Even though most vegetative cells are killed, there is no guarantee that spores too
    would die on such short exposure. This method too is limited to those articles that can be exposed to
    flame. Cracking of the glassware may occur.

    Incineration: This is a method of destroying contaminated material by burning them in incinerator.


    Articles such as soiled dressings; animal carcasses, pathological material and bedding etc. should be
    subjected to incineration. This technique results in the loss of the article, hence is suitable only for
    those articles that have to be disposed.

    Hot air oven: This method was introduced by Louis Pasteur. Articles to be sterilized are exposed to
    high temperature (1600C) for duration of one hour in an electrically heated oven. Since air is poor
    conductor of heat, even distribution of heat throughout the chamber is achieved by a fan. The heat is
    transferred to the article by radiation, conduction and convection. The oven should be fitted with a
    thermostat control, temperature indicator, meshed shelves and must have adequate insulation.
    Practical Draft by Dr. Bishwas Sharma for B.V.Sc & A.H. 3rd sem, VMC 211, HICAST, Kathmandu, Nepal
    Articles sterilized: Metallic instruments (like forceps, scalpels, scissors), glassware (such as petri-
    dishes, pipettes, flasks, all-glass syringes), swabs, oils, grease, petroleum jelly and some
    pharmaceutical products.
    Sterilization process: Articles to be sterilized must be perfectly dry before placing them inside to
    avoid breakage. Articles must be placed at sufficient distance so as to allow free circulation of air in
    between. Mouths of flasks, test tubes and both ends of pipettes must be plugged with cotton wool.
    Articles such as petri dishes and pipettes may be arranged inside metal canisters and then placed.
    Individual glass articles must be wrapped in kraft paper or aluminum foils.
    Sterilization cycle: This takes into consideration the time taken for the articles to reach the
    sterilizing temperature, maintenance of the sterilizing temperature for a defined period (holding
    time) and the time taken for the articles to cool down. Different temperature-time relations for
    holding time are 60 minutes at 160 0C, 40 minutes at 1700C and 20 minutes at 1800C. Increasing
    temperature by 10 degrees shortens the sterilizing time by 50 percent. The hot air oven must not be
    opened until the temperature inside has fallen below 600C to prevent breakage of glasswares.
    Advantages: It is an effective method of sterilization of heat stable articles. The articles remain dry
    after sterilization.
    This is the only method of sterilizing oils and powders.
    Disadvantages:
    􀂃 Since air is poor conductor of heat, hot air has poor penetration.
    􀂃 Cotton wool and paper may get slightly charred.
    􀂃 Glasses may become smoky.

    Pasteurization: This process was originally employed by Louis Pasteur. Currently this procedure is
    employed in food and dairy industry. There are two methods of pasteurization, the holder method
    (heated at 630C for 30 minutes) and flash method (heated at 720C for 15 seconds) followed by quickly
    cooling to 130C.
    Other pasteurization methods include Ultra-High Temperature (UHT), 1400C for 1-2 sec and 1490C for
    0.5 sec. This method is suitable to destroy most milk borne pathogens like Salmonella, Mycobacteria,
    Streptococci, Staphylococci and Brucella, however Coxiella may survive pasteurization.

    Serum bath: The contaminating bacteria in a serum preparation can be inactivated by heating in a
    water bath at 560C for one hour on several successive days. Proteins in the serum will coagulate at
    higher temperature. Only vegetative bacteria are killed and spores survive.

    Autoclave: Sterilization can be effectively achieved at a temperature above 100 0C using an autoclave.
    Water boils at 1000C at atmospheric pressure, but if pressure is raised, the temperature at which the
    water boils also increases. In an autoclave the water is boiled in a closed chamber. As the pressure rises,
    the boiling point of water also raises. At a pressure of 15 lbs inside the autoclave, the temperature is
    said to be 1210C. Exposure of articles to this temperature for 15 minutes sterilizes them. To destroy the
    infective agents associated with spongiform encephalopathies (prions), higher temperatures or longer
    times are used; 1350C or 1210C for at least one hour are recommended.
    Advantages of steam: It has more penetrative power than dry air, it moistens the spores (moisture is
    essential for coagulation of proteins.

    Filtration: Filtration does not kill microbes, it separates them out. Membrane filters with pore sizes
    between 0.2-0.45 μm are commonly used to remove particles from solutions that can't be autoclaved. It
    is used to remove microbes from heat labile liquids such as serum, antibiotic solutions, sugar solutions,
    urea solution. Various applications of filtration include removing bacteria from ingredients of culture
    media, preparing suspensions of viruses and phages free of bacteria, measuring sizes of viruses,
    separating toxins from culture filtrates, counting bacteria, clarifying fluids and purifying hydatid fluid.
    Filtration is aided by using either positive or negative pressure using vacuum pumps.

    Practical Draft by Dr. Bishwas Sharma for B.V.Sc & A.H. 3rd sem, VMC 211, HICAST, Kathmandu, Nepal

    You might also like