We are IntechOpen,

the world’s leading publisher of

Open Access books
Built by scientists, for scientists

4,900
Open access books available
123,000
International authors and editors
140M Downloads

Our authors are among the

154
Countries delivered to
TOP 1%
most cited scientists
12.2%
Contributors from top 500 universities

Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index

in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI)

Interested in publishing with us?

Contact [email protected]
Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected.
For more information visit www.intechopen.com
 Chapter 12

Shape Memory Polymers for Smart Textile Applications

Suman Thakur

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69742

Abstract

Shape memory polymer (SMP) is a genre of smart materials which demonstrate a capa-
bility to fix in the temporarily programed shape and to recover the original shape upon
exposure to external stimuli. Such unique and amazing properties of SMPs are applied
to develop smart textiles by incorporating SMP into the fabric. Various types of stimuli-
responsive SMPs such as thermal, light, pH, and moisture have been used in textiles for
enhancing or attaining some smart properties. The integration of SMPs in fabric provides
many fascinating and improved properties such as good aesthetic appeal, comfort, textile
soft display, smart controlled drug release, fantasy design, wound monitoring, smart
wetting properties and protection against extreme variations in environmental condi-
tions. In this chapter, we discussed different types of SMP used for this purpose, their
functions, and applications in textiles with their potential applications in the near future.

Keywords: shape memory polymers, stimuli-responsive materials, smart textile

1. Introduction

Shape memory polymer (SMP) is a genre of stimuli-responsive materials with ability to fix
a programed shape and to return from the deformed shape to its original permanent shape
while induced by an external stimulus such as heat, light, humidity, electric field, magnetic
energy, pH and so on (Figure 1) [1–4]. This amazing property of SMPs has inspired many
researchers and industrialists to develop smart textiles by incorporating them into the fab-
ric. Nowadays, SMPs carved an attention for use in textile where they strongly respond to
changes in heat and moisture levels, ensuring greater comfort for the wearer. Incorporation
of SMPs also provides some smart features along with comforts such as aesthetic appeal,
textile soft display, smart-controlled drug release, wound monitoring, smart wetting proper-
ties, and protection against extreme variations in environmental conditions. Therefore, smart
functional textiles have developed swiftly in the past few decades [5–7]. Digital components,

© 2017 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
324 Textiles for Advanced Applications

Figure 1. The schematic representation of shape memory behavior of SMPs.

computing, and electronics embedded e-textiles offered many novel functions to garments
[8–10]. Various new and unique functions containing textiles are developed such as lumi-
nescent textiles, textile displays, emotion sensing dresses, self-cleaning textiles, temperature-
regulated textiles, and self-moving textiles [11–14].

Different SMPs such as shape memory polyurethane (SMPU), polyester, poly-hydroxyproline,

polysilamine, etc., and some responsive hydrogels including poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
(PNIPAAm) hydrogels, polythiophene gel, etc., are used to fabricate such smart textile. In
addition to that, various SMP composites also prepared for different end applications. SMPs
and their composites have several advantages for textile coatings:

(a) Different stimuli can be used which textiles commonly undergo, such as water, light, and
heat
(b) They have highly flexible programming, which can be triggered by various stimuli by
single- or multiple-step processes
(c) They exhibit tunable properties that can be engineered easily to be applied onto the fabric
surface
(d) They have a light and adjustable modulus that is easily identical to a textile’s softness

In this chapter, we discussed the different types of SMPs used for smart textile, their func-
tions, and especially applications of such smart textile with their potential applications in the
near future.
 Shape Memory Polymers for Smart Textile Applications 325
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69742

2. Function of shape memory polymers in textiles

SMPs possess different versatile functions. The following contents introduce such functions of
SMPs which use for the fabrication of smart textile.

2.1. Thermal and moisture controlling

Smart breathable garment is one of the most desired products in textile sector, which can be
fabricated using SMPs. This garment can regulate the transfer of heat and moisture to wear-
er’s body. The water vapor permeability (WVP) of the SMPs regulates with the human body
temperature. The molecular free volume of the SMPs significantly increases when the body
temperature is above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of SMPs. This aids the transfer of
vapor and heat through perspiration for comfort in wearer’s body. Again, the molecular free
volume decreases when the body temperature is below Tg of the SMPs. This restricts the both
heat loss and the moisture to pass through. Thus, the SMP is a good choice for maintaining
stable body temperature. Textiles and garments containing SMPs are still being developed
and investigated. Lamination, coating, knitting, and weaving are used to integrate SMPs into
textiles [15].
In this regards, Wang et al. fabricated a garment which afforded thermal protection in too
cold conditions [16]. In addition to that, Crespy and Rossi also incorporated the thermal-
responsive hydrogels in textiles for smart heat and moisture management [17]. Kim et al. found
that PNIPAAm-grafted polypropylene nonwovens possessed good thermo-responsive WVP
[18]. SMPU-coated fabrics demonstrated a rapid increase in WVP at transition temperature.
Additionally, Mondal and Hu fabricated a cotton fabric by using SMPUs containing a small
percentage of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). This fabricated cotton demonstrated
excellent WVP with good UV protectability [19].

Along with this, few commercial products also came into market. In this context, Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries fabricated a SMPU membrane namely ‘DiAPLEX-The intelligent material’
[20]. It provides some special properties such as waterproofed, windproofed and breathabil-
ity. Its working mechanism is based on the principle of thermal vibrations. These vibrations
are generated by micro-Brownian movements of polymeric chains. SMPs can be attached
in form of a laminate to a variety of fabrics, being capable of adapting to the surrounding
environmental conditions (Figure 2). In addition, Toray Industries and Marmot Mountain
Works® also developed a SMPU film MemBrain® laminated between adjacent layers of cloth-
ing. This fabricated cloth also demonstrates waterproof and breathable functions [20]. SMPU
film responds when the temperature of the outer layer of clothing is sufficiently down; there-
fore, the air gap between the layers of clothing becomes broader. At low temperature, this air-
gap broadening is attained if the film changes an out-of-plane deformation. This deformation
need be adequately strong to resist the weight of the clothing, and the forces induced by the
movements of the wearer. Again, the deformation should be reversal when the temperature
of outer layer is subsequently hot. In addition to that, Apollo dress shirt from Ministry of
Supply uses NASA space suit technology, which can also regulate body temperature and
326 Textiles for Advanced Applications

Figure 2. Structural illustration of twin layer of DiaPlex fabric.

also keeps wearers dry and odor free. Additionally, various types of thermo-regulated tex-
tile products, such as blankets, sleeping bags, underwear, jackets, sports garments, socks, ski
boots, helmets, etc., have been on the market.

2.2. Self-adaptability of shape

SMP fibers are utilized to produce self-adaptable textiles which can easily regulate its struc-
tures with changes in environmental temperature. Though the shape memory effect (SME)
of a fiber is basically considered as the change of its length, but this SME can take a range
of forms after incorporated into fabrics, such as bending, shrinkage, and thickness increase,
which is determined by the fabric structures. The SMP fibers fabricated garments can be prop-
erly expanded to fit in the wearer’s body. Vertical pressure tests suggest that the garments
made of SMP fibers possess a relatively low vertical tension stress in comparison with elastic
fibers. This can be attributed to the deformability and fixability of SMP fibers into temporary
shapes, which diminishes the adverse pressure sensation to wearers. The garment made of
SMP fibers can enlarge and adapt to the wearer size, while no significant pressure is being
exerted on the wearer due to the shape fixity of the SMP fibers. The garment made of Spandex
fibers generates pressure on the wearer due to the high elasticity of the Spandex fibers in the
fabric. The fabric made with SMP fibers with improved comfort sensation can be used espe-
cially for intimate apparel and low-pressure socks [21, 22].

2.3. Shape retention

The cotton fabrics treated with SMP possess a wrinkle-free effect [23]. In fabrics, especially
cotton materials, wrinkles are easily generated during wearing or storage due to the debond-
ing and slippage of hydrogen bonds. In order to avoid that wrinkles in cotton, dimethyloldi-
hydroxyethylene urea (DMDHEU) is mostly used during finishing of cotton. The SMP-treated
fabric does not release formaldehyde compared to DMDHEU, which is a benefit of usage
 Shape Memory Polymers for Smart Textile Applications 327
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69742

of SMP. In addition to that SMPU finishing on cotton improves the mechanical strength of
fabrics to some extent in contrast with that of conventional durable-press finishing process.
The SMPU emulsion-treated fabric demonstrated adequate wrinkle-free effect after repeated
washing, and it can easily last up to hundreds of laundering cycles [20]. SMPU-treated cotton
fabrics also possess a greater crease and pattern retention ability due to presence of SME. The
crease or pattern design on textiles can provide the esthetic appeal in garment. In addition to
cotton, wool fabrics were also treated with the SMPU emulsion. SMP-treated wool garment
has better dimensional stability than that of an untreated garment. This is due to the fact that
SMPU covers wool fiber, and therefore, it reduces the wool directional frictional effect after
the finishing process. The untreated wool garment shrinks to a small size, while the treated
garment maintains its size after laundering. Wool fabrics and sweaters possess a daunting
tendency to felting with the entanglement of scales by directional friction. The treated wool
fabric showed significant reduction in felting.

2.4. Smart wettability

Smart wettability is one of the most desire requirements in garment sector. In most of the
cases, it can be achieved by providing the hydrophobic surface on the fabric. Such surface
with a water contact angle greater than 150° and a sliding angle (SA) lower than 10° can gener-
ally be obtained by periodic microsized or nanosized patterns. In addition to microparticle or
nanoparticle coating or finishing on the textile surface, SMP coating provides the same effects.
The micro- or nanopattern effect can be achieved by the phase transformation of SMPs. If a
SMP coating is used on a fiber surface, it will demonstrate different shrinkage effects after
heating and cooling. This reflects that SMP-coated fabric has a potential application to achieve
a water-repellent effect or control water-spreading behavior. Besides hydrophobicity, control-
ling the movement of water on textile surfaces also attracts interest of many researchers. The
behavior of water reverting from repellency (hydrophobic) to adhesion (hydrophilic) is basi-
cally governed by a combination of the contact angle and sliding angle. In this regard, Zhong
et al. fabricated smart cleaning cotton fabrics using cross-linked thermo-responsive polymer,
poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol methacrylate) [24].
They found that both the wetting time and contact angle of the cotton fabrics significantly
increased, when the temperature is above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST),
indicating the cotton surface switches from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity. As the perfor-
mance of cleaning is generally enhanced when the surface is more hydrophilic, the cotton fab-
rics with cross-linked polymer can be used to prepare the fabrics with smart cleaning ability.
Such fabrics can be cleaned at much lower temperatures as compared with common cotton
fabrics. This can efficiently save a significant amount of energy which is in textile cleaning.

3. Different type SMPs used in textile application

3.1. Thermal-responsive SMPs

Thermal-responsive SMPs are one of the most extensively studied and used SMPs. Various
forms of SMPs such as solution, emulsion, film, fiber, foam, and bulk forms are developed
328 Textiles for Advanced Applications

for suitable application under different circumstances. Generally, Tg or melting tempera-

ture (Tm) is selected as triggering temperature of this kind of SMPs. The triggering tem-
perature of SMPs is adjustable and can be adjust around body temperature too. Several
advantages of these SMPs make them suitable for textile applications such as superior
processability, mechanical properties, high deformability, and high recoverability. Yang
et al. developed an N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) hydrogel–treated cotton fabric that
was able to absorb a large amount of water from humid air, which can be subsequently
released at the higher temperature than the LCST of the polymer. The combined effect
of the intrinsic phase transition of PNIPAAm around the LCST and the change between
extreme superhydrophilic/superhydrophobic morphologies of the hydrogel is mainly
responsible for this phenomenon [25].

3.2. Water/solvent-responsive SMPs

Water or other solvent is used for triggering this kind of SMPs. The original shape is recovered
due to the plasticizing effect of solvent molecules, which enhanced the flexibility of poly-
meric chains. If an SMP has a hydrophilic or water-soluble ingredient, the shape recovery
can be accelerated. A pyridine unit, which is responsive to moisture, is good choice to use for
improvement of the moisture absorption in PU. Hu et al introduced a pyridine unit (N-bis(2-
hydroxyethyl) isonicotinamine) into SMPU to achieve moisture-responsive SMPU with high
strain recovery and recovery speed [26]. In addition to that, Hu and his team also fabricated
cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs)/elastomer and CNW/SMPU nanocomposites which exhib-
ited good water sensitivity due to the reversible hydrogen bonding. They found that the
fabricated CNW/SMPU showed triple SMEs upon exposure to sequential thermal and water
stimuli [27].

3.3. Thermal/pH-responsive polymeric hydrogels

Thermal/pH-responsive polymeric hydrogel is another kind of SMPs which is used in tex-

tiles to produce smart textile. This polymeric hydrogel is a three-dimensional macromolecu-
lar gel network containing a large fraction of water within their structures. The degree of
swelling of such gels increases or decreases at below or above a critical temperature. At
a higher temperature, the hydrophobic interaction among hydrophobic segments is high,
while the hydrogen bonding is less. The final result yields shrinkage of gel due to the hydro-
phobic interactions. PNIPAAm hydrogel is most frequently studied polymeric gel in tex-
tile. PNIPAAm hydrogel possesses a LCST in aqueous medium around 32–34°C which is
close to the human body temperature. By adjusting the PNIPAAm copolymer composition
and topology, the phase transition can be easily tuned. PNIPAAm hydrogel-coated fab-
rics showed reversible swelling/shrinkage (hydration/dehydration) and good water vapor
permeability (WVP) of the fabrics. These properties enable the achievement of tempera-
ture-sensitive hygroscopic fabrics, temperature-sensitive deodorant fibers, and temperature-
sensitive nutrient delivery fabrics. Yang et al. grafted PNIPAAm on cotton fabrics to cover
the hydrophilic surface of the cotton with a polymer layer which would be able to absorb
 Shape Memory Polymers for Smart Textile Applications 329
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69742

water from a humid environment, below the LCST, and release it upon a temperature change
[25]. The coated cotton fabric shows temperature-triggered reversible and repeatable change
in the wettability (Figure 3). Instead of such advantages of PNIPAAm, it possesses moderate
cytotoxicity which hampers its application in few special field. Researchers have developed
the copolymer composed of 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate and oligo(ethylene gly-
col) methacrylate as an ideal substitute for PNIPAAm [28]. Lee and his team investigated
the pH-responsive LCST behavior of polyethylene oxide-based functional polymers with
different pendant amine groups and varying side chain lengths. Depending on the nature
of the pendant amine groups (primary amine, dimethylamine, and diethylamine) and the
hydrophobicity of the side chains (ethyl, propyl, and hexyl), LCST is easily tuned from 44 to
100°C under different pH conditions [28].

3.4. Light-active polymers

Light-active polymers are particularly attractive for various textile applications. Many
light-active polymers have been synthesized and used in this field, such as azobenzene-
based crystalline elastomer, anthracene-based polymers, and coumarin-based polymers.
Even though some light-active threads and nanofibers have been reported, the applica-
tion of light-active polymers in textiles is yet to explore comprehensively. Requirement of
special wavelength light to activate such light-active polymers is the main restriction for
their practical applications in garments. Esteves and coworkers fabricated a light-active
polymer-coated cotton fabric by functionalizing a spiropyran–NIPAAm hydrogel [29].
This treated fabric is capable of dimensional changes upon irradiation with visible light
or upon a temperature stimulus (Figure 4). This light active fiber may also pave an oppor-
tunities in other technological applications, such as breathable textiles and agricultural
purposes.

Figure 3. Temperature-triggered reversible wettability of PNIPAAm.

330 Textiles for Advanced Applications

4. Application of SMPs in textile

4.1. Finishing fabrics

Thermo-responsive SMPs can be applied in the textile via garment finishing. Wrinkle-free,
crease retention, anti-shrinkage and dynamic aesthetic textiles are fabricated by treating
SMPs on fabrics. The cotton fabrics treated with SMP show good wrinkle-free effect. Cotton
fabric treated with SMPU can recover to its original flat shape (wrinkle-free) within a min-
ute upon blowing steam over it (Figure 4a). SMP-treated fabrics possess good crease and
pattern retention ability (Figure 4b). As a result, good aesthetic appeal is achieved in such
treated fabric.

4.2. Breathable fabrics

SMPUs are used for fabrication of breathable fabrics. WVP of the SMPU can be easily
altered according to the wearer’s body temperature. The overall WVP of SMPU films can
be improved by incorporating hydrophilic segments such as dimethylpropionic acid and
diol-terminated poly(ethylene oxide) in SMPUs. The overall WVP of SMPs can also be sig-
nificantly increased by forming microfoams in the SMPUs.

Figure 4. (a) Wrinkle-free effect and (b) crease and pattern retention ability of SMPU-treated cotton fabrics (reproduced
with permission from Ref. [15]).
 Shape Memory Polymers for Smart Textile Applications 331
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69742

4.3. Damping fabrics

SMPs can absorb impact energy due to their good damping properties at around Tg. Allied
Signal Inc. manufactured an automotive seatbelt fabric using SMP fibers (Securus fibers)
which can absorb the kinetic energy and so effectively increase a passenger’s safety by uti-
lizing the damping effect of the SMPs [30]. The Securus fibers are made of shape memory
poly(ethylene terephthalate)-poly(caprolactone) block copolymers. It is reported that the fiber
can absorb energy from the body’s forward motion and thus improves the safety of passen-
gers during an accident. At first, the seatbelt holds the passenger securely in place; then, it
elongates slightly and cushions the body as the belt absorbs the force from the body.

4.4. Skin-care products

The skin-care products prepared using stimuli-responsive hydrogel-treated textiles possess

moisturizing, whitening, brightening and even anti-ageing effects on human skins. Figure 5
demonstrates a facial mask which is made of nonwoven fabric treated with thermo-respon-
sive polymeric gel [31]. This mask is responsive to human body temperature. Such smart
mask can also utilize as a temperature-responsive carrier medium for controlled release of
nutritious ingredients, perfumes, or other drugs to human skin. The study has revealed that
the release of vitamin C easily could be controlled just by judiciously changing the tempera-
ture [32]. Even though such advantages, there are still some challenges such as the high stiff-
ness and brittleness that are important to be resolved.

4.5. Wound-dressing products

Chitin/chitosan and chitosan derivatives are extensively used to fabricate wound dressing prod-
uct due to their good antibacterial properties and wound-healing effects. Chitosan hydrogel as

Figure 5. A facial mask made of the nonwoven fabric treated with TRPG at room temperature and body temperature
(reproduced with permission from Ref. [15]).
332 Textiles for Advanced Applications

a wound dressing material can help in the reestablishing of skin architecture. Chitosan-treated
alginate filaments and cotton fabric have been fabricated for advanced wound dressings [33]. In
addition to chitin/chitosan, various biopolymer-based hydrogel products have also been devel-
oped for wound dressing [34, 35]. Such smart wound dressing materials can deliver a novel drug
release system in response to variations in pH/temperature; thus, the wounds can quickly heal.

4.6. Deodorant fabrics

Such special fabrics have an ability of releasing deodorant agents at certain temperatures. The
smart fabric is fabricated by coating a stimuli-responsive polymeric hydrogel on the textile
surface. The hydrogel is attached to the textiles surface through chemically cross-linking by
using a functional monomer, such as acrylamide, and a cross-linking agent such as 2-(dieth-
ylamino)ethyl acrylate. Deodorant is generally incorporated into the hydrogel during or after
the cross-linking reaction. Usually, β-cyclodextrin is loaded with polymeric gel for further
enhancing the controlled release properties of hydrogel-modified textiles [36]. β-cyclodextrin
has a hydrophobic interior cavity and a hydrophilic external surface in its structure [37].
Therefore, different types of hydrophobic guest deodorant moieties can be included in its cav-
ity. Recently, a few body-responsive deodorant hydrogel products are also available on the
market. Even though such advantages of deodorant fabrics, it is not fully explored. Few issues
such as soft handle and high stability of the products need to be taken into consideration for
development of such fabric. Another important factor is controlling of the hydration degree
of the product in the open environment.

4.7. Smart energy storage textiles

Wearable electronics carve a distinct niche to our daily life by providing changes in out-
dated living habits to less consuming and healthier ones. Electronic circuits are generally
integrated into flexible textile matrices to achieve such smart wearable electronics. Batteries
and supercapacitors (SCs) are two archetypal energy storage devices, which is extensively
used in our daily life. The capability of storing energy strongly relies on the properties of
electrodes, including microarchitecture, conductivity, and specific surface area. SMPs have
been applied in SCs to provide SME into SCs. SMPs in a SC usually serve as the substrate
or core, with a conducting layer and an active layer attached successively to the surface of
the shape-memory substrate or core to make a shape memory electrode. Huang et al. used
shape memory material as the fiber core, which was consecutively coated with MnO2 and PPy
to fabricate temperature-sensitive electrodes [38]. Two of the such fabricated electrodes are
twisted to make a capacitor with a specific capacitance of 198.2 F g−1 at a current density of
1 A g−1 for 20,000 cycles. They use shape memory material as the main skeleton to make wire-
shaped supercapacitor possess a unique shape memory effect which has, indeed, a practical
significance when it comes to risk management (Figure 6).

Deng et al. also developed a fiber-shaped supercapacitor (FSSC) by winding aligned carbon
nanotube sheets on a SMPU substrate [39]. The fabricated FSSC can be transformed and “fro-
zen” into user-required shapes and sizes; it can recover to the original shape and size automati-
cally once the temperature exceeds the thermal transition temperature (Figure 7). This FSSC can
be further woven in electronic textiles to fabricate smart clothes for flexible electronic devices.
 Shape Memory Polymers for Smart Textile Applications 333
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69742

Figure 6. (a) Schematic demonstration of the shape memory SC woven with traditional fabric and the fabrication of a
shape-recoverable smart textile and (b) schematic demonstration of this smart shape-memory textile used in a smart
cloth (reproduced with permission from Ref. [38]).

Figure 7. (a) Schematic of the FSSC and the fabricating textile that are reversibly altered into flexural or elongated states
and recovered to the original shape and (b) photographs of the smart clothes fabricated by FSSC which were “frozen”
into different shapes and sizes (reproduced with permission from Ref. [39]).
334 Textiles for Advanced Applications

5. Conclusion

SMPs provide potential and enormous current opportunities in the textile industry. Textiles
with SMPs can move or change their shapes, achieving different 3D forms in garments,
enhancing their aesthetic appeal. Window curtains or screens with SMPs can open and close
intelligently under environment stimulation. The microstructure or macrostructure changes
in smart clothing in response to stimuli are a good means for achieving heat and moisture
management of human bodies with a feeling of comfort. The change of fabric configuration
can also be used for protection against extreme environments. With the rapid development of
SMPs and novel strategies for integrating SMPs into textiles, it is anticipated that the research
into smart textiles with SMPs will grow in multiple dimensions as a result of their promis-
ing potential applications. In the future, textiles may perform functions that are much more
significant, far beyond what is being achieved at present.

Author details

Suman Thakur
Address all correspondence to: [email protected]
Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong
Kong

References

[1] Thakur S, Karak N. A tough, smart elastomeric bio-based hyperbranched polyure-

thane nanocomposites. New Journal of Chemistry. 2015;39(3):2146-2154. DOI: 10.1039/
C4NJ01989J
[2] Yang B, Huang WM, Li C, Li L. Effects of moisture on the thermomechanical properties
of a polyurethane shape memory polymer. Polymer. 2006;47:1348-1356. DOI: 10.1016/j.
polymer.2005.12.051

[3] Yang G, Wan X, Liu Y, Li R, Su Y, Zeng X, Tang J. Luminescent poly(vinyl alcohol)/

carbon quantum dots composites with tunable water-induced shape memory behavior
in different pH and temperature environments. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces.
2016;8(50):34744-34754. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11476

[4] Jiang HY, Kelch S, Lendlein A. Polymers move in response to light. Advanced Materials.
2006;18:1471-1475. DOI: 10.1002/adma.200502266

[5] Cho G. Smart Clothing: Technology and Applications. 1st ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2009
[6] Cho G, Lee S, Cho J. Review and reappraisal of smart clothing. The International Journal
of Human-Computer Interaction. 2009;25:582-617. DOI: 10.1080/10447310902997744
 Shape Memory Polymers for Smart Textile Applications 335
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69742

[7] Gu JF, Gorgutsa S, Skorobogatiy M. Soft capacitor fibers using conductive poly-
mers for electronic textiles. Smart Materials and Structures. 2010;19:115006. DOI:
10.1088/0964-1726/19/11/115006

[8] Tao X. Wearable Electronics and Photonics. 1st ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2005

[9] Zheng NG, Wu ZH, Lin M. Infrastructure and reliability analysis of electric networks for
E-textiles. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C. 2010;40(1):36-51.
DOI: 10.1109/TSMCC.2009.2031497

[10] Gu JF, Gorgutsa S, Skorobogatiy M. Soft capacitor fibers for electronic textiles. Applied
Physics Letters. 2010;97:133305. DOI: 10.1063/1.3488351

[11] Kongolo D. Luminescent textiles. WIPO Patent Application WO/2008/148138; 2008

[12] Sayed I, Berzowska J, Skorobogatiy M. Jacquard-woven photonic bandgap fiber dis-

plays. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel. 2010;14:97-105

[13] Studstill K. Emotion Sensing Dress Releases Mood Driven Scents [Internet]. 2010.
Available from: www.psfk.com/2010/01/emotion-sensing-dress-releases-mood-driven-
scents.html

[14] Qi K, Chen X, Liu Y. Facile preparation of anatase/SiO2 spherical nanocomposites and

their application in self-cleaning textiles. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 2007;17:3504-
3508. DOI: 10.1039/B702887C

[15] Hu J, Meng H, Li G, Ibekwe SI. A review of stimuli-responsive polymers for

smart textile applications. Smart Materials and Structures. 2012;21(5):053001. DOI:
10.1088/0964-1726/21/5/053001

[16] Wang, S. X., Li, Y., Tokura. Effect of Moisture management on functional performance of
cold protective Clothing. Text. Res. J.. 2007;77:968-980. DOI: 10.1177/0040517507083552

[17] Crespy D, Rossi R. Temperature-responsive polymers with LCST in the physiological

range and their applications in textiles. Polymer International. 2007;56:1461-1468. DOI:
10.1002/pi.2277

[18] Shanmuganathan K, Capadona JR, Rowan SJ, Weder C. Biomimetic mechanically adap-
tive nanocomposites. Progress in Polymer Science. 2010;35:212-222. DOI: 10.1016/j.
progpolymsci.2009.10.005

[19] Mondal S, Hu JL. A novel approach to excellent UV protecting cotton fabric with func-
tionalized MWNT containing water vapor permeable PU coating. The Journal of Applied
Polymer Science. 2007;103(5):3370-3376. DOI: 10.1002/app.25437

[20] Hu J. Smart polymers for textile applications. In: Aguilar MR, Román JS, editors. Smart
Polymers and Their Applications. 1st ed. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing; 2014.
pp. 437-475

[21] Hu J, Lu J. Memory polymer coatings for smart textiles. In: Hu J, editor. Active Coatings
for Smart Textiles. 1st ed. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing; 2016. pp. 11-34
336 Textiles for Advanced Applications

[22] Liu Y, Chung A, Hu JL, Lu J. Shape memory behavior of SMPU knitted fabric. Journal
of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A. 2007;8:830. DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2007.A0830
[23] Li Y, Chung SP, Chan L, Hu JL. Characterization of shape memory fabrics. Textile Asia.
2004;35:32-37
[24] Zhong Q, Chen YY, Guan SL, Fang QS, Chen T, Müller-Buschbaum P, Wang JP. Smart
cleaning cotton fabrics cross-linked with thermo-responsive and flexible poly(2-(2-me-
thoxyethoxy)ethoxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol methacrylate). RSC Advances.
2015;5:38382-38390. DOI: 10.1039/C5RA03256C
[25] Yang H, Zhu H, Hendrix MMRM, Lousberg NJHGM, de With G, Esteves ACC, Xin JH.
Temperature-triggered collection and release of water from fogs by a sponge-like cotton
fabric. Advanced Materials. 2013;25:1150-1154. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201204278

[26] Chen S, Hu J, Yuen C, Chan L. Novel moisture-sensitive shape memory polyure-

thanes containing pyridine moieties. Polymer. 2009;50:4424-4428. DOI: 10.1016/j.
polymer.2009.07.031

[27] Luo HS, Hu J, Zhu Y. Polymeric shape memory nano-composites with heterogeneous-
twin-switches. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics. 2011;212:1981-1986. DOI:
10.1002/macp.201100292
[28] Lutz JF, Hoth A. Preparation of Ideal PEG analogues with a tunable thermosensitivity
by controlled radical copolymerization of 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate and
oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate. Macromolecules. 2006;39(2):893-896. DOI: 10.1021/
ma0517042
[29] ter Schiphorst J, van den Broek JM, de Koning T, Murphy JN, Schenning APHJ, Esteves
ACC. Dual light and temperature responsive cotton fabric functionalized with a sur-
face-grafted spiropyran–NIPAAm-hydrogel. The Journal of Materials Chemistry A.
2016;4:8676-8681. DOI: 10.1039/C6TA00161K

[30] AlliedSignal. Introduces New Fiber to Boost Seatbelt Safety [Internet]. 1999. http://www.
accidentreconstruction.com/news/jul99/070699a.html

[31] Hu J, Liu W, Liu B. Fabric-supported chitosan modified temperature responsive

PNIPAAm/PU hydrogel and the use thereof in preparation of facial mask. US patent. 2016;
US20060286152
[32] Hu J. Research and Scholarly Activities—Smart Fabrics for Magic Cosmetics [Internet]. 2010.
Available from: www.polyu.edu.hk/cpa/profile/06feb/pdf/18-23.reseach.pdf [Accessed:
March 12, 2011]

[33] Ribeiro MP, Espiga A, Silva D, Baptista P, Henriques J, Ferreira C, Silva JC, Borges JP, Pires
E, Chaves P, Correia IJ. Development of a new chitosan hydrogel for wound dressing.
Wound Repair and Regeneration. 2009;17:817-824. DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2009.00538.x

[34] Petrulyte S. Advanced textile materials and biopolymers in wound management. Danish
Medical Bulletin. 2008;55:72-77
 Shape Memory Polymers for Smart Textile Applications 337
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69742

[35] Peng H T, Martineau L, Hung A. Hydrogel–elastomer composite biomaterials: 4.

Experimental optimization of hydrogel–elastomer composite fibers for use as a wound
dressing. The Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 2008;19:1803-1813.
DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3324-y

[36] Pathak H. Smart’ textile materials: A paradigm shift. Journal of Textile Science and Eng
ineering. 2012;2:107. DOI: 10.4172/2165-8064.1000e107

[37] Szejtli J. Past, present, and future of cyclodextrin research. Pure and Applied Chemistry.
2004;76:1825-46

[38] Huang Y, Zhu M, Pei Z, Xue Q, Huang Y, Zhi C. A shape memory supercapacitor and
its application in smart energy storage textiles. The Journal of Materials Chemistry A.
2016;4:1290-1297. DOI: 10.1039/C5TA09473A
[39] Deng J, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Chen P, Cheng X, Peng H. A shape-memory supercapaci-
tor fiber. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2015;54:15419-15423. DOI: 10.1002/
anie.201508293