Calculus and Geometry: Keerti Vardhan Madahar
Calculus and Geometry: Keerti Vardhan Madahar
Calculus and Geometry: Keerti Vardhan Madahar
D r
P B
R x
R- A
R+
y
Figure 2.
will look like a right circular cylinder. We know how Torus is a surface of
to compute the volume and surface area of the cylinder. revolution and for
By adding the volumes and curved surface areas of these such surfaces volume
slices we will get volume and surface area respectively and surface area can
of the torus. be computed by
Volume of the Torus. Suppose we divide the torus using a well-known
into k cylinders each of length l; then the volume of Theorem of Pappus,
each cylinder will be ¼r2 l. The volume of the torus which states that the
will be the sum of the volumes of these k cylinders, i.e., surface area (volume)
¼r 2lk. The product lk is the sum of the lengths of these of a surface of
k cylinders, so it must be equal to 2¼R, i.e., the length of revolution, generated
the middle longitudinal circle of the torus. Substituting by rotating a plane
this value of lk we get the volume of the torus to be curve C (plane
equal to 2¼2 r2 R: surface F) about an
external line, is equal
Surface Area of the Torus. Again consider the di-
to the product of the
vision of the torus into k cylinders each of length l. The
length of the curve C
curved surface area of each such cylinder will be 2¼rl;
(area of F) and the
consequently the surface area of the torus will be 2¼rlk,
distance traveled by
i.e., sum of the curved surface areas of these k cylin-
its centroid during one
ders. The product lk is the sum of the lengths of these k
cylinders, so it must be equal to 2¼R, i.e., the length of revolution. For
the middle longitudinal circle of the torus. Substituting example:-
this value of lk we get the surface area of the torus as Surface Area of the
4¼ 2rR. torus = (2S r).(2S R).
Surface area
" #
Z r n p o r z2
= 2¼ ¢ R + r2 ¡ z 2 ¢ 1 + +
¡r r2 ¡ z 2
" #
n p o r z 2
R ¡ r2 ¡ z 2 ¢ 1 + 2 dz
r ¡ z2
Z r ¸
r
= 2¼ ¢ p 2 ¢ 2R dz
¡r r ¡ z2
Z r
1
= 4¼rR ¢ p dz
¡r r2 ¡ z 2
= 4¼2 rR:
Figure 4.
1
= f(surface area of the sphere's slice)£r¡¼a2(r¡h)g
3
1
= f(surface area of the cylinder's slice)£r¡¼a2 (r¡h)g
3
(by using Sphere{Cylinder Theorem)
1
= f(2¼rh) £ r ¡ ¼a2 (r ¡ h)g
3
1
= f2¼r 2h ¡ ¼a2 (r ¡ h)g: (1)
3
From Figure 4, it follows that a2 + (r ¡ h)2 = r2