Humans Are Individual. Just Like Welding
Humans Are Individual. Just Like Welding
Humans Are Individual. Just Like Welding
Issue
05
Welding
Institute
2015
Defects due to poor preparation Failure criteria of mechanically Brazing: When, where and
of edges prior to welding – and and corrosively loaded brazed how did it begin? –
how to avoid them joints of sheets made of stainless Part 1: Setting the scene
chromium-nickel steel
The Simple Choice for a Perfect Surface
Why should you choose Oerlikon Metco as your single source supplier for your laser
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During her visit, Her Royal Highness was presented with an Honorary Fellowship of
The Welding Institute. But she is not the first member of the British Royal Family to
have such an award bestowed upon her; read the editorial on page 289 to find out
who else The Welding Institute is privileged to count among its Honorary Fellows.
254
Open call for applications for the “Inno-
vation Award Laser Technology 2016“
Conferences and Exhibitions
258 KTM sold more than 150,000 motor- 270 First “Matchmaking Event“ at the
bikes in 2014, including an ever “Brazil Welding Show 2015“
increasing number of road machines
such as the “1290 Super Duke R MY
2015 Action“, the chassis and exhaust
system of which were manufactured
by WP. (Photo: KTM/R. Schedl)
05
Welding
Institute
2015
268
Ulrich Holländer, Felix Weber, Kai Möh- “Fabtech 2015“ will take place on 9 to
wald, Hans Jürgen Maier 12 November in McCormick Place,
Chicago/USA. (Photo: Fabtech)
294 Assessment of influences of the weld
quality on the fatigue strength of trans
verse stiffeners manufactured with laser
beam welding and hybrid laser beam /
GMA welding
Christoph Robert, Wolfgang Fricke
Professional S4
Silver and Bronze Medals, the Medallions
for Excellence, the Best of Nation medals,
The new low-cost welding table series. and the Albert Vidal Award – which was pre-
sented to three competitors, for the first time
Visit us on the in history.
trade show: There were 37 participants from all over
Blechexpo Stuttgart
03.11. - 06.11.2015 the world in the welding competition.
Hall 6, Stand 6322 Zhengchao Zeng from China and Jack-
ielyson Alves from Brazil won the Gold Metal
while the Bronze Medal went to Suparat Rat-
tanapan from Thailand. All results of the
competition can be found at www.world-
Bernd Siegmund GmbH | Aehrenstrasse 29 | 86845 Grossaitingen
skills.org/results/. (According to press infor-
Tel.: +49 82 03 - 96 07 - 0 | Fax: +49 82 03 - 96 07 -33 | [email protected] | www.siegmund.com mation from WorldSkills)
UNIT
TION
ODUC
DARD PR
ER STAN
TIG
15%
Results
Field test results in actual PM sintering 10%
12“ 18“ 24“ 36“
furnace operations have shown a significant
Nominal Belt Width
increase in average belt life for pre-oxidised
Energy-saving extraction
and filtration The 3D tube and
profile machining
The plasma table at Conferdo is
rates among the
equipped with a sectional, energy-saving
wide range of tasks
extraction under the working table. Along of the multifunc-
the entire length of the table, suction chan- tional cutting unit.
nels are attached at regular distances below
the workpiece support. They are only acti-
vated where smoke is actually released. Via
a pipeline the polluted air is led to a spark
separator which eliminates glowing parts.
Then the air is led to a filter unit with a pow-
er of 15 kW and a filtering surface of 225 m2.
The cartridges of the dust category M sepa- flows steadily and silently through a textile, cutting unit. The advantage of the self-con-
rate even fine dusts to a degree exceeding 9 m long air outlet back into the hall. tained system: For the dust once fallen into
99.9%. Thanks to the special geometry of Due to the high quantity of dust pro- the storage bin through the rotary gate valve
the filter cartridges the particles can be de- duced during the plasma cutting, a rotary there is no return. In case of a repeated de-
dusted effectively and gently by using only gate valve with big-bag is installed under dusting by means of a compressed air blast
a small amount of compressed air. The ex- the filtration chamber. This ensures that the it cannot be aspirated again and cannot
traction unit is IFA certified and meets the particles are efficiently eliminated. After reach the filtration chamber. The conse-
safety requirements for the welding fume every automatic dedusting of the filter with quence: The cartridges are less polluted
category “W3“, the highest welding fume the help of the power-spray-system the par- with dust and must be cleaned less often.
separation category for extraction units. This ticles fall into the housing via the intake and In this way not only the service life of the
means that even the air produced during get into the individual chambers of the ro- filters is extended, but less compressed air
the processing of high-alloy materials which tary gate valve. During the circulations, is used, thus saving energy.
is contaminated with harmful emissions can varying depending on the emission level, Rainer Bach draws a positive conclusion:
be led back into the working space after the the dust is transported to the outlet and into “We got a system perfectly matched and pre-
purification in accordance with a derogation the big-bags. In the case of a manually ad- cisely tailored to our needs. Furthermore it
of the Ordinance on Hazardous Substances. justed circulation the operators can replace offered the best value for money.“ (Accord-
In this case, up to 10,000 m3/h purified air the full repositories during operation of the ing to press information from Teka)
www.soyer.com
G
STUD WELDIN
!
AT ITS BEST
Schweisstec Stuttgart (Germany), 03 - 06 Nov. 2015, Hall 6 / 6501 Fabtech Chicago (USA), 09 - 12 Nov. 2015, Booth N28035
opportunity to publicise on the “Welding a benefit that would ensure much greater
Short Messages World Awards” website. Award winners will manufacturing efficiency as well as a signif-
have full on-going publicity following the icant reduction in process time.” The cus-
Change of management ceremony. The awards are international, im- tomer’s desire for all processes to be carried
On 30 June 2015, Trumpf Haguenau in partial and independent and can be won by out on one machine was achieved through
Alsace/France was not only celebrating its anyone involved in the industry. You can the inclusion of PTG Heavy Industries’
30th anniversary, but was also bidding a find the nominated entrants listed online at unique ‘X-axis’ turning slide in the Binns &
fond farewell to its longtime manager, www.welding-world.com. Once nominated, Berry machine design. This innovative fea-
Georges Reiss, as he enters retirement. Reiss all entrants are listed on the website with ture permits the consecutive facing of each
was involved in the development of the their name subject to a public vote, which billet following the deep hole boring cycle.
Haguenau site from the very beginning; he ends on 31st October 2015. Companies are Therefore, through the inclusion of the turn-
has done more than anyone else in shaping able to nominate themselves and all nomi- ing slide, the need for each billet to be trans-
it over the years. Haguenau specialises in nees awarded with 20 votes or more will ferred to a separate lathe for subsequent fac-
large-scale precision and welded assem- then be invited to confirm their application. ing is removed.
blies. It makes the machine frames for laser, Arrangements will then be made for mem-
punching and punch laser machines that bers of the “Welding World Awards“’ panel Stepping up research into safe
originate in Europe. Trumpf invested in the of judges to visit the company between 2 ways of using captured carbon
site’s future just last year by constructing a January and 28 February 2016 should they dioxide
new production hall, thereby expanding the reach the shortlist within the top 10. Cate- Technology company The Linde Group,
production area by 6,500 m2. Tomas Wolf, gories include best gas supplier, best new Munich/Germany continues to focus on ad-
who has been with the company since 1996, welding product, best safety product sup- vanced solutions for the recycling of carbon
took over as Reiss’s successor on 1 July 2015. plier, best welding distributor, best welding dioxide (CO2). As part of this commitment,
Wolf spent four years as head of recruitment industry training provider, best welding it has extended its participation in the in-
and personnel support at Trumpf in Ditzin- product supplier, best e-commerce website ternational research project “Impact of
gen/Germany before moving to Haguenau and best welding machine supplier. Common Impurities on Carbon Dioxide
in 2000 to take responsibility for the com- Capture, Transport and Storage” until 2017.
mercial side of the business. After progress- £1 million investment in PTG’s The aim of this project is to study the phys-
ing to site manager, he then became head expertise ical properties of the impure CO2 mixtures
of quality management for the Machine Tool When one of the world’s leading pro- that arise in industrial combustion process-
Division of the Trumpf Group. ducers of nickel alloys required deep hole es and power generation. The specific
boring expertise for its main USA-based fa- processes being examined are carbon cap-
cility, it looked across the Atlantic to the ture and usage (CCU), enhanced oil/gas re-
United Kingdom and to PTG Heavy Indus- covery (EOR/EGR) and CO2 liquefaction for
tries, Elland/UK. The result was a £1 million subsequent commercialisation. “Our objec-
order for the West Yorkshire heavy machine tive is to further advance carbon capture
tools specialist, to design and build one of methodologies as part of a wider climate
its highly acclaimed Binns & Berry deep hole protection agenda,” explains Jürgen Now-
boring machines for the drilling and trepan- icki, Spokesman for the Board of Directors
ning of solid billets weighing up to 1,000 kg of the Linde Engineering Division. “The first
and measuring up to 1.5 m in length. “Our phase of the research project delivered very
Georges Reiss (left), former managing director customer had some quite challenging promising results. By taking part in the sec-
of Trumpf Haguenau, and Tomas Wolf (right), process requirements,” comments PTG ond phase, we expect to further strengthen
future head of Trumpf Machines SARL. Heavy Industries’ Sales Manager, Chris our competitive position in the processing
(Photo: Trumpf) Cheetham. “In particular, they wanted to of CO2-rich gases – a very important activity
carry out drilling and trepanning followed for many of our customers.” The research
AWD’s inaugural “Welding World by billet nose facing on the same machine – project is being led by internationally
Awards“ renowned expert in the field Professor Bah-
“Welding World” announces the all new, man Tohidi from the Institute of Petroleum
first of their kind “Welding World Awards”, Engineering at Heriot-Watt University in Ed-
which aim to find and recognise the best ex- inburgh/UK. He has been at the helm of
amples of work across all aspects of the this collaborative initiative since the first
welding industry. The award ceremony will phase got underway in 2011. Apart from
be held on Wednesday 13th April 2016 at Linde, Statoil, TOTAL, Chevron, Petronas,
the Hilton Birmingham Metropole, Birm- the UK’s National Grid and Portugal’s Galp
ingham/UK during MACH, a showcase for Energia will be participating in the second
the manufacturing and engineering indus- phase. Precise measurement of the thermo-
tries. The night will provide a stunning dynamic properties of CO2 and its accom-
showcase for those attending and a platform Proven across industry: Binns & Berry deep hole panying components has a direct impact
for all nominees, all of which will have the boring from PTG Heavy Industries. on the profitability of processes using CO2.
More Information
Smart Focus Sharp-edged cut surfaces
Pure Energy
on the top and bottom
Precise holes 1:1
side of the material
with Contour Cut
Marking
SMART FOCUS
www.kjellberg.de | Made in Germany Plasma Cutting Units
FROM COMPANIES
600” (Fig. 3, Photo: EWM AG) eliminates Sink or swim for industrial
the magnetic field, so that it no longer has equipment
an adverse effect on the welding process. A
degaussed workpiece ensures a stable arc.
The outcome is an error-free, reproducible
welding result. The degaussing power source
and a load cable are the two core compo-
nents in the “degauss 600”. The system is
very easy to use: the load cable is wound
around the component on the section con-
taining the point to be welded. The more
Fig. 4
turns there are, the more effective the de-
gaussing process is. Degaussing is automatic
and takes just little over a minute, so it is “X-Rust 7” (Fig. 4, Photo: NC23) is a
completed extremely quickly. The subse- powerful rust removal solution. Designed
quent welding process is now reliable and for the immersion of steel based plant and
Fig. 2 there is no need for finishing work. The com- machinery equipment, “X-Rust 7” elimi-
pany also supplies an optional magnetic nates even the most severe rust in 24 hours.
static) nano fibre or PTFE media and offers field meter to measure the strength of the The solution is pH neutral, effective at room
exceptional dust release for extended life, magnetic field in the workpiece. (EWM AG, temperature and leaves a temporary pro-
energy savings and reduced change-out Dr.-Günter-Henle-Str. 8, 56271 Münders- tective coating after application. The highly
schedules. It also prolongs the service life of bach/Germany; www.ewm-group.com) concentrated formula dilutes 1:10 with wa-
the second-stage filter, a HEPA H14 filter ter and 4 x 5 litres cases provide the equiv-
that provides 99.995% efficiency to capture New remote collaboration alent of 200 litres of conventional product
the finest, most harmful dust particles. Using software once diluted. Less protective PPE clothing
materials from the aerospace industry, the “InspectionWorks Connect” is a remote is required to handle and store “X-Rust 7”
HEPA filter functions as a tested flame and collaboration software platform for the non- and unlike many acid-based products, en-
contamination barrier. In addition, the pres- destructive testing (NDT) and inspection in- ergy isn’t wasted in heating tanks. After
sure-resistant housing maintains integrity dustry. It provides real-time access to live treatment, “X-Rust 7” leaves a temporary
with no damage during an explosion event. inspection video and data from anywhere protective coating, which prevents flash
(Camfil Air Pollution Control (APC) Ltd., in the world, which enables smarter, faster rusting and buys the user enough time to
Unit C, Birch Business Park, Heywood, Lan- decision-making, improves inspector pro- apply a rust prevention product, such as
cashire, OL10 2SX/UK; www.camfilapc. ductivity and reduces training costs. The “Resist X Extra” or “HyZinc Extra”. “X-Rust
com/europe-quadpulse) software platform is a secure, encrypted so- 7” is targeted at those industries most af-
lution that is embedded on NDT devices fected by rust including construction, man-
Weld ferromagnetic materials without the use of any additional equip- ufacturing, petrochemical, pulp and paper
effortlessly ment. It is also zero-install, which means as well as rail, automotive and aerospace.
Welding ferromagnetic materials can that users only need a web browser to log in (NCH Europe, NCH House, Springvale Av-
prove difficult at times: the arc is deflected remotely. “InspectionWorks Connect” pro- enue, Bilston, West Midlands, WV14
and the whole welding process becomes un- vides: 0QL/UK; www.ncheurope.com/en)
stable. Inadequate welding results are the • Live video streaming of inspections
consequence and require reworking. This • Collaboration tools, including 2-way CNC pipe finishing machine
problem is often caused by magnetism in chat communication and telestration The company is expanding the machine
the workpiece. The stronger the magnetic • Cloud-based infrastructure portfolio on metal pipe finishing machinery.
field, the greater its influence on the arc and • Wireless connectivity The new development is the CNC pipe fin-
the poorer the welding properties and seam • Over-the-air software updates ishing machine (Fig. 5) with both radial and
quality. If the workpiece is degaussed before Across the aerospace, power generation, off- axial feeding. Because of the feeding sys-
the welding process, such effects do not ap- shore oil & gas, petrochemical, refining and tems, especially tougher material like Stain-
pear. Degaussing power source “degauss nuclear industries, as well as general man-
ufacturing, “InspectionWorks Connect” of-
fers a new way of improving inspection out-
comes. “InspectionWorks Connect” is cur-
rently available for use with visual inspec-
tions on the “GE XLG3” and “GE Mentor Vi-
sual iQ” Videoprobes, as well as the “Mentor
EM” eddy current portable. (GE Sensing &
Inspection Technologies GmbH, Robert-
Bosch-Str. 3, 50354 Hürth/Germany; www.
Fig. 3 gemeasurement.com) Fig. 5
NEW
PERSPECTIVES
S TA R T: S P R I N G 2 0 1 6 www.trade-shows-new-perspectives.com
EVENTS
til, by about 3500 B.C.E., and according to • The mating surfaces of the planned
Lucas [1], the area roughly bounded by the joint and the filler material that is to be
rivers Tigris and Euphrates (Sumeria) and employed must be free from oxide films
Egypt were areas where metal-based civili- when brazing temperature is achieved.
sations were flourishing. While it is clear that the ancient metal-work-
However, it is important to recognise that ers had heating devices that were capable
metal-working technologies of these two re- of heating the assemblies to a high enough
gions of the Middle-East in regard to the use temperature to permit brazing to occur, it is
of brazing as a joining process followed sub- somewhat more difficult to determine how
stantially different paths until about 2000 they achieved the removal of the oxide films
B.C.E. This was due to the fact that while both that would inhibit the necessary wetting and
the Sumerians and the Egyptians had direct flow by that filler material.
access to metal-bearing ores containing gold, Fig. 2 • A charcoal fire in a clay bowl, a clay- In modern industrial brazing practice
silver and copper, there are no records of the tipped reed as a blow-pipe, and tongs to hold oxide removal can be achieved in one of five
Egyptians having a local source of Tin (Fig. the work: These were the tools of the craftsmen ways:
1). Indeed it is widely believed that copper- who were brazing between 4000 and 6000 years 1. By the use of a fusible chemical flux that
tin alloys were not worked in Egypt prior to ago. This figure dates from 1475 B.C.E. and was will, once molten, dissolve the oxides
found on the wall of a tomb of an Egyptian no-
the twelfth Dynasty of their ruling House (i.e. present on both the parent metals and
bleman in Karnak (Illustration: Courtesy of the
2000-1776 B.C.E,) when they were first im- filler material and which will remain
British Museum, London).
ported from Sumeria in the form of ingot. active until the required joint has been
Before we move on to discuss the prob- made.
able brazing techniques that were employed the mass on the ground, ideally on the side 2. By the use of an inert atmosphere, ar-
from the earliest time, it is necessary to of a hill so as to take advantage of the wind, gon for example. In this case reduction
briefly mention the fundamental technolog- and rely upon the heat generated to reduce of the oxides on the assembly that is
ical development that was the necessary the metallic ores to metal. surrounded by the argon is encouraged
forerunner to the introduction of the use of Since copper melts at 1,083°C it is not by the reduction of the partial pressure
metals; namely, the forced-draft furnace unreasonable to expect that this tempera- of the oxygen that has occurred in the
which permitted both the smelting and sub- ture would have been attained using the very shrouded area.
sequent melting of naturally occurring met- primitive method described above. Further, 3. By the use of vacuum as a ‚shrouding‘
al-bearing ores to be carried out. Coghlan [3] has claimed that to obtain cop- environment for the brazing process.
It is very important to understand that per by a smelting process a temperature no 4. By the use of an atmosphere of con-
there is a fundamental difference that dis- greater than about 800°C is needed. Coghlan trolled composition that contains gases
tinguishes smelting from melting! It is un- [4] undertook some experiments to check such as carbon monoxide and/or hy-
fortunate that some of the authors of early this matter and came to the conclusion that drogen. Such atmospheres react with
archaeological texts used ‚smelting‘ to de- copper was first produced accidentally dur- the oxide layers that they encounter,
scribe a process that was, in actuality, ‚melt- ing the heating stage of the manufacture pot- and as a result, reduce them to pure
ing’ and vice versa. Such errors were quite tery in a kiln rather than in an open fire. metal.
widespread and, as a result, really confused Reed [5] on the other hand has suggested 5. By the dissociation of the oxides present
later scholars as to which of these two quite that the introduction of the smelting of ores on the materials when they are heated
different procedures was really being used to obtain copper was a logical development above about 800°C. (This is only a viable
to undertake a particular operation. from the melting of semi-pure metallic cop- route if the metals to be brazed are gold,
It is to be hoped that the next few lines will per nodules found within some copper ores. silver, the six platinum-group metals
clarify this matter once and for all: Which of these theories is correct is of and alloys that are mixtures of any two
• Melting is the application of heat to a only minimal, and passing, significance. The or more of these precious metals).
substance that will cause its tempera- important consideration is the fact that with Of these five options, it is clear that some 5000
ture to increase to a level at which the the discovery of how to extract metals from years ago, the means of producing the con-
substance becomes a liquid. their ores, ancient Man had made a major ditions required for options 2 and 3 would
• Smelting, on the other hand, is a com- step forward in his technological develop- only have been possible had the early metal
pletely different process. It is a process ment. workers been trained by aliens who arrived
where metallic ores are broken down here from a planet whose distance from us is
to their constituent metals due to the Technical considerations measured in light years! Perhaps this hap-
combined effects of elevated tempera- There are two basic requirements to be pened, but the author is not convinced that
ture and chemical reactions. satisfied for a brazing filler material to be this is a matter that needs too much study
In its simplest form, copper was extracted able to wet and flow on the mating surfaces before dismissing it as pure ‚comic book‘ con-
from its ore (for example malachite) with of a joint: jecture. Consequently, we need to examine
coke and a suitable flux and heating the • The parent material and the filler alloy options 1, 4, 5 in further detail.
mass in a forced-draft furnace. Lucas [2] has must be heated to a temperature that It is a well-established fact that the
stated that the early Egyptian method was is higher than the melting point of the Sumerians were brazing bronzes around
to mix the ore with the charcoal and place filler material, and 2500 B.C.E, and since the dissociation phe-
Hot cracking
As indicated by its name, this type of
cracking appears when the metal is still hot
and in the process of solidifying. The design
of the weld assembly is one of the factors
that favour the appearance of this type of
defect. This can be explained by the fact
that the narrower the bevel is, the greater
will be the mechanical stress resulting from for bevel angles to be determined correctly. for machining edges, so that an accurate,
the metal solidifying. If this stress is too When the bevel is made by hand, it cannot constant bevel angle can be obtained.
high, cracking is liable to occur during the be mastered totally accurately. For this rea-
change in phase. Therefore, it is important son, it is better to use suitable apparatus Cold cracking
Cold cracks appear after welding – imme-
diately, several hours or even several days later.
This type of defect is caused by a simultaneous
combination of three factors: a temper struc-
ture (hard and fragile), residual mechanical
stress (related to clamping for example) and
the presence of diffusible hydrogen in the weld
bead. This last factor may be related to poor
preparation of the edges. It must be remem-
bered that, when welding is done on a rusty
or poorly degreased part, the hydrogen pres-
ent in the rust or the hydrocarbons will de-
compose in the weld. Stresses will then appear
on the atomic scale when the metal is cooling
down. If ever this concentration of stresses
becomes too high, the metal will crack.
When accompanied by other precautions
such as drying the electrodes in ovens or pre-
heating parts to be welded, dry machining In the context of a part that has been
the joint edges will enable welding to be done machined before welding, it is primordial
on hydrogen-free material and, in this way, that a check is made to ensure that the
reduce the probability of cold cracking. clamping jaws and cutting tools used are
compatible with stainless steel machining
Blowholes operations (jaws in stainless steel or light al-
Besides cold cracking, a poorly prepared loy for example) and that they have not been
surface can also be the cause of blowholes used for working on carbon steel beforehand
appearing in the weld. This can be explained (or that they have been decontaminated
by the fact that the presence of water, rust since).
or greasy substances on the part will lead to
the formation of gas bubbles liable to be Penetration defects
trapped inside the bead. As is the case in Excess or incomplete penetration
cold cracking, the right type of machining Incomplete penetration is normally
(dry) of the end to be welded will lead to a characterised by a non-melted zone at the
significant reduction in the probability of root of the weld. Excess penetration corre-
this type of defect appearing. sponds to a surplus of molten metal at the
base of the welded joint. These two defects
Iron contamination are caused by poor welding parameters (in-
Iron contaminations concerns stainless tensity, voltage, welding speed) but also by
steels. Whenever this type of steel finds itself the clearance between the parts or poorly
in contact with iron particles and an electric- controlled land thickness.
ity conducting medium (damp air, for exam- Too little clearance will give rise to in-
ple), a galvanic corrosion mechanism comes complete penetration, whereas too much
into being. As a result, the passive layer of clearance is liable to cause excess penetra-
stainless steel will deteriorate progressively tion. In certain cases, this type of defect is
and risks of pitting are then liable to occur. not systematically eliminated by highly ac-
Generally, these iron particles come curate positioning. If the parts to be welded
from using inappropriate equipment. This are not perfectly parallel due to poor prepa-
may concern: ration, unequal clearance between the parts
• Shaping equipment: Presses, bending will be liable to give rise to localised points
machines, etc. with excess or incomplete welding. Accurate
• Cleaning equipment: Metal brushes, facing of the ends enables one of the causes
cleaning rags that have been used on of this defect to be eliminated.
carbon steel, etc. Incomplete or excess penetration may
• Machining equipment: Cutting and also be caused by a bevel with a land thick-
beveling tools, clamping jaws, etc. ness that is not compatible with welding pa-
This type of contamination may also come rameters. These parameters are determined
from grinding operations carried out on car- beforehand depending on the material to
bon steel in the vicinity of the stainless steel be welded, the geometry of the welded joint
parts. and the welding process used. However, cor-
30° bevel with a constant land (inside counter bore) with the beveling ma- Facing a stainless steel pipe (diameter: 15.88 mm) with the outside clamp-
chine “US25“. ing tube and fittings facing machine “SE25“.
rectly mastering the welding parameters of the welded joint. For example parameters ness, by carrying out an internal counter-
does not mean that a penetration defect can that are correct for a land 1.5 mm thick may boring operation or profile tracking on pipes
be totally avoided. lead to excess penetration if the land is only that are out-of-round, will increase the final
Variable land thickness due to poor 0.5 mm thick or incomplete penetration on quality of the weld.
preparation may also deteriorate the quality a land 2.5 mm thick. Mastering this thick- Good preparation for guaranteeing
constant clearance or an even land is pri-
mordial whenever automated processes are
used such as TIG orbital or MIG robot
welding. In these cases, welding is done
without any human intervention and any
alignment defects cannot be corrected by
the machine. This would not be the case
with an experienced welder.
dictions can be derived from these if the requirement pro- brazed joint which was as easy to establish as possible as
files change. the assessment criterion for its resistance or susceptibility
Therefore, the project carried out by the Institute of to freely selectable corrosive liquids, e.g. aqueous solu-
Materials Science at the Leibniz University of Hanover es- tions, in variable ageing conditions such as time, temper-
sentially pursued the following aims: ature, pressure and additional mechanical loads. The al-
• Development and qualification of a testing procedure teration in the quasi-static tensile shear strength after cor-
for the assessment of brazed joints of steel sheets rosive loads was chosen as a criterion which was possibly
subjected to combined mechanical and corrosive suitable for this purpose.
loads. On the basis of this approach, the concept of the test-
• Collection of application-relevant data about the me- ing procedure is outlined on Fig. 1. Using brazed tensile
chanical and corrosive load-bearing capacities of test specimens with suitable testing geometries and with
corrosion-resistant stainless chromium-nickel steels strengths dependent on the chosen base and brazing ma-
brazed with nickel-based braze metals and clarifi- terials, the geometry of the existing joining zone and, if
cation of material-specific and, if necessary, process- necessary, the chosen brazing procedure, the quasi-static
specific failure mechanisms in the case of selected tensile shear strength is firstly determined as the reference
corrosion loads. variable (τmax, reference). Thereafter, identically fabricated
specimens are aged in the corrosion medium in stipulated
2 Executed work ageing conditions in both unclamped (only corrosive
2.1 Definition of the requirements on the testing loads) and clamped (combined mechanical and corrosive
procedure loads) conditions and the tensile shear strengths are sub-
The basic idea during the development of the testing sequently determined too. If these deviate from each other
procedure was to use one technological property of a significantly (i.e. τmax (corrosive + mechanical) <τmax (corrosive)), brazed
Fig. 1 • Sequence
diagram for the
testing of the
brazed joints.
specimens are also subjected solely to mechanical loads indications of the extent of any damage. For more detailed
(same load profile as in the ageing) and the tensile shear information about the damage pattern and the cause of
strength is established. the damage, it was necessary to carry out metallographic
In the case of the available strength values, a distinc- and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses on
tion may be made between the following scenarios: aged but not yet tensile-tested (destroyed) brazed speci-
Case 1: τmax, reference = τmax (cor.) = τmax (cor. + mech.) mens which were taken into account during the planning
Case 2: τmax, reference > τmax (cor.) = τmax (cor. + mech.) of the scope of the experiments and during the execution
Case 3: τmax, reference = τmax (mech.) ≥ τmax (cor.) > τmax (cor. + mech.) of the experiments.
Case 4: τmax, reference = τmax (cor.) > τmax (cor. + mech.) = τmax (mech.)
Case 1 designates the situation that neither the chosen 2.2 Manufacture of tensile test specimens
corrosion loads alone nor an additionally applied me- With regard to the choice of a suitable testing geome-
chanical stress result in a loss in strength. In Case 2, ex- try, it is necessary to take account of the fact that the
clusively corrosive damage to the brazed joint is the cause brazed joints of brazed sheet subassemblies are principally
of a drop in strength. Case 3 occurs if the initiation or ac- subjected to tensile shear loads due to their designs.
celeration of corrosion-induced damage is caused by the Therefore, a simple lap joint was chosen for the testing
simultaneously applied mechanical load (“stress cracking geometry. In order to ensure that the specimens are sub-
corrosion“ or a similar phenomenon). Finally, Case 4 ex- jected to shear loads which are as pure as possible and
ists if solely the mechanical load leads to strength-de- that the fracture actually occurs in the brazed seam, a ma-
creasing damage to the brazed joint without corrosion ef- terial thickness of 5 mm with overlapping lengths of 5 mm
fects playing any significant role. too was chosen according to the strength values to be ex-
For the rigorous assessment of any damage, additional pected for the base material and the braze deposit. Par-
investigations were conducted into the fracture faces after ticular care was taken with regard to the setting of a de-
the brazed joints had been broken open. In the event of fined assembly gap (here, 50 μm) since the strengths of
corrosive damage, corrosion products which can already the brazed joints may be sensitively dependent on the
be seen visually or using a light microscope in most cases brazing gap width. The components to be brazed were
can be detected on the fracture faces and provide the first therefore cut out of finish-rolled sheet panels by means
Table 1 • Proper-
ties and chemical
compositions of
the braze metals
used for the
investigations
(* vacuum furnace
and ** continuous
furnace).
3 Results
Since it was initially unclear how strongly the different
braze metals and the joints brazed with them on the high-
alloyed stainless chromium-nickel steels react in the cho-
sen ageing medium at elevated temperatures, preliminary
experiments were firstly carried out at different ageing
temperatures (90°C and 70°C). In this respect, it was shown
that 90°C led to a number of total failures in which all the
utilised specimens with the same material combination
sion damage which can be found especially at the attach- practical application of
joining processes
ment point of the brazed fillet and in the base material
training and examination of
adjacent to this. Here as well, nitrogen was detected in qualified personnel
the braze deposit of the fillet. 4th edition,
s,
1076 page Also available as USB-pen
180012
4 Discussion Order-no.
(up to 50% of the fracture stresses) were chosen in such a peratures and thus lower the corrosion resistances of
way that it was possible to highlight firm differences be- brazed joints should not be underestimated even in the
tween the braze metal systems. As the assessment criteria, case of vacuum brazing processes. Although the brazing
reference was made not only to the tensile shear strengths process itself takes place in a high vacuum, the still hot
before and after the ageing but also to analyses of aged furnace is generally flooded with nitrogen during indus-
specimens using light and scanning electron microscopes. trial vacuum brazing in order to be able to cool the
The core statements of these investigations can be sum- brazed components more quickly thereafter. The extent
marised as follows: to which the component surfaces are nitrided here too
• No significant decreases in the strength of the brazed is still unclear at present but should also be taken into
joint due to the mechanical loads applied addition- consideration during the assessment of the corrosion
ally in the ageing operations were established with resistances of the subassemblies.
any of the investigated braze metals. Accordingly, no
stress cracking corrosion arises in the set corrosion
conditions in the case of high-alloyed stainless
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
chromium-nickel steels brazed with nickel braze The IGF Project IGF 16.941 N / DVS Num-
metals. ber 07.068 of the research association
• In the utilised model condensate and at the chosen “Forschungsvereinigung Schweißen und
testing temperature, massive corrosion damage al- verwandte Verfahren des DVS, Aachener
ready arises with the B-Ni74CrFeSiB-980/1070 Straße 172, 40223 Düsseldorf“ was, on
(Ni 610) braze metal and leads to a drastic decrease the basis of a resolution of the German
in strength. Consequently, this braze metal is totally Bundestag, promoted by the German Ministry of Economic Affairs
unsuitable for such operating conditions. and Energy via the Federation of Industrial Research Associations
• In the case of the B-Ni60CrPSi-980/1020 braze metal, (AiF) within the framework of the programme for the promotion of
corrosion damage is detected in the region of the joint industrial research and development (IGF).
brazed fillets (irrespective of the utilised brazing
process) but does not yet lead to any significant de-
Literature
crease in strength.
[1] Hoffmann, E. E., et al.: An evaluation of the corrosion and
• The specimens brazed in the vacuum and in pure oxidation resistance of high-temperature brazing alloys.
hydrogen using the B-Ni71CrSi-1080/1135 (Ni 650) Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 1956.
braze metal are free from any significant corrosion [2] Brandl, W., et. al.: Korrosionsverhalten von gelöteten CrNi-
phenomena after ageing. Consequently, no decreases Stahl-Verbindungen in Trinkwässern. DVS-Berichte, Vol.
132, pp. 40/43. DVS Media, Düsseldorf 1990.
in strength arise with these brazed joints either. With
[3] Achete, M, u. a.: Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Hochtemper-
regard to the corrosion behaviour, the best choice aturlötverbindungen in organischen und wässrigen Lösun-
consists of this braze metal in combination with ni- gen. Schw. Schn. 49 (1987), issue 6, pp. 280/84.
trogen-free process atmospheres during brazing [4] Hoyer, I., S. Weis and M. Groll: Nickel ions in potable water
(high vacuum, hydrogen or argon). and their migration out of brazing fillers and brazed joints.
DVS reports, Vol. 293, pp. 176/81. DVS Media, Düsseldorf
• The presence of nitrogen in the process atmosphere 2013
during brazing seems to have a significant influence [5] Persson, U., O. Mars and M. Stroiczek: Corrosion resistance
on the subsequent corrosion behaviour of the brazed of BrazeLetTM Ni613 and BrazeLetTM F300 in different en-
specimens particularly if the brazing temperature vironments compared to standard nickel alloys. DVS re-
dependent on the utilised braze metal system is high ports, Vol. 293, p. 242. DVS Media, Düsseldorf 2013
[6] Lugscheider, C., and T. Cosack: High-temperature brazing
(over 950°C). For example, a distinct deterioration of stainless steel with low-phosphorus nickel-based filler
in the corrosion resistance is established with the metal. Wdg. J. 67 (1988), pp. 215/21.
specimens brazed with the B-Ni71CrSi-1080/1135 [7] Hartmann, T., and D. Nützel: Nickel-chromium-based
(Ni 650) braze metal in nitrogen/hydrogen mixtures. amorphous foils for continuous brazing of stainless steel.
DVS reports, Vol. 263, pp. 42/47. DVS Media, Düsseldorf
Also in the case of the B-Ni60CrPSi-980/1020 braze
2010.
metal, the damage pattern is altered in comparison [8] Lugscheider, E., and D.-S. Kim: Neue niedrig schmelzende
with the specimens brazed without any nitrogen but Nickelbasis-Hochtemperaturlote. Schw. Schn. 43(1991),
without having any influence on the established ten- issue 4, pp. 222/26.
sile shear strength at first. [9] Bach, Fr.-W., et al.: Boron and phosphorus free nickel based
filler metals for brazing stainless steel in shielding gas fur-
In summary, it may be stated that the strengths estab-
naces. Int. J. Mat. Res. (formerly Z. Metallkd.) 102 (2011),
lished according to the developed testing procedure be- pp. 964/71.
fore and after ageing with combined mechanical and [10] VDA-Prüfblatt 230-214: Beständigkeit metallischer Werk-
corrosive loads coincide with the microscopically stoffe gegen Kondensat-Korrosion in abgasführenden
analysed corrosion phenomena and the testing proce- Bauteilen (June 2010 edition).
[11] DIN EN ISO 3651-2: Ermittlung der Beständigkeit nichtros-
dure is thus suitable for the assessment of the brazed
tender Stähle gegen interkristalline Korrosion – Teil 2:
joints. The special role of the nitrogen in the brazing at- Nichtrostende austenitische und ferritisch-austenitische
mosphere which may lead to the nitriding of the base (Duplex)-Stähle. Korrosionsversuch in schwefelsäurehalti-
and brazing materials particularly at high brazing tem- gen Medien (August 1998 edition).
2015
THE NEWSLETTER OF THE WELDING INSTITUTE
Editorial
Her Royal Highness, The Princess Royal opens new
buildings at TWI Granta Park
Her Royal Highness, The Princess Royal, graciously consented to
open the new buildings at TWI, Granta Park, Great Abington on
Wednesday 16 September. In commemoration of the event, she
was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of The Welding Institute
(pictured, right). The certificate was presented by Chief Executive
of TWI, Dr Christoph Wiesner. The band holder for the certificate
was made at TWI from 316L steel with an androgynous weld by
Martin D’Urso, a Practical Welding Trainer at TWI Training School
who has worked at TWI since 2001.
The Princess Royal has a keen interest and is actively involved in
promoting engineering and science through her patronage and in-
volvement with various engineering institutions. She is Patron of
the Institution of Civil Engineers, WISE, which promotes science Highness, The Duke of Edinburgh, in June 1953 following his Pres-
and engineering as suitable careers for women and girls, and idential Address to the British Association and on the occasion of
RedR UK, a charity providing trained engineers to relief agencies the Ramsay Memorial Dinner. His Royal Highness, The Prince of
in the wake of humanitarian disasters. Wales, opened the Robert Jenkins building in 1971 and was also
Her Royal Highness is also a Royal Fellow of the Royal Academy made an Honorary Fellow of The Welding Institute.
of Engineering and a Fellow of the Royal Society. She already The Princess Royal’s Honorary Fellowship will be included on the
holds honorary fellowships with the Institute of Engineering and British Monarchy website at www.royal.gov.uk/CharitiesandPa-
Technology (IET) and the Institute of Marine Engineering, Science tronages.
and Technology (IMarEst). A series of etched glass panels will soon be installed in the board-
The Welding Institute has a long association with the British room in TWI’s new facilities, listing all recipients of honours and
Monarchy, having awarded an Honorary Fellowship to His Royal awards by The Welding Institute, past and present.
The government has approved two new apprenticeship standards and directives, and international standards for manufacture and
developed by a group of companies including The Welding Insti- construction.
tute. Each standard contains a description of the role profile; the require-
On 21 August, as part of a series of announcements relating to na- ments in terms of theoretical knowledge, practical skills and behav-
tional apprenticeships, David Cameron formally approved both the iours; entry requirements; duration; and progression beyond
apprenticeship standard for welding (level 2) – general welder (arc completion of the apprenticeship. The standards offer flexibility in
processes), and the apprenticeship standard for welding (level 3) – terms of welding processes, parent materials and welding positions,
multi-positional welder (arc processes). so that employers can select only those modules that are relevant
The official approval of the two standards is the culmination of a to their products. A practical skill test, in accordance with a recog-
year’s work by the Welding Apprenticeship Employer Group, a con- nised standard such as ISO 9606, is an integral part of both stan-
sortium of employers, skills councils, professional bodies and trade dards.
organisations that has developed the new standards to improve and Tim Jessop, associate director of The Welding Institute and co-ordi-
homogenise the quality of welding training for apprentices. nator of the welding apprenticeship trailblazer, said: ‘The approval
The group was formed to develop new standards under the gov- of these standards represents a major step forward in the recogni-
ernment’s trailblazer initiative, which seeks to transform appren- tion of welding as a key skill for the UK and in ensuring that UK
ticeships in the UK by giving employers and relevant trade welding apprenticeships match the best in the world.’
organisations the power to determine their content. Although the standards have received formal approval, they cannot
The initiative has provided an opportunity to harmonise the cur- be introduced until an accompanying assessment plan has been
rent, fragmented provision and to develop a single uniform set of drafted for each. Work on these plans is underway and it is expected
apprenticeship standards for welding that can address competence that they will be ready for submission in the next few weeks.
issues across a range of sectors. The need for competence in welding For more information on the new standards, contact TWI at
is critical for compliance with a number of key European standards http://www.twi-global.com/contact/?e=professional
Nominations are being invited for a series of awards from The The first award was made in 1970 as a commemoration of the work
Welding Institute which recognise outstanding achievements in of Leslie Lidstone, chief executive at ESAB, who sponsored the
joining and related technologies. award until recently. TWI continues the award to encourage and
Award winners will be invited to receive their prizes at a special promote talented young engineers in the field.
ceremony forming part of the TWI annual dinner, a prestigious The Larke-Lillicrap Award is a combination of the Larke Medal and
event attended by more than 200 people, which will take place in the Lillicrap Medal from 2008. It acknowledges an individual or
late June 2016 at King’s College, Cambridge. team with the most influence or impact on the practical application
The Institute’s suite of professional Awards has been established of novel welding or joining knowledge or technology through pub-
since the late 1970s to recognise the contributions and achievements lished work.
of individuals or successful partnerships worldwide, working in Honorary Fellowships are conferred in recognition of the recipient’s
the development and application of welding, joining and related contributions to, and standing in, the welding engineering commu-
technologies. nity at an international level.
Each award comes with a significant cash prize, and carries the pres- Distinguished service awards recognise Professional Members of
tige of endorsement by industry experts. Award winners’ names are The Welding Institute who have performed an outstanding service
etched into glass panels on permanent display in the new Welding for the organisation at a national level.
Institute boardroom, located in TWI’s £43 million new facilities at
its Cambridge headquarters. The closing date for nominations is 30 November 2015.
The 2015 Awards presentation ceremony was held on 30 June at For assistance in compiling and submitting a nomination, please
King’s College. Citations for the award winners and photographs contact [email protected]
of the ceremony can be seen on the website: To find out more and download a nomination form, please visit
http://www.theweldinginstitute.com/news-and-events/awards/ www.theweldinginstitute.com/news-and-events/awards/
ASTM E273-15 Standard practice for ultrasonic testing of the weld zone of welded pipe and tubing
ASTM Tracker Alert. 18 June 2015
BS EN 60068-2-58:2015 Environmental testing. Tests. Test Td. Test methods for solderability, resistance to dissolution of metallization
and to soldering heat of surface mounting devices (SMD). (Supersedes 2004 edition)
[BSI] Update Standards. July 2015. p.12.
BS EN 62135-2:2015 Resistance welding equipment. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements. (supersedes 2008
edition)
[BSI] Update Standards. July 2015. p.12.
BS EN ISO 3834-5:2015 Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials. Documents with which it is necessary to
conform to claim conformity to the quality requirements of ISO 3834-2, ISO 3834-3 or ISO 3834-4.
(Supersedes 2005 edition)
[BSI] Update Standards. Aug.2015. p.10.
BS EN ISO 18490:2015 Non-destructive Testing. Evaluation of vision acuity of NDT personnel
[BSI] Update Standards. July 2015. p.10.
BS EN ISO 18563-1:2015 Nondestructive testing. Characterisation and verification of ultrasonic phased array equipment. Instruments
[BSI] Update Standards. Aug.2015. p.12.
BS ISO 27307:2015 Thermal spraying. Evaluation of adhesion/cohesion of thermal sprayed ceramic coatings by transverse
scratch testing
[BSI] Update Standards. Aug.2015. p.18.
CEN/TR 13445-102:2015 Unfired pressure vessels. Example of application of vertical vessel with bracket supports
[BSI] Update Standards. July 2015. p.40.
EN 62135-1:2015 Resistance welding equipment. Safety requirements for design, manufacture and installation.
(Idt. IEC 62135-1:2015)
[BSI] Update Standards. Aug.2015. p.48.
IEC 62135-1:2015 Resistance welding equipment. Safety requirements for design, manufacture and installation
[BSI] Update Standards. July 2015. p.45.
PD ISO/TR 18491:2015 Welding and allied processes. Guidelines for measurement of welding energies
[BSI] Update Standards. July 2015. p.18.
The software supports the simple elaboration of welding proce- October 2015. All the data already existing in DIN EN 287-1 from
dure specifications according to DIN EN ISO 15609-1 as well the preceding edition of the welding task planner can be trans-
as the administration of welding procedure tests according to ferred to the new software version and, if necessary, can also be
DIN EN ISO 15614. adapted to the new standard. The additionally integrated databas-
es for base materials, welding fillers and shielding gases can be
On the basis of the different welding processes, the software has a supplemented with your own information.
modular structure and can be adjusted to your own needs.
The easy-to-operate computer program makes it possible to issue
The fourth, updated edition takes account of the internationally the documents in conformity with the set of rules (in two languag-
harmonised standard DIN EN ISO 9606-1:2013-12: “Qualifica- es: German/English) as a PDF file and thus proves to be an efficient
tion testing of welders- Fusion welding - Part 1: Steels” which, tool during the daily work.
after a transitional period, will replace DIN EN 287-1 as from
Welding Planner
Bilingual: German and English
Single User Version, 4th edition 2014
Order No. 101146, Price: 328,00 EUR
Up-Date, 4th edition 2014
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System Requirements: Processor 1 GHz
Main Memory 512 MB
Disc space 33 MB
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!
Fig. 4 • Boundary
conditions for an
effective notch
stress model
showing first
principal stress
after load step 2
of a two-sided
welded laser-
hybrid joint
(angular mis-
alignment shown
exaggerated) and
micrograph with
used parameters.
weld roots were modelled with a reference radius of then applied to one of these coupled nodes. By arranging
rref = 0.05 mm or without any radius to keep the influence the boundary conditions with these two load steps, the
on the evaluated notch stress on the weld toe small. force is applied to the deformed model similar to reality.
A specific notch stress model is required for some of
the two-sided laser welded stiffeners on 10 mm base plates 7 Assessment with the effective notch stress
which have undercuts not in the base plate but in the stiff- approach
ener, see micrograph on the upper right-hand side of Fig. For each of the overall 170 specimens investigated, a
1. This type of undercut, caused by a gap between the at- notch stress model is generated as described above. The
tachment and the plate, was modelled similar to a keyhole boundary conditions of the two load steps are applied, so
notch for a weld root. The deepest position of the undercut that notch stresses for clamping (load step 1) and tension
in the stiffener determines the position of the circle loads (load step 2) can be determined by reading out the
spanned by the reference radius rref. This procedure may maximum first principal stresses in the rounded notches.
lead to a small undercut in the base plate, but this strict The notch stress range ΔσK can then be calculated as the
application of the IIW guideline for effective notch stress difference between load steps 2 and 1.
analysis is leading to reasonable results. Fig. 5 shows the S-N data derived from the computed
The boundary conditions are arranged in two load notch stress ranges of the transverse stiffeners on 4 mm
steps, see Fig. 4. Load step 1 simulates the clamping in base plates. The scatter is significantly reduced in com-
the testing machine by moving the nodes situated at the parison to the nominal stress approach.
position of the grips to the same y-coordinate y = 0. The As done before for the nominal stress approach, the
nodes at the right end of the left grip are moved to the statistical evaluation with slope exponent k = 3 is com-
same x-coordinate by this boundary condition. To sup- pared to that with slope exponent k = 5. By using the ef-
press a rigid body movement, these nodes are fixed at fective notch stress approach in contrast to the nominal
their deformed position in the x-direction. stress approach, the scatter ratio of the S-N curves with
All boundary conditions of the first load step are kept slope exponent k = 5 could be reduced from TS = 1 : 1.626
in the second load step. Additionally, the nodes on the to TS = 1 : 1.384, because of the angular misalignments
left side of the right grip are coupled to combine their dis- and local weld parameters included in the notch stress.
placement in the horizontal x-direction. The force F is The reference values for PS = 97.7% at 2∙106 life cycles are
Fig. 7 • Reference
values for PS =
50% based on
effective notch
stress calculations
with and without
imperfections
of the 4 mm
thick transverse
stiffeners.
Fig. 8 • Reference
values for PS =
50% based on
effective notch
stress calculations
with and without
imperfections
of the 10 mm
thick transverse
stiffeners.
the fatigue strength of conventionally welded joints of • In accordance with [10], the slope exponent of k = 5
quality levels B and C. A good accordance with the FAT fits the S-N data for 4 mm thick plates while k = 3 is
values given by Petershagen [4] is found for the 10 mm applicable to 10 mm plates in both nominal and
thick base plates. Only for quality level D does Petersha- effective notch stress approaches.
gen introduce a lower FAT class. A systematical investigation of the influence of the quality
attributes on the fatigue life of the specimens was made
11 Summary and conclusion by categorising the specimens’ quality attributes of angular
The fatigue tests of laser and laser-GMA-hybrid welded misalignment and undercut depth into quality levels sim-
transverse stiffeners obtained within the “QuInLas“ project ilar to those of ISO 5817 and using parametric effective
show the following results: notch stress models of the 170 specimens. The gained ra-
• Laser and laser-GMA-hybrid welded specimens can tios between the original FAT classes and the reference
be assessed by the effective notch stress approach values of the effective notch stress models were used to
using the reference radius rref = 0.05 mm for 4 mm assume reductions of FAT values in correlation to the qual-
thick plates and rref = 1 mm for 10 mm thick plates. ity levels. The following conclusions can be drawn:
• The assumed FAT classes dependent on the quality
levels similar to ISO 5817 are applicable to assess the
fatigue strength of categorised welds and enable a
structural engineer to estimate the fatigue strength
of a laser or laser-hybrid welded construction safely
by introducing tolerance limits.
• FAT values for laser and laser-GMA-hybrid welded
joints are similar to those of conventional welds, al-
though FAT values for angular misalignment were
found to be more conservative in literature. This
Fig. 9 • Reduction Δy of seam sag because of the clamping of
might be due to the decreased seam sag when clamp-
the specimen.
ing the test specimens.
Closing date for editiorial contributions: 13 November 2015 Closing date for editiorial contributions: 15 January 2016
Closing date for advertisements: 10 November 2015 Closing date for advertisements: 22 January 2016
Books Publisher:
DVS – German Welding Society, Düsseldorf/Germany, in
Proceedings 1st International Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar collaboration with The Welding Institute, Cambridge/UK
and the Institut de Soudure, Paris/France
Symposium Materials Science and Alloys and Materials
Technology of Additive Manufac- By Nilesh Kumar, Wei Yuan and Rajiv Publishing House:
DVS Media GmbH,
turing Mishra. 134 pages. Butterworth-Heine- PO Box 10 19 65, D-40010 Düsseldorf,
Aachener Straße 172, D-40233 Düsseldorf,
Edited by DVS. 40 pages with numerous mann, Oxford 2015. Price approx. £ 40.00. Telephone +49 (0) 211 1591-0,
figures and tables. DVS Media, Düsseldorf This book summarises research work Telefax +49 (0) 211 1591-150,
E-Mail [email protected],
2015. Price Euro 31.60. carried out so far on dissimilar metallic ma- Internet www.dvs-media.info,
Additive manufacturing technologies of- terial welding using friction stir welding Management: Dirk Sieben
fer opportunities of a new industrial revolu- (FSW). Joining of dissimilar alloys and ma- Editorial Board: Dipl.-Ing. Dietmar Rippegather
tion. The field of application broadens con- terials is needed in many engineering sys- (managing editor/responsible),
E-mail [email protected],
tinuously. Especially in automotive, aerospace tems and is considered quite challenging. Anja Labussek, Rosemarie Karner,
Telefax +49 (0) 211 1591-350
and medicine it has already become an im- Research in this area has shown significant James Burton (TWI News),
portant factor. However, despite its enormous benefit in terms of ease of processing, ma- E-mail [email protected]
Frédérique Champigny (IS News),
advantages, processes are still at an early terial mixing and superior mechanical prop- E-mail [email protected]
stage. Scientific questions on residual stress, erties such as joint efficiencies. A summary
UK Editorial Advisory Panel: Norman Cooper, Alan
part distortion, porosity or surface quality of these results will be discussed along with Denney, Chris Eady (Chairman), David Millar, Dietmar
Rippegather, Dr. Paul Woollin
have to be answered. The 1st International potential guidelines for designers. For ex-
Symposium on Materials Science and Tech- ample, the book explains solid phase Advisory Board: Dipl.-Ing. K. P. Behrendt, Dr.-Ing. R.
Boecking (representing the publisher), Dr.-Ing. C. Bruns,
nology of Additive Manufacturing held in Bre- process and distortion of work piece and ad- Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Cramer, Prof. Dr.-Ing. K. Dilger, Prof. Dr.-Ing.
men/Germany offered a platform of commu- dresses dimensional stability and repeata- habil. U. Füssel, Dr.-Ing. P. Gröger, Prof. Dr.-Ing. E. Haber-
stroh, Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Hobbacher, Prof. Dr.-Ing. T. Kannen-
nication between research institutions and bility as well as joint strength. It covers met- gießer, Dipl.-Ing. W. Kleinkröger, Dr.-Ing. H. Krappitz, Prof.
industry. More than 150 participants from 10 allurgical properties in the joint area and Dr.-Ing. B. Leuschen, Dr. C. Mayer, Dr.-Ing. K. Möhwald, Prof.
Dr.-Ing. D. Paulinus, Dipl.-Ing. C. Prinz, Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Rad-
countries including the USA took part. The fine microstructure. Furthermore it intro- scheit, Prof. Dr.-Ing. U. Reisgen, Dipl.-Ing. E. Schofer, Dr.-Ing.
F. Schreiber, Dr. sc. techn. K.-R. Schulze, D. Sieben (CEO of
presented articles within these proceedings duces improved materials use (e.g., joining the DVS Publishing House), Dr.-Ing. V. E. Spiegel-Ciobanu,
are an excerpt of the scientific contributions. different thicknesses). Dr.-Ing. S. Trube, Prof. Dr.-Ing. V. Wesling, Prof. Dr.-Ing. G.
Wilhelm, Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Wohlfahrt
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GTV Verschleißschutz Luckenbach, Germany
der Neuwiese“, D-57629
Gewerbegebiet „Vor
Phone: +49 (0)26 62 9576
E-mail: [email protected]
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-0, Fax: +49 (0)26 62 9576 -30
en.de
www.thermal-spray-bulletin.info
.de, www.plasmaspritz
Internet: www.gtv-mbh