1.

QUALITY CONTROL
1.1 Meaning
1.2 Definition
1.3 Importance
1.4 Process
1.5 Technique
1.6 Objectives
1.1 Meaning of quality control

Quality control is a process by which entitles review the quality of all factors involved in
production .ISO 9000 define quality control as ‘’A part of quality management focused on
fulfilling quality requirements’’

Quality control is also the process of looking at goods when they are being produced to make
certain that all the goods are of the intended standard.

1.2 Definition of quality control

A system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or
service by careful planning ,use of proper equipment ,continued inspection and corrective
action as required.

In an organization that produced goods or provides services, quality control is the activity of
checking that the goods or services are of an acceptable standard.

A system of maintain desired standards in a product or process, especially by inspecting

samples of the product.

Types of quality control

1
Quality control should be part of any business.it help ensures that the product you sell is the
best it can be.it also ensures that each product sold is identical so there are no variation in
performance.

Four types of quality control are aid or focus on making sure the process are function
correctly.

1. Acceptance sampling

2. Process protocol

3. Process control

4. Control chart

Quality control Tools

There are many approaches to quality control. Thetypes you use depend on your specific
product and should be determined before any quality control inspection begins. There are
seven primary quality control tools which include

 Checklists. At its most basic, quality control requires you to check off a list of items
that are imperative to manufacture and sell your product.

 Fishbone diagram. This visual is helping full for determine what cause a specific
problem, be it materials, machines, methods or man power.

 Controlchart.this helps you see how process historically changes using controls.
The chart helps you find and correct problems as they happen, predict a range of
outcomes and analyze variations.

 Stratifications. Instead of looking at all factors together, stratification separates

data so you can identify patterns and specific problem areas.

 Pareto chart. This type of bar chart provides a visual analysis of problems and
causes so you can focus on the most significant issues.

2
  Histogram. A common graph that uses bars to identifies frequency distributions that
indicate how often defects occur.
 Scatter diagram. Plotting information along two axes on this graph can help
visually identify relationship between variables.

A quality control inspector uses one or more of the available tools or method to a complete
analysis of aproduct or service to determine where improvements can be made. An inspector
typically gets training to know what method to use and how to properly use it.

Internal and external quality control

Depending on the product you manufacture and sell, you may for internal or external quality
control inspections. If you establish an-in house protocol to check your system, this is called
internal quality control.

When products or data are sent to an outside businessnot affiliated with your company, this is
external control. Verification by a third party is important to obtain food and drug
administration labeling and prove to the FDA that the food company’s production method is
sound

1.3 Importance or Benefits of Quality control

Some of the importance or benefits of quality control are;

1. Encourage quality consciousness: the most important advantage derived by

introducingquality control is that it develops and encourages quality consciousness among the
workers in the factory which is greatly helpful in achieving desired level of quality in the
product.

2. Satisfaction of consumers: consumers are greatly benefited as they get better

quality products on account of quality control.it gives them satisfaction.

3. Reduction in products cost: quality control further checks the production of

inferior products and wastages there by bringing down the cost of production considerably.
3
4. Most effective utilization of resource: quality control ensures maximum
utilization of available resources thereby minimizing wastage and inefficiency of every kind.

5. Reduction in inspection cost: quality control brings about economies in inspection

and considerably reduces cost of inspection.

Generally quality control is essential to building a successful business that delivers products
that meet or exceed customers expectations.it also forms the basis of an efficient business that
minimizes waste and operates at high levels of productivity.

1.4 Quality control process

Quality controlis a process intendedto insure that product quality or performed service adheres
to a defined set of criteria or meet the requirement of the client. Through the quality control
process the product quality will be maintained, and the manufacturing defects will be
examined and refined.

The quality control process can be divided into three separates process, which are

1. IQC{incoming quality control} ;- is the process to inspect the raw ad

component material from supplier up on arrival, when detective parts are found, you
need to negotiate with the supplier for return or exchange, and the final purpose is to
make sure your product quality will not be affected.

2. IPQC {in-process quality control} ;refers to the quality control during the
assembly process.it is very important because you can detect and handle the problem
that occurs a head of time.

3. OQC {outgoing quality control} the inspection of product before shipping. It’s
a crucial step in measuring the shipmentis defect-free.

Six steps to develop a quality control process

1. Set your quality standard

4
 2. Decide which quality standard to focus on
3. Create operational process to deliver quality
4. Review your result
5. Get feed back
6. Make improvement
1.5 Quality control techniques

Various techniques of quality control have been developed. More prominent of them are Just
in time, quality at the source, quality circles, inspections, statiscal quality control and total
quality management.

1. Just-In-Time {JIT};has different interpretations. For some, it is buying material

on time, for some others, it means planning and controlling production on the shop
floor, and for others it is a philosophy of production that permeates every feast of
organizations. For our purpose JIT is viewed as a technique of quality control. JIT has
deferent interpretations. Continuous flow manufacture, stockless production, repetitive
manufacturing systems are some of meanings of JIT.

JIT helps achieve quality. Because it is a philosophy that seeks to constantly improve
production process and methods. Specifically JIT contribute to high product quality in
the following way.

A. Productions arehighly standardized. Workers perform standard tasks every day. They
are familiar with their task.
B. In- process inventories are drastically reduced by cutting lot-sizes.
C. Suppliers of material, under the JIT system supply materials of perfect quality.
D. JIT system envisages the use of automated equipment and robots in production
process. Use of such sophisticated machines will insure high product quality.
E. JIT system also envisages the use of intensive preventive maintenance programs in
order to prevent any machine brake down.

5
 Quality as the source;-Where workers are made responsible to produce parts of
perfect quality, before they are passed on to the next operation. the concept of quality
at the source emerges. The worker is put in the controlling product quality. The
principles underlying quality as the source are
A. Every workers job becomes a quality control station. The worker is responsible for
inspecting his own work, identifying any defects and reworking them into non
defective, and correcting any cause of defect.
B. Statistical quality control techniques are used to monitor the quality of parts
produced at each work station, and easy to understand .chart and graphs are used to
communicate progress to workers and managers.
C. Workers and managers are organized into quality circles. Groups of people who
analyze quality problems and implement programs to improve product quality.

Inspection;- The act of determining conformance or non-conformance of the

expected performance is the function of inspection. Inspection determines the
acceptability or non-acceptabilityof the parts, products or services.Inspection is
made by comparing the quality of the product to the standard.

1.6 Objectives
Quality objectives are goals for the value of products, service and process. It is a basic
quality management process to establish set of quality objective, unlike equality
policy, that is set at top level of an organization. Quality objective can be specific to a
department, team, process or project.
Some examples of quality objectives are:-
1. Defects: a goal for conformance to specifications such as 0.1percent of items failing
quality control and 0 percent of product being shipped with a defect.
2. Durability: - a target for a minimum durability of a product such as 20,000hour of
use.
3. Efficiency: - the efficiency of products and services. For example conversion
efficiency goal for solar panels.

6
4. performance:- the performance of product and services as measured by a figure of
merit
5. Time lines: - on time performance:- such as a train line with goal of less than 0.1%
let arrivals.
6. Stability: - stability of a service measured by incidents. For example software as
service target to reduce production incident by 30%.
7. Reliability:-reliability goals such as target of 0 bugs in software realize.
8. Avialibility:-a target for uptime of a service such as 99.99%.

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENT
INTEGERATION
14
AND DEVELOPMENT
Background of the article
Introduction
Regional trade agreements{RTAs} are a treaty between two or more governments that define
the rules of trade for all signatories.

Regional trade agreements{RTAs} can be a useful tool in promoting growth. RTAs structure
trade in a way that can increase domestic productive capacity upward harmonization of
standards,improve institution, introduce technical know- how in to the domestic market and
increase preferential access to desirable markets.

RESERCH OBJECTIVE

 The main objective is focus on analyzing the impact of regional integration on growth
and within country inequality

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The area concern is whether countries at the low end of the income spectrum are able to
capture development gains from integrations

RESEARCH QUESTION

 How trade agreement affect inequality using two level of analysis at the national level
and regional level

Hypothesis

H1: Attributes ; growth and development significantly affectedRTAs

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

15
The area of the article was answerthe question of how trade agreement affect inequality using
two level of analysis. as the national level and regional level.

RESERCH TYPE

• research project is Applied because test of theoretical constructs address specific

business decisions

• The Research strategy :Analytical{Explanatory} not only describe analyze and

explain why and how it happened

• Research Philosophies: Positivism the article employ empirical method make

extensive use of quantitative analysis

• The research approach; deductiveelaborated or test the theoretical part from a

literature. Explain or showing the effect(causal) of something or relationship b/n
variables

RESERCH DESIGN AND METHDOLGY

• Research Design :Explanatory b/c it is suitableto explain the relationship between

variables as quoted .

• The data process :used both quantitative b/c both them used quantify or on scale
and descriptive or describe the result of variables situating in word

• Method of data collection : secondary data source were used for gathering

• Data collecting technique : usingdifferent sources like IMF trade statics, world
income inequality data base etc

• Sampling design :random/estimation

• Sample size: the sample covers over 100 countries (101–176, Based on the availability
of data, the sample of countries varies by estimation.

DATA ANYLSIS
16
 • correlation analysis : It measures the nature or causality in relationship
b/n attribute

• Regionalization and economic growth. Regionalization and inequality,Growth

regression with regionalizationetc

FINDIGS

• The analysis shows that the level of within-country inequality can be attributed to
RTAs, and that this effect is particularly strong for certain country groupings.
Empirical results show that regional integration leads to increased bilateral trade,
decreased intrahousehold inequality and increased GDP per capita growth. So that
regional integration leads to positive development outcomes, including higher
economic growth and lower within-country inequality. The benefits are not limited to
parties to bilateral agreements

CONCLUSION

• Growth and inequality fare differently in low-income countries and the least
developed countries, RTAs or regionalization reduces growth or inequality, on
average .if β1≤0,then a developing country region is experiencing the inequality and
or growth decreasing impact of higher regionalization.

17