© BPN
;== ebr ]obl @drdfa ]rossuro
`ir b Fow Aoforbtdif i` Gdoson bfg Abs Ofadfos
Hdah-spoog hobvy-guty ofadfos df tho piwor rbfao i` ?== lQ ti 7 JQ bro sot ti stby tho jbdf piwor siurko `ir b juntdtugo i` bppndkbtdifs. Wi `urthor dfkrobso thodr thorjbn o`flkdofky bfg Erblo Jobf O``oktdvo ]rossuro (EJO]) novon, dt ds fokossbry ti dfkrobso tho ofadfos— ]obl @drdfa ]rossuro (]@]) kbpbedndtdos ti jiro thbf ;== ebr. BPN hbs vord-flog sukh sinutdifs thriuah b kijedfbtdif i` gosdaf jothiginiay, obrny uso i` KBO tokh-fdquos bfg oxtofsdvo sdjunbtdifs bfg wdnn tost thoj if tho sdfano-kyndfgor ofadfo.
DFG_[WUDBN
HOBPT-G_WT OFADFO[00
JBULOW GUDPOU[
Ariwdfa aniebn gojbfg `ir onoktrdkbn piwor aoforbtdif, bs wonn bs bf dfkrobso df gojbfg `ir jbrdfo pripunsdif bfg piwor siurkos `ir idn flong sorvdkos bfg kifstruktdif oqudpjoft, wdnn kif-tdfuo ti grdvo gdoson bfg abs ofadfo jbrlots. Bktubn priguktdif fujeors shiw \2Z thbt `ir ofadfos i` ?== lQ bfg beivo, bpprixdjbtony 4? % i` piwor aoforbtdif ofadfos bfg beiut 1? % i` bnn jbrdfo ofadfos woro hdah-spoog ofadfos (6 25== rpj),
@DA_UO 2
.B fow aoforbtdif i` hdah-spoog ofadfos ds kurroftny ufgor govonip-joft, whdkh ds kijpotdfa wdth nbraor, hobvdor bfg kistndor jogduj-spoog ofadfos if `uon o`flkdofky bfg piwor gofsdty. Df hdahny dftoarbtog ir hyerdg-dzog systojs, tho `uon o`flkdofky i` tho kijeustdif ofadfo wdnn eo tho jbdf `ikus i` bfy fow ofadfo govonipjoft. Df bggdtdif, b 7= % tbraot roguktdif i` aroofhiuso absos (`rij 244= novons) ey 5=;= djpndos thbt rofowbeno oforay wdnn eo dfhoroftny jiro djpirtbft thbf tigby bfg wdnn eiist tho rino i` fbturbn abs bfg ediabs ofadfos.
]UIG_KW []OKD@DKBWDIF[ BFG K_[WIJOU UOR_DUOJOFW[
Ifo i` tho edaaost khbnnofaos `ir hdah-spoog ofadfos eotwoof ?== lQ ufg 7 JQ ds tho wdgo bfg gdvorso rbfao i` bppndkbtdifs. Who jbrdfo soktir, `ir dfstbfko, dfknugos pripunsdif ofadfos wdth kifstbft ir vbrdbeno iporbtdfa spoogs df tho rbfao i` 25== ti 52== rpj bs wonn bs buxdndbry ofadfos whdkh jistny bro iporbtog bt 28== rpj (0= Hz). ]iwor gofsdty roqudrojofts bro ospokdbnny hdah `ir ybkhts bfg pnobsuro krb`t kijedfog wdth niw nibg `bktirs.@uon o`flkdofky ds b tipdk whdkh ds ronovbft df bppndkbtdifs wdth hdah iporbtdfa hiurs, pbrtdkunbrny `ir prdjo piwor (]U]) bfg kiftdfuius piwor (KI]) aoforbtdif. Uondbedndty, if tho ithor hbfg, ds i` utjist djpirtbfko `ir krdtd-kbn bppndkbtdifs ndlo jdfdfa bfg `ir idn flong sorvdkos.@ir iporbtirs, tho gokdsdvo euydfa krdtordb typdkbnny bro piwor gofsdty, trbfsdoft nibg eohbvdir, rondbedndty bfg sorvdko dftorvbns. @ir tho iwfor jistny
B_WHIU[
Gdpn.-Dfa. Gr. tokhf. Aþftor @daor
ds Eusdfoss Govonipjoft Jbfbaor Hdah ]iwor [ystojs bt BPN Ndst AjeH df Arbz (Bustrdb).
Gdpn.-Dfa. Lurt [khjdgnodtfor
ds [ldnn Wobj Nobgor Gosdaf Kijjorkdbn I``-Uibg Ofadfos bt BPN Ndst AjeH df Arbz (Bustrdb).
Gdpn.-Dfa. Jbthdbs [khðfebkhor
ds [ofdir Govonipjoft Ofadfoor Nbrao Ofadfo [ystojs bt BPN Ndst AjeH df Arbz (Bustrdb).
Gdpn.-Dfa. Whijbs Lbjjorgdofor
ds Khdo` Ofadfoor Nbrao Ofadfo [ystojs bt BPN Ndst AjeH df Arbz (Bustrdb).
@DA_UO 2
Witbn ofadfo priguktdif ≯ ?== lQ (© BPN)
JWS
wirngwdgo =0|5=24
01
Upload your documents to download.
Or
Become a Scribd member for full access. Your first 30 days are free.
kbpdtbn oxpofgdturo, iporbtdifbn oxpofgd-turo bfg `uon ſtoxdedndty bro djpirtbft. @ir tho ofadfo IOJs, djpirtbft `bktirs dfknugo pbrts kijjifbndty, jigunbrdty bfg gosdaf strbtoados whdkh bnniw tho uso i` niw kist suppndors `ir kist sofsd-tdvo bppndkbtdifs.
WHOUJIGTFBJDK EB[DK KIF[DGOUBWDIF[
]iwor gofsdty roqudrojofts i` hdah-spoog ofadfos gopofg flrst bfg `iro-jist if tho spokdflk bppndkbtdif bfg tho kirrospifgdfa nibg `bktirs. Niw ti jigorbto piwor gofsdtdos bro typdkbn `ir bppndkbtdifs wdth hdah nibg `bktirs sukh bs i``-ribg jbkhdfory, kijjorkdbn jbrdfo bfg kiftdfuius piwor aoforb-tdif. Whoso hbvo rbtog EJO] novons i` beiut 28 ti 52 ebr. Kyndfgor piwor ds typdkbnny `rij 2== ti 21= lQ por kyndfgor `ir thoso bppndkbtdifs.Ebklup piwor aoforbtirs, if tho ithor hbfg, kbf eo iporbtog up ti ;2 ebr EJO], whdkh jbrls tho tip ofg i` piwor gofsdty `ir kurroft hdah-spoog ofadfos \;Z. [pokdflk piwor gofsdtdos i` up ti 55? lQ por kyndfgor bt ;= ebr EJO] bro ufgor govonipjoft `ir hdah piwor jbrdfo bppndkbtdifs, sukh bs `ir pnob-suro krb`t pripunsdif systojs. ]@] ndjdts if hdah por`irjbfko bppndkbtdifs bro kurroftny 5;= ti 5?= ebr.@ir b fow aoforbtdif i` hdah-spoog gdoson bfg abs ofadfos, bf dfkrobso df ]@] kbpbedndty ipofs fow pissdedndtdos. Pbrdius skofbrdis rosunt `rij thoso fow pissdedndtdos. Who ofadfos tbraot sdafdfl-kbft piwor dfkrobso ir bf dfkrobso i` o``oktdvo ofadfo o`flkdofky ir b kijedfb-tdif i` eith.Bf oxbjpno i` bf dfkrobso df spokdflk piwor ds shiwf df
@DA_UO 5
`ir b ?= Hz stbfgey aofsot bppndkbtdif. Qdth b kur-roft spokdflk piwor i` 5== lQ por kyndf-gor, bf ofadfo wdth 5= kyndfgors pri-gukos 7 JQ wdth b ]@] ndjdt i` 5?= ebr. Bf dfkrobso df ]@] kbpbedndty ti ;== ebr ofbenos bf dfkrobso df kyndfgor piwor iutput ti 50= lQ por kyndfgor. Bs shiwf df
@DA_UO 5
, thds kbf thof ofbeno b roguktdif df tho fujeor i` kyn-dfgors `rij 5= ti 20 whdno jbdftbdfdfa oqudvbnoft titbn piwor i` 7 JQ. Bntorfb-tdvony, tho hdahor spokdflk piwor kbpbedn-dty kbf bkhdovo b ? JQ piwor figo wdth b 5=-kyndfgor hdah-spoog ofadfo, whdkh typdkbnny ds tho gijbdf i` nbraor jogduj spoog ofadfos. Who djpbkt i` bf dfkrobsog ]@] ndjdt i` ;== ebr if tho erblo thorjbn o`fl-kdofky wbs dfvostdabtog \7Z, ebsog if b ?= Hz stbfgey gdoson aofsot bppndkbtdif wdth O]B Wdor 7 ojdssdifs kijpndbfko. B `uon o`flkdofky dfkrobso i` 1 % wbs soof. Whds wbs ofbenog ey throo khbfaos3 ‛bgvbfkog dfcoktdif tdjdfa tiwbrgs b thorjigyfbjdk iptdjuj i` ?= % Jbss @rbktdif Eurf (J@E) bt 8 ½KB (eWGK) ‛dfkrobso i` tho kijprossdif rbtdi ey 2.? pidfts ‛dfkrobso i` oxkoss bdr rbtdi ey 2? %. Ovof kifsdgordfa bf dfkrobso i` Gdoson Oxhbust @nudg (GO@) gisdfa ti kij-pofsbto `ir tho dfkrobsog FI
x
rbw ojdssdifs, b stdnn rospoktbeno titbn ſtudg roguktdif pitoftdbn i` ? % rosuntog \7Z.Wi `unny robndzo tho pitoftdbn i` dfkrobsog o`flkdofky ir piwor gofsdty, bggdtdifbn tokhfiniay eudngdfa enikls bro roqudrog ti bgbpt tho fow ofadfo brkhdtokturo. @ir oxbjpno, khbfaos bro roqudrog ti tho kijeustdif systoj, dafd-tdif systoj, khbrao bdr systoj bs wonn bs vbnvo trbdf \?Z. Who dfkrobsog thorji-gyfbjdk roqudrojofts nobg ti b kifsdg-orbeno dfkrobso i` thorjijokhbfdkbn nibgs if bnn piwor ufdt kijpifofts.
;.; JQ5== lQ/Kyn
50= lQ/Kyn5.= JQ5.0 JQ;.2 JQ7.2 JQ?.2 JQ
2.?5.=5.?;.=;.?7.=7.??.=?.?=57082=252720285=55575058
W i t b n p i w o r \ J Q Z
Fujeor i` kyndfgors \-Z
Kurroft govonipjoft@uturo skofbrdi3 kyndfgor roguktdif@uturo skofbrdi3 piwor dfkrobsoO]A ?= Hz ‛ stbfgey
.; 5==7.2 JQ5.? JQ
@DA_UO ;
Oxbjpno i` fobr wbnn ſtudg tojporbturos i` b abs ofadfo wdth skbvofaog pro-khbjeor (f : 2?== rpj, EJO] : ;= ebr) (© BPN)
@DA_UO 5
[kofbrdis `ir dfkrobsog kyndfgor piwor (© BPN)
DFG_[WUDBN
HOBPT-G_WT OFADFO[08
Upload your documents to download.
Or
Become a Scribd member for full access. Your first 30 days are free.
Df bggdtdif, ithor gosdaf bspokts roqudro kifsdgorbtdif wdthdf tho kifkopt phbso i` b fow ofadfo `bjdny3 ‛B jigunbr gosdaf wdth jbxdjdzog pbrt kijjifbndty `ir gdoson bfg abs vorsdifs bkriss bnn bppndkbtdifs ds ti eo bdjog `ir. ‛Qbnn hobt nissos i` tho gdoson kijeus-tdif bro hdahor kijpbrog ti tho abs kijeustdif guo ti tho hdahor abs tojporbturos. ‛Hobt djpbkt ti tho kijeustdif khbj-eor ds gd``oroft `ir gdoson bfg abs vor-sdifs. Who pdstif eiwn i` tho gdoson pdstif shd`ts jist i` tho thorjbn nibg tiwbrgs tho kyndfgor hobg flro gokl, whdno tho abs kijeustdif wdth b pro-khbjeor ir bf ipof kijeustdif khbjeor dfkrobsos tho hobt djpbkt if tho pdstif tip sur`bko,
@DA_UO ;
. ‛Dftoarbtdif i` b abs-skbvofaog pro- khbjeor dfknugdfa b abs bgjdssdif vbnvo ds roqudrog df tho sbjo spbko bs `ir tho gdoson kijjif rbdn dfcoktir.
KTNDFGOU HOBG GO[DAF
BPN hbs `urthor iptdjdzog dts kyndfgor hobg gosdaf `ir tho hdahost ]@] ebsog if tho sonoktog pirt brrbfaojoft bfg tho kyndfgor hobg eint pbttorf. B ritbtog kyndfgor hobg eint pbttorf wdth sdx eints bfg b 7?½ slowog vbnvo pbttorf hbs eoof kijedfog wdth b fow, dffivbtdvo nibg trbfs`or pbth kifkopt. Whds wbs `iufg ti privdgo tho eost kijprijdso df torjs i` ivorbnn strukturbn std``foss, kyndfgor hobg abslot prossuro gdstrdeutdif, pirt brrbfaojoft, vbnvo erdgao kiin-dfa, bfg jdfdjuj kyndfgor gdstbfko.B fowny djpnojoftog strukturbn gosdaf kifkopt sdafdflkbftny niwors kyndfgor hobg goſtoktdif ufgor abs nibg bfg thoroey rogukos tho rdsl i` vbnvo audgo bfg vbnvo sobt wobr.
KTNDFGOU HOBG KIINDFA
Who prdfkdpno i` BPN—s pbtoftog tip- giwf kiindfa systoj ds ti dftriguko kiin wbtor `rij tho pujp flrst ti tho uppor wbtor cbklot bfg thof audgo tho ſtiw giwf tiwbrgs ti hdahny thorjbnny nibgog brobs i` tho flro gokl `rij tho tip. Whds rogukos tho kijpifoft toj-porbturo df tho oxhbust-ti-oxhbust erdgao up ti 2? ½K ti 5= ½K kijpbrog ti kifvoftdifbn kiindfa,
@DA_UO 7
.Wip-giwf kiindfa ofbenos tho niwor wbtor cbklot ti eo kbst wdth b ronb-tdvony thdf flro gokl, ospokdbnny df tho vbnvo erdgao brob. ]nbstdk go`irjbtdif ds rogukog guo ti niwor tojporbturo arbgdofts df tho hdahny nibgog brobs, whdkh nobgs ti eottor Whorji-jokhbfd-kbn @btdauo (WJ@) eohbvdir. Bggdtdif-bnny, tho dftoarbtdif i` b abs skbvofaog pro-khbjeor kbf eofoflt `rij tip-giwf kiindfa ti privdgo jiro o``oktdvo kiin-dfa i` tho pro-khbjeor dtson` \?Z. Whds dfkrobsog kiindfa i` tho pro-khbjeor ds ossoftdbn `ir b hdah-por`irjbfko, hdah EJO] kijeustdif kifkopt. Bs b rosunt i` sdjunbtdif-ebsog gosdaf iptd-jdzbtdif dt ds pissdeno ti loop kijpi-foft tojporbturos bt bf bkkoptbeno novon, ovof bt ;= ebr EJO] bfg b ]@] i` ;== ebr bfg beivo.
]D[WIF GO[DAF
Who gdstdfkt khbnnofao `ir tho gosdaf i` tho pdstif ariup ds ti kipo wdth tho oxtrojo thorjbn bfg jokhbfdkbn nibgs. BPN govonipog tiaothor wdth L[ Lineof-skhjdgt b kijpisdto stoon pdstif wdth stoon kriwf bfg bnniy stoon sldrt. [pokd-flog `ir b ]@] i` ;== ebr wdth dgoftdkbn kijprossdif hodahts `ir gdoson bfg abs ofadfos, b wdgo vbrdoty i` kijeustdif eiwns kbf eo djpnojoftog `ir vbrdius kijeustdif systojs.B trbgo-i`` wbs bkhdovog eotwoof tho hdahost pissdeno pisdtdifdfa i` tho tip pdstif rdfa roabrgdfa pdstif kiindfa vor-sus pdstif kriwf strukturo. Who pdstif gosdaf thus `obturos b jbkhdfog ufgor-kut i` tho kiindfa abnnory beivo tho tip rdfa ariivo bnniwdfa bppriprdbto kiin-dfa i` tho tip rdfa nbfg bfg iutor pdstif kriwf brob,
@DA_UO ?
.Wi `oog tho pdstif kiindfa abnnory wdth su`flkdoft idn, twi pdstif kiindfa cots woro dfstbnnog if odthor sdgo i` tho pdstif pdf. Whds hbs tho eofoflkdbn o``okt i` ovofny gdstrdeutdfa tho kiindfa i` tho pdstif kriwf. Df kijedfbtdif wdth bf onoktrifdkbnny kiftrinnog idn pujp, swdtkhbeno pdstif kiindfa cots kbf eo kiftrinnog whof iporbtdfa bt niwor nibgs. Wwi djpirtbft tipdks woro iptd-
@DA_UO 7
BPN—s pbtoftog tip-giwf kiindfa systoj hbs bnrobgy eoof sukkoss`unny djpnojoftog if fujorius kijjorkdbn hobvy-guty gdoson ofadfos bfg nbrao eiro ofadfo bppndkbtdifs (© BPN)
JWS
wirngwdgo =0|5=24
04
Upload your documents to download.
Or
Become a Scribd member for full access. Your first 30 days are free.