La Classe de Seconde – Grade 10

Instructors: Ms. Matilda El Hage & Mrs. Sandra Hajjar

Portfolio of Academic Year 2019 - 2020

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At the end of this course, kindly use the lines below to rate the content and methods used in class.
Mention items you would change and elaborate.

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 Table of Contents

€ Axis 1: THE PROFESSIONAL WORLDS, THE WORLD OF WORK

Document A ………………………………………………………………………………………….. Page 3

Document B ………………………………………………………………………………………….. Page 4

Document C ………………………………………………………………………………………….. Page 6

€ Axis 2: SELF-REPRESENTATION AND RELATIONSHIP TO OTHERS

Literary Genres (BAC 2021 - Prerequisite 1) ………………………………………….. Page 7

€ Axis 3: THE PAST IN THE PRESENT

Document D ………………………………………………………………………………………….. Page 9

Document E …………………………………………………………………….…………………….. Page 10

€ Axis 4: SAVE THE PLANET, THINK POSSIBLE FUTURES

Document F …………………………………………………………………………………………..…….. Page 11

Literary Devices (BAC 2021 - Prerequisite 2) ……………………………………………….. Page 13

€ Axis 5: CREATION AND THE RELATIONSHIP TO THE ARTS

Document G ……………………………………………………………………………….……………….. Page 22

€ Axis 6: SPORTS AND SOCIETY

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 Document H ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Page 25

Document A - Axis 1

Examples of Cultural Differences in the Workplace

by Ruth Mayhew; Reviewed by Elisa Shoenberger, M.B.A; Updated February 05, 2019

Workplace diversity trainers often mention that there are more similarities among employees than
there are differences; however, despite the many common attributes employees share, there still exist
cultural differences. Culture is defined as a set of values, practices, traditions or beliefs a group shares,
whether due to age, race or ethnicity, religion or gender. Other factors that contribute to workplace
diversity and cultural differences in the workplace are differences attributable to work styles, education
or disability.

Noting Generational Impact

There are cultural differences attributable to employees’ generations. A diverse workplace includes
employees considered traditionalists, baby boomers, Generation X, Generation Y and Millennials. Each
generation has distinct characteristics. For example, employees considered baby boomers tend to link
their personal identity to their profession or the kind of work they do. Baby boomers are also
characterized as being committed, yet unafraid of changing employers when there’s an opportunity for
career growth and advancement. Employees considered belonging to Generation Y, on the other hand,
also value professional development, but they are tech-savvy, accustomed to diversity and value
flexibility in working conditions.

Being Aware of Educational Differences

Differences exist between employees who equate academic credentials with success and employees
whose vocational and on-the-job training enabled their career progression. The cultural differences
between these two groups may be a source of conflict in some workplace issues when there’s
disagreement about theory versus practice in achieving organizational goals. For instance, an employee
who believes that a college degree prepared him for managing the processes and techniques of
employees in the skilled trades may not be as effective as he thinks when compared to employees with
years of practical knowledge and experience.

Impact of One's Personal Background

Where an employee lives or has lived can contribute to cultural differences in the workplace. Many
people would agree that there is a distinct difference between the employee from a small town and the
employee from a large metropolis. New York, for example, is known for its fast pace and the hectic
speed of business transactions. Conversely, an employee from a small, Southern town may not approach
her job duties with the same haste as someone who is employed by the same company from a large city
where there’s a sense of urgency attached to every job task.

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Ethnicity
Ethnicity or national origin are often examples of cultural differences in the workplace, particularly
where communication, language barriers or the manner in which business is conducted are obviously
different. Affinity groups have gained popularity in large organizations or professional associations, such
as the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce or in-house groups whose members are underrepresented
ethnicities, such as the Chinese Culture Network at Eli Lilly. The pharmaceutical conglomerate organizes
affinity groups to bridge cultural differences and establish productive working relationships within the
workplace and throughout its global locations.

Document B - Axis 1

10 Ways Workplace Culture Differs Around the World

January 11, 2018 by Eileen Hoenigman Meyer

Few experiences enhance your professional prowess and deepen your cultural awareness like working
abroad. Learning how your international counterparts operate, embracing the customs of foreign
workplaces and having the chance to build relationships with international peers can yield lasting
rewards. Plus, international professional opportunities can lead to enhanced sensitivity, bolstering your
emotional intelligence and fortifying your understanding of your industry and your role.     

But before you head out to travel the world, it’s worth reading up on some of the unique habits and
work styles of international offices — here are a few that may surprise you!

1. The Israeli Workweek

The workweek in Israel runs from Sunday – Thursday so that citizens are free to observe Shabbat, the
Jewish Holy Day, from sundown on Friday to Saturday evening. The standard Israeli work week is 43
hours, and many Israeli workers sneak in some work hours on Friday morning. Professionals in some
Israeli industries, such as tech, have adopted a Western schedule to keep in touch with their
international counterparts, but this is typically the exception rather than the rule.

2. Logging Off in France

French workers are protected by a Right to Disconnect Law, which stipulates that most French
professionals are not responsible for responding to emails that come in after hours. The measure was
adopted to protect employees from being overworked. This is something we can only dream about in
the U.S., but in France, it’s regarded as a necessary means to ensure a healthy work-life balance.

3. Meeting Start Times in India

Have difficulty making it to your meetings on time? Don’t sweat it — being 15 minutes late to a business
meeting in India is still considered on time, reports The Economic Times.

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4. Collective Fitness in Japan
Radio taiso is a 15-minute exercise regimen that is commonly enacted in Japan. It earned its name
because the steps and music that accompany the workout are broadcast throughout the day on Japan’s
National Radio (NHK).  Students engage the warm-up before classes, just as staff at many companies
performs Radio taiso as a collective unit each morning. Companies invite employees to exercise together
to build morale, reduce stress and create a feeling of unity among team members.

5. Swedish Coffee Breaks Are Serious Business

The Swedes believe that taking breaks seeds productivity, which is why they take coffee breaks, or fika,
very seriously. Fika gives Swedish workers an opportunity to relax and enjoy a beverage and a sweet
with their colleagues. Some Swedish businesses have formal fika, breaking daily at 9 and 3 to invite
conversation and camaraderie among staff. Other companies are less formal in their implementation;
either way, fika is an institutionalized mainstay for Swedes.

6. Supporting Icelandic Parents 

A trailblazer for equality, Iceland has set an impressive standard for parental leave. When an Icelandic
family welcomes a new baby, each parent gets three months of parental leave. Then the couple gets an
additional three months of leave to share. Each parent earns 80 percent of his or her salary while on
leave. The hope is that both parents have an equal chance to learn childcare skills and to bond with the
new baby.  

7. Prayer Time Trumps Meeting Time in the UAE

Courtesy and good manners have a revered place in business practice in The United Arab Emirates. But
when doing business in the UAE or in any Muslim country, prayer times should always be respected.
They often take priority over any phone call, event or engagement.

  

8. Rules of Thumb in Nigeria

Whenever you’re working or traveling internationally, you want to brush up on cultural dos and
don’ts — for example, don’t give your Nigerian colleagues thumbs up, even when you’re doing great
work together. The gesture has a completely different connotation in Nigeria than it does in the US, and
it’s considered very offensive in Nigeria!

9. Un Beso in Argentina
You might feel surprised the first time you meet an Argentinean colleague and he or she gives you un
beso, a “mock kiss,” on your right cheek. In both professional and social spheres, un beso is the
Argentinean way of showing welcome, respect and affection. While it may feel a bit off-putting to those
unaccustomed to it, it is a traditional greeting that is extended with respect and warmth.    

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10. Finding Balance in Taiwan
A Law went into place January 1, 2017 giving Taiwanese professionals two days off per week. Employees
in Taiwan have long viewed their loyalty to their employers as their top priority, and they regard
personal requests, like time off, as rude. The hard work of its people has yielded economic success for
Taiwan, but now the professionals who have created that success want to enjoy it. The new law
emphasizes the importance of self-care, child-care and elder-care.

Happy travels!

Document C - Axis 1

Assignment: Choose one topic and prepare a presentation (less than 5 minutes) on how and where
such differences exist.

Dress - Some cultures have specific clothing such as headscarves or turbans that are worn at all times.

Religious practices - Some religions require time during work each day for prayer or time off for special
religious days.

Customs - Some cultures can or can't have specific foods and drinks, or may have rules about how food
is prepared.

Social values - Ideas about appropriate social and sexual behaviour, work ethics, wealth and personal
growth vary between cultures.

Family obligations - Some cultures have high family priorities which may sometimes conflict with work.

Non-verbal behavior - Eye contact, facial expressions, hand gestures and how people interpret them
vary between cultures.

Baccalaureate 2021 Prerequisites (Part 1)

Literary Genres

All Fiction

Drama
Stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are
expressed through dialogue and action.

Fable
Narration demonstrating a useful truth, especially in which animals speak as humans; legendary,
supernatural tale.

Fairy Tale
Story about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children.

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Fantasy
Fiction with strange or other worldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality.

Fiction
Narrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on
fact.

Fiction in Verse
Full-length novels with plot, subplot(s), theme(s), major and minor characters, in which the narrative is
presented in (usually blank) verse form.

Folklore
The songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or "folk" as handed down by word of mouth.

Historical Fiction
Story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.

Horror
Fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread in both the characters and the reader.

Humor
Fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain; but can be contained in all genres

Legend
Story, sometimes of a national or folk hero, which has a basis in fact but also includes imaginative
material.

Mystery
Fiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets.

Mythology
Legend or traditional narrative, often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior
and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods.

Poetry
Verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that creates emotional responses.

Realistic Fiction
Story that can actually happen and is true to life.

Science Fiction
Story based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on other
planets.

Short Story
Fiction of such brevity that it supports no subplots.

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Tall Tale
Humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with
nonchalance.

All Nonfiction

Biography/Autobiography
Narrative of a person's life, a true story about a real person.

Essay
A short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point.

Narrative Nonfiction
Factual information presented in a format which tells a story.

Nonfiction
Informational text dealing with an actual, real-life subject.

Speech
Public address or discourse.

Document D - Axis 3

Cultural Differences - The Past, Present, Future Conundrum

(Posted on 09/12/2011)

Past-oriented societies are concerned with traditional values and ways of doing things. Tradition is, in
fact, highly valued and attempts to mess with that tradition are regarded with a lot of distrust and
suspicion. As a result those that are past-oriented tend to be conservative in management and slow to
change those things that are tied to the past.

They look to the past – real or imaginary – for inspiration, motivation, sustenance, hope, guidance and
direction. These cultures tend to direct their efforts and resources and invest them in what already
exists. They are, therefore, bound to be materialistic, figurative, substantive, and earthly.

They are likely to prefer old age to youth, old habits to new, old buildings to modern architecture, etc.
This preference of the Elders (a term of veneration) over the Youngsters (a denigrating coinage) typifies
them strongly. These cultures are likely to be risk averse.

Past-oriented societies include China, Britain, Japan and most Spanish-speaking Latin American
countries.

Present-oriented societies include the rest of the Spanish-speaking Latin American countries and many
African countries. They see the past as passed and the future as uncertain. In other words, what is done
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is done and tomorrow may never come so we had better be focused on today. They consequently prefer
short-term benefits and immediate results.

Future-oriented societies have a great deal of optimism about the future. They think they understand it
and can shape it through their actions. They view management as a matter of planning, doing and
controlling (as opposed to going with the flow, letting things happen).

These cultures invest their efforts and resources in an ephemeral vision - an ever-changing view of what
the future may hold.

They are, inevitably, more abstract, more imaginative, more creative (having to design multiple
scenarios just to survive). They are also more likely to have a youth cult: to prefer the young, the new,
and the revolutionary, the fresh to the old, the habitual, and the predictable. They are risk-centered and
risk-assuming cultures.

The United States and, increasingly, Brazil, are examples of future-oriented societies.

The past, present, future orientation of a culture is fundamental to its existence and almost impossible
to reconcile with differently held views. Differently oriented cultures will view each other at best as
quaint and foolish and, at worst, with considerable contempt.

Document E - Axis 3

How does culture affect history?

Within the academic study of history, this issue is usually phrased in terms of how contemporary culture
affects the ways in which one has access to or understanding of the past. This can be framed negatively
as the problem of "anachronism," or of carrying over present assumptions into interpretation of past
events. This is something historical scholars try to avoid by carefully studying the cultural assumptions of
the past to realize that people have different beliefs, motivations, and goals in different periods and
societies. For example, while most people now regard slavery and racism as abhorrent and people who
support them as morally questionable, in many cultures slavery was simply taken for granted, and
certain races were believed inherently inferior. Someone living in 600 BCE who thought slavery
acceptable was not a moral monster by standards of that period, though they would be in the twenty-
first century.

Current culture can also give readers a valuable level of perspective about events of the past when they
step back from trying to understand the past from the inside and look at it as outsiders. For example,
from a modern perspective, one would note that in the beginning of Homer's Iliad, the rape of innocent
young girls ("war prizes") isn't something seen as a moral dilemma, but instead as a dilemma regarding
whether male military leaders' delicate egos are injured over perceptions of status. Pulling back to
consider a contemporary cultural perspective prevents readers from glamorizing the past and helps
modern society learn from reading about the past.

Document F - Axis 4
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 Culture's role in environmental change

By Hannah Rudman

A huge body of science has built up over the last 50 years to prove that climate change is anthropogenic:
human-made. The balance of nature is being significantly affected by the amount of carbon dioxide
(CO2) humans and their industries have pumped into the atmosphere, and we have simultaneously
chopped down the planet's capacity to absorb the excess CO2.

We've also exploited to peak points, without properly paying for, the earth's natural but finite resources.
The increase in global temperatures these actions have created affect the balance of nature, causing
effects we are all too familiar with.

But what have the cultural and creative industries got to do with this predicament? Just because we are
not seen as a significant part of the emissions/pollutant emitting and natural resource using problem, it
does not mean we shouldn't be a key player in the solution.

We face daunting challenges that will affect us domestically as well as globally. Climate change is not
just about the climate – it will have huge knock-on effects on human rights, economics, democracy,
equality and social and civil justice landscapes.

The cultural and creative industries already make work that reflects implicitly and explicitly on these
issues listed above. We already stir the imaginations, minds, emotions, spirits and souls of audiences on
these subjects. So why is environmental sustainability the topic so often missing from the list? The
window for averting climate change is narrow. If we want to choose our own path, not have one forced
upon us, we need to take responsibility and act now. We must have the courage to programme much
more work about environmental issues.

And if we're programming about it, and forming a position on it, we must also seek to have integrity
with that in how our organisations and practices operate.

The national digital development programme  AmbITion Scotland (designed and project managed
by Rudman Consulting and Culture Sparks) seeks to support organisations hoping to make
environmentally sustainable operational changes – from products to audience engagement – using
digital tools.

The Touring Network have used the support of AmbITion Scotland to create Tourbook, an online social
network for promoters and touring companies focusing on bringing work to remote geographical areas.
It encourages a change in behaviour, away from more analogue forms of social networking: meetings!
Digitising some of the work done in these meetings cuts back the carbon footprints of the promoters as
they avoid travel to do business, but it also makes immediately public when artists are in Scotland.

Tourbook also avoids a situation where artists have to travel to the highlands twice in one year following
bookings from a couple of separate promoters in different locations – multi-leg tours can now be lined
up to make the most sense of travel plans and itineraries of artists.

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In another project, the Highland Museums Forum joined with AmbITion to create a digital reference
tool, which helps museums and practitioners part of the forum share good practice and ways to be more
environmentally sustainable in their unique locations.

Regional Screen Scotland, the organisation that looks after the Screen Machine (the UK's only mobile
cinema), also worked with AmbITion by taking the carbon footprint of touring the travelling auditorium,
and comparing it with the carbon footprint the audience would otherwise create journeying to cinemas.
Feedback from their community on this subject has given the organisation new ideas about how to use
digital tools to talk about their own carbon footprint, and reduce that of their audience.

We need to provide more ways, like those listed above, of encouraging personal engagement with the
new actions around sustainability and the environment. The many ways in which the arts, cultural and
creative industries can enable each individual to change their own actions, develop their own learning
and expand their creative imagination, is incredibly important for achieving the kind of changes a low
carbon transition and future demand.

As a sector we are a powerful collective imagination and a trusted voice – we must tell stories of hope
and warning about what the future holds. Our disruptive, audacious thinking can get people engaged.
Our stories about ecological sustainability and greener living will be essential to preparing us all for a
new ecosystem. Statistics cannot motivate us in the same way stories can.

Baccalaureate 2021 Prerequisites (Part 2)

What Are Literary Devices and Why Should You Know Them?

Literary devices are techniques that writers use to create a special and pointed effect in their writing, to
convey information, or to help readers understand their writing on a deeper level.

Often, literary devices are used in writing for emphasis or clarity. Authors will also use literary devices to
get readers to connect more strongly with either a story as a whole or specific characters or themes.

So why is it important to know different literary devices and terms? Aside from helping you get good
grades on your literary analysis homework, there are several benefits to knowing the techniques authors
commonly use.

Being able to identify when different literary techniques are being used helps you understand the
motivation behind the author's choices. For example, being able to identify symbols in a story can help
you figure out why the author might have chosen to insert these focal points and what these might
suggest in regard to her attitude toward certain characters, plot points, and events.

In addition, being able to identify literary devices can make a written work's overall meaning or purpose
clearer to you. For instance, let's say you're planning to read (or re-read) The Lion, the Witch, and the
Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis. By knowing that this particular book is a religious allegory with references to

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Christ (represented by the character Aslan) and Judas (represented by Edmund), it will be clearer to you
why Lewis uses certain language to describe certain characters and why certain events happen the way
they do.

Finally, literary techniques are important to know because they make texts more interesting and more
fun to read. If you were to read a novel without knowing any literary devices, chances are you wouldn't
be able to detect many of the layers of meaning interwoven into the story via different techniques.

Now that we've gone over why you should spend some time learning literary devices, let's take a look at
some of the most important literary elements to know.

List of Literary Devices: 31 Literary Terms You Should Know

Below is a list of literary devices, most of which you’ll often come across in both prose and poetry. We
explain what each literary term is and give you an example of how it's used. This literary elements list is
arranged in alphabetical order.

Allegory

An allegory is a story that is used to represent a more general message about real-life (historical) issues
and/or events. It is typically an entire book, novel, play, etc.

Example: George Orwell’s dystopian book Animal Farm is an allegory for the events preceding the
Russian Revolution and the Stalinist era in early 20th century Russia. In the story, animals on a farm
practice animalism, which is essentially communism. Many characters correspond to actual historical
figures: Old Major represents both the founder of communism Karl Marx and the Russian communist
leader Vladimir Lenin; the farmer, Mr. Jones, is the Russian Czar; the boar Napoleon stands for Joseph
Stalin; and the pig Snowball represents Leon Trotsky.

Alliteration

Alliteration is a series of words or phrases that all (or almost all) start with the same sound. These
sounds are typically consonants to give more stress to that syllable. You’ll often come across alliteration
in poetry, titles of books and poems (Jane Austen is a fan of this device, for example—just look at Pride
and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility), and tongue twisters.

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Example: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers." In this tongue twister, the "p" sound is
repeated at the beginning of all major words.

Allusion

Allusion is when an author makes an indirect reference to a figure, place, event, or idea originating
from outside the text. Many allusions make reference to previous works of literature or art.

Example: "Stop acting so smart—it’s not like you’re Einstein or something." This is an allusion to the
famous real-life theoretical physicist Albert Einstein.

Anachronism

An anachronism occurs when there is an (intentional) error in the chronology or timeline of a text. This
could be a character who appears in a different time period than when he actually lived, or a technology
that appears before it was invented. Anachronisms are often used for comedic effect.

Example: A Renaissance king who says, "That’s dope, dude!" would be an anachronism, since this type of
language is very modern and not actually from the Renaissance period.

Anaphora

Anaphora is when a word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of multiple sentences throughout a
piece of writing. It's used to emphasize the repeated phrase and evoke strong feelings in the audience.

Example: A famous example of anaphora is Winston Churchill's "We Shall Fight on the Beaches" speech.
Throughout this speech, he repeats the phrase "we shall fight" while listing numerous places where the
British army will continue battling during WWII. He did this to rally both troops and the British people
and to give them confidence that they would still win the war.

Anthropomorphism

An anthropomorphism occurs when something nonhuman, such as an animal, place, or inanimate

object, behaves in a human-like way.

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Example: Children's cartoons have many examples of anthropomorphism. For example, Mickey and
Minnie Mouse can speak, wear clothes, sing, dance, drive cars, etc. Real mice can't do any of these
things, but the two mouse characters behave much more like humans than mice.

Asyndeton

Asyndeton is when the writer leaves out conjunctions (such as "and," "or," "but," and "for") in a group of
words or phrases so that the meaning of the phrase or sentence is emphasized. It is often used for
speeches since sentences containing asyndeton can have a powerful, memorable rhythm.

Example: Abraham Lincoln ends the Gettysburg Address with the phrase "...and that government of the
people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the Earth." By leaving out certain
conjunctions, he ends the speech on a more powerful, melodic note.

Colloquialism

Colloquialism is the use of informal language and slang. It's often used by authors to lend a sense of
realism to their characters and dialogue. Forms of colloquialism include words, phrases, and
contractions that aren't real words (such as "gonna" and "ain’t").

Example: "Hey, what’s up, man?" This piece of dialogue is an example of a colloquialism, since it uses
common everyday words and phrases, namely "what’s up" and "man."

Epigraph

An epigraph is when an author inserts a famous quotation, poem, song, or other short passage or text at
the beginning of a larger text (e.g., a book, chapter, etc.). An epigraph is typically written by a different
writer (with credit given) and used as a way to introduce overarching themes or messages in the
work. Some pieces of literature, such as Herman Melville’s 1851 novel Moby-Dick, incorporate multiple
epigraphs throughout.

Example: At the beginning of Ernest Hemingway’s book The Sun Also Rises is an epigraph that consists of
a quotation from poet Gertrude Stein, which reads, "You are all a lost generation," and a passage from
the Bible.

Epistrophe

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Epistrophe is similar to anaphora, but in this case, the repeated word or phrase appears at the end of
successive statements. Like anaphora, it is used to evoke an emotional response from the audience.

Example: In Lyndon B. Johnson's speech, "The American Promise," he repeats the word "problem" in a
use of epistrophe: "There is no Negro problem. There is no Southern problem. There is no Northern
problem. There is only an American problem." 

Euphemism

A euphemism is when a more mild or indirect word or expression is used in place of another word or
phrase that is considered harsh, blunt, vulgar, or unpleasant.

Example: "I’m so sorry, but he didn’t make it." The phrase "didn’t make it" is a more polite and less blunt
way of saying that someone has died.

Flashback

A flashback is an interruption in a narrative that depicts events that have already occurred, either before
the present time or before the time at which the narration takes place. This device is often used to give
the reader more background information and details about specific characters, events, plot points, and
so on.

Example: Most of the novel Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë is a flashback from the point of view of
the housekeeper, Nelly Dean, as she engages in a conversation with a visitor named Lockwood. In this
story, Nelly narrates Catherine Earnshaw's and Heathcliff's childhoods, the pair's budding romance, and
their tragic demise.

 Foreshadowing

Foreshadowing is when an author indirectly hints at—through things such as dialogue, description, or
characters’ actions—what’s to come later on in the story. This device is often used to introduce tension
to a narrative.

Example: Say you’re reading a fictionalized account of Amelia Earhart. Before she embarks on her (what
we know to be unfortunate) plane ride, a friend says to her, "Be safe. Wouldn’t want you getting lost—
or worse." This line would be an example of foreshadowing because it implies that something bad ("or
worse") will happen to Earhart.

Hyperbole

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Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement that's not meant to be taken literally by the reader. It is often
used for comedic effect and/or emphasis.

Example: "I’m so hungry I could eat a horse." The speaker will not literally eat an entire horse (and most
likely couldn’t), but this hyperbole emphasizes how starved the speaker feels.

Imagery

Imagery is when an author describes a scene, thing, or idea so that it appeals to our senses (taste, smell,
sight, touch, or hearing). This device is often used to help the reader clearly visualize parts of the story
by creating a strong mental picture.

Example: Here’s an example of imagery taken from William Wordsworth’s famous poem "I Wandered
Lonely as a Cloud":

When all at once I saw a crowd,

A host of golden Daffodils;
Beside the Lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

Irony

Irony is when a statement is used to express an opposite meaning than the one literally expressed by it.
There are three types of irony in literature:

Verbal irony: When someone says something but means the opposite (similar to sarcasm).

Situational irony: When something happens that's the opposite of what was expected or intended to
happen.

Dramatic irony: When the audience is aware of the true intentions or outcomes, while the characters
are not. As a result, certain actions and/or events take on different meanings for the audience than they
do for the characters involved.

Examples:

Verbal irony: One example of this type of irony can be found in Edgar Allan Poe’s "The Cask of
Amontillado." In this short story, a man named Montresor plans to get revenge on another man named
Fortunato. As they toast, Montresor says, "And I, Fortunato—I drink to your long life." This statement is
ironic because we the readers already know by this point that Montresor plans to kill Fortunato.
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Situational irony: A girl wakes up late for school and quickly rushes to get there. As soon as she arrives,
though, she realizes that it’s Saturday and there is no school.

Dramatic irony: In William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo commits suicide in order to be with
Juliet; however, the audience (unlike poor Romeo) knows that Juliet is not actually dead—just asleep.

Juxtaposition

Juxtaposition is the comparing and contrasting of two or more different (usually opposite) ideas,
characters, objects, etc. This literary device is often used to help create a clearer picture of the
characteristics of one object or idea by comparing it with those of another.

Example: One of the most famous literary examples of juxtaposition is the opening passage from Charles
Dickens’ novel A Tale of Two Cities:

"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of
foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was
the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair …"

Malapropism

Malapropism happens when an incorrect word is used in place of a word that has a similar sound. This
misuse of the word typically results in a statement that is both nonsensical and humorous; as a result,
this device is commonly used in comedic writing.

Example: "I just can't wait to dance the flamingo!" Here, a character has accidentally called the flamenco
(a type of dance) the flamingo (an animal).

Metaphor/Simile

Metaphors are when ideas, actions, or objects are described in non-literal terms. In short, it’s when an
author compares one thing to another. The two things being described usually share something in
common but are unalike in all other respects.

A simile is a type of metaphor in which an object, idea, character, action, etc., is compared to another
thing using the words "as" or "like."

Both metaphors and similes are often used in writing for clarity or emphasis.

Examples:

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"What light through yonder window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun." In this line from Romeo
and Juliet, Romeo compares Juliet to the sun. However, because Romeo doesn’t use the words "as" or
"like," it is not a simile—just a metaphor.

"She is as vicious as a lion." Since this statement uses the word "as" to make a comparison between
"she" and "a lion," it is a simile.

Metonym

A metonym is when a related word or phrase is substituted for the actual thing to which it's referring.
This device is usually used for poetic or rhetorical effect.

Example: "The pen is mightier than the sword." This statement, which was coined by Edward Bulwer-
Lytton in 1839, contains two examples of metonymy: "the pen" refers to "the written word," and "the
sword" refers to "military force/violence."

Mood

Mood is the general feeling the writer wants the audience to have. The writer can achieve this through
description, setting, dialogue, and word choice.

Example: Here's a passage from J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit: "It had a perfectly round door like a
porthole, painted green, with a shiny yellow brass knob in the exact middle. The door opened on to a
tube-shaped hall like a tunnel: a very comfortable tunnel without smoke, with panelled walls, and floors
tiled and carpeted, provided with polished chairs, and lots and lots of pegs for hats and coats -- the
hobbit was fond of visitors." In this passage, Tolkien uses detailed description to set create a cozy,
comforting mood. From the writing, you can see that the hobbit's home is well-cared for and designed
to provide comfort.

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is a word (or group of words) that represents a sound and actually resembles or imitates
the sound it stands for. It is often used for dramatic, realistic, or poetic effect.

Examples: Buzz, boom, chirp, creak, sizzle, zoom, etc.

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Oxymoron

An oxymoron is a combination of two words that, together, express a contradictory meaning. This
device is often used for emphasis, for humor, to create tension, or to illustrate a paradox (see next entry
for more information on paradoxes).

Examples: Deafening silence, organized chaos, cruelly kind, insanely logical, etc. 

Paradox

A paradox is a statement that appears illogical or self-contradictory but, upon investigation, might
actually be true or plausible.

Note that a paradox is different from an oxymoron: a paradox is an entire phrase or sentence, whereas

an oxymoron is a combination of just two words.

Example: Here's a famous paradoxical sentence: "This statement is false." If the statement is true, then
it isn’t actually false (as it suggests). But if it’s false, then the statement is true! Thus, this statement is a
paradox because it is both true and false at the same time.

Personification

Personification is when a nonhuman figure or other abstract concept or element is described as having
human-like qualities or characteristics. (Unlike anthropomorphism where non-human
figures become human-like characters, with personification, the object/figure is simply described as
being human-like.) Personification is used to help the reader create a clearer mental picture of the scene
or object being described.

Example: "The wind moaned, beckoning me to come outside." In this example, the wind—a nonhuman
element—is being described as if it is human (it "moans" and "beckons").

Repetition

Repetition is when a word or phrase is written multiple times, usually for the purpose of emphasis. It is
often used in poetry (for purposes of rhythm as well).

Example: When Lin-Manuel Miranda, who wrote the score for the hit musical Hamilton, gave his speech
at the 2016 Tony’s, he recited a poem he’d written that included the following line:

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And love is love is love is love is love is love is love is love cannot be killed or swept aside.

Satire

Satire is genre of writing that criticizes something, such as a person, behavior, belief, government, or
society. Satire often employs irony, humor, and hyperbole to make its point.

Example: The Onion is a satirical newspaper and digital media company. It uses satire to parody
common news features such as opinion columns, editorial cartoons, and click bait headlines.

Soliloquy

A type of monologue that's often used in dramas, a soliloquy is when a character speaks aloud to himself
(and to the audience), thereby revealing his inner thoughts and feelings.

Example: In Romeo and Juliet, Juliet’s speech on the balcony that begins with, "O Romeo, Romeo!
Wherefore art thou Romeo?" is a soliloquy, as she is speaking aloud to herself (remember that she
doesn't realize Romeo's there listening!).

 Symbolism

Symbolism refers to the use of an object, figure, event, situation, or other idea in a written work to
represent something else—typically a broader message or deeper meaning that differs from its literal
meaning.

The things used for symbolism are called "symbols," and they’ll often appear multiple times throughout
a text, sometimes changing in meaning as the plot progresses.

Example: In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby, the green light that sits across from
Gatsby’s mansion symbolizes Gatsby’s hopes and dreams.

Synecdoche

A synecdoche is a literary device in which part of something is used to represent the whole, or vice
versa. It's similar to a metonym (see above); however, a metonym doesn't have to represent the whole
—just something associated with the word used.

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Example: "Help me out, I need some hands!" In this case, "hands" is being used to refer to people (the
whole human, essentially).

Tone

While mood is what the audience is supposed to feel, tone is the writer or narrator's attitude towards a
subject. A good writer will always want the audience to feel the mood they're trying to evoke, but the
audience may not always agree with the narrator's tone, especially if the narrator is an unsympathetic
character or has viewpoints that differ from those of the reader.

Example: In an essay disdaining Americans and some of the sites they visit as tourists, Rudyard Kipling
begins with the line, "Today I am in the Yellowstone Park, and I wish I were dead." If you enjoy
Yellowstone and/or national parks, you may not agree with the author's tone in this piece. 

Document G - Axis 5

Contemporary Art vs. Modern Art

Defining "Now" from "Then"

According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the word “modern” is defined as, “of or relating to the
present time.”  The word “contemporary” is defined as “happening or beginning now or in recent
times.” While these definitions may appear to be similar or even nearly identical, in terms of art genres,
they are very incongruent.

The modern art movement began in the 1860’s during the period of the Industrial Revolution. With the
advent of photography, artists no longer saw the necessity to make art for the sake of portraying reality
exclusively. Many artists therefore began experimenting with color, form, shape, abstraction, different
mediums, and different techniques. Modern art was a major diversion from techniques of the past, as
described below by Melissa Ho, an assistant curator at the Hirshorn Museum:

“[Traditional academic painting of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries] was about perfect, seamless
technique and using that perfect, seamless technique to execute very well-established subject matter
[…] With modern art, there is this new emphasis put on the value of being original and doing something
innovative.”

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 Roy Lictenstein,Mirror #5, 1972, Lithograph, 34″ x 24″

Modern art made way for many different trends and movements, including futurism, cubism, abstract
expressionism, pop art, and many more. Al Held and Roy Lichtenstein were two very influential modern
artists who helped define the trends within modernism, and we are proud to have works by both
included in the Escalette Permanent Collection of Art. Al Held was primarily focused around abstract
expressionism, but particularly favored playing with geometric shapes, layers, and illusion. All three of
these components are clearly exhibited in his work Stoneridge, which is currently on display in Beckman
Hall, third floor. Roy Lichtenstein, on the other hand, was a passionate participant and leader of the pop
art movement. Early on in his career, he would depict widely recognized images from comic books and
advertising, putting his own spin on the illustrations using bright colors and large shapes. Later on in his
career in the 1970’s, however, he began to experiment with more abstract forms, as can be seen in his
work Mirror #5, which is also on display on the third floor of Beckman Hall.

Al Held,Stoneridge, 1983, Etching and Aquatint on

Paper, 22.75″ x 40″

Contemporary art, on the other hand, is typically less well-defined as the former topic. This style is most
commonly described as belonging to artists still living today. Much like what spurred the modern art

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movement, contemporary art has begun to incorporate new mediums to match societal advancements
in resources and technology- including video art, site-specific art, and installation art.

Lisa Adams,The Wood Family, 1995, Mixed Media on Wood, 60″ x 48″

The majority of the Escalette Permanent Collection of Art features some intriguing pieces by
contemporary artists. Two of these artists are Lisa Adams and Ellina Kevorkian, both of whom have their
works on display on the fourth floor of Beckman Hall. Lisa Adams primarily works to create paintings and
gouaches, and typically depicts scenes of nature.

In The Wood Family, Adams further incorporates nature into her piece by adding wood as a medium in
the work itself. Further exploring the idea of mixed media within a singular piece of art is Ellina
Kevorkian, who, as she advertises on her own website, “creates hybridized relationships between
painting, photography, video, and performance using tropes, humor, and the visual languages of art and
popular culture.” Kevorkian is “contemporary” in every sense of the word,  and her work cannot be
represented better than in her piece Last Night My Tears Were Falling, I Went To Bed So Sad And Blue,
Then I Had a Dream Of You. Using glitter, spray paint, acrylic paint, lace, and puff paint, Kevorkian
creates a rich world poking fun at the trope of what is widely considered, “feminine.”

Ellina Kevorkian,  Last Night My Tears Were Falling, I Went To Bed So Sad And Blue, Then I Had a Dream
Of You, 2002, Mixed Media, 84″ x 72″
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While contemporary art and modern art may sound similar, in form and practice they are quite
contrasting. In many ways, modern art has laid the groundwork for contemporary art, as both seem to
have arisen directly as a result of technological advancements in society and are concerned with being
indicative of popular culture or social issues of their respective time period.

Document H - Axis 6

The History of Sports, From Ancient Times to Modern Day

Where do we begin with the history of sports when the history of sports is as old as humankind? To
begin with, what has been recorded or documented in the history of sports takes us back at least 3,000
years. The early history of sports often involved the preparation and training for war or hunting. Hence
there were sports games that involved the throwing of spears, stakes, and rocks, and of course lots of
play-fighting.

Ancient Greece introduced formal sports, with the first Olympic Games in 776 BC, that included sports
such as human and chariot races, wrestling, jumping, disk and javelin throwing, and more.

***This document won’t be fully displayed because it will be used for a game in class.

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