The document discusses selecting current and voltage transformers based on the application. It provides guidelines for determining transformer ratios, accuracy classes, outputs, and types based on factors like the current/voltage to be measured, distance to instruments, and standards. It also includes tables on accuracy specifications and permissible lead sizes and currents.
The document discusses selecting current and voltage transformers based on the application. It provides guidelines for determining transformer ratios, accuracy classes, outputs, and types based on factors like the current/voltage to be measured, distance to instruments, and standards. It also includes tables on accuracy specifications and permissible lead sizes and currents.
The document discusses selecting current and voltage transformers based on the application. It provides guidelines for determining transformer ratios, accuracy classes, outputs, and types based on factors like the current/voltage to be measured, distance to instruments, and standards. It also includes tables on accuracy specifications and permissible lead sizes and currents.
The document discusses selecting current and voltage transformers based on the application. It provides guidelines for determining transformer ratios, accuracy classes, outputs, and types based on factors like the current/voltage to be measured, distance to instruments, and standards. It also includes tables on accuracy specifications and permissible lead sizes and currents.
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Selecting a Current Transformer
Determining the transformer ratio Ip/Is
• For the transformer primary current, select the standard value immediately higher than the current to be measured. i.e. : current to be measured 1124 A. Select Ip = 1250 A • For the secondary current, choose 1 A or 5 A depending on the instrument or relay, and on the distance between the transformer and the instrument it is feeding: - 5A secondary is used when instruments or relays are close to the transformer, ie less than 10m (30ft). - 1A secondary is preferably selected when the distance between the current transformer and the instrument transformer or the relay is above 10m (30ft). Joule losses by wire resistance are 25 times higher with 5A than with 1A.
Determining the transformer output
• In order to define the transformer output in VA, sum up the burdens absorbed by the equipment connected to the transformer, and the lead burden. • lt is recommended to select the output rating as close as possible to, but higher than the calculated burden, since the characteristics regarding accuracy and safety factor might otherwise be modified.
Defining the accuracy class as per the application
Standards = Class 0.1 or 0.2
Tariff metering = Class 0.5 - 0.5S - 0.2 - 0.2S Industrial division metering = Class 1 Measure display = Class 1 or 3 Protection = Class 5P or 10P
• Remember that instrument errors add up to the errors of the transformers feeding them. • This also applies when several transformers are mounted in tandem. • In the case of protection class 5P or 10P, selects the accuracy limit factor, generally 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30.
Defining the transformer type with focus on fitting
• When the primary current is very low, a few amps to a few tens of amps, a wound primary transformer is preferably used. • Window type transformers, where the primary conductor is a cable or a bar passing through the transformer, are used when the currents to be measured are above 150A. Their performances are reduced when the primary current is quite low (between 40 and 150A). • It is neither practical nor economic to use them below 40A. The model is them selected depending on the type of primary conductor, cable or busbar, and of its cross-section. Accuracy of Current Transformers
Accuracy class Error @ 0,05In Error @ 0,2In Error @ 0,5In Error @ In Error @ 1,2In
• Preferably select as primary voltage the nominal service voltage of the network. • Select as secondary voltage the nominal input voltage of the equipment to be fed.
Defining the accuracy class against the application
Standard reference = Class 0,1 or 0,2
Tariff metering = Class 0,5 or 0,2 Divisional industrial metering = Class 1 Measure display = Class 1 or 3 Protection = Class 3P or 6P
Defining the voltage factor
• The voltage factor is determined by the maximum operating voltage, which depends on the neutral system and the voltage transformer primary winding earthing conditions. • When the voltage transformer is connected between two phases, the voltage factor is 1.2Un continuous. • When the voltage transformer is connected between phase and earth, the voltage factor depends on the neutral system: - 1.9 Un for 30 s, in a non-effectively earthed neutral system with automatic earth-fault tripping. - 1.9 Un for 8 h, in an isolated neutral system, or in a resonant earthed system, without earth-fault tripping.
Amp-meter 0,5 to 4 VA Voltmeter 2 to 5 VA Frequency-meter 1 to 5 VA Phasemeter 0,5 to 5 VA Wattmeter - Varmeter 1 to 5 VA Electromechanical meter 2 to 5 VA Electronic meter 0,5 to 2 VA Measure converter 0,5 to 1 VA Recorder 5 to 20 VA Protection relay 0,2 to 30 VA
Permissible Current in a Busbar
Ambient temperature = 30°C Maximum busbar temperature rise = 40°C Bars on edge Busbar spacing equal to thickness of 1 bar Permissible current in Amps
Bar Copper Copper Copper Copper Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium
