DR.

ZURAINI DAHARI
ROOM NO: 3.24
[email protected]
Ext: 6048
 Course Structure
Course Code and Name EEU104 Electrical Technology
Course Unit 3
Type of Course (Core/Elective) Core
Assessment 30% Coursework 
70% Final Examination

Course Outcomes (COs)

Be able to define, explain, and analyse the basic laws, methods and circuit 
CO1 
theorems in DC circuit analysis.

Be able to define, explain, and analyse the basic laws, methods and circuit 
CO2 
theorems in AC circuit analysis.

PO descriptions: http://ee.eng.usm.my/index.php/en/academics/peos-pos

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 COURSE OUTCOMES We l e a d

1 Be able to define, explain, and analyse the basic laws, methods 
and circuit theorems in DC circuit analysis.

2 Be able to define, explain and analyze the basic laws, methods and 
circuits theorems in AC circuit analysis.
 COURSE PLAN We l e a d

• Refer uploaded PDF File 
 REFERENCES We l e a d

Main
Alexander, C. K., and Sadiku, M. N. O., “Fundamentals
of Electric Circuits”, 6th ed., McGraw‐Hill Education,
2017.

Additional
Hughes, E., “Electrical and Electronic Technology”, 12th
ed., Pearson Prentice Hall, 2016.
Nilsson, J. W., and Riedel, S. A., “Electric Circuits”, 10th
ed., Pearson Education Ltd, 2015.
 TUTORIAL SESSIONS We l e a d

• 1‐hour tutorial sessions. Total of 10 tutorial slots
• Tutorial groups of ≤ 30 (EAC Manual 2017)
• Attendance is compulsory and recorded
• Tutorial slots and venues will be advised
 TOPICS: WEEK #1‐3 We l e a d

• Electrical Quantities & Unit
• Simple DC circuit
• Kirchoff Laws
• Networks Theorem
• Circuit Analysis Methods
• ‐Mesh Analysis, Superposition
 i. System of Units (2) We l e a d

Six basic SI (International System of Units) units

No. Quantity Basic unit Symbol
1 Length meter m
2 Mass kilogram kg
3 Time second s
4 Electric current ampere A
5 Thermodynamic Kelvin K
temperature
6 Luminous intensity candela cd

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 i. System of Units (3) We l e a d

The derived units commonly used in electric circuit theory

10
 i. System of Units (4) We l e a d

• When taking measurements, 
we must use units to quantify 
values
• We use the International 
System of Units (SI)

• Prefixes on SI units allow for 
easy relationships between 
large and small values

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Atoms consists of electrons, protons and neutrons.
Protons and neutrons are in the nucleas and
electrons are moving around them.
Each electron carries a negative charge of
1.6 x 10-19 C
•Each proton carries positive charge of the same
value and neutron carries no charge.
Atom having a number of electron not same as
proton is called ion.
A positive ion : Atom having a number of
electron < number of proton.
A negative ion : Atom having a number of
electron > number of proton.
Coulomb is a unit for electric charge.
1 coulomb = 6.25 x 1018 electron
Units for electric charge are microcoulomb http://www.ntskeptics.org/
(C = 10-6C) , nanocoulomb(nC= 10-9,
picocoulomb (pC = 10-12 C),
 We l e a d

• Current is a net flow of electrical charges passing a

point i = dq/dt
• Unit for current is
• ampere (A) i.e a rate of 1 C per sec.

E.g
230 mA = 230 x 10-3 A = 0.23 A
0.015 A = 0.015 x 103 mA = 15 mA
125 A = 125 x 10-3 mA = 0.125 mA
125 A = 125 x 10-6 A = 0.000125 A
 Direction of Current We l e a d

• A positive current through a component is the 
same as a negative current flowing in the opposite 
direction.

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 Charge & Current We l e a d

The total charge entering a terminal is given by 
mC. Calculate the current at  s

S3:
We know that mC/s

mA
mA
At s
mA

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 Charge & Current We l e a d

Determine the total charge entering a terminal between  s 
and  s if the current passing the terminal is  A

We know that
Given , to obtain , we need to integrate the with respect to

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 Current (DC vs. AC) We l e a d

• Direct Current (DC) – a current that 
flows only in one direction
• Alternating Current (AC) – a  current 
that changes direction with respect to 
time
• Constant current is represented by the 
capital I, while time varying current uses 
the lowercase, i(t) or simply i.
• A common source of DC is a battery.
• Mains power is an example of AC
• What is Malaysian standard for domestic 
AC?
240 V 50Hz
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 Voltage (1) We l e a d

• Electrons (negative charges) move when there is a 
difference in charge between two locations.
• This difference is expressed at the potential 
difference, or voltage (V).
• It is always expressed with reference to two 
locations

voltmeter

19 5V
 Voltage (2) We l e a d

• It is equal to the energy needed to move a unit 
charge between two locations.
• Positive charge moving from a higher potential to 
a lower one produces energy (denoted by the 
direction of current)
• Negative charge: lower potential to higher 
potential

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 Voltage (3) We l e a d

• Voltage: Energy needed to move a unit charge 
between two locations
• Voltage between two points a and b, vab
vab = dw/dq
Where, w: energy (in Joules, J), and
q: charge (in Coulomb, C)
+vab : potential of a is higher than potential of b
‐vab : potential of a is lower than potential of b

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 Voltage (4) We l e a d

voltmeter

5V

Reading: +5V

voltmeter

5V
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Reading: -5V
 Power and Energy We l e a d

• Voltage alone does not equal power.
• It requires the movement of charge, i.e. a current.
• Power is the product of voltage and current
dw dq
p  vi  
dq dt
• It is equal to the rate of energy provided or consumed per 
unit time.
• It is measured in Watts (W)

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 Voltage, Power & Energy We l e a d

Q7: To move charge  from point  to point  requires 25J. Find the 

voltage drop  𝑎𝑏 (the voltage at  positive with respect to  ) if:
(a)  ,  (b) 

S7:
We know that , energy needed to move a unit charge
from point to .

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 Voltage, Power & Energy
We l e a d

Find the power delivered to an element at  ms if the current 
entering its positive terminal is
A
And the voltage is: (a) , (b)
We know:

(a) 𝑝 3𝑖 5 cos 60𝜋𝑡 W 3 5 cos 60𝜋𝑡 5 cos 60𝜋𝑡 W

75 cos 60𝜋𝑡 W 53.4667 W

(b) 𝑝 3 ⋅ 5 cos 60𝜋𝑡 W 3⋅ 5 cos 60𝜋𝑡 ⋅ 5 cos 60𝜋𝑡 W

3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 60𝜋 ⋅ sin 60𝜋𝑡 ⋅ 5 cos 60𝜋𝑡 W

4500𝜋 ⋅ sin 60𝜋𝑡 ⋅ cos 60𝜋𝑡 W
6.3958 kW

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 Voltage, Power & Energy We l e a d

How much energy does a 100 W electric bulb consume in 2 hours?

Energy (in Joule),

Energy (in Wh),

,
Basically,

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 Voltage, Power & Energy We l e a d

A home electric heater draws 10A when connected to a 115V outlet. 
How much energy is consumed by the heater over a period of 6 
hours? Give answer in Wh.

Energy (in Wh),

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 Passive Sign Convention We l e a d

• By convention, we say that an 
element being supplied power has 
positive power.
• A power source, such as a battery 
has negative power.
• Passive sign convention is satisfied 
if the direction of current is 
selected such that current enters 
through the terminal that is more  This circuit
This circuit
positively biased. element is element is
absorbing supplying
power power
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 v. Conservation of Energy We l e a d

• In a circuit, energy cannot be created or 
destroyed.
• Thus power also must be conserved
• The sum of all power supplied must be 
absorbed by the other elements.
• Energy (in Joule) can be described as power 
time.
• Power companies usually measure energy in 
watt‐hours
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 vi. Circuit Elements (1)
We l e a d

• Two types:
– Active
– Passive
• Active elements can generate 
energy
– Generators
– Batteries
– Operational Amplifiers

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 vi. Circuit Elements (2) We l e a d

• Passives absorb energy
– Resistors
– Capacitors
– Inductors
• But it should be noted that only the resistor 
dissipates energy ideally.
• The inductor and capacitor do not.

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Examples: Circuits and Electrical Symbols
We l e a d
 vi. Ideal Voltage Source We l e a d

• An ideal voltage source has no internal resistance.
• It is also capable of producing any amount of 
current needed to establish the desired voltage at 
its terminals.
• Thus we can know the voltage at its terminals, but 
we don’t know in advance the current.

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 vi. Ideal Current Source We l e a d

• Current sources are the opposite of the voltage 
source:
• They have infinite resistance
• They will generate any voltage to establish the 
desired current through them.
• We can know the current through them in 
advance, but not the voltage.

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 vi. Ideal sources We l e a d

• Both the voltage and current sources ideally 
can generate infinite power.
• They are also capable of absorbing power 
from the circuit.
• It is important to remember that these 
sources do have limits in reality:
• Voltage sources have an upper current limit.
• Current sources have an upper voltage limit.

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 AC Voltage Sources
We l e a d

• Generate a variable potential difference

with time
• The variation of potential different
follows a sine waveform, so the voltage
varied in amplitude and phase which
can represented by

V (t) = A sin (t + )

where A is amplitude, = 2 f , f is

frequency ,
t time and  is phase displacement
 We l e a d

• The voltage source depends on other parameter such as input current

or input voltage of a device. The symbols are as follows
• Dependent sources are useful in modelling elements such as 
transistors, operational amplifiers, and integrated cicruits

(a) Dependent voltage source (b) Current dependent source

 Circuit Elements (1) We l e a d

Active Elements Passive Elements

• A dependent source is an active

element in which the source quantity
is controlled by another voltage or
current.

Independent Dependant
sources sources 38
• The moving of charges in conductor 
caused collision and friction among 
them and causing losses of energy. 
• Thus the moving of charges are said to 
have resistance.
• Unit for resistance ohm (). 
• 1 ohm if 1A of current flowing in a 
conductor to produce 1V between two 
points
• The resistance value depends on  
material and some other parameter 
such as temperature  

Resistor used in lab circuits

• Resistance  ‐>control the current in the 
circuit.
• Resistance value is dependent on 
• length (l),  cross‐section (A), resistivity ()

R = l/A or R = l/(A)
 = 1/ = conductivity

• Resistance also depends on temperature
R 1 1  α 0 t1

R 2 1  α0 t 2

R1 = resistance at t1
R2 = resistance at t2
0 = temp coef. of resistance at t = 0C http://media.ehs.uen.org/html/PhysicsQ4/Resistance_01/resist.jpg
Material r(Wm) at 0oC
Aluminium 2.7 X 10‐8
Brass 7.2 X 10‐8
Copper 1.59 X 10‐8
Eureka 49.00 X 10‐8
Manganin 42.00 X 10‐8

Carbon 6500.00 X 10‐8
Tungsten 5.35 X 10‐8
Zinc 5.37 X 10‐8
Material ao(/oC) at 0oC
Aluminium 0.00381
Copper 0.00428
Silver 0.00408
Nickel 0.00618
Tin 0.0044
Zinc 0.00385
Carbon ‐0.00048
Manganin 0.00002
Constantan 0
Eureka 0.00001
Brass 0.001
 We l e a d

• The relationship between current, voltage, and 
resistance is called Ohm's Law, discovered by 
Georg Simon 

• Ohm's principal discovery : electric current 
through a metal conductor in a circuit is directly 
proportional to the voltage impressed across it, 
for any given temperature. 

• Potential different (V) across the resistor is 
proportional to current (I) 

V = IR
 We l e a d

Example:
A simple dc circuit consist of voltage
source V=10V and resistor producing a
current of 4 mA.
What is the value of resistance R?

SOLUTION:

From Ohm’s law:

V = IR
R = V/I = 10/(4 x 10-3) = 2.5 k
Example 7: We l e a d

A current of 3 A flows through a 10 W resistor. 
Find:
(a) The power developed by the resistor
(b) The energy dissipated in 5 min.

Solution:
(a) P  I 2 R  32 10  90W

(b) W  Pt  90  5  60   2700 J
Example : We l e a d

For cuprum: Given  = 0.0173 ‐m. 
If the length of the cuprum wire is 10 m and its cross‐section 
is 0.5 mm2 . What is its resistance?

Solution:
R = l/A
= (0.0173 x 10-6 x 10)/(0.5 x 10-6)
= 0.346  = 346 m
 Example
A cable consists of two conductors which , for the purposes of a test , are
connected together at one end of the cable.
The combined loop resistance measured from the other end is found to be
100  when the cable is 700m long.
Calculate the resistance of 8 km of similar cable.
Solution:
R = l/A
R
R1 1

R2 2

R 1 2 100  8000
R2    1143 
1 700
• For current and voltage which are not constant, the power must be
calculated as follow :
• Divide into time interval and the instantaneous power are
p1  i12 R p 2  i22 R p 3  i32 R p 4  i42 R p 5  i52 R p 6  i62 R

p  ave  ( p 1  p 2  p 3  p 4  p 5  p 6 ) / 6

 (i12 R  i22 R  i32 R  i42 R  i52 R  i62 R ) / 6

 (i12  i22  i32  i42  i52  i62 ) R / 6  irms

2
R
• Rms =(root mean square ) Current (A)

2 2 2 2 2 2
i  i 2  i3  i 4  i5  i6
I rms  1
6
2 2 2
i1  i 2  ............  i n
I rms  masa (s)
n
 Circuit Elements We l e a d

We will use this figure from previous class for 
the sign convention:

This circuit This circuit

element is element is
absorbing supplying
power power
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 Circuit Elements We l e a d

S11:

The 5A is out of the positive terminal (or into

the negative terminal), hence, supplying power.

(supplying power)
50
 Circuit Elements We l e a d

S11:

The current flows into the positive

terminals, hence, absorbing power.

(absorbing power)
(absorbing power)
51
SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT FORMULAES (i)
 Summary (1) We l e a d

Quantity Formula Definition Unit

Interconnection of electrical 
Circuit ‐ ‐
components/elements
International The international measurement 
System of  ‐ language enabling engineers to 
Units, SI communicate their results
Electrical property of atomic particles
Charge, q 𝑄 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 (electrons or protons) Coulomb, C
e = ‐1.602 x 10‐19 C
𝑑𝑞
Current, i 𝑖 Time rate of change of charge Ampere, A
𝑑𝑡
Direct  Current that flows only in one direction 
‐ =i
Current, DC and can be constant or time varying
Alternating  Current that changes direction with 
‐ = i
Current, AC respect to time
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 Summary (2) We l e a d

Quantity Formula Definition Unit

𝑑𝑤 Energy, w (or work) required to move a 

Voltage, v 𝑣 unit charge through an element from a  Volt, V
𝑑𝑞
reference point (‐) to another point (+)
𝑝 𝑣𝑖
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑞
𝑥 Time rate of change (expending or 
Power, p 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡 absorbing) of energy Watts, W
𝑑𝑤
𝑑𝑡
𝑤
𝑝 𝑑𝑡
Energy, w Capacity to do work Joules, J
𝑣𝑖 𝑑𝑡

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 Summary (3) We l e a d

Quantity Formula Definition Unit

Satisfied when the current enters 
Passive sign 
‐ through the positive sign of an  ‐
convention
element, i.e., p = +vi. Else, p = ‐vi.
An active element that provides a 
Independent specified voltage of current that is 
‐ ‐
source completely independent of other 
circuit elements
Dependent 
An active element in which the source 
(or 
‐ quantity is controlled by another  ‐
controlled) 
voltage or current
source

55
 INTERESTING VIDEOS:
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/electric-
circuit-fundamentals-components-types.html

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/electrical-resistance-
definition-unit-variables.html