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Africa Media Review Vol. 3 No. 2. 1989
© African Council on Communication Education

The Advent and Growth of Television

Broadcasting in Nigeria: Its Political and
Educational Overtones

by Charles C. Umeh*

Abstract

The history of television broadcasting in Nigeria revolves around the suitability of the
medium for political propaganda and for educational broadcasting. This article examines
political and educational motivation for the establishment of television in Nigeria from
1959 when the Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) was established to early 1962 when the
Federal Government and the three existing regional governments each had a television
station of its own. The creation of new states was accompanied by the proliferation of
television stations until the establishment of the Nigerian Television Authority (N.T.A.)
checked this proliferation and wastage of resources. The article assesses the performance of
educational television broacasting in Nigeria and concludes that it has largely been
successful.

*Dr. Charles C. Umeh is dean, School of Applied Arts and Sciences, Federal Polytechnic,
Bida, Nigeria.

54
 Avenement et croissance de la
television au Nigeria:
contenus politiques et educationnels

R6sum6
L'histoire de la television au Nigeria tourne autour de son
utilisation comme moyen de propagande politique et pour
I'education. Cet article etudie les motivations politiques et
educationnelles qui ont pousse a la creation de la television au
Nigeria des 1959 avec la Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) au
debut des annees 1962 lorsque le Gouvernement federal et les
trois Gouvernements des regions d'alors avaient chacun sa propre
station de television.
La creation de nouveaux etats a vu la proliferation de stations de
television avant que la NTA (Nigerian Television Authority) ne
mette fin a cette tendance et au gaspillage de ressources qui lui
etait inherent.
L'article evalue les resultats de I'enseignement televisuel au
Nigeria et conclut que dans une large mesure, ses resultats sont un
succes.

55
Introduction
The Early Years of Television in Nigeria

Television development in Nigeria has been motivated by two factors:

politics and education. The two are inextricably linked since education is
always a vote catcher, and all governments are, to a degree, genuinely
altruistic vis-a-vis education. It follows then that it is the educational factor
that the leaders present to the people in order to secure their approval and
support for the introduction or expansion of television. That television
could, once established, be used for blatant propaganda must have
motivated politicians, although the extent to which this is so can only be
surmised. Tracing the history of the establishment of the first television
station in Nigeria, Egbon (1982) writes that
Television transmission began in Western Nigeria on October 31, 1959. This service
which was initiated by a Regional Government was not only the first in Nigeria, but
remains today the oldest in the whole of the African continent. The birth could be
termed purely accidental, because it was borne out of political dissension. . . . Chief
Obafemi Awolowo and his partymen had walked out of Parliament in protest against
a constitutional debate at the eve of Nigeria's independence. This action was
condemned by the ruling government over the Federal all-Nigeria Radio Broadcasting
Service, but access was denied the opposition leader to reply to the accusations.
Instead of establishing a Radio Station alone, to offer an unrepressed 'voice' in
national affairs, the Western Region commenced television transmission. Thus while
the aims of this expensive venture as delineated by the Government may not seriously
be in dispute, yet the real motives may actually be more of 'regional pride' and
'prestige'. Perhaps the whole action was calculated to spite political opponents (p. 5-7).

Doubtlessly, the people of Western Nigeria, at the time, had to be shown

why Western Region had to embark upon what was described (by critics)
as a 'wasteful' and 'prestigious' project. According to Faronbi (1979, p. ii)
'. . . Ibadan Television was established as a missionary in a wilderness of
unbelievers and critics. To many, it was a diversion of the scarce resources
of the region to a prestigious project'.
This kind of thinking at the time was strongly countered by the
argument that television was being established to satisfy the
educational aspirations of the people of the Western Region. The Daily
Times (November 2, 1959) carried a front page report of the inauguration
of the new Western Nigerian Television service in Ibadan. Chief Awolowo
said in his speech that the venture was initiated because the Regional
Government was convinced that it could play a major role in increasing
both the pace and standard of education which was regarded as the key to
progress in other fields. He said that it was the aim of his government to
bring information about development in Nigeria and in the outside world

56
into the people's homes so that they might benefit from that knowledge.
He declared that 'television will serve as teacher and entertainer, and as a
stimulus to us all to transform Nigeria into a modern and prosperous
nation'. This educational task might be performed through formal
educational programmes for schools and less formal programmes for
adults. Political motivation notwithstanding, the Western Nigeria
Television venture took off successfully and became the pride of the
entire Region and the nation.
The other two regional governments in the east and the north soon
followed suit. The National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroon
(N.C.N.C.) government of the Eastern Region and the Northern People's
Congress (N.P.C.) government of the Northern Region had to prove to
their respective peoples that whatever the Action Group (A.G.)
government of the West could do, they too could do for the people of their
regions. Even the Federal Government at Lagos had to hurry into the
television race. So, three additional television stations sprang up in Nigeria
in a quick succession, Adegbokun (1983 :3) writes that with its
establishment on the 31st of October, 1959, WNTV became the first
operational television station on the continent of Africa, with the slogan
'First in Africa'. A year later, the former Eastern Nigeria Television
Service (ENTV) came into being. This was followed by Radio Television
Kaduna, established by the former Northern Nigerian Government as an
arm of the Broadcasting Company of Northern Nigeria (BCNN) in March,
1962. The Federal Government, a month later, established the Nigerian
Television Service (NTS) in Lagos. Thus, the Federal Government and the
three existing regional governments of the early 1960s all had television
stations of their own.
Observers at the time believed that although these television stations
were welcome and useful in many respects, they nevertheless served
partisan political purposes for their various governments. This political
and sectionalistic heritage was to be passed over to future television
establishments in Nigeria. Egbon (1982) voiced what was in the minds of
manv Nigerians:
Although all the Nigerian Regional Television Stations in the First Republic (post-
independence period) proclaimed national goals in their operational statements, yet
the dominant tone was very much sectional and essentially partisan in federal politics.
The accent was on regionalism and strengthening the power base accordingly to the
needs of the government in power. In short, programming was simply divisive and
propagandistic, as the coverage traced a sectional pattern-reflective of the nation's
political ideologies and diversities (p. 7).

After this initial scramble for regional television stations, a period of

over one decade elapsed before another major scramble erupted.
57
The Proliferation of Television Stations in Nigeria
The 1966 military take-over of government in Nigeria brought remarkable
changes in the political, social and economic structure of the country. The
army ruled for 13 years (1966-1979) during which the nation witnessed
remarkable events such as the Nigerian civil war, the sudden explosion in
oil revenue (the 'oil boom'), the changing of the Nigerian constitution and
the splitting of the country into 12 states in 1967, and later to 19 states in
1975. The creation of the new states caused a new wave of sectional
consciousness, referred to as 'statism'. Every state wanted its own facilities,
a university, a polytechnic, a college of education, a teaching hospital, its
own radio and television stations, and so on. The oil wealth which the
nation enjoyed at the time eliminated the fear of financial constraints for
most of these hastily conjectured and planned development ventures.
Adegbokun (1983, p. 3) holds the view that the creation of states did,
indeed, bring about the establishment of state-owned television stations
but that another factor, stronger than statism per se, was the effectiveness
and importance of television broadcasting as demonstrated by the older
stations.
Bendel State took the lead in this new wave of television acquisition by
state governments. The Bendel State Television Service was established in
1973. Again educational television (ETV) services were one of its
prominently advertized concerns. Other state government television
stations were established in quick succession. Adegbokun (1983) reports
that 'among the stations that sprang up during the military regime were
NTV Benin (now NTA Benin), Nigerian Television Jos, Nigerian
Television Kano, Nigeria Television Port Harcourt, Nigeria Television
Sokoto' (p. 3).
Eventually the military government, spured on by the need to have co-
ordinated nationwide coverage of the All-Africa Games in 1973,
established the National Television Authority in 1976. This restricted the
growth of television for three years.
The 13 year-long army rule in Nigeria terminated in 1979 with the
adoption of a presidential system of government and the installation of an
elected civilian government. The keen party competition during the
electioneering campaign made it possible for each of the five competing
political parties to become victorious in some states out of the 19 of the
Federation. During the election campaigns, each of the political parties
promised all manner of social amenities and development projects to the
electorate and, after the elections, each of the five political parties set about
fulfilling many of these promises without any consultation or co-ordinated
planning with the Federal government at the centre. The four-year term of

58
the civilian administration which followed was, therefore, highly
disorganized as far as the initiation of development ventures was
concerned. The five political parties were in open competition in order to
show what they were able to achieve for the states they controlled. State
government-owned universities, polytechnics, colleges, hospitals, schools,
radio and television stations sprang up everywhere with little rational
planning. They were able to do this because they revoked the charter of the
NTA. Commenting on the magnitude of the proliferation of television
stations in Nigeria, Adiche (1984) noted that the 34 TV stations in Nigeria
had proliferated over 25 years at a rate of 1.5 stations per year — a rate
which outstripped general economic growth. 'People in television industry
in Nigeria say the country has the fourth lagest television network in the
world. One of them, Mike Enahoro, managing director of Prime
Television and a one-time newcaster on NTA, says Nigeria has been moved
forward and is only second to the United States in numbers' (p. 5). This
final claim, although not accurate, demonstrates the prestige and status
which television had been endowed with.
One remarkable feature of the rapid growth in the number of television
stations in Nigeria is the corresponding rapid growth in the number of both
trained and untrained manpower for the industry. The Federal and State
governments recruited a large number of indigenous television staff and
many of these were sent to the United Kingdom, United States and other
developed countries for professional television training. The resultant
rapid increase in the number of trained television personnel in the country
helped to bring about a remarkable increase in the number of locally made
television programmes. Reviewing the performances of the television
industry in 1983, the Director General of the Nigerian Television
Authority was reported as saying that '. . . from 90 per cent imported
programmes between 1959 and 1962, the figure had dropped to 20 per
cent. With a staff strength of 4,000 in 1979 we grew to 10,000 in 1983'
(Adiche 1984, p. 5).

The Establishment of the Nigerian Television Authority (N. T.A.)

The establishment of the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) was the
first attempt by the Federal Government of Nigeria to have a centrally
financed and co-ordinated television industry. Born out of an experiment
in joint broadcasting in Nigeria, the authority played a major role in
further development of the industry.
In order to provide effective and co-ordinated coverage of the second
All-Africa Games hosted by Nigeria in 1973, all the broadcasting agencies
in the country were pooled together to form the Broadcasting

59
Organization of Nigeria (BON). So, instead of flooding the sporting arena
with hundreds of radio and television crew from the numerous radio and
television stations in the country, the new organization co-ordinated all the
broadcasting activities and fed all the media units from that central pool.
This experiment was so unifying and successful that the military
government, a few years later, decided to unite all the various television
stations in the country under one body — the Nigerian Television
Authority. A decree (No. 24 of 1977) was promulgated (effective from
April, 1976) establishing the Nigerian Television Authority. Adegbokun
(1983) summarized the powers of the NTA under the decree thus:

The decree gave the Authority the exclusive right for television broadcasting in
Nigeria. It stated further that 'it shall be the duty of the Authority to provide, as a
public service in the interest of Nigeria, independent and impartial television
broadcasting for general reception within Nigeria'. The Authority shall ensure that the
service which it provides, when considered as a whole, reflects the unity of Nigeria as a
Federation and, at the same time, gave adequate expression to the culture,
characteristics and affairs of each Zone or other parts of the Federation (p. 3).

The N.T.A. took over the ten television stations that existed in the
country and embarked on a policy of equitable geographical spread of
television stations throughout the country. As the ten stations that already
existed were sited in ten state capitals, the N.T.A. decided to set up nine
additional television stations in the capitals of the remaining nine states of
the Federation. A station was also established at the new Federal Capital,
Abuja.

The N.T.A. Zones

In order to ensure effective management of all the television stations, the

N.T.A. decree created six operational zones: Zone 'A' comprised N.T.A.
Ibadan, N.T.A. Ikeja and N.T.A. Abeokuta; Zone 'B' N.T.A. Benin,
N.T.A. Akure, N.T.A. Aba-Owerri and N.T.A. Port Harcourt; Zone ' C
N.T.A. Enugu, N.T.A. Calabar and N.T.A. Makurdi; Zone 'D' N.T.A.
Kaduna, N.T.A. Kano and N.T.A. Jos; Zone 'E' N.T.A. Maiduguri,
N.T.A. Yola and N.T.A. Bauchi; and Zone ' F ' N.T.A. Sokoto, N.T.A.
Minna and N.T.A. Ilorin.
Each of the six zones is headed by a managing director. The three
remaining stations, N.T.A. Lagos, N.T.A. Channel 10, Lagos, and N.T.A.
Abuja, being sited in the old and the new Federal capitals (Lagos and
Abuja, respectively) were to function together as the National Television
Production Centre, also headed by a managing director. The entire N.T.A.
organization made up of 22 stations is headed by a director general at the
Headquarters, Lagos (Adegbokun 1983, p. 5).

60
Functions of the N.T.A.

The N.T.A. provided a far more organized approach to television

expansion and utilization in Nigeria because its functions were carefully
mapped out by the decree. These functions are:
(a) to erect, maintain and operate television transmitting and receiving
stations;
(b) ensure the establishment and maintenance of standards and promote
the efficient operation of the entire system in accordance with national
policy;
(c) establish and operate a formula for sharing funds among stations;
(d) act as liaison between Federal Government and the zonal operations;
(e) plan and co-ordinate the activities of the entire television network;
(f) establish such number of production centres as it may consider
necessary from time to time;
(g) specify the type of programmes which should be transmitted by the
whole network and the quantity, type and contents of foreign
materials;
(h) enter into arrangements with any person or any authority for the
purpose of obtaining concessions, licences, privileges and other rights;
(i) manufacture, produce, purchase, or otherwise acquire films,
gramaphone, and other mechanical records and materials and
apparatus for use in connection with the broadcasting services;
(j) provide other persons with, and receive from them, matters to be
broadcast;
(k) organize, provide and subsidize for the purpose of broadcasting,
educational activities and public entertainment;
(1) collect in any part of the world and in a manner that may be thought fit
both news and information and to subscribe to news agencies;
(m) acquire copyright;
(n) acquire public printed matter that may be conducive to advancing
skills of persons employed in the broadcasting services, or the
efficiency of the equipment used in the broadcasting services or the
manner in which that equipment is operated, including the providing
of the Authority or the others on its behalf of facilities for training,
education and research.
The N.T.A. has made significant achievements since its establishment in
1977. Its one-time Director General, Dr. Ofonagoro (1984) spoke of some
of these achievements while opening the West African Regional
Conference of the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association.

We in Nigeria have accumulated some experience of television broadcasting reaching

back to 1959, when the Western Regional Government of Nigeria established the first

61
 television service in Africa . . . . In recent years, we have engaged in an ambitious
transmitter development programme which laces the entire system into one single
national grid, with a network of transmitters, microwave links and satellite
transmission facilities, all aimed at achieving a 100 per cent coverage of the entire
territory and people of Nigeria in the very very foreseable future (sic) (p. 21).

When the civilian administration took over from the army in 1979, an
amendment was introduced to the N.T.A. decree (renamed 'the N.T.A.
Act'). The 1979 Constitution gave the Nigerian president the power to
allow state governments, organizations and individuals to operate
television stations, hence reverting to the previous situation. The
immediate outcome was predictable; many state governments rushed into
establishing their own state-owned television stations to compete side by
side with the 22 N.T.A. stations. By the end of 1983, nine additional
television stations had been established by Ogun, Oyo, Anambra, Ondo,
Bendel, Imo, Lagos, Plateau and Kano states.
One advantage to the television industry, and to the nation as a whole, of
the two bouts of speedy proliferation of television stations was the rapid
increase in the use of the television medium by Nigerians. Many
individuals, establishments and homes procured television sets as a result
of the oil wealth of the last two decades. Adiche (1974) reported a survey
which showed that '. . . about 87 per cent of the people surveyed viewed
more than two hours of television programmes a day in all states'. In
addition, the number of channels which became available to some
Nigerian viewers increased from one or two during the early 1960s to five
or more channels in some locations in the country by the 1980s. Muniru
(1984) commented on the increased choice of television channels for
Nigerian viewers. He affirmed that television had spread to all areas of the
country. Growth had been phenomenal. Viewers between Western State
and Lagos could select from some twelve channels.
When, in 1984, the army again came into power in Nigeria, they
immediately directed their attention to correcting some of the politically
motivated developmental disparities of the civilian administration.
Proliferation of television stations in Nigeria became one of the many such
areas of attention. The military government, in 1984, announced a plan to
rationalize the number of radio and television stations in the country.
Paradoxically, the availability of numerous radio and television stations
in Nigeria during the 1979-83 civilian administration should have
enhanced national unity but instead it produced widespread disharmony
caused by the unprecedented misuse of these two media facilities by
politicians and their agents. While inaugurating the Committee for the
Rationalisation of Radio and Television Services, the then Chief of Staff,
Supreme Headquarters, lamented the abuse of the radio and television

62
media by the politicians during the civilian regime. New Nigerian (October
24, 1984) reported the Chief of Staffs remarks:

The exercise was aimed at streamlining television broadcasting in the country, saving
cost and making the services more efficient. He condemned the role played by the
various radio and television stations during the civilian regime. He said that the
stations without exception became megaphones of political parties in power,
suppressing or grossly distorting information to serve the whims and caprices of
politicians. By so doing, Brigadier Idiagbon added, 'they fanned the embers of
disunity, disaffection and discord'. They also succeeded in poisoning the political
atmosphere to such an extent that law and order virtually broke down in many states
of the Federation.

It was expected that radio and television broadcasting and development

in Nigeria would be given a new sense of direction as a result of the findings
and recommendations of the Rationalization Committee. However, we
hasten to say that political considerations again helped to frustrate the
efforts of government to effectively prune down the number of radio and
television stations in the country.

Educational Television Broadcasting in Nigeria

Educational television through broadcasting to schools dates back to 1959
when the television was first introduced in Nigeria. As has been said
earlier, the prospects for using television to enhance formal and informal
education was uppermost in the minds of the founding fathers of the
country's television industry. Fatorama, a publication of the N.T.V.
Ibadan (1979) reported a policy statement on educational television
broadcasting made at the commencement of television broadcasting in
Nigeria.

Ibadan, November 3, 1959 — . . . W.N.T.V., A Joint Commercial venture of the

Western Nigeria Government and Overseas Rediffusion Limited, will devote a major
portion of its time to specially produced educational programmes aimed at schools,
hospitals, and community centres for which the Western Government is providing
1,000 free sets.

When the Eastern Region established its television station (E.N.T.V.) in

1960, the educational television broadcasts were also directed to the
people of the Region. The same pattern was followed when the Northern
Region's N.N.T.V. was established in 1962 and, even when the Federal
Government established its own television, educational television
broadcasts were aimed only at the people around Lagos. There was,
however, a financial factor in that the local transmitters could produce
signals, at the time, which were able to cover only the local territory and its

63
environs. Whatever the case, the development of educational television
during these early years of television in Nigeria can best be considered
along regional lines.
It can be argued that the regional development of television was an
offshoot of the prevailing regionalization of policy making in Nigeria at
the time, of which education was also a part. 'Education is the
responsibility of the Ministry of Education within each region, while the
Federal ministry has charge of schools in the Federal District and some
institutions of higher learning in the region' states UNESCO (1967: 113).
Educational television broadcasts were the joint responsibility of the
Ministry of Education and the television station of each region which
would broadcast them. The broadcasts were based on the syllabi of
schools of the region concerned. Hence, the question of a national
educational television policy for all schools throughout the country was
not feasible at this time. Instead, the various regional governments
formulated their own educational television policies. In 1965, UNESCO
carried out a study of three out of the four regional educational television
programmes existing in Nigeria at the time. The aims of these three
programmes studied were given as follows:

I. Western Region programme began in 1959. Its purpose is to reduce

teaching deficiencies and to enrich the content in selected secondary
(second-level) syllabus courses, and to provide examples of good teaching. Some
presentations are also made for teacher training college students.
II. Northern Region programme began in 1962. Its purpose has been
primary, secondary and teacher-training college levels. Some direct teaching of
primary grades is now provided.
teaching of primary grades is now provide.
III. Lagos (Federal District programme began in 1965. Its purpose is to
alleviate problems stemming from the shortage of adequately trained
teachers by providing direct teaching at the primary level; and to expand
the content of primary curricula (UNESCO, 1967, p. 113).

The Eastern Region programme which began in 1960 also aimed at the
enrichment of the content of secondary school courses and made
enrichment broadcasts for primary schools.
The former Midwestern Region (now called Bendel State) was the last of
the four regional governments in Nigeria to introduce educational
television for schools in its area of authority. Before the establishment of
the educational television broadcasting unit in 1973, the Bendel State
Government set up what was called the 'UNDP/UNESCO Mission on
Educational Television in Midwestern State, Nigeria' to plan the effective
take-off of the programme. The BTV Unit was aimed at:

64
 . . . the provision of planned instruction at primary, secondary grammar schools,
teacher training colleges as well as for adult education and nursery schools. The
identified priorities for educational television programmes in the schools include
supplementing classroom teaching in the subject areas of Integrated Science,
Mathematics, English Language, African History and Current Affairs. (Okpue 1980,
p. 31).

UNDP/UNESCO not only played an advisory role but went ahead to

assist the government in carrying out the feasibility study and preparation
of a detailed development plan; it helped to set up a pilot project and
provided experts and equipment for the evaluation of the programme.
Hie Nigerian government, television stations, the ministries of
education and schools throughout Nigeria enthusiastically welcomed the
introduction of educational television into Nigerian schools and expected
that television would revolutionize education in Nigeria. Educational
television engendered very high hopes and expectations from all quarters
but few bothered to learn that the new medium demanded certain
operational conditions from its users before efficiency and effectiveness
could be achieved.
A host of problems plagued the various educational television,
programmes. Some of these problems were peculiar to the medium while
others were specific to developing countries. Moss (1983) wrote that:

Just as such expectations in the developed world were foiled by resistance to change
and inherent technical and psychological obstacles, the promise of educational
television for the Third World appears not to have been matched by its performance.
Does this prove that the initial plans were misguided in either case? Not necessarily.
Expensive and relatively disappointing though these developments have been, they
were not clearly so costly as some other projects from 20 years ago, and what has been
learned from them can now be applied confidently at a time when technical advances
and educational needs are shifting in favour of the application of television to the
solution of many more educational problems (p. 53).

Numerous attempts have been made in the past to identify major

obstacles to successful educational television broadcasting to schools in
Nigeria. It is widely believed that many of the ETV projects failed because
they were hurriedly embarked upon by politicians who advertized the
educational potentialities of television in order to gain support for the
television project. Lack of adequate planning is, therefore, one of the
greatest obstacles to successful educational television broadcasting for
schools in Nigeria.
However, it is not true that television has not made some contribution to
formal and informal education in Nigeria. On the contrary, television
has registered some significant achievements. Educational television
broadcasting to schools still goes on inspite of operational
65
problems. The National Educational Technology Centre (NETC) still
produces educational television broadcasts for schools. These good
quality educational/instructional programmes are broadcast daily to
schools and colleges all over the country through the N.T.A. network
service.

Conclusion
In conclusion, this study affirms that the advent and growth of television
broadcasting in Nigeria were motivated and channeled, respectively, by
strong political and educational considerations. Some of the problems and
shortcomings of the medium have been highlighted and examined. These
problems and shortcomings notwithstanding, television broadcasting in
Nigeria has been a success in comparison with its performance elsewhere in
the Third World.

References
Adegbokun, D. (1983). 'Nigerian Television Authority'. Television Journal 2nd
Quarter. April-June, OD. 3-5.
Adiche, C. (1984). 'TV: The Staggering 25 Years'. The Sunday Concord. Lagos
October 28, pp. 5, 8-9.
'Africa's First TV Service Launched' (News Report) (1959). Daily Times, (Lagos),
Monday, November 2, p. 1.
Egbon, M.I. (1982). "Origin and Development of Television Broadcasting in Nigeria'.
Television Journal. Ending December 1982, pp. 4-4, 27-28.
Faroni, Y. (1979). 'Preface'. In A. Gbenga (ed.). Fatorama — NTV Ibadan. Ibadan:
NTV publication.
Gbenga, A. (ed.) (1979). Fatorama — NTV Ibadan. Ibadan: NTV publication.
Moss, R. (1983). Video the Educational Challenge. London: Croom Helm Limited.
Muniru, K. (1984). '25 Years of Television*. Daily Times (Lagos), Saturday, November
3, p. 1.
Ofonagoro, W. (1984). 'Common Heritage of Shared Origins'. Television Journal 1st
Quarter, January-March, pp. 16-21.
Okpue, C. (1980). The Development of Educational Tension in Bendel State, Nigeria.
Unpublished M.Ed. Thesis, University College, Cardiff.
•State FRCN Stations to Close Down' (News Report) (1984). New Nigerian,
Wednesday, October 24, p. 1.
UNESCO (1987). New Educational Media in Action — Case Studies of Planners.
Paris: UNESCO.

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