Assignment of Signal and System: Submitted by
Assignment of Signal and System: Submitted by
Assignment of Signal and System: Submitted by
Fourier series
Fourier Transform
Z Transform
Submitted by:
Naeem Ahmad
Semester III
B-13850
Submitted to:
Mr. Manzar Ahmad
Fourier series
Introduction
Different methods have been used to solve linear ordinary differential
equations (ODEs) of the form y + ay + by = f (t), where a and b ∈ R and f
(t) was usually an exponential, trigonometric or polynomial function.
There are, An example of such functions is:
−1, −π < t < 0;
f (t) =(1)
1,0 ≤ t < π.
Definition
An infinite series whose terms are constants multiplied by sine
and cosine functions and that can, if uniformly convergent, approximate
a wide variety of functions.If f is an integrable function on (−π, π) then
the Fourier series for f is.where
sin(nt), n = 1, 2, . . . , ∞;
T= cos(mt), m = 0, 1, . . . , ∞.
any two distinct functions, φn and φm ∈ T, are orthogonal on the interval [−π, π], such
that n = m.1
Given set T and the orthogonality condition (4), there are three different cases
which mustbe calculated to cover all the permutations of the functions in T.
Properties
, and This
result is known as the Riemann– Lebesgue lemma.
Fourier transform
Definition
There are several common conventions for defining the Fourier
transform of an integrable function ƒ : R → C . This article will use the
definition:
For other common conventions and notations, including using the angular
frequency ω instead of the frequency ξ, see Other conventions and Other
notations below. The Fourier transform on Euclidean space is treated
separately, in which the variable x often represents position and ξ
momentum.
Introduction
The motivation for the Fourier transform comes from the study of
Fourier series. In the study of Fourier series, complicated functions are
written as the sum of simple waves mathematically represented by sines
and cosines. Due to the properties of sine and cosine it is possible to
recover the amount of each wave in the sum by an integral. In many cases
it is desirable to use Euler's formula, which states that
e2πiθ = cos 2πθ + i sin 2πθ, to write Fourier series in terms of the basic
waves e2πiθ. This has the advantage of simplifying many of the formulas
involved and providing a formulation for Fourier series that more closely
resembles the definition followed in this article. This passage from sines
and cosines to complex exponentials makes it necessary for the Fourier
coefficients to be complex valued. The usual interpretation of this
complex number is that it gives both the amplitude (or size) of the wave
present in the function and the phase (or the initial angle) of the wave.
This passage also introduces the need for negative "frequencies". If θ
were measured in seconds then the waves e2πiθ and e−2πiθ would both
complete one cycle per second, but they represent different frequencies in
the Fourier transform. Hence, frequency no longer measures the number
of cycles per unit time, but is closely related.
Basic properties
Linearity
Translation
Modulation
Scaling
Conjugation
Convolution
Z-transform
Definition
The Z-transform, like many integral transforms, can be defined as
either a one-sided or two-sided transform.
Bilateral Z-transform
Unilateral Z-transform
Z transform roc
Assignment of Communication System
Topics : GMSK
UMTS
FDD
TDD
Submitted by:
Naeem Ahmad
Semester V
B-13850
Submitted to:
Mr. Manzar Ahmad
GMSK Modulation
Definition
In digital communication, Gaussian minimum shift keying or
GMSK is a continuous-phase frequency-shift keying modulation scheme.
It is similar to standard minimum-shift keying (MSK); however the
digital data stream is first shaped with a Gaussian filter before being
applied to a frequency modulator. This has the advantage of reducing
sideband power, which in turn reduces out-of-band interference between
signal carriers in adjacent frequency channels. However, the Gaussian
filter increases the modulation memory in the system and causes
intersymbol interference, making it more difficult to discriminate
between different transmitted data values and requiring more complex
channel equalization algorithms such as an adaptive equalizer at the
receiver. GMSK has high spectral efficiency, but it needs a higher power
level than QPSK, for instance, in order to reliably transmit the same
amount of data.
GMSK basics
GMSK modulation is based on MSK, which is itself a form of
phase shift keying. One of the problems with standard forms of PSK is
that sidebands extend out from the carrier. To overcome this, MSK and
its derivative GMSK can be used.MSK and also GMSK modulation are
what is known as a continuous phase scheme. Here there are no phase
discontinuities because the frequency changes occur at the carrier zero
crossing points. This arises as a result of the unique factor of MSK that
the frequency difference between the logical one and logical zero states is
always equal to half the data rate.
A further advantage of GMSK modulation again arises from the fact that
none of the information is carried as amplitude variations. This means
that is immune to amplitude variations and therefore more resilient to
noise, than some other forms of modulation, because most noise is mainly
amplitude based.
UMTS
Definition
It defines Universal Mobile Telecommunications System which
is one of the third-generation (3G) mobile telecommunications
technologies, which is also being developed into a 4G technology. The
first deployment of the UMTS is the release99 (R99) architecture. It is
specified by 3GPP and is part of the global ITU IMT-2000 standard. The
most common form of UMTS uses W-CDMA (IMT Direct Spread) as the
underlying air interface but the system also covers TD-CDMA and TD-
SCDMA (both IMT CDMA TDD). Being a complete network system,
UMTS also covers the radio access network (UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access Network, or UTRAN) and the core network (Mobile Application
Part, or MAP), as well as authentication of users via SIM cards
(Subscriber Identity Module).
Features
UMTS, using 3GPP, supports maximum theoretical data transfer
rates of 45 Mbit/s (with HSPA+),[3] although at the moment users in
deployed networks can expect a transfer rate of up to 384 kbit/s for R99
handsets, and 7.2 Mbit/s for HSDPA handsets in the downlink
connection. This is still much greater than the 9.6 kbit/s of a single GSM
error-corrected circuit switched data channel or multiple 9.6 kbit/s
channels in HSCSD (14.4 kbit/s for CDMAOne), and—in competition to
other network technologies such as CDMA2000, PHS or WLAN—offers
access to the World Wide Web and other data services on mobile devices.
Technology
Air interfaces
FDD
Frequency-division duplexing (FDD) means that the transmitter and
receiver operate at different carrier frequencies. The term is frequently
used in ham radio operation, where an operator is attempting to contact a
repeater station. The station must be able to send and receive a
transmission at the same time, and does so by slightly altering the
frequency at which it sends and receives. This mode of operation is
referred to as duplex mode or offset mode.
Devices
In addition to TDD, there are a number of pieces of additional
equipment that can be coupled to telephones to improve their utility.
For those with hearing difficulties the telephone ring and conversation
sound level can be amplified or pitch adjusted, ambient noise can also
be filtered. The amplifier can be a simple addition or through an
inductive coupler to interact with suitable hearing aids.