Mechatronics CHAPTER 3
Mechatronics CHAPTER 3
Mechatronics CHAPTER 3
DC-to-AC conversion
DC-to DC conversion
AC-to-AC conversion
Power electronics
Converters
Electronic power converter is the term that is used to refer to a power
electronic circuit that converts voltage and current from one form to another.
•Rectifier converting an ac voltage to a dc voltage
Resistor
A resistor is a dissipative element that converts electrical energy into heat.
Ohm’s law defines the voltage-current characteristic of an ideal resistor
Capacitor
A capacitor is a passive element that stores energy in the form of an electric
field. The simplest capacitor consists of a pair of parallel conducting plates
separated by a dielectric material.
Electrical circuit and Components
An energy source that uses a chemical reaction to convert chemical energy to electrical
energy. It is composed of zinc, magnesium and a metal connector and lead out
Ground
Intercepts and collects the radio signal that comes from the transmitters of
radio or T.V stations.
Fuse
Metals have a large number of weakly bound electrons in what is called their
conduction band ,when an electric field is applied to a metal, the electrons
migrate freely producing a current through the metal. Because of the ease by
which large currents can flow in metals, they are called conductors.
In contrast, other materials have atoms with valence electrons that are tightly
bound and when an electric field is applied, the electrons do not move easily.
These materials are called insulators and do not normally sustain large electric
currents.
Insulators, Metals and Semiconductors
• electrons can’t jump from valence to conduction bands & no current flows
• Materials in which electrons tend to stay put and do not flow easily from
atom to atom
Insulators, Metals and Semiconductors
Insulators Have 8 valence electrons
Insulators, Metals and Semiconductors
Conductors
Semiconductors
Conduction
Band
Valence
Band
Silicon
• Basic building material of most integrated circuits
• Has four valence electrons, which allow it to form four covalent bonds.
• Silicon crystal is an insulator-- no free electrons.
Semiconductor
Adding energy (heat) to the crystal causes electrons to jump to a higher energy
level, creating a ‘hole’.
Improving Conduction by Doping
The p-type side of the diode is referred to as the anode and the n-type side is
called the cathode.
The pn junction, electrons from the n-type silicon can diffuse to occupy the
holes in the p-type silicon, creating what is called a depletion region.
Semiconductor diode
Semiconductor diode
If a voltage source is connected to the pn junction with the positive side of the
voltage source connected to the anode and the negative side connected to the
cathode forming a complete circuit, the diode is said to be forward biased.
If a anode is connected to the n-type silicon and the cathode to the p-type
silicon, the depletion region is enlarged, inhibiting diffusion of electrons and
thus current; we say the junction is reverse biased.
Semiconductor diode
• The construction and symbol of diode
• Voltage regulation