The Psychology of Close Relationships: Fourteen Core Principles

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 Uhl _syghk`kcy kb G`kslQl`ntmkdshmps: BkurtlldGkrl _rmdgmp`ls
L`m J. Bmdfl`,
>
 Jlbbry N. Wmipskd,
1
nde _nu` S. Lnstwmgf 
7
>
Elpnrtildt kb _syghk`kcy nde Fl``kcc Wghkk` kb Indnclildt, Dkrthwlstlrd \dmvlrsmty,Lvndstkd, M``mdkms 2?1?86 linm`: ﬎dfl`Odkrthwlstlrd.leu
1
Elpnrtildt kb _syghk`kcy, \dmvlrsmty kb Imddlsktn, Imddlnpk`ms, Imddlsktn <<5<<6linm`: smips>?8Ouid.leu
7
Elpnrtildt kb _syghk`kcy, \dmvlrsmty kb Gn`mbkrdmn, Envms, Gn`mbkrdmn =<2>26linm`: lnstwmgfOugenvms.leu Nddu. Qlv. _syghk`. 1?>3. 28:787‗5>>Bmrst pua`mshle kd`mdl ns n Qlvmlw md Nevndgl kdWlptlialr >, 1?>2 Uhl
 Nddun` Qlvmlw kb _syghk`kcy
 ms kd`mdl nt psygh.nddun`rlvmlws.krc Uhms nrtmg`l”s ekm:>?.>>52/nddurlv-psygh-?>?5>2-?55?78Gkpyrmcht  g
 1?>3 ay Nddun` Qlvmlws. N`` rmchts rlslrvle
Flywkres
rl`ntmkdshmp sgmldgl, gkrl prmdgmp`ls, nttnghildt thlkry, mdtlrelpldeldglthlkry, gu`mdnry npprkngh
 Nastrngt 
Ql`ntmkdshmp sgmldgl ms n thlkry-rmgh emsgmp`mdl, aut thlrl hnvl alld dk nt-tlipts tk nrtmgu`ntl thl arknelr thlils kr prmdgmp`ls thnt gut ngrkss thlthlkrmls thlisl`vls. Sl hnvl skucht tk ﬎`` thnt vkme ay rlvmlwmdc thlpsyghk`kcmgn` `mtlrnturl kd g`ksl rl`ntmkdshmps, pnrtmgu`nr`y rkindtmg rl`n-tmkdshmps, tk lxtrngt mts gkrl prmdgmp`ls. Uhms rlvmlw rlvln`s >5 prmdgmp`ls, whmgh gk``lgtmvl`y neerlss bkur gldtrn` qulstmkds: (
n
) Shnt ms n rl`ntmkdshmp;(
a
) Hkw ek rl`ntmkdshmps kplrntl; (
) Shnt tldeldgmls ek plkp`l armdc tkthlmr rl`ntmkdshmps; (
) Hkw ekls thl gkdtlxt nbblgt rl`ntmkdshmps; Uhl >5prmdgmp`ls pnmdt n gkhlsmvl nde udm﬎le pmgturl kb rkindtmg rl`ntmkdshmps thnt rlfilgts n strkdc nde inturmdc emsgmp`mdl. Hkwlvlr, thl prmdgmp`ls nbbkre blw kb thl skrts kb gkdfimgtmdc prlemgtmkds thnt gnd al lsplgmn``y hl`pbu` md bks-tlrmdc dkvl` thlkry elvl`kpildt. Sl gkdg`uel thnt rl`ntmkdshmp sgmldgl ms`mfl`y tk aldl﬎t brki smiu`tndlkus pushls tkwnre akth crlntlr mdtlcrntmkdngrkss thlkrmls (tk rleugl rleudendgy) nde crlntlr liphnsms kd thl gmrgui-stndgls udelr whmgh lxmstmdc (kr dkt-ylt-elvl`kple) prmdgmp`ls gkdfimgt wmthkdl ndkthlr.
 787
   N  d  d  u .   Q  l  v .   _  s  y  g   h  k   ` .   1   ?   >   3 .   2   8  :   7   8   7  -   5   >   > .   E  k  w  d   `  k  n   e  l   e   b  r  k  i   w  w  w .  n  d  d  u  n   `  r  l  v   m  l  w  s .  k  r  c    N  g  g  l  s  s  p  r  k  v   m   e  l   e   a  y   M  d   e   m  n  d   W  g   h  k  k   `  k   b   A  u  s   m  d  l  s  s  -   H  y   e  l  r  n   a  n   e  k  d   ?   2   /   ?   7   /   1   ? .   B  k  r  p  l  r  s  k  d  n   `  u  s  l  k  d   `  y .
 
Gkdtldts
MDUQKE\GUMKD............................................................... 785 INJKQ UHLKQMLW MD QL@NUMKDWHM_ WGMLDGL ............................ 78<LXUQNGUMDC _QMDGM_@LW: N G\@MDNQ] ILUN_HKQ ..................... 782 UHL GKQL _QMDGM_@LW KB QL@NUMKDWHM_ WGMLDGL ..................... 788Wlt >: Shnt Ms n Ql`ntmkdshmp;................................................... 788Wlt 1: Hkw Ek Ql`ntmkdshmps Kplrntl; .......................................... 7=>Wlt 7: Shnt Uldeldgmls Ek _lkp`l Armdc tk Uhlmr Ql`ntmkdshmps; ................ 7=<Wlt 5: Hkw Ekls thl Gkdtlxt Nbblgt Ql`ntmkdshmps;............................... 7=3GKIAMDMDC UHL _QMDGM_@LW UK QLBMDL KQ ELRL@K_ UHLKQMLW .... 5?>Ql﬎dmdc Lxmstmdc Uhlkrmls...................................................... 5?>Cldlrntmdc Dlw Uhlkrmls ...................................................... 5?1K_UMIMZMDC QL@NUMKDWHM_ WGMLDGL: UHLKQLUMGN@ GKHLWMKD RLQW\W GKDB@MGU ......................................................... 5?1GKDG@\WMKD .................................................................. 5?5
VQYl`ntmkdshmps wmth kthlr huinds nrl akth thl bkudentmkd nde thl thlil kb thl huind gkdemtmkd: Sl nrl akrd mdtk rl`ntmkdshmps, wl `mvl kur `mvls md rl`ntmkdshmps wmth kthlrs, nde whld wl eml, thllbblgts kb kur rl`ntmkdshmps survmvl md thl `mvls kb thl `mvmdc, rlvlralrntmdc thrkuchkut thl tmssul kb thlmrrl`ntmkdshmps.―L``ld Alrsghlme (>===, pp. 12>‗121)
MDUQKE\GUMKD 
_klts, dkvl`msts, nde phm`kskphlrs hnvl `kdc rlgkcdmzle thl gldtrn`mty kb rl`ntmkdshmps tk huindlxmstldgl. ]lt thl gkn`lsgldgl kb nd mdtlcrntle sgmldgl elvktle tk udelrstndemdc huind rl`n-tmkdshmps entls angf kd`y tk thl >=8?s. Ukeny, rl`ntmkdshmp sgmldgl ms nd mdtlremsgmp`mdnry ﬎l`ethnt lip`kys emvlrsl lipmrmgn` ilthkes tk udelrstnde thl mdmtmntmkd, elvl`kpildt, inmdtldndgl,nde emssk`utmkd kb mdtlrplrskdn` rl`ntmkdshmps. Uhms ﬎l`e neerlssls thl strugturl nde trnjlgtkry kb rl`ntmkdshmps, hkw rl`ntmkdshmps kplrntl, nde hkw rl`ntmkdshmp kutgkils nrl mdfiuldgle ay akththl plrskdn` ghnrngtlrmstmgs thnt plkp`l armdc tk thlmr rl`ntmkdshmps nde thl arknelr gkdtlxt md whmgh rl`ntmkdshmps nrl lialeele. Ql`ntmkdshmp sgmldtmsts mdvlstmcntl indy typls kb rl`ntmkdshmps,aut thl prminry liphnsms ms kd g`ksl rl`ntmkdshmps―thksl ghnrngtlrmzle ay ‐strkdc, brlquldt,nde emvlrsl mdtlrelpldeldgl thnt `nsts kvlr n gkdsmelrna`l plrmke kb tmil’ (Fl``ly lt n`. >=87,p. 78)―lsplgmn``y wl``-lstna`mshle rkindtmg rl`ntmkdshmps.
>
Md hlr g`nssmg nrtmg`l kd thl ‐crlld-mdc kb rl`ntmkdshmp sgmldgl,’ Alrsghlme (>===) emsgussle thl crkwmdc gkhlrldgl nde mdfiuldgl kb rl`ntmkdshmp sgmldgl kd iyrmne sghk`nr`y ﬎l`es, prlsgmldt`y bkrlgnstmdc thl crkwth kb n
>
G`ksl rl`ntmkdshmps rlslnrghlrs mdvlstmcntl n wmel rndcl kb rl`ntmkdshmps, lvld wmthmd thl suagnsl kb rkindtmg rl`ntmkdshmps. N`thkuch thlrl nrl inmd lbblgt embblrldgls ngrkss rl`ntmkdshmp typls (Furelf 1??<), thl nvnm`na`l lvmeldgl succlsts thnt ‐thlprkglssls thnt rlcu`ntl rl`ntmkdshmp budgtmkdmdc cldlrn`mzl ngrkss cny, `lsamnd, nde hltlrkslxun` gkup`ls’ (Furelf 1??5,p. 88?). Uhus, wl hnvl dk rlnskd tk al`mlvl thnt thl >5 prmdgmp`ls emsgussle al`kw qun`mtntmvl`y embblr ngrkss embblrldt rkindtmgrl`ntmkdshmpnrrndclildts.Nssugh,ndealgnuslthlvnstinjkrmtykbrlslnrghhnslxnimdlehltlrkslxun`rkindtmgrl`ntmkdshmps,kur lxnip`ls bkgus kd thl hltlrkslxun` gnsl.
 785 Bmdfl` 
³
Wmipskd
³
 Lnstwmgf
   N  d  d  u .   Q  l  v .   _  s  y  g   h  k   ` .   1   ?   >   3 .   2   8  :   7   8   7  -   5   >   > .   E  k  w  d   `  k  n   e  l   e   b  r  k  i   w  w  w .  n  d  d  u  n   `  r  l  v   m  l  w  s .  k  r  c    N  g  g  l  s  s  p  r  k  v   m   e  l   e   a  y   M  d   e   m  n  d   W  g   h  k  k   `  k   b   A  u  s   m  d  l  s  s  -   H  y   e  l  r  n   a  n   e  k  d   ?   2   /   ?   7   /   1   ? .   B  k  r  p  l  r  s  k  d  n   `  u  s  l  k  d   `  y .
5
 
fikurmshmdc emsgmp`mdl md thl twldty-﬎rst gldtury (sll n`sk Gnipal`` & Wmipskd 1?>7,Qlms 1??3).Qlslnrghlrs hnvl wrmttld indy rlvmlws kb thl g`ksl rl`ntmkdshmps `mtlrnturl, mdg`uemdc md prl- vmkus vk`uils kb thl
 Nddun` Qlvmlw kb _syghk`kcy
 (l.c., G`nrf & Qlms >=88, Ckttind >==8). Mdthms rlvmlw, wl bkgus kd thl injkr thlkrmls thnt cumel rlslnrgh md rl`ntmkdshmp sgmldgl, wmthn pnrtmgu`nr liphnsms kd thksl elrmvmdc brki skgmn` nde plrskdn`mty psyghk`kcy. Sl sllf tkudelrstnde whnt nssuiptmkds thlsl thlkrmls shnrl, thl lxtldt tk whmgh thly n`mcd kr gkdfimgt,nde hkw thly gku`e al nucildtle nde gkip`lildtle. Ukwnre thksl ldes, wl nttlipt tk lx-trngt brki thl `mtlrnturl n slt kb gkrl prmdgmp`ls bkr udelrstndemdc g`ksl rl`ntmkdshmps nde m``us-trntl hkw nrtmgu`ntmdc nde krcndmzmdc thlsl gkrl prmdgmp`ls gnd prkiktl thlkry rl﬎dlildt ndeelvl`kpildt.
 INJKQ UHLKQMLW MD QL@NUMKDWHM_ WGMLDGL
Ql`ntmkdshmp sgmldgl hns prkeugle indy strkdc thlkrmls, twk kb whmgh―mdtlrelpldeldgl thlkry nde nttnghildt thlkry―hnvlalld lsplgmn``ymdfiuldtmn`. Mdtlrelpldeldglthlkry, whmgh alcnd nsn cnil-thlkrltmg ikel` kb eynemg mdtlrngtmkd, trngls mts rkkts tk Uhmanut & Fl``ly”s (>=<=) akkf 
Uhl Wkgmn` _syghk`kcy kb Crkups 
. Uhms thlkry wns ﬎rst npp`mle tk g`ksl rl`ntmkdshmps md thl >=3?s(Fl``ly >=3=, @lvmdclr & Wdklf >=31) nde algnil n ekimdndt thlkry kb sugh rl`ntmkdshmps md thl>=8?s (Fl``ly lt n`. >=87, Qusau`t >=87). Nggkremdc tk mdtlrelpldeldgl thlkry, skgmn` smtuntmkds vnry n`kdc slvlrn` emildsmkds, nde thms vnrmntmkd mdfiuldgls rl`ntmkdshmp prkglssls nde kutgkils(Fl``ly lt n`. 1??7). Bkr lxnip`l, smtuntmkds md whmgh n ind ms ikrl (vlrsus `lss) elpldeldt kd hmscmr`brmlde bkr rlwnremdc lxplrmldgls shku`e mdgrlnsl thl lxtldt tk whmgh hl ikdmtkrs hlr alhnvmkrbkr smcds thnt shl `kvls nde ms gkiimttle tk hmi. Hms hmch `lvl` kb elpldeldgl puts hmi md n `kw-pkwlr pksmtmkd ud`lss shl ms n`sk hmch`y elpldeldt upkd hmi. Hmch `lvl`s kb iutun` elpldeldgltypmgn``yprkiktlgkkplrntmvlalhnvmkrwhldpnrtdlrshnvlgkrrlspkdemdcmdtlrlstsautgkdfimgtun`alhnvmkr whld thly hnvl dkdgkrrlspkdeldt mdtlrlsts. Nttnghildt thlkry, whmgh mdmtmn``y bkgusle kd mdbndt‗gnrlcmvlr rl`ntmkdshmps, trngls mts rkkts tkAkw`ay”s (>=2=, >=37, >=8?) trm`kcy kd nttnghildt, slpnrntmkd, nde `kss. Uhl thlkry wns nenptletklxp`nmdthldnturlkbg`kslrl`ntmkdshmpsaltwlldneu`tsmdthl>=8?s(Hnznd&Whnvlr>=83),ndemt jkmdle mdtlrelpldeldgl thlkry ns n ekimdndt ikel` kb neu`t rl`ntmkdshmps md thl >==?s (Hnznd&Whnvlr>==5).Nggkremdctknttnghildtthlkry,plkp`lelvl`kpliktmkdn`akdeswmthsmcdm﬎gndkthlrs (usun``y rkindtmg pnrtdlrs md neu`thkke) nde nrl iktmvntle tk inmdtnmd thlsl akdes kvlrtmil (Imfu`mdglr & Whnvlr 1??3). _lkp`l sllf prkxmimty tk thlmr prminry nttnghildt ﬎curl,lsplgmn``y whld thly nrl strlssle, m``, kr nbrnme, nde rl`y kd thl psyghk`kcmgn` slgurmty prkvmele ay thms plrskd whld pursumdc ghn``ldcmdc ngtmvmtmls thnt gnd prkiktl instlry nde plrskdn` crkwth.Mdemvmeun`s vnry n`kdc twk emildsmkds kb nttnghildt mdslgurmty: (
n
) ndxmlty, thl lxtldt tk whmghthlydllerlnssurndglthntthlmrnttnghildt﬎curls`kvlndewm``stnywmththli,nde(
a
)nvkmendgl,thl lxtldt tk whmgh thly nrl udgkibkrtna`l wmth liktmkdn` mdtmingy nde almdc vu`dlrna`l. Wlgurlmdemvmeun`s,whksgkrl`kwkdakthemildsmkds,typmgn``yemsp`nythlikstgkdstrugtmvlrl`ntmkdshmpprkglssls nde hnvl thl ikst pksmtmvl rl`ntmkdshmp kutgkils.Wlvlrn` kthlr thlkrltmgn` plrsplgtmvls hnvl n`sk alld mdfiuldtmn` md rl`ntmkdshmp sgmldgl, md-g`uemdc rmsf rlcu`ntmkd thlkry (Iurrny lt n`. 1??2), sl`b-lxpndsmkd thlkry (Nrkd lt n`. 1?>7), thlgkiiudn`/lxghndcl ikel` (G`nrf & Im``s 1?>>), thl mdtlrplrskdn` prkglss ikel` kb mdtmingy (Qlms & Whnvlr >=88), nde thl vu`dlrnam`mty-strlss-nenptntmkd ikel` (Fnrdly & Arneaury >==<). Uhllxmstldglkbsughthlkrmls,n`kdcwmthindykthlrs,msninjkrstrldcthkbrl`ntmkdshmpsgmldgl: Uhlslthlkrmls hnvl brumtbu``ycumele thkusndes kb lipmrmgn` mdvlstmcntmkds mdtk hkw plkp`l thmdf,bll`, nde alhnvl md g`ksl rl`ntmkdshmps.
www.nddun`rlvmlws.krc 
 
 Ql`ntmkdshmp Wgmldgl 78<
   N  d  d  u .   Q  l  v .   _  s  y  g   h  k   ` .   1   ?   >   3 .   2   8  :   7   8   7  -   5   >   > .   E  k  w  d   `  k  n   e  l   e   b  r  k  i   w  w  w .  n  d  d  u  n   `  r  l  v   m  l  w  s .  k  r  c    N  g  g  l  s  s  p  r  k  v   m   e  l   e   a  y   M  d   e   m  n  d   W  g   h  k  k   `  k   b   A  u  s   m  d  l  s  s  -   H  y   e  l  r  n   a  n   e  k  d   ?   2   /   ?   7   /   1   ? .   B  k  r  p  l  r  s  k  d  n   `  u  s  l  k  d   `  y .
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Dlvlrthl`lss, mt ms dkt kavmkus hkw, kr whlthlr, thlsl thlkrmls gkhlrl nde whnt qun`mtmls thly hnvl md gkiikd. Wkil thlkrmls kvlr`np md mdtldele wnys. Bkr lxnip`l, rmsf rlcu`ntmkd thlkry (Iurrny lt n`. 1??2) el`malrntl`y gkiamdls l`lildts kb nttnghildt thlkry nde mdtlrelpldeldglthlkry. Kthlr thlkrmls kvlr`np md udelrnpprlgmntle wnys. Bkr lxnip`l, thl meln` stndenres ikel`(Wmipskd lt n`. 1??>) bkgusls kd stndenres, whlrlns thl subbkgntmkd ikel` (Bmdfl` lt n`. 1?>5n) bk-guslskdlxplgtntmkds,twkgkdstrugtsthntnrln`ikstsydkdyikusmdmdtlrelpldeldglthlkry.Wtm``kthlr thlkrmls emsguss prkglssls thnt nrl rnrl`y nrtmgu`ntle l`slwhlrl. Bkr lxnip`l, thl liphnsmsmd thl vu`dlrnam`mty-strlss-nenptntmkd ikel` kd strlsskrs lxtlrdn` tk thl rl`ntmkdshmp (Fnrdly &Arneaury >==<) ms dlc`lgtle md ikst kthlr thlkrmls (aut sll Hm`` >=5=, IgGuaamd & _nttlrskd>=87). Ql`ntmkdshmp sgmldgl ms bkrtudntl tk hnvl thms rmgh nsslia`ncl kb thlkrmls, aut thlmr gk`-`lgtmvl elpmgtmkd ms iurfy algnusl thl elcrll tk whmgh thl ﬎l`e”s gkrl prmdgmp`ls gkip`lildt,gmrguisgrmal, kvlr`np wmth, kr gkdfimgt wmth kdl ndkthlr rlinmds udg`lnr.
1
LXUQNGUMDC _QMDGM_@LW: N G\@MDNQ] ILUN_HKQ 
 Uhl prminry ckn` kb thms rlvmlw ms tk nrtmgu`ntl thl prmdgmp`ls thnt gut ngrkss indy kb thl thlkrmlsmd rl`ntmkdshmp sgmldgl. Gkdsmelr n gu`mdnry iltnphkr md whmgh lngh thlkry ms n emsh (l.c., n gurry)gkipksle kb emsgrltl mdcrlemldts (l.c., n crnmd, n prktlmd, n vlcltna`l, slvlrn` spmgls). Sl slt kursl`vlsthltnsfkblxtrngtmdcthlgkrlprmdgmp`ls―thlansmgmdcrlemldts―ndeeltlrimdmdcwhmghprmdgmp`ls lilrcl rlplntle`y ngrkss embblrldt thlkrmls. Kur npprkngh, md kthlr wkres, mdvk`vlstlipkrnrm`y slttmdc thl thlkrmls nsmel md krelr tk meldtmby nde krcndmzl n slt kb gkrl prmdgmp`ls thnt ghnrngtlrmzl rl`ntmkdshmp sgmldgl md cldlrn`. Wuaslquldt`y, wl m``ustrntl hkw thlkrmsts imcht uslthlsl prmdgmp`ls md thlkry rl﬎dlildt nde dkvl` thlkry elvl`kpildt.Mdcldlrn`,thlckn`kbthllxtrngtmkdprkglssmsdkttkrlp`nglgurrldtthlkrmls,dkrtkcldlrntlngkiprlhldsmvl `mst kb lvlry thlkrltmgn` meln lvlr mdtrkeugle wmthmd thl rl`lvndt rlslnrgh ekinmd.Qnthlr, thl ckn` ms tk meldtmby thl fly―ikst wmelsprlne nde mdfiuldtmn`―prmdgmp`ls thnt hnvlmdfiuldgle thlkry elvl`kpildt nde hypkthlsms cldlrntmkd md thl ﬎l`e. Uhms nsslssildt gnd hl`peltlrimdlwhlthlrndehkwvnrmkusthlkrmlsn`mcd,plrhnpsthrkuchrleudendgykrayliphnsmzmdcembblrldt blnturls kb n phldkildkd (nfmd tk thl prkvlramn` a`mde ild lxnimdmdc embblrldt pnrtskb nd l`lphndt). Neemtmkdn``y, mt ﬎``s thl thlkrltmgn` pndtry wmth thl inmd mdcrlemldts rlqumrle bkrthl thlkry elvl`kpildt (gkkfmdc) prkglss.Md npp`ymdc thms gu`mdnry npprkngh tk rl`ntmkdshmp sgmldgl, wl alcnd ay lxnimdmdc psyghk`kc-mgn``y krmldtle hndeakkf vk`uils, tlxtakkfs, nde rlvmlw nrtmg`ls tk meldtmby thl injkr thlkrmlsnde ikel`s wmthmd thl rlslnrgh ekinmd nde tk lxtrngt nd mdmtmn` `mst kb gkrl prmdgmp`ls. Sl thldkatnmdle blleangf brki >2 `lnemdc rl`ntmkdshmp sgmldtmsts md psyghk`kcy tk rl﬎dl thms mdmtmn` `mst,u`tmintl`y prkeugmdc thl >5 gkrl prmdgmp`ls emsgussle al`kw (sll
 Una`l >
).Lngh prmdgmp`l ms elsgrmale nt n bnmr`y hmch `lvl` kb nastrngtmkd sk thnt mt gnd n`mcd wmth iu`-tmp`l thlkrmls6 kur ckn` ms tk gnpturl thl cldlrn` thrust kb hkw lngh thlkry ghnrngtlrmzls n cmvldprmdgmp`l, lvld mb thlrl ms imdkr vnrmntmkd ngrkss thlkrmls md thl prmdgmp`l”s prlgmsl splgm﬎gntmkd.Lngh prmdgmp`l gnd al usle tk elvl`kp lipmrmgn` hypkthlsls, aut dk kdl prmdgmp`l splgm﬎ls hkw pnrtmgu`nr gkdstrugts shku`e al kplrntmkdn`mzle (m.l., thlrl ms dk ck`e-stndenre ilnsurl rlqumrleay n pnrtmgu`nr prmdgmp`l). Qlfilgtmdc thl gurrldt stntl kb thl ﬎l`e, thl prmdgmp`ls lxmst nt skilwhnt 
1
 Uhl lvk`utmkdnry psyghk`kcy kb huind intmdc (Auss 1??8) elvl`kple n`kdcsmel inmdstrlni rl`ntmkdshmp sgmldgl. Ay nde`nrcl, hkwlvlr,thlsltwk﬎l`eshnvlelvl`kplemd pnrn``l`. Uhlyneerlssskil kvlr`nppmdc tkpmgs aut tldetklip`ky embblrldt rlslnrgh ilthkes nde lxhmamt ikelst grkss-blrtm`mzntmkd kb melns (sll Eurndtl lt n`. 1?>2, Lnstwmgf 1?>2). Ukwnre thl ldekb thms rlvmlw (sll Kptmimzmdc Ql`ntmkdshmp Wgmldgl: Uhlkrltmgn` Gkhlsmkd Rlrsus Gkdfimgt), wl neerlss skil wnys md whmghrl`ntmkdshmp sgmldgl gku`e aldl﬎t brki crlntlr mdgkrpkrntmkd kb melns brki lvk`utmkdnry psyghk`kcy.
 782 Bmdfl` 
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