AE 8504 Propulsion II 2 Marks
AE 8504 Propulsion II 2 Marks
AE 8504 Propulsion II 2 Marks
AE 8504 Propulsion II
Rate of climb decreases with altitude Rate of climb increases with altitude
Engine ram drag increases with flight Engine has no ram drag; constant
speed. thrust with speed.
15) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using multiple nozzles?
If a single large nozzle is replaced by a cluster of smaller nozzles (all the same
cumulative thrust), then it is possible to reduce the nozzle length. Similarly, if
several replace a single large thrust chamber of a liquid engine smaller thrust
chambers, the nozzle length will be shorter, reducing the vehicle length and thus
the vehicle structure and inert mass.
The vehicle diameter at the cluster nozzle exit is somewhat larger, the vehicle
drag is somewhat higher, and there is additional engine complexity and engine
mass.
37) What are the advantages and disadvantages of solid propellant rocket?
Advantages
1. Simple design (few or no moving parts).
2. Easy to operate (little preflight checkout).
3. Ready to operate quickly.
4. Will not leak, spill or slosh.
5. Thrust termination devices permits control over total impulse.
Disadvantages
1. Explosion and fire potential is large, failure can be catastrophic; most cannot
accept bullet impact or being dropped on to a hard surface.
2. Many require environmental permit and safety features for transport on public
conveyances.
3. If designed for reuse, it requires extensive factory rework and new propellants.
4. Requires an ignition system.
5. Each restart requires a separate ignition system and additional insulation
A scramjet is a variant of a ramjet air breathing jet engine in which combustion takes
place in supersonic airflow.
2. Define thrust.
Thrust is a force which propels the engine in to the forward direction. Unit for thrust is
Newton.
It is defined as the ratio of thrust to weight flow rate of air-fuel mixture. Unit for the
specific impulse is seconds.
The function of the nozzle is to convert the pressure energy of the fluid into kinetic
energy.
The function of the diffuser is to convert the kinetic energy of the entering air into
pressure energy. This energy transformation is called ram effect.
8. What are the assumptions made for calculate the ideal efficiency of the
ramjet engine?
• Steady flow
• One dimensional flow
• Isentropic compression and expansion
• Gas is perfect
• Heat added at constant pressure
• Very low Mach number in the combustion chamber.
In ramjet engine, due to subsonic and supersonic diffuser, the static pressure of the air is
increased to ignition pressure. So there is no need of compressor and turbine.
The propulsive efficiency of ramjet engine is defined as the ratio of thrust power to
power output.
The combustion efficiency is defined as the ratio of enthalpy rise of air to heat supplied to
it.
Diffuser efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual pressure rise to ideal pressure rise.
• Ramjet engine is very simple and does not have any moving part.
• Cost is low.
• Less maintenance.
• There is no upper limit for flight speed.
• Light weight when compared to turbojet engine.
• Since the takeoff thrust is zero, it is not possible to start a ramjet engine without
an external launching device.
• The combustor required flame holder to stabilize the combustion due to high speed of
air.
• It has low thermal efficiency.
• It is very difficult to design a diffuser which will give good pressure recovery over a
wide range of speeds.
15. What are the applications of ramjet engine?
• It is widely used in high speed aircrafts and missiles due to its high thrust and high
operational speed.
• Subsonic ramjets are used in target weapons.
When the inlet can accept the mass flow of air required positioning the terminal
shock just inside the cowl lip. This is called critical inlet operation.
When the inlet is not matched to the engine, the normal shock moves
upstream. This is called as subcritical operation.
When the inlet cannot capture the mass flow required by the engine, the terminal
shock is sucked into the diffuser. This is called super critical operation.
19. What are the factors to be considered to select the fuel for ramjet engine?
The ratio of total impulse of the rocket to total weight of the rocket is called as impulse
weight ratio.
In rocket engine, if the speed is increased, the propulsive efficiency is increased and
reaches the maximum value of one. Then propulsive efficiency is decreased with
increase in speed ratio.
25.Define altitude.
The height of the rocket engine from the sea level is called as altitude.
The bell nozzle has 20 % less than the length that would be required for a conical
nozzle.
Overall efficiency is defined as the ratio of thrust power to heat supplied by the propellant.
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of power developed by the engine to heat supplied by the
propellant.
The effective jet velocity is the ratio of thrust to mass flow rate of propellant.
The aero spike nozzle has common plug at its centre. The small combustion chambers
arranged in a circle around a common plug. The gasses coming out from the chambers
flow through the divergent section of the nozzle where they are expanded.
In the jet engines, oxygen obtained from the surrounding atmosphere for combustion
process. In the rocket engines, the propulsion unit consists of own oxygen supply for
combustion purpose.
34.What are the classifications of rocket engine? Rocket engine classified as follows:
It is a nozzle which discharges fluid at exit pressure greater than external pressure,
because the exit area is too small.
39.In rocket engine, how the propulsive efficiency varies with respect to speed
ratio?
In rocket engine, if the speed ratio is increased, the propulsive efficiency is also
increased and reaches maximum value when the speed ratio is unity. After that, the
propulsive efficiency is decreased with increase in speed ratio.
• Injection
• Atomization
• Mixing
• Ignition
• Chemical reaction between fuel and oxidizer.
Strand burner is used to measure the burning rate of the solid propellant.
A gelled propellant is a thixotropic liquid with a gelling additive. It behaves like a jelly
or thick paint. It will not spill or leak. Readily can burn flow under pressure will burn
and is safer in some respects.
The propellant mixture ratio for a bipropellant is the ratio at which the oxidizer and fuel
are mixed and react to give hot gases.
The velocity at which a solid propellant is consumed during operation is called the
burning rate.
55.What is monopropellant?
A liquid propellant which contains both the fuel and oxidizer in a single
chemical is known as monopropellant.
56.What is bipropellant?
If the fuel and oxidizer are different from each other in its chemical 1nature then
the propellant is called bipropellant.
57.Classify the rocket engine based on source of energy employed? Rocket engine can
be classified as
The jet velocity must be twice more than the free stream velocity for which the
propulsive efficiency is 66.7%.
• Low thrust
• Teflon reaction products are toxic
• Corrosive
• Single propellant
• High beam divergence
• Erosion.
• Propellant tank
• Combustion chamber
• Cooling system
• Electric power supply.
• Propellant tank
• Propellant pump
• Thrust chamber
• Accelerator.
• Propellant tank
• Thrust chamber
• Electric power supply
• Vapourizing chamber.
71.Write down three fuel – oxidizer combination for hybrid propellant rockets?
• Surface contact
• Electron bombardment and
• Electric arc.
• Low efficiency
• Erosion at high power and low specific impulse
• High current, heavy wiring, heat loss
• More complex power conditioning.
78.What are the advantages of ion jet propulsion system?