Global North Global South

Global Divides: The North and the South
‘Seems like a textbook example of ethnic cleansing’ – John Johnson, Newser Staff
GLOBAL NORTH GLOBAL SOUTH
1. Home to all the members of G8 and 1. Africa, Latin America
to four of to five permanent
members of UN Security Council
2. United States, Canada, Western 2. Developing Asia, including Middle
Europe East
3. Developed parts of Asia Australia
and;
4. New Zealand
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

Rich, Industrialized, Wealthy Nations Developing Nations
Democratic Capitalist Countries Non-Democratic Countries
CONCEPTS OF GLOBAL RELATIONS

MAJOR PREMISES
o The underdevelopment of certain states/people and their lack of representations in
global political process in reality
PREVALENT
o Imbalances of Aggregate economics and political power between states Interstate
dimensions
GLOBALISM (STEGER):
Global economic integration is not only inevitable given the rise of new technologies; it is,
more importantly, a normative international goal. To not partake to globally is backwards.
CIVILIZATION DISCOURSE:
Dominant ideology of colonialism and the logic that shaped the birth of international order
MODERNIZATION THEORY (ROSTOW):
Outlined the historical progression terms of a society’s capacity to produce and consume
material goods
ASIAN REGIONALISM
Towards Asian Regionalism
 The center gravity of the global economy is shifting to Asia. The region’s economy is
already similar I size to those Europe and North America, and its influence in the
world continues to increase.
 Regionalism is relatively new aspect of Asia’s rise. Asia’s economies are increasingly
connected through trade, financial transactions, direct investment, technology, labor
and tourist flows, and other economic relationships.
HOW CAN REGIONALISM BENEFIT ASIA?
 Link the competitive strengths of its diverse economies
 Connect the region’s capital markets to enhance financial stability, reduce the cost
of capital, and improve opportunities for sharing risks;
 Cooperate in setting exchange rate and macroeconomic policies
 Pool the region’s foreign exchange reserves to make more resources available for
investment and development;
 Exercise leadership in global decision making
 Build connected infrastructure
 Create regional mechanisms
HOW CAN ASIA REGIONALISM BENEFIT THE WORLD?
 Generate productivity gains, new ideas, and competition
 Contribute to the efficiency and stability of global financial markets
 Diversity sources of global demand
 Provide leadership
 Create regional mechanism
While Asian Regionalism is primarily motivated by the desire to advance welfare in the
region, it would not do so by detracting from development elsewhere. On the contrary,
Asian regionalism can help sustain global economic progress at a time when other major
regions are reaching economic maturity.
THE ECONOMICS OF ASIAN REGIONALISM
 The economics of regionalism have a complex and troubled history. In the 1930s,
countries created preferential trade blocs in an attempt to shelter their economies
from the Great Depression.
 Many economists and policy makers remain skeptical about regionalism because of
its potentially negative impact on the multilateral trade and financial system
 Regionalism must not lead to protectionist blocs – a “fortress Asia” is no more
desirable than a “fortress Europe” or a “fortress North America” would be
GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES

GLOBALIZATION AND MEDIA
Cultural Imperialism and the Global Media Debate
 Cultural imperialism theory argued that audiences across the globe are heavily
affected by media messages emanating from the Western industrialized countries.
 Political economy focuses on material issues, such as capital, infrastructure and
political control
 Researchers focused their efforts mostly on nation-states as primary actors in
international relations
 New World Information Order (NWIO), later known as the New World
Information and Communication Order (NWICO) (concerned with news flows
between north and the south)
 The global media debate was launched during 1973 General Conference of the
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
 Led by the United States, the first group insisted on the “free flow of information”
doctrine, advocating “free trade”
 (2nd group) lack of balance in international media flows
MEDIA, GLOBALIZATION, AND HYBRIDIZATION
 (FIRST) The end of the Cold War as a global framework for ideological, geopolitical
and economic competition.
 (SECOND) Globalization replaced cultural imperialism because in conveys a
process with less coherence and direction, which will weaken the cultural unity of all
nation-states, not only those in the developing world – John Tomlison (1991)
 Political Scientist who formulated the theory about the globalization of culture in
the book Jihad vs. McWorld (1996) “How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping
the World,” – Benjamin Barber
 Hybridization advocates an emphasis on processes of mediation that it views as a
central to cultural globalization. The concept of hybridization is the product of
interdisciplinary work mostly based in intellectual projects.
 One of the most influential voices in the debate about cultural hybridity is
Argentinean Mexican cultural critic Nestor Garcia-Candini (Hybrid Cultures 1995)
3 Main features of Cultural Hybridity
1. consists of mixing previously separate cultural systems, such as
mixing the elite art of opera with popular music.
2. Deterritorialization of cultural processes from their original physical
environment to new and foreign context.
3. Cultural hybridity entails impure cultural genres that are formed out
of the mixture of several cultural domains.
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

BEYOND THE SECULARIZATION DEBATE
 There is a discontinuity between research agenda the focus on secularization and
globalization
 Social Scientist have debated the scope, nature, extent and parameter of
secularization in an effort to unveil the overall patterns and/or trajectories of the
modern world
 Secularization had a strong following but eventually it was superseded by re-
evaluation
 Various debates lead to re-appraisal
 Secularization debates have been reframed
 Secularization is understood as a shift in the overall frameworks of human
condition
TRANSNATIONAL RELIGION AND MULTIPLE GLOCALIZATIONS
 Migration of faiths across the globe has been a major feature of the world
throughout the 20th century
 Transnational religion emerged through the post-World War II
 Two distinct blends of religious universalism and local particularism
 It is possible for religious universalism to gain the upper hand, whereby religion
becomes the central reference of immigrants. Religion transnationalism – “religion
going global”
 It is possible for ethnic or national particularism to gain or maintain the most
important place for local immigrants communities
Religion in Global Conflict
 Religious ideas, values, symbols, and rites relate to deep issues od existence; it
should not be surprising when religion enters the picture in times of crisis
 The ere of globalization brought with it 3 enormous problems;
 IDENTITY
 ACCOUNTABILITY
 SECURITY
Religion provides:
 Sense of identity
 Accountability
 Security
THE GLOBAL CITY

 The idea emerged in the social science literature in the 1980s
 It has central place in understanding contemporary spatial patterns of globalization
 It is the main physical and geographic playground of the globalizing forces
 The global flows of people, capital ang ideas are woven into the daily lived
experiences of its residents
 It means power, sophistication, wealth, and influence
 The idea and values of the metropolis shape the world
 Embodies both the good and the bad effects of globalization
 Transcends boundaries of nation-states
 According to Sassen (1991), global cities are characterized by occupational and
income polarization, with the highly paid professional class on the one end and
providers of low-paid services on the other
 Sassen (2005) introduces global cities as global command centers of the world
economy
COSMOPOLITANISM
 It is the phenomenon most readily associated with the global city
 Invokes pleasant images of travel, exploration, and worldly pursuits enjoyed by
those who have benefited from globalization
 Everyday life is significantly shaped by commercial culture, retail and shopping
 Consumption is costly in resources
 Networks and groups rely on geographic proximity
Global Cities are livable cities because:
 They provide jobs that a pay an adequate wage
 Provide basic services, including safe water and adequate sanitation
 Void of discriminatory process
 Have access to educational opportunities and health care
 Not at risk of forced eviction
 Enjoy security of tenure in affordable housing
Japanese Mori Foundation’s Global Power City Index
 Economy
 Research and Development
 Cultural Interaction
 Livability
 Environment
 Accessibility

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Global Divides: The North and the South

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

CONCEPTS OF GLOBAL RELATIONS

GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES

THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

THE GLOBAL CITY

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