Technology Details (Description / Functions) Better Still If Photos, Visuals Included

Technology Details (description / functions) better still if photos, visuals
included.
The Suva–Nausori urban corridor comprises Suva and the three municipal towns of Lami,
Nasinu, and Nausori. It is located in the central region of Viti Levu, one of the two largest islands
of the Republic of Fiji. This corridor extends for about 25 kilometers (km), from industrial areas
in Lami to Suva’s west to rural areas around Nausori to Suva’s east. At appraisal, the corridor’s
population of 262,000 made up approximately 33% of Fiji’s total population and almost 60% of
its urban population, with more than 27% at or below the poverty line. Piped water supply
coverage in the area was estimated at 97%, and sewerage coverage at 27% (half unregistered).
1. 32200-013-pcr
Google satellite image of The Kinoya Wastewater Treatment Plant.

Waste Water Management Unit
This is a new unit within Water Authority of Fiji assigned the role of managing the Operation
and Maintenance of all the wastewater systems in Fiji. Area of Responsibility;
• Waste Water Collection System
• Wastewater Treatment System
• Wastewater Treatment Plant Disposal
• Wastewater Sludge (Solid Waste) Treatment
• Wastewater Septic Waste Treatment
• Wastewater CDM (Gas Flaring) Project

Functions;
 Ensuring all wastewater from domestic, commercial and industrial are collected and
disposed through its system to the Wastewater Treatment Plants. Transportation of
wastewater can be either from sewer gravity main or rising (pumping) main
 All wastewater collection is treated to ensure that its effluent to be disposed to receiving
waters (rivers, sea, lakes, etc.) is of a quality that meets that standard set by the regulatory
authorities or World Health Organization.
 Sludge is fully digested before it is de-watered and disposed, incinerated or re-used for
landfill purposes. The treatment of raw sludge which is a bi-product of primary treatment
through anaerobic or aerobic digestions processes is an essential part of wastewater
treatment.
• Extension of wastewater coverage to backlog areas around the country to ensure that the
whole nation is provided with a safe and reliable wastewater services consistently.
http://www.waterauthority.com.fj/en/waste-water-treatment-plants#
Major Sewage Treatment Plants in Fiji and the volume of Sewage Treated
Fj_FR_Quantification
The Wastewater Treatment Process

Wastewater treatment plants are an essential aspect of sanitation and water infrastructure.
Collection and treatment of sewage along with purifying and returning the water to the
environment is a cornerstone to public health and safety. Wastewater treatment works by
employing several physical, chemical, and biological treatment barriers. A typical wastewater
treatment plant will first employ screens and grit chambers to remove larger and denser
material followed by primary settling tanks to remove slower to settle material. The water that
leaves these processes is largely particle-free and fed to a biological treatment stage where
high-density populations of bacteria, called activated sludge, biodegrade the carbon and
nutrients in the water. The purified water is sometimes disinfected by UV light or chlorination,
depending on season and local practice, and returned to rivers, lakes, and streams as a means
of water reclamation.
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Wastewater Treatment Process: Sewer Line Treatment

PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
STAGE 1: BAR SCREENING
The Bar Screening process employs a simple filtering process by the use of large metal screens
that catch large objects that may have entered the sewer system, such as bricks, bottles, pieces
of wood etc.
STAGE 2: Photographs showing the Bar Screening process. GRIT
REMOVAL CHAMBER
The Grit Removal Chamber further applies a filtration process to remove small to medium sized,
dense objects, such as sand, broken glass, bone fragments, pebbles etc. In this stage, these
must be removed from the wastewater. This is critical;
 To extend the lifespan of the mechanical components, especially pumps;

 To prevent sand and grit from getting into the pipelines and machinery, which can cause
blockages.
 To avoid depositing a sand package at the bottom of the digestion tank, the presence of
which would minimize the effective volume and hence the efficiency of the tank.
STAGE 3: SEDIMENTATION TANK

The primary sedimentation tank comes after the grit chamber. Here as many of the settable
undissolved particles as possible are separated. This sludge is called primary sludge. This
reduces the load and size of sludge treatment units. Almost 60% of all suspended solids are
removed at this stage.
Photograph showing a view of the 3 Primary Settling Tanks.
SECONDARY TREATMENT:
STAGE 5: TRICKLING FILTER
The trickling filter bed consists of a cylindrical tank 2 – 4 meters high equipped with a
perforated bottom. The trickling filter is filled almost entirely with packing material made up of
lava slag, gravel or other suitable material. A rotary distributor arm spreads the influent
wastewater over the upper layer of the media and then the wastewater trickles down over and
in between the packing material through the filter. Through the under-drain and the drainage
collection trench the treated water is discharged.
The stabilization of wastewater is accomplished biologically using a variety of microorganisms.

The so-called biological skin, also known as “biofilm” is developed on the surface of the packing
material. The settled wastewater flows in thin layers over the aerobic layer of the biofilm. From
the passing liquid absorption of the dissolved solids, present in the settled wastewater, takes
place in the biofilm. All of the biological contaminants are consumed and degraded, these lead
to the treatment of the wastewater
Photograph showing the “biofilm”
Photographs showing the Trickling Filter Process

Tertiary (or Advanced) Treatment:
STAGE 6: THICKENING SLUDGE PROCESS
The stabilized effluent is then transferred into this tank for thickening. This is usually
accomplished in a tank called a gravity thickener. A Thickener can further reduce the total
volume to less than half the original volume.
There are 3 (three) accepted methods used for pre-digestion sludge thickening;
Gravity Thickening
Dissolved air floatation thickening
Centrifugation
The supernatant water is discharge into the sea, 1.5 km from the shoreline. While, bottom thick
layer laid to dry. In previous years, the dried by-product would’ve been sold as manure for
agricultural use, but has since stopped, because the unknown environmental impacts.
STAGE 7: Sludge Digester
The plant also has a Digester Tank, where anaerobic metabolism takes place and Methane gas
is produced. The methane gas produced is then stored in a large ballooned Gas Holder and
burnt 24 hours a day in an allocated Gas Flare.
Photograph showing the Digester Tank.
Photograph showing the Gas Holder.

Wastewater Treatment Process: Septic Treatment
If Wastewater is transferred to the Plant from individual Septic Tanks by means of Bailing Trucks, the
Treatment needs to have an additional process whereby Bailing Trucks dispose of these wastes into a
Sludge Lagoon which is located further from the main treatment site.
Sludge Lagoon
Since the waste transferred through Bailing Trucks contain larger amounts of solid waste and are least
expected to be contaminated with debris, the waste is transported directly to Sludge Lagoons which, by
gravitational laws, allow the solid and liquid waste to separate.
The Liquid waste to piped up to the Sewer Treatment Process Preliminary process to follow the
prescribed channel of treatment, while the solid waste is collected and placed in drying beds.
Photograph of a Septic Tank Bailing Out truck disposing collected household waste into the Sludge Lagoon.
Photograph showing 1 of the 3 Sludge Lagoons in the Kinoya Wastewater Treatment Plant
Photograph showing the drainage of liquid waste from the Sludge Lagoon to be transferred to the Main Sewer Treatment
Process.
Drying Beds
Solid waste collected from the Sludge Lagoon is then placed in the Drying Beds to allow all remaining
moisture to evaporate, thus leaving a solid soil-like by-product, which is disposed of in landfills.
Photograph showing the piping network for transfer into the drying beds
Photograph showing Drying Beds for the Kinoya Wastewater Treatment Plant.

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Technology Details (Description / Functions) Better Still If Photos, Visuals Included

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Technology Details (description / functions) better still if photos, visuals

Google satellite image of The Kinoya Wastewater Treatment Plant.

The Wastewater Treatment Process

Wastewater Treatment Process: Sewer Line Treatment

 To extend the lifespan of the mechanical components, especially pumps;

STAGE 3: SEDIMENTATION TANK

Photograph showing a view of the 3 Primary Settling Tanks.

The stabilization of wastewater is accomplished biologically using a variety of microorganisms.

Photograph showing the “biofilm”

Photographs showing the Trickling Filter Process

Photograph showing the Digester Tank.

Photograph showing the Gas Holder.

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