St.

Anthony’s College
San Jose, Antique
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

LESSON 1
First Quarter:

Learning Competency: Writing a close analysis and critical interpretation of literary texts and
doing an adaptation of these require from the learner the ability to identify the geographic,
linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary history from pre-colonial to the
contemporary

Activity 1. Bugtong! Bugtong!

Bugtong, Bugtong: Can You Answer These Tricky Pinoy Riddles?

1. Kung kalian pinatay, sala humaba ang buhay. – _____________

2. Dumaan ang hari, nagkagatan ang mga pari. - _____________
3. Malaking supot ni Mang Jacob, kung sisidlan ay pataob. – _____________
4. Kay lapit-lapit na sa mata, di mo pa rin Makita. – _____________
5. Lumuluha walang mata, lumalakad walang paa. – _____________
6. Maliit na bahay, puno ng mga patay. – _____________
7. Araw-araw bagong buhay, taon-taon namamatay. – _____________

Activity 2. Looking Back to Move Forward

MAPPING THE HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

The word literature is derived from the Latin term litera which means letter. Some loosely
interpret literature as any printed matter written within a book, a magazine or a pamphlet.
Others define literature as a faithful reproduction of man’s manifold experiences blended into
one harmonious expression.
Because literature deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of man, literature can be said to be the
story of man. Man’s loves, grief’s, thoughts, dreams and aspirations coached in beautiful
language is literature.
In order to know the history of a nation’s spirit, one must read its literature.
MAPPING THE FEATURES OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

A. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
 Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as traced in our
folk stories, old plays and short stories.
 Our ancestors also had their alphabet- similar of the Malayo-Polynesian.
 Whatever records our ancestors were either burned by Spanish friars or written on
materials that easily perished
 It is oral in nature and is full of lessons and ideas about life, its blessings, and its
consequences.
 The verses were addressed to the ears rather than the eyes
 Verse composed and sung were regarded as group property
A. LEGENDS
  The Legend of the Tagalogs
B. FOLK TALES
 The Moon and the Sun (Tingguian folk Tale)
C. EPIC
 BIAG-Ni-Lam-Ang (Ilocano Epic)-Pedro Bukaneg
 Alim (Ifugao Epic)
D. FOLK SONGS
 Kundiman (Awit ng Pag-ibig/ Song  Ang Oyayi O Hele (Lullaby)
of Love)  Diana (Wedding Song)
 Kumintang o Tagumpay (War Song)  Soliraning (Song of the Laborer)
 Ang Dalit O Imno (Song to the God
of the Visayans)
E. EPIGRAMS
 Aanhin pa ang damo kung patay na ang kabayo
F. RIDDLES (Bugtong) or Palaisipan
 Bungbobg kung liwanag, kung gabi ay dagat. (Bamboo stem during at morning, sea at
night.)
Answer: Banig (Mat)
G. CHANT (Bulong)
H. SAYINGS (Kasabihan)
I. SAWIKAIN (Sayings with no hidden meanings)

B. SPANISH PERIOD (1565-1898)

 It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565
during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
 Spanish occupied Philippines in early 15th century. The First Filipino alphabet is Alibata-
when Spanish colonized Philippines they changed alibatas into Roman alphabet.
 Spanish banned the use of Alibata because they believed that it is a work of evil. So
Spanish fully introduced the Spanish literary language using many Spanish terms.
 The early printing press in the Philippines is run and monopolized by the Spaniards friars.
 During the Spanish colonization, Filipinos felt that they were being harassed by the
Spaniards. Then the Birth of the Propaganda movement and La Solidaridad.
 Filipinos embraced the Catholic religion, changed their names and were baptized
SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
 The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced.
 The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices.
 The Spanish language which became the literary language during this time lent many of
its words to our language.
  Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects
 Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan.
 Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone.
THE FIRST BOOKS:
1. Ang Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian Doctrine 1593)- Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr.
Domingo Nieva (first printed book in xylography)
2. Nuestra Señora del Rosario- Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602
3. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre- first book printed in typography
4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat-(first Tagalog novel published in the Philippines even if it is
only a translation).
5. The Pasion- a book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ. It is read only during
lent.
6. Urbana at Felisa- a book by Modesto de Castro
7. Ang Mga Dakit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary)- Fr. Mariano Sevilla
FOLK SONGS:
 Leron-leron Sinta  Sarong Banggi (Bicol)
 Pamulinawen (Iloko)  Ati Cu Pung Singsing
 Dandansoy (Bisaya) (Kapampangan)
DRAMA:
 Bakit Babae ang Naghuhugas ng Pinggan
RECREATIONAL PLAYS:
 Tibag  Karagatan
 Lagaylay  Duplo
 The Cenaculo  Balagtasan The Dung-aw
 The Salubong (or Panubong)  The Awit and Korido
 The Moro-Moro

SPANISH PERIOD (1565-1898)

PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT (1872-1898)
 After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit reawakened when the 3
priest Gomez, Burgos and Zamora (GOMBURZA) were guillotined without sufficient
evidence of guilt.
 Spaniards were unable to suppress the tide of rebellion among the Filipinos. The once
religious spirit transformed itself into one of nationalism and the Filipinos demanded
changes in the government and in the church.
THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT (1872-1896)
A. JOSE RIZAL (JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO ALONZO Y REALONDA

Pen names: Laong Laan and Dimasalang

His works:
 Noli me Tangere-gave spirit to the  Sobre La Indolencia de los Filipinos-
Propaganda Movement essay
 EL FILIBUSTERISMO- sequel to  A La Juventud Filipina- a poem
the Noli Rizal dedicated to the Filipino youth
 Mi Ultimo Adios studying in UST.
 Junto Al Pasig- written by Rizal
when he was 14 years old

B. GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

Works:
1. Fray Botod 3. Honor en Pilipinas
2. La Hija del Fraile and Everything is 4. Institucion ng Pilipinas
Hambug
C. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
Pen names: (Plaridel, Piping Dilat, Pupdoh and Dolores Manapat)
1. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love 4. Ang Cadaquilaan ng Dios (God’s
of Country) Goodness)
2. Kaiingat Kayo (Be Careful) 5. Sagot ng Espanya sa Hibik ng
Pilipinas
3. Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and
Jokes)
D. ANTONIO LUNA (Tagailog)
1. Noche Buena (Christmas Eve) 3. Por Madrid (for madrid)

2. La tertulia Filipina (A Filipino 4. La Casa de Huespedes (The

Conference or Feast) Landlady’s House)

E. MARIANO PONCE- (Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning)

1. Pagpugot kay longinos (The beheading of Longinus)
2. Sobre Filipinos (About Filipinos)
F. PEDRO PATERNO
1. Ninay
2. Sampaguita y Poesias Varias
PERIOD OF ACTIVE REVOLUTION (1896-1898)
A. ANDRES BONIFACIO (Father of the Filipino Democracy) (Father of Katipunan)

 Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog  Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa

 Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga  Huling Paalam
Anak ng bayan
B. EMILIO JACINTO
 Kartilya ng Katipunan  A La Patria

 Liwanag at Dilim
C. APOLINARIO MABINI
 1. El Verda Dero Decalogo (The True Decalogue or Ten Commandments)
2. El Desarollo y Caida de la Republica Pilipina (The Rise and Fall of the Philippine
Republic)
3. Sa Bayang Pilipino (To the Filipino Nation)
D. JOSE PALMA
1. Himno nacional filipino (the philippine national anthem)

NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION:

1. Heraldo de la revolucion 3. La republica pilipina
2. La independencia 4. La libertad

C. AMERICAN REGIME (1898-1941)

 Philippine literary production during the American Period in the Philippines was spurred
by two significant developments in education and culture. One is the introduction of free
public instruction for all children of school age and two, the use of English as medium of
instruction in all levels of education in public schools.
 Free public education made knowledge and information accessible to a greater number of
Filipinos. Those who availed of this education through college were able to improve their
social status and joined a good number of educated masses who became part of the
country’s middle class.
 During the first year of the American period, the languages used in writing were Spanish
and Tagalog and the dialects of the diferent reions, but Spanish and Tagalog
predominated.

THREE TYPES OF WRITING DURING THIS PERIOD:

1. LITERATURE IN SPANISH
2. LITERATURE IN FILIPINO
3. LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
LITERATURE IN SPANISH
 The inspiration of our Filipino writers was Rizal
 Writers in Spanish were wont to write on nationalism like honoring Rizal and other
heroes.
 Works:

 CECILIO APOSTOL- A RIZAL(To Rizal)

 FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO- INVOCACION A RIZAL (A Call to Rizal)
 JESUS BALMORI- Pen name: Batikuling
 CLARO M. RECTO- Ante El Martir! (Before the Martyr)
FILIPINO LITERATURE
1. POETS OF THE HEART (MAKATA NG PUSO)
2. POETS OF LIFE (MAKATA NG BUHAY)
3. POETS OF THE STAGE (MAKATA NG TANGHALAN)
WRITERS:
 1. LOPE K. SANTOS- “FATHER OF NATION”
APO OF THE TAGALOG WRITERS BANAAG AT SIKAT was his
masterpiece

2. JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS – Pen name: Huseng Batute

“Poet of Love”
Ang ISnag Punong Kanoy ( A Tree )- His masterpiece
Pag-ibig
3. AMADO V HERNANDEZ – dubbed as Makata ng mga Manggagawa (Poet of the
Laborers)
4. VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PEÑA- Nena at Neneng (his masterpiece)
5. IÑIGO ED. REGALADO
TAGALOG DRAMA:
6. SEVERINO REYES- Father of the Tagalog Drama and author of the immortal
WALANG SUGAT
7. AURELIO TOLENTINO- Luhang Tagalog (his masterpiece) & Kahapon, Ngayon at
Bukas
8. PATRICIO MARIANO- Ninay and Anak ng Dagat (Son of the Sea)
9. JULIAN CRUZ BALMACEDA- BUNGANGA NG PATING
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
PERIOD:
1. THE PERIOD OF RE-ORIENTATION: (1898-1910)

2. THE PERIOD OF IMITATION: (1910-1925)

3. THE PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY: (1925-1941)

PERIOD OF RE-ORIENTATION (1898-1910)

 1900, English came to be used as a medium of instruction in the public schools.

 From the American forces were recruited the first teachers of English.

 1908, the primary and intermediate grades were using English. It was also about this time
when UP, the forerunner in the use of English in higher education, was founded

 Writers of this period were still adjusting to the newfound freedom

 They were adjusting to the idea of democracy, to the new phraseology of the English
language and to the standards of the English literary style.

 Not much was produced during this period and what literature was not produced was not
much of literary worth. The first attempts in English were in two periodicals of this time:

* EL RENACIMIENTO: founded in Manila by Rafael Palma in 1901

* Philippines Free Press: established in Manila in 1905 by R. McCullough Dick and D.
Theo Rogers
 1907, Justo Juliano’s SURSUM CORDA which appeared in the Renacimiento was the
first work to be published in English

THE PERIOD OF IMITATION (1910-1924)

 By 1919, the UP College Folio published the literary compositions of the first Filipino
writers in English. They were the pioneers in short story writing. They were then groping
 their way into imitating American and British models which resulted in a stilted, artificial
and unnatural style, lacking vitality and spontaneity.

SHORT STORIES
 DEAD STARS by PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ- written in the early 1920’s stand out
as a model of perfection in character delineation, local color, plot and message.

 The UP College Folio was later replaced by the PHILIPPINE COLLEGIAN

PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY AND GROWTH (1925-1941)

 By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing. They now
confidently and competently wrote on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites of
love and youth persisted. They went into all forms of writing like the novel and the
drama.

 Jose Garcia Villa, the first to break away from the conventional forms and themes of
Philippine poetry placed the Philippines on the literary map with the publication of his
books in the US

 The commonwealth Literary Contest awarded first prize to How My Brother Leon
Brought Home A Wife by Manuel Arguilla

JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945)

Except for the TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all new newspapers in
English were stopped by the Japanese.
 Writers in English turned to writing in Filipino.

 Juan Laya who used to write in English turned to Filipino because of the strict
prohibitions of the Japanese regarding any writing in English.

 The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by a
Japanese named Ishiwara.

 Common themes of poems: nationalism, country, love, life in the barrios, faith, religion
and the arts

THREE TYPES OF POEMS

 HAIKU- a poem of free verse that the Japanese liked. It was made up of 17 syllables
divided into three lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the
third, five. The Haiku is allegorical in meaning, is short and covers a wide scope in
meaning.

 TANAGA- like the Haiku, is short but it had measure and rhyme. Each line had 17
syllables and is also allegorical in meaning.

 KARANIWANG ANYO (Usual form)- like those mentioned earlier in the beginning
chapters of this book.

Haiku

TUTUBI
Hila mo’y tabak…
Ang bulaklak nanginig
Sa paglapit mo.
 FILIPINO DRAMA
1. JOSE MA. HERNANDEZ- wrote PANDAY PIRA

2. FRANCISCO SOC RODRIGO- wrote sa PULA, SA PUTI

3. Clodualdo del Mundo- wrote BULAGA

4. JULIAN CRUZ BALMACEDA- wrote SINO BA KAYO?

 Dahil sa Anak  Higanteng Patay

D. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941-1945)
 Because of the strict prohibitions by the Japanese in the writing and publishing of works
in English, Philippine literature in English experience a dark period. The few who dared
to write did so far for their bread and butter or for propaganda.

NOTEWORTHY WRITER:
1. CARLOS P. ROMULO who won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers-

I SAW THE FALLL OF THE PHILIPPINES

I SEE THE PHILIPPINES RISE
MOTHER AMERICA AND MY BROTHER AMERICANS
2. NICK JOAQUIN- THE WOMAN WHO LOOKED LIKE LAZARUS
3. RAFAEL ZULUETA DA COSTA- LIKE THE MOLAVE
4. MANUEL E. ARGUILLA- HOW MY BROTHER BROUGHT HOME A WIFE (Short
Story)
THE REPUBLIC (1946-1985)
1. THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970)

2. PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)

3. PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-1980)

4. PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-1985)

THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970)

4 Journalists had their day. They indulged in more militant attitude in their reports which
bordered on the libelous. Gradually, as normality was restored, the tones and themes of
the writings turned to the less pressing problems of economic survival.
Some Filipino writers who had gone abroad and had written during the interims came
back to publish their works.
THE REPUBLIC (1945-1985)
PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)
 Because of the ills of society, the youth moved to seek reforms. Some continued to
believe that the democratic government is stable and that it is not only the people running
the government who is at fault.
 Some believed that communism should replace democracy.

 Many young people became activists to ask for changes in the government

 Many young activists were imprisoned in military camps together with rebel writers.

THE REPUBLIC (1945-1985)

PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-1980)
 Started on September 21, 1972

 Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the development or progress of the
country- like the Green Revolution, family planning, proper nutrition, environment, drug
addiction and pollution.

 The military government established a new office called the MINISTRY OF PUBLIC
AFFAIRS that supervised the newspapers, books, and other publications.

 The government took part in reviving old plays like the CENACULO, The ZARZUELA,
and the EMBAYOKA of the Muslims.

 CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES, FOLK ARTS THEATER AND

METROPOLITAN THEATER

 Those sent abroad promoted many Filipino songs.

POPULAR TELEVISION PLAYS

 GULONG NG PALAD, FLOR DE LUNA, and ANA LIZA

 SUPERMAN and TARZAN

FILIPINO FILMS
 MINSA’Y ISANG GAMU-GAMO- Nora Aunor was the principal performer

 AGUILA- led by Fernando Poe

THE REPUBLIC (1945-1970)

PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-1985)
 Martial rule was at last lifted on January 2, 1981

 Former senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr., the idol of the masses, whom they hoped to be the
next president, was brutally murdered on August 21, 1983

 After the Aquino assassination, the people’s voices could no longer be contained. Both
the public and private sectors in government were chanting, and shouting; women and
men and the youth became bolder and their voices were raised in dissent.

FILIPINO SONGS:
 LABAN NG BAYAN KO- composed by Coritha and Freddie Aguilar and this was sung
by Coritha during the National Unification Conference of the Opposition in March, 1985.
Also sung during the Presidential Campaign Movement for Cory Aquino to inspire the
movement against Marcos in February 1986.

 Freddie Aguilar revived the song BAYAN KO which was written by Jose Corazon de
Jesus and C. de Guzman during the American Period
 Philippine films during this period
 The yearly Festival of Filipino Films continued to be held during this period. The
people’s love for sex films also was unabated. Many producers took advantage of this at
the expense of public morality.

FILIPINO SONGS:
 LABAN NG BAYAN KO- composed by Coritha and Freddie Aguilar and this was sung
by Coritha during the National Unification Conference of the Opposition in March, 1985.
Also sung during the Presidential Campaign Movement for Cory Aquino to inspire the
movement against Marcos in February 1986.

 Freddie Aguilar revived the song BAYAN KO which was written by Jose Corazon de
Jesus and C. de Guzman during the American Period

PHILIPPINE FILMS DURING THIS PERIOD

 The yearly Festival of Filipino Films continued to be held during this period. The
people’s love for sex films also was unabated. Many producers took advantage of this at
the expense of public morality.

Activity 3. Locate

The Hinilawod
A Central Panay Epic

The Hinilawod epic tells the story of the exploits of the three demigod brothers,
Labaw Donggon, Humadapnon and Dumalapdap of Panay. In its original form the epic would
take about three days to perform (including breaks for food and sleep), thus making it one of the
longest epics in the world.
Anthropologist Dr. F. Landa Jocano recorded a version of the epic from the
inhabitants of Central Panay. This is how the story goes:

When the goddess of the eastern sky Alunsina (also known as Laun Sina, "The
Unmarried One") reached maidenhood, the king of the gods, Kaptan, decreed that she should
marry. All the unmarried gods of the different domains of the universe tried their luck to win her
hand to no avail. She chose to marry a mortal, Datu Paubari, the mighty ruler of Halawod.
Her decision angered her other suitors. They plotted to bring harm to the newlyweds.
A meeting of the council of gods was called by Maklium-sa-t'wan, god of the plains, where a
decision by those present was made to destroy Halawod by flood.
Alunsina and Paubari escaped harm through the assistance of Suklang Malayon, the
goddess and guardian of happy homes and sister of Alunsina, who learned of the evil plot and
warned the two so they were able to seek refuge on higher ground.
After the flood waters subsided, Paubari and Alunsina returned to the plains secretly.
They settled near the mouth of the Halawod river.
Several months later Alunsina became pregnant and told Paubari to prepare the siklot,
things necessary for childbirth. She delivered a set of triplets and summoned the high priest
BungotBanwa to perform the rites of the gods of Mount Madya-as (the mountain abode of the
gods)to ensure the good health of the children. The high priest promptly made an altar and
burned some alanghiran fronds and a pinch of kamangyan. When the ceremony was over he
opened the windows of the north side of the room and a cold northernly wind came in and
suddenly the three infants were transformed into strong, handsome young men.
 Labaw Donggon, the eldest of the three, asked his mother to prepare his magic cape,
hat, belt and kampilan (sword) for he heard of a place called Handug where a beautiful maiden
named Angoy Ginbitinan lived.
The journey took several days. He walked accross plains and valleys, climbed up
mountains until he reached the mouth of the Halawod river. When he finally met the maiden's
father and asked for her hand in marriage, the father asked him to fight the monster Manalintad
as part of his dowry. He went off to confront the monster and with the help of his magic belt
Labaw Donggon killed the monster and to prove his feat he brought to Angoy Ginbitinan's father
the monster's tail.
After the wedding Labaw Donggon proceeded home with his new bride. Along the
way they met a group of young men who told him that they were on their way to Tarambang
Burok to win the hand of Abyang Durunuun, sister of Sumpoy the lord of the underworld and
whose beauty was legendary.
Labaw Donggon and his bride continued on their journey home. The moment they
arrived home Labaw Donggon told his mother to take care of his wife because he is taking
another quest, this time he was going to Tarambang Burok.
Before he can get to the place he has to pass a ridge guarded by a giant named Sikay
Padalogdog who has a hundred arms. The giant would not allow Labaw Donggon to go through
without a fight. However, Sikay Padalogdog was no match to Labaw Donggon's prowess and
skill in fighting so he gave up and allowed him to continue.
Labaw Donggon won the hand of Abyang Durunuun and also took her home. Before
long he went on another journey, this time it is to Gadlum to ask for the hand of Malitong Yawa
Sinagmaling Diwata who is the young bride of Saragnayan the lord of darkness.
This trip required him to use his biday nga inagta (black boat) on which he sailed
across the seas for many months, went across the region of the clouds, passed the land of stones
until finally he reached the shores of Tulogmatian which was the seaside fortress of Saragnayan.
The moment he set foot on the ground Saragnayan asked him, "Who are you and why are you
here?"
To which he answered, "I am Labaw Donggon, son of Datu Paubari and goddess
Alunsina of Halawod. I came for the beautiful Malitong Yawa Sinagmaling Diwata."
Saragnayan laughed. He told Labaw Donggon that what he wished for was
impossible to grant because she was his wife. Labaw Donggon then challenged Saragnayan to a
duel saying that whoever wins will have her.
The challenge was accepted and they started fighting. Labaw Donggon submerged
Saragnayan under water for seven years, but when he let go of him, Saragnayan was still alive.
The latter uprooted a coconut tree and started beating Labaw Donggon with it. He survived the
beating but was not able to surpass the powers of Saragnayan's pamlang (amulet) and eventually
he gave up and was imprisoned by Saragnayan beneath his house.
Back home Angoy Ginbitinan and Abyang Durunuun both delivered sons. Angoy
Ginbitinan's child was named Aso Mangga and Abyang Durunuun's son was called Abyang
Baranugon.
Only a few days after they were born Aso Mangga and Abyang Baranugon embarked
to look for their father. They rode their sailboats through the region of eternal darkness, passed
the region of the clouds and the land of stones, finally reaching Saragnayan's home. Saragnayan
noticed that Abyang Baranugon's umbilical cord have not yet been removed, he laughed and told
the child to go home to his mother.
Abyang Baranugon was slighted by the remarks and immediately challenged
Saragnayan to a duel. They fought and Abyang Baranugon defeated Saragnayan and won his
father's freedom.
Labaw Donggon's defeat and subsequent imprisonment by the Lord of Darkness also
angered his brothers. Humadapnon was so enraged that he swore to the gods of Madya-as that he
would wreak revenge on all of Saragnayan's kinsmen and followers.
Humadapnon prepared to go to Saragnayan's domain. He employed the aid of Buyong
Matanayon of Mount Matiula who was well-known for his skill in swordsmanship. For their
journey they rode on a sailboat called biday nga rumba-rumba. They travelled through the region
of the clouds, passed by the region of eternal darkness and ended up at a place called Tarambang
Buriraw. In this place was a ridge called Talagas Kuting-tang where a seductive sorceress named
Piganun lived.
 Piganun changed herself to a beautiful maiden and captured the heart of
Humadapnon. Buyong Matanayon begged with Humadapnon to leave the place with him but the
latter refused. After seven months passed, Buyong Matanayon remembered that they have
brought with them some ginger. One evening at dinner time Buyong Matanayon threw seven
slices of ginger into the fire. When Pinganun smelled the odor of burning ginger she left
thedinner table because sorcerers hated the odor of ginger. Immediately Buyong Matanayon
struck Humadapnon, who became unconscious. He dragged his friend with him and they were
able to escape.
They continued with their trek and everywhere they went they exacted revenge on all
of Saragnayan's people and relatives. One day they reached a place called Piniling Tubig who
was ruled by Datu Umbaw Pinaumbaw. There was a big gathering in the village and when they
asked what was going on they were told that the datu was giving his daughter for marriage to
whoever could remove the huge boulder that rolled from a mountain into the center of the
village. Many men tried their luck but no one so far was able to even move the stone.
Humadapnon took off his magic cape and used it to lift the stone and threw it back
into the mountain. The datu kept his word and Humadapnon married his daughter. During the
wedding feast Humadapnon heared about the beauty of the goddess of greed Burigadang Pada
Sinaklang Bulawan from a guest minstrel who sang at the celebration.
After the wedding Humadapnon went to seek the hand of the goddess in marriage.
Along the way he encountered Buyong Makabagting, son of the mighty Datu Balahidyong of
Paling Bukid who was also travelling with the same purpose in mind. Upon learning of
Humadapnon's intent, Buyong Makabagting challenged him to a duel. They fought and Buyong
Makabagting was no match to Humadapnon's strength and skill. The fight ended when Buyong
Makabagting surrendered and even promised to aid Humadapnon in his quest. Humadapnon
married the goddess and brought her home.
Meanwhile, right after Humadapnon left to seek Saragnayan's followers and relatives
his brother Dumalapdap left for Burutlakan-ka-adlaw where the maiden Lubay-Lubyok
Hanginun si Mahuyokhuyokon lived. For the trip he brought along Dumasig, the most powerful
wrestler in Madya-as.
Several months later they came to a place called Tarambuan-ka-banwa where they
encountered the two-headed monster Balanakon who guarded a narrow ridge leading to the place
where the maiden lived.
With the aid of Dumasig, Dumalapdap killed Balanakon. However, upon approaching
the gate of the palace where the maiden lived he was confronted by Uyutang, a batlike monster
with sharp poisonous claws. There ensued a bloody battle between the Humadapnon and the
monster. They fought for seven months and their skill and prowess seemed to be equal. But on
the seventh month, Humadapnon was able to grab on to Uyutang's ankle and broke it. Then he
took his iwang daniwan (magic dagger) and stabbed Uyutang under the armpit. Uyutang cried
out so loud that the ridge where they were fighting broke into two and there was an earthquake.
Half of the ridge became the island of Buglas (Negros) and the other became the island of Panay.
Dumalapdap married Lubay-Lubyok Hanginun si Mahuyokhuyokan and then took
her home. Datu Paubari was very happy when he was reunited with his three sons and he
prepared a feast in their honor. After the celebration, the three brothers left for different parts of
the world. Labaw Donggon went to the north, Humadapnon went south, Dumalapdap to the west
and Datu Paubari remained in the east.

Activity 4. Navigate (Questions for Analysis)

1. How did Labaw Donggon win the hand of Agnoy Ginbitinan in marriage?
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2. Who saved Halawod and Alunsina from being drowned in a flood?
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 3. What are the names of the three sons of Alunsina and Halawod?
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Activity 5. Literary Era Mapping

What are the key points or important things to remember per period of our Philippine Literature?
Can you give one important idea that describes the periods mentioned?
Create a timeline of the history and development of Philippine Literature by using a graphic
organizer. Discuss the key features of each period. Do this with a pair.

PHILIPPINE LITERARY PERIODS

AND THEIR FEATURES

Pre-Colonial Period

Spanish Colonization

American Colonization

Post War and

Contemporary

ASSESSMENT / EVALUATION

A. Mix and Match

Match the period and the author of the following literary works. Write your answers
on the space provided.
1. Hudhud at Aliguyon a. Pre-colonial Period
2. Noli Me Tangere (Jose P. Rizal) b. Spanish Period
 3. Florante at Laura (Francisco Balagtas) c. American Period
4. Pag-ibigsaTinubuangLupa (Marcelo H. del Pilar) d. The Third Republic
5. Bahay Kubo e. The Propaganda
Movement

B. Read and analyze each item. Select your answer by clicking the choice that
corresponds to your answer.

1. Aling Marie used to sing Oyayi to little Temyong inorder for the kid to fall
asleep so she could continue with her household chores. What is an Oyayi?
A. It is a spoken poetry of the Ivatan before engaging to war.
B. It is an Ilongo lullaby used to let children sleep.
C. It is a long epic used to chant before a marriage.
D. It is ritual dance for courtship.

2. Laong Laan and Dimasalang were writer names borne down in history to voice
out the atrocities of the Spanish government. Who was this known writer that
used these pen names to hide his identity?
A. Andres Bonifacio C. Gregorio Jacinto
B. Marcelo H. Del Pilar D. Jose Rizal

3. It was a book written by Luahalti Bautista that explores the realities of the
Filipino people under the reign of the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos.
A. Bata, Bata, Paano Ka Ginawa? C. Dekada Sitenta
B. Gapó D. Anak

4. The Japanese occupation was ruled as the Golden Age of Philippine Literature
in Vernaculars. What is the reason for this?
A. The Japanese were interested to learn the Filipino language.
B. The Japanese forced the Filipino to eliminate any American influence.
C. The Japanese wanted to bring the Filipino back to Japan.
D. The Japanese thought Filipino can be used as alternative for their language
while they are at the island.

5. Graciano Lopez Jaena was one of the pioneers of La Solidaridad and had an
open distaste against the Spanish friars. He made some parodies against the
Spanish friars. Which among these is the work of him?
A. Caiigat Cayo C. Batikuling
B. Pag-ibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa D. Ante El MArtir!

6. Pre-colonial literature existed because of the following reasons, EXCEPT

A. They use literature to explain phenomenon that happen around them.
B. They use literature as ways of entertainment.
C. They use literature as forms of communal identity.
D. They use literature to ward off Spanish conquestadores.

7. Doctrina Christiana (The Christian Doctrine) was considered the first book
printed in the Philippines and composed the teaching of the Catholic Church.
What is evident during the Spanish period, EXCEPT?
A. The literature was used as means of propagating the religion.
B. The literature was used to teach Filipinos the Spanish language.
C. The literature became the basis of the basic communal life of the Filipino.
D. The literature promoted the spread of Filipinos identity through their
language.
 8. The flight of the Americans to Philippines introduced the use of language,
particularly in literature. What is FALSE about the Americanization of the
Philippine literature?
A. Lots of Filipino authors wrote in English language.
B. Literature became commercialized; they were sold in magazines and in
books.
C. Filipino authors became imaginative in creating pieces in the English
language.
D. Filipino authors totally abandoned the use of Filipino language.

9. Because of the ills of society, the youth moved to seek reforms. Some continued
to believe that the democratic government is stable and that it is not only the
people running the government who is at fault. This has become the period of
activism. Which among these statements is FALSE?

A. Some believed that communism should replace democracy.

B. Many young people became activists to ask for changes in the government
C. Many young activists were imprisoned in military camps together with rebel
writers.
D. The people joined the bandwagon of reelecting the dictator through their
writings.

10. The Third Republic signaled the end of Marcos dictatorial. Which among these
songs became iconic in the revival of the democracy in the country?
A. Bayan Ko C. Anak
B. Kuratong Baleleng D. Minsan Man Ay Kahapon

AGREEMENT/ASSIGNMENT
Independent Learning/Home Study: G
Analyze and answer the following activity

A. Song Analysis
Record a folksong that is popular in your town or province. Provide the necessary
background information about the song. Put your inputs inside the graphic organizer
below.

Basis for Analysis Input

Theme/message

Tone

Melody/rhythm

Lyrics/content

Significance/relevanc
e