Class 12 Smart English Main Tamil Medium Stu Guide - Sura Books
Class 12 Smart English Main Tamil Medium Stu Guide - Sura Books
Class 12 Smart English Main Tamil Medium Stu Guide - Sura Books
for Full Book Order online and Available at all Leading Bookstores
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for
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Tamil Medium Students
12 Std
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th
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Salient Features
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Language Skills, Writing Skills k‰W« Reading Skills M»a gFâfËš tU«
x›bthU ãÇîfËY« TLjš Édh ÉilfŸ.
2019-20 Edition
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ten permission of the publishers. Strict action will be taken.
ISBN : 978-93-5330-084-5
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Code No : SG 289
Authors : PREFACE
Mr. M. David, M.A., B.Ed. Chennai.
The woods are lovely, dark and deep.
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Mr. K.S. Krishna, M.A., M.Ed. Trichy. But I have promises to keep, and
miles to go before I sleep
- Robert Frost
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Translated by :
Respected Principals, Correspondents, Head Masters
Mr. N. Naresh Kumar M.A., M.Ed., Chennai
/ Head Mistresses, Teachers,
From the bottom of our heart, we at SURA
Head Office: Publications sincerely thank you for the support and
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patronage that you have extended to us for more than a
1620, ‘J’ Block, 16th Main Road, decade.
Anna Nagar, Chennai - 600 040.
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For Free Study Materials Visit http://tnkalvi.in learn the subject effectively with this guide and prove
their excellence in Board Examinations.
I once again sincerely thank the Teachers, Parents and
Students for supporting and valuing our efforts.
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TO ORDER WITH US
SCHOOLS and TEACHERS
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We are grateful for your support and patronage to ‘SURA PUBLICATIONS’
Kindly prepare your order in your School letterhead and send it to us.
For Orders contact: 81242 01000 / 81243 01000
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DIRECT DEPOSIT
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Our A/c No. : 36550290536 Our A/c No. : 21000210001240
Bank Name : STATE BANK OF INDIA Bank Name : UCO BANK
Bank Branch : PADI Bank Branch : Anna Nagar West
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IFSC : SBIN0005083 IFSC : UCBA0002100
The Demand Draft / cheque should be sent with your order in School letterhead.
STUDENTS
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SURA PUBLICATIONS
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iii
CONTENTS
Page
PROSE
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1. Two Gentlemen of Verona - A.J. Cronin 1 - 23
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3. In Celebration of Being Alive - Dr. Christiaan Barnard 41 - 60
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5. The Status of Tamil as a Classical Language - George L. Hart 83 - 99
115 - 122
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SUPPLEMENTARY READER
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1. God Sees the Truth but Waits - Leo Tolstoy 165 - 170
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Q. NO. MARKS PAGE
1. Synonyms 2×1=2 199 - 202
2. Antonyms 2×1=2 202 - 205
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3. Clipped Words 1 205 - 207
4. Unclipped Words 1 207
5. Blended Words 1 208 - 209
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6. Right Definition of a term 1 209 - 213
7. Idioms 1 213 - 216
8. Phrasal Verbs 1 216 - 222
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9. Appropriate Phrases 1 222 - 223
10. Foreign words 1 223 - 225
11. Compound Words 1 225 - 230
1 - 20 12. Prefixes 1 230 - 231
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13. Suffixes 1 231- 232
14. Abbreviations and Acronyms 1 232 - 237
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(a) Poem Comprehension and Appreciation Questions Refer to the Poem Section
21 - 26 4×2=8
(4 out of 6) Unit 1 to 6 of this Guide
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Language Skills, Writing Skills and Reading Skills (Q. No. 37 - 40 & 44 - 47)
Part - III (Three Marks Questions) 7 × 3 = 21
(a) Explanation with Reference to the Context (Poem) Refer to the Poem Section
31 - 33 2×3=6
(Any 2 out of 3) Unit 1 to 6 of this Guide
Refer to the Prose Section
34 - 36 (b) Prose Short Answer Questions (Any 2 out of 3) 2×3=6
Unit 1 to 6 of this Guide
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(c) Answer any three out of four
1. Rearrange the shuffled words to frame meaningful
sentence 270 - 271
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2. Extend the conversation (three exchanges) 271 - 272
3. Completion of the dialogue (Fill in) 273
4. Expansion of News Headlines 274 - 275
5. Describing a Process 275 - 276
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6. Notice Writing 276 - 278
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7. E-mail Writing 278 - 279
to 8. Report Writing 3×3=9 280 - 281
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40 9. Article Writing 282 - 284
10. Framing Questions 284 - 285
11. Completion of Proverbs 285 - 287
12. Tenses 287 - 291
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13. Articles and Determiners 291 - 292
14. Verbal and Non-verbal Representation 292 - 294
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41. 1×5=5
(“Either .... Or” - Type) Unit 1 to 6 of this Guide
Paragraph Questions from Poetry Refer to the Poem Section
42. 1×5=5
(“Either .... Or” - Type) Unit 1 to 6 of this Guide
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PROSE UNIT 1
TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA
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- A. J. Cronin
btnuhdhÉ‹ e‰Fz« bfh©l ïUt®
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- A. J. ¡nuhÅ‹
M®¢á ghš£ n#hr¥ ¡nuhÅ‹ (1896-1981) °fh£yhªij
nr®ªj ehtyháÇa®, ehlf MáÇa® k‰W« kU¤Jt®. ntš°
k‰W« y©lÅš kU¤Jtuhf gÂah‰¿a mt® j‹ clš ey«
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ghâ¡f¥g£lbghGJ “Hatter’s Castle” v‹»w Kjš ehtiy vGâdh®,
mj‹_y« ãugykhdh®. mjdhš, vGJtij KGneu bjhÊyh¡»¡
bfh©lh®. “The Spanish Gardener” mtuJ gil¥òfËš F¿¥ãl¤j¡f
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x‹whF«.
ghl¢ RU¡f«
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ïªj fijia ÉtÇ¥gt®, Mš¥° kiyÆ‹ mothu¤âš j‹ X£LeUl‹ thfd¤âš brštâÈUªJ
ekJ ghl« Mu«ã¡»wJ. btnuhdh efÇ‹ (Verona) òwef® gFâÆš, fh£L °£uhbg®Ç gH§fis ɉgid
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efu¤ij neh¡» òw¥g£ld®. kWehŸ fhiy, mt®fŸ, mªj ïU rnfhju®fS« õ] ghÈZ brŒtij¥ gh®¤J
Édt, jh§fŸ ãiH¥ò¡fhf gy ntiyfis¢ brŒtjhf m¢áWt®fŸ T¿d®. fijia ÉtÇ¥gtÇlK«,
mtuJ njhHÇlK«, jh§fŸ tÊfh£ofshf gÂah‰¿, efu¤âš cŸs #]Èa£ fšyiwiaí« k‰W« ãw
gh®¡fnt©oa ïl§fisí« R‰Wyh tUgt®fS¡F¡ fh©ã¥gjhf T¿d®. nkY«, efu¤âš mt®fŸ
.s
öu¤âš cŸs nghnylh (Poleta) »uhk¤â‰F¢ bršy, mt®fË‹ fhiu mD¥g Koíkh vd nf£lh‹.
mJ j§fS¡F Äf¥bgÇa cjÉahŒ ïU¡F« vdî« T¿dh‹. Mdhš, Ãnfhyhî¡F j‹ rnfhju‹ mtiu
(ïªj fijia ÉtÇ¥gtiu) bjhªjuî brŒtJ ão¡fÉšiy. Mdhš, fijia ÉtÇ¥gt®, mªj ïU
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áWt®fS« mªj ïl¤ij mila jh‹ cjîtjhŒ x¥ò¡bfh©lh®. mjdhš, kWehŸ kâa«, mt® mªj ïU
áWt®fisí« »uhk¤â‰F j‹ fhÇš miH¤J¢ br‹wh®. mt®fis ïw¡»É£lîl‹, mt®fŸ ïUtU«
xU bgÇa át¥ò¡ Tiu å£oš EiHtij f©lh®. mJ c©ikÆš xU kU¤Jtkid MF«.
mªj kU¤JtkidÆš EiHa ja§»a (ïªj) fijia ÉtÇ¥gt®, m§F ïU¡F« e®ál«, mªj
bg© nehahË ah® v‹W«, mªj áWt®fŸ ah® v‹W« nf£lh®. ã‹d®, mªj e®° mtÇl«, fhr nehahš
mtâ¥gL« mtŸ bga® ÿáah v‹W«, mtŸ mªj ïU áWt®fË‹ rnfhjÇ v‹W« T¿dhŸ. nghÇ‹ nghJ
nghÇ‹ K‰gFâÆš bfhšy¥g£ljhfî« bjÇɤjhŸ. mt® ïwªjîl‹ FHªijfŸ _tU« gáahš gÇjÉ¡f
nt©oa Ãiyik¡F jŸs¥g£ld®. mªj e®° nkY« (fijia ÉtÇ¥gtÇl«), mªj efiu Mstªj
b#®khÅaiu mt®fŸ btW¤jjhfî«, v⮥ò ïa¡f¤âš nr®ªjjhfî« T¿dhŸ. ngh® Koî‰wîl‹,
ÿáah fhr nehahš ghâ¡f¥g£lhŸ. mªj ïU rnfhju®fS« mtis kU¤JtkidÆš nr®¤jd®. mj‹
fhuzkhŒ mt®fŸ Äfî« ãua¤jd« brŒJ kU¤Jtkid¡F xG§fhf gz« f£o tªjd®.
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fijia ÉtÇ¥gt®, kU¤JtkidÆš, miw¡F btËna fh¤âUªjh®. mt® mªj ïU áWt®fS«
Two Gentlemen of Verona
j§fŸ rnfhjÇÆl« fh£L« m‹ò k‰W« <Lgh£lhš kd« be»œªjh®. Mdhš, mt®fŸ Fz¤ij m¿ªj
mt®, mt®fŸ ïUtU« j§fË‹ nkš ãw® gÇjhg« fh£Ltij ÉU«ghjt®fŸ v‹gijí« cz®ªâUªjh®.
vdnt, âU«ò« tÊÆš jd¡F mt®fË‹ ufáa« bjÇahjJ nghš fh£o¡bfh©lh®.
co
ït®fis¥ ngh‹w gÂthd FzKila áWt®fŸ e« rKjha¤â‰F xU ešy vâ®fhy¤â‰fhd
e«ã¡ifia mË¡»wh®fŸ. mjhtJ, ngh®, Míj§fŸ k‰W« btW¥òfS¡F eLÉY«, kÅj (fUiz)
j‹ik ïU¡F« v‹w xU e«ã¡ifia mË¡»wh®fŸ.
SUMMARY OF PARAGRAPHS
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TEXTUAL PARAGRAPHS jÄHh¡f«
As we drove through the foothills of the Alps two small eh§fŸ Mš¥° mothu¤âš thfd¤âš
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They were selling wild strawberries. (Verona) òwef® gFâÆš v§fis ÃW¤âdh®fŸ.
mt®fŸ fh£L °£uhbg®Çfis (gH§fŸ) ɉgid
brŒjd®.
“Don’t buy,” warned Luigi, our cautious driver. “btnuhdh (ï¤jhÈÆš cŸs xU efu«) -ïš
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“You will get fruit much better in Verona. ït‰iw Él Äf¢ áwªj gH§fis th§fyh«,
ït‰iw th§fhÔ®fŸ”, vd, v§fŸ oiut®,
Besides, these boys.....”
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v§fis ft®ªjd.
My companion spoke to the boys, discovered that they v‹ njhH‹ mªj áWt®fSl‹ ngáaâš,
were brothers. Nicola, the elder, was 13; Jacopo, who barely mt®fŸ rnfhju®fŸ vd bjǪjJ. _¤jt‹
came up to the door handle of the car, was nearly 12. We 13 taJ Ãnfhyh (Nicola), k‰wt‹ »£l¤j£l fh®
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bought their biggest basket, and then set off toward town. fjÉ‹ if¥ão tiuna cauKŸs, 12 taJŸs
ïisatdhd #hnfhngh (Jacopo), eh§fŸ
mt®fËlÄUªj, Äf bgÇa Tilia Éiy¡F
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We watched for a few moments; then as trade slackened mUnf õ] ghÈZ bg£ofË‹ nkyhf FŪJ,
we went over. They greeted us with friendly faces. ÉWÉW¥ghf õ] ghÈZ brŒtij¥ gh®¤njh«. xU
áy ÃÄl§fS¡F, eh§fŸ mt®fis ftŤnjh«.
ã‹d®, mt®fË‹ Éahghu« FiwªjJ«,
mt®fËl¤âš eh§fŸ br‹nwh«. mt®fŸ e£ò
Ãiwªj Kf§fSl‹ v§fis tunt‰wd®.
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for Full Book Order online and Available at all Leading Bookstores
PROSE
“I thought you picked fruit for a living,” I said.” “c§fŸ étd¤â‰fhf Ú§fŸ, gH Éahghu¤ij¤
We do many things, sir,” Nicola answered seriously. nj®ªbjL¤Ô®fŸ v‹W Ãid¤nj‹ “vd eh‹
brh‹nd‹. “eh§fŸ gy ntiyfis¢ brŒ»nwh«,
Iah”. vd ánfhyh vd¡F gâyˤjh‹.
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He glanced at us hopefully. “Often we show visitors mt‹ v§fis xU e«ã¡ifíl‹ gh®¤J,
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through the town ... to Juliet’s tomb ... and other places of “mo¡fo eh§fŸ efu¤âš cŸs #]Èa£
interest.” fšyiwiaí« k‰W« ãw ïl§fisí« R‰Wyh
“All right,” I smiled. “You take us along.”
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tUgt®fS¡F¡ fh©ã¥ngh«”, vd¡ T¿dh‹.
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“rÇ”, vd eh‹ áǤJ, “Ú v§fis miH¤J¢
s.
Nicola’s smile was steady and engaging. Yet in both these jdkhf ïUªjd®, k‰W« gy Éõa§fËš Äfî«
boyish faces there was a seriousness which was far beyond m¥ghÉfshf ïUªjd®.
their years. #hnfhngh xU mÂiy¥nghy, fyfy¥ghf
In the week which followed we saw them frequently, for
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ïUªjh‹. Mdhš ïUtÇ‹ Kf§fËY« mt®fŸ
they proved extremely useful toes. taâ‰F Û¿a ÔÉu« ïUªjJ. bjhl®ªJ tªj
thu¤âš, mt®fis mo¡fo eh§fŸ gh®¤njh«.
If we wanted a pack of American cigarettes, or seats for mt®fŸ v§fS¡F Äfî« gaDŸst®fshf
the opera or the name of good restaurant, Nicola and Jacopo ïUªjd®. mbkÇ¡f áfbu£ bg£ofŸ, ïir
could be relied upon to satisfy our needs. What struck one
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ehlf« gh®¥gj‰fhd ïU¡iffŸ, mšyJ ešy
most was their willingness to work. During these summer cztf¤â‹ bga® M»at‰iw eh§fŸ ÉU«ãdhš,
days, under the hot sun, they shined shoes, sold fruit, hawked Ãfhnyhî«, #nfhnghî« clnd v§fŸ njitfis
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newspapers, conducted tourists round the town, and ran Ãiwnt‰w e«ã¡ifahdt®fshf ïUªjh®fŸ.
errands. Mdhš, všyhiuí« vJ mr¤âaJ v‹whš, vªj
ntiy brh‹dhY« mij¢ brŒa mt®fŸ jahuhf
ïUªjh®fŸ. nfhil eh£fËš, j»¡F« NÇaÅ‹
Ñœ, mt®fŸ fhyÂfis bkUnf‰¿dh®fŸ, gH«
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“Waiting for the last bus from Padua. We shall sell all Ãnfhyh?” (eh‹)
our papers when it comes in.” “gJthÉÈUªJ tU« ngUªâ‰fhf
“Must you work so hard? You both look rather tired.” fh¤âU¡»nwh«, mJ tªjhš v§fSila všyh
“We are not complaining, sir.”
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This is only for Sample
for Full Book Order online and Available at all Leading Bookstores
But next morning, when I went over to the fountain mL¤j ehŸ fhiy, eh‹ v‹ fhyÂfis
to have my shoes shined, I said, “Nicola, the way you and ghÈZ brŒa Ú%‰W¡F¢ br‹wnghJ, mt®fËl«,
Jacopo work, you must earn quite a bit. You spend nothing “Ãnfhyh, Úí« #hnfhnghî« brŒí« ntiy¡F,
unclothes. You eat little enough --- when I see you have a bfhŠr« mâfkhfnt r«ghâ¤âU¡f nt©L«.
meal it’s usually black bread and figs. Tell me, what do you
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Ú§fŸ JÂfS¡F brytÊ¥gnj ïšiy. Ú§fŸ
do with your money?” Fiwªj msnt c©»Ö®fŸ... Ú§fŸ c©Q«
Two Gentlemen of Verona
He colored deeply under his sunburn, and then grew czit eh‹ gh®¡F«nghJ, tH¡fkhf fU¥ò
pale. He looked to the ground. buh£o k‰W« m¤â¥gHnk cŸsJ.. v‹Ål«
co
brhš, c§fŸ gz¤ij Ú§fŸ v‹d brŒ»Ö®fŸ?”
Ãnfhyh, NÇa xËÆš fhŒªJ, btË¿ ïUªjh‹.
mt‹ jiuia neh¡»dh‹.
“You must be saving up to emigrate to America,” I “Ú§fŸ mbkÇ¡fhî¡F Fonaw nt©L« vd
suggested. He looked at me sideways, spoke with an effort. nrÄ¡»Ö®fŸ nghY«”, vd eh‹ T¿nd‹. mt‹
s.
“We should greatly like to go to the States. But here, at g¡fth£oš v‹id gh®¤J¥ ngádh‹.
present, we have other plans.” “eh§fŸ mbkÇ¡fh bršy ÉU«ò»nwh«, Mdhš
“What plans?” ï§nf, j‰nghJ, v§fS¡F ntW â£l§fŸ cŸsd”.
He smiled uncomfortably. “Just plans, sir,” he answered “v‹d â£l«?”
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But tomorrow, since you are so kind, you might send É#a« brŒ»nwh«, ï§nf ïUªJ nghnylh (»uhk«)
us in your car.” 30 »nyhÛ£l® öu¤âš cŸsJ. tH¡fkhf eh§fŸ
ir¡»Ÿfis thlif¡F vL¤J¤jh‹ bršnth«.
Mdhš Ú§fŸ v§fS¡fhf m‹ghdt®fshf
ïU¥gjhš, v§fS¡fhf c§fŸ fhiu mD¥g
ur
Koíkh?”
I had already told Luigi he might have the Sunday off. eh‹ V‰fdnt ÿŒ»Æl« (v‹ X£Le®) mt‹
However, I answered, “I’ll drive you out myself.” PhƉW¡ »Hik ÉLKiw vL¤J¡ bfhŸsyh«
vd¡ T¿ ïUªnj‹. vdnt, mt®fËl«, “ehnd
.s
He bit his lip, then, in a rather put out tone, he said, vd¡ T¿dh‹.
“Very well.” “mJ x‹W« áuk« ïšiy”, v‹nw‹ eh‹.
mt‹ j‹ cj£il fo¤J¡bfh©L, “Äfî«
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ešyJ”, v‹wh‹.
The following afternoon we drove to the tiny village kWehŸ kâa«, eh§fŸ kiy ÛJ mikªJŸs xU
set high upon the hillside. I imagined that our destinations á¿a »uhk¤â‰F¢ br‹nwh«. eh§fŸ bršYÄl¤âš
would be some humble dwellings. But, directed by Jacopo, áy vËa åLfŸ k£Lnk ïU¡f¡ TL« vd eh‹
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we drew up at a large red-roofed villa, surrounded by a high Ãid¤âUªnj‹. Mdhš, #hnfhngh fh£oa tÊahf
stone wall. I could scarcely believe my eyes and before I could eh§fŸ br‹wnghJ, xU caukhd fš Rtuhš
recover breath my two passengers had leaped from the car. NH¥g£l X® bgÇa át¥ò¡ Tiu å£il¡ f©nl‹.
v‹ f©fisna v‹dhš e«gnt KoaÉšiy. eh‹
RjhÇ¡F« K‹, ïu©L gaÂfS« (m©zD«,
j«ãí«) fhÇš ïUªJ Fâ¤jd®.
4
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This is only for Sample
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PROSE
“We shall not be long, sir. Perhaps only an hour. May be “eh§fŸ mâfneu« vL¤J¡ bfhŸs kh£nlh«
you’d like to go to the cafe in the village for a drink?” They Iah, Rkh® xU k neu¤â‰FŸ tªJÉLnth«.
disappeared beyond the corner of the wall. jh§fŸ mJtiu ïªj »uhk¤âš cŸs áW
cztf¤â‰F¢ br‹W VjhtJ mUªâÉ£L
m
tuyhnk?”, vd¡ T¿É£L RtÇ‹ _iy¡F¥ ã‹dhš
br‹W kiwªjd®.
Unit
After a few minutes I followed. I found a grilled side- áy ÃÄl§fS¡F¥ ãwF, eh‹ ã‹ bjhl®ªnj‹.
entrance and, determinedly, rang the bell. f«ãfshš _l¥g£l g¡f EiHthÆiy¡ f©L,
1
co
A pleasant-looking woman with steel-rimmed X® cWâíl‹ kÂia mG¤âÉ£nl‹.
spectacles appeared. I blinked as I saw that she was dressed
s.
“I just brought two small boys here.” “ï§F, ï¥nghJjh‹ ïU áWt®fis
“Ah, yes.” Her face lit up; she opened the door to admit T£otªnj‹”, v‹nw‹ eh‹.
me. “Nicola and Jacopo. I will take you up.” “Mkh«”, vd¡ T¿a mtsJ Kf« xË®ªjJ.
fjit¤ âwªJ v‹id mDkâ¤jhŸ. “Ãnfhyh,
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#hnfhnghit¤ jhnd TW»Ö®fŸ, eh‹ c§fis
miH¤J brš»nw‹”, v‹whŸ.
She led me through a cool, tiled vestibule into the mtŸ xU FË®ªj, XLfisíila ghij
hospital --- for hospital the villa had become. At the door of tÊna v‹id, kU¤JtkidahŒ kh¿ ïUªj
a little cubicle the nurse paused, put her finger to her lips, å£o‰FŸ miH¤J¢ br‹whŸ. xU á¿a miwÆ‹
o
and with a smile bade me look through the glass partition. fjtUnf ËW, xU ò‹difíl‹ j‹ cj£o‹nkš
Éuiy it¤J v‹id neh¡», xU f©zho
jL¥ãÅilna gh®¡f¢brh‹dhŸ.
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The two boys were seated at the bedside of a girl of mt®fŸ ïUtU« 20 taâ‰F c£g£l xU
about twenty who, propped up on pillows, wearing a pretty bg©Â‹ gL¡ifaUnf mk®ªâUªjd®. mtŸ
lace jacket, was listening to their chatter, her eyes soft and X® mHfhd gË¢br‹w #h¡bf£ mªâUªjhŸ,
tender. One could see at a glance her resemblance to her jiyaizÆ‹ ÛJ rhŒªJ, j‹ bk‹ikahd,
brothers. A vase of wild-flowers stood on her table, beside a fŪj f©fSl‹ mt®fis gh®¤J¡bfh©nl,
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“Won’t you go in?” the nurse murmured. “Lucia will “Ú§fŸ cŸns nghfkh£O®fsh? ÿáah
be pleased to see you.” c§fis¥ gh®¤jhš k»œ¢áailthŸ”, v‹whŸ
I shook my head and turned away. I felt I could not brÉÈ.
bear to intrude upon this happy family party. But at the foot k»œ¢áahd FL«g ÃfœÉš eh‹ jiyÆl¡TlhJ
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of the staircase I drew up and begged her to tell me all she v‹gij cz®ªj eh‹, v‹ jiyia kW¥òl‹
knew about these boys. mir¤nj‹. kho¥gofË‹ ÑnH brÉÈÆl«,
eh‹ mªj áWt®fis g‰¿ mtS¡F¤ bjǪjij¡
TW«go nf£nl‹.
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She was eager to do so. They were, she explained, quite mtS« mij¢ brhšy M®tkhf ïUªjhŸ.ïªj
alone in the world, except for this sister, Lucia. Their father, rnfhjÇ ÿáahit¤ jÉu, ï›îy»š mt®fS¡F
a widower, a well-known singer, had been killed in the early ahU« ïšiy. mt®fË‹ jªij, kidÉia ïHªj
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part of the war. Shortly afterward a bomb had destroyed their xU ãugy ghlf®, nghÇ‹ Mu«g¤âš mt®
home and thrown the three children into the streets. They bfhšy¥g£lh®. áy fhy¤â‰F¥ ãwF, xU F©L
mt®fsJ å£ilí« mʤJ, _‹W ãŸisfisí«
had always known a comfortable and cultured life --- Lucia
bjU¡fËš jŸËaJ. mt®fŸ ehfßfkhd, trâahd
had herself been training as a singer --- and they had suffered thœ¡if¡F gH¡f¥g£lt®fŸ - xU ghl»ahf
horribly from near starvation and exposure to the cold winter. ÿáahînk, jahuh» tªjhŸ-Mdhš m¥nghJ,
mt®fŸ Äf nkhrkhf, g£oÅ¡F«, fL«FËU¡F«
cŸshdh®fŸ.
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For months they had barely kept themselves alive in mt®fŸ áy khj§fŸ, j§fŸ iffshš
a sort of shelter they built with their own hands amidst the f£l¥g£l j§FÄl¤ânyna thœªjh®fŸ.
rubble. Then for three years the Germans ruled the city. ã‹d® 3 M©LfŸ, b#®khÅa® ïªj efu¤ij
The boys grew to hate the Germans. When the resistance M£á brŒjd®. ïªj áWt®fŸ, tsU«nghGnj,
m
movement began secretly to form they were among the first b#®khÅa®fis btW¡f Mu«ã¤jh®fŸ.
to join. When the war was over, and we had peace at last, v⮥ghs®fŸ ïa¡f« ïufáakhf¤ bjhl§»a
Two Gentlemen of Verona
they came back to their beloved sister. And they found her nghJ mt®fŸjh‹ KjÈš nr®ªjd®. í¤j«
......suffering from tuberculosis of the spine.” KotilªJ, filáahf rkhjhd« tªj nghJ,
co
mt®fŸ j§fŸ rnfhjÇÆl« âU«ã tªjh®fŸ.
mtsJ KJbfY«ãš fhr nehŒ (tuberculosis) g‰¿a
ÃiyÆš mt®fŸ mtis f©ld®.
She paused, took a quick breath. “Did they give up? mªj e®° ïilÆš ÃW¤â, Éiuthf _¢R
I do not have to answer that question. They brought her É£L¡bfh©lhŸ. “mt®fŸ ifÉ£LÉ£lh®fsh”,
s.
here, persuaded us to take her into the hospital. In the v‹w v‹ nfŸÉ¡F, “mt®fŸ mtis ï§F
twelve months she has been our patient she has made good miH¤J tªjh®fŸ, mtis kU¤JtkidÆš
progress. There is every hope that one day she will walk -and nr®¤J¡bfhŸs v§fis t‰òW¤âdh®fŸ.
sing - again.” g‹Åu©L khj§fŸ mtŸ v§fŸ nehahËahf
ok
1
“Yes,” I agreed. “They couldn’t do it better.” “M«”, v‹w eh‹, “mt®fŸ ïij Él áw¥ghf
brŒa KoahJ”, vd x¥ò¡bfh©nl‹.
I waited outside until the boys rejoined me, and then áWt®fŸ v‹Ål« kWgoí« tUtj‰F
.s
drove them back to the city. They sat beside me, not speaking. K‹ghf, eh‹ btËna fh¤âUªnj‹. ã‹d®
For my part, I did not say a word --- I knew they would prefer mt®fis efu¤â‰F miH¤J¢ br‹nw‹.
to feel that they had safely kept their secret. Yet their devotion mt®fŸ ngrhkš, v‹ mUnf c£fh®ªâUªjh®fŸ.
had touched me deeply. v‹ g§»‰F, ehD« xU ng¢R« vL¡fÉšiy-
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War had not broken their spirit. Their selfless action ngh® mt®fË‹ c¤ntf¤ij cil¡fÉšiy.
brought a new nobility to human life, gave promise of a kÅj¤ j‹ik¡F xU òâa bfsut¤ij¡
greater hope for human society.
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Glossary
barely - almost not (scarcely), mÇjhd, mâfÄ‹¿
blinked - surprised‚ Éaªnj‹
m
chatter - a series of short, quick high-pitched sounds‚ flflbtd ntfkhŒ m®¤jÄ‹¿
Unit
ngRjš
cubicle - a small space with walls or curtains around it‚ rJu toÉyhd á¿a miw
1
co
demeanour - appearance and behaviour‚ el¤ij
s.
hawk - sell things crying out loudly, going from place to place‚ Tîjš (C® CuhŒ br‹W
bghU£fid TÉ É‰wš)
intrude - enter without permission‚ mDkâ ï‹¿ EiHjš
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nobility - the quality of being good and honest in character‚ ešy, ne®ikahd Fz§fŸ
opera - a musical play‚ gh£Ll‹ Toa ehlf«
outskirts - the outer parts of a town‚ efU¡F btËÆYŸs gFâfŸ
relied upon - to put trust on someone or something‚ e«ã¡if it¤jš (ahÇlkhtJ, vâyhtJ)
o
rubble - debris, broken bricks‚ ïoghLfŸ, cilªj br§fš KjÈad
scarce - very small in amount‚ mÇjhf, j£L¥ghL
ab
Synonyms Antonyms
Words ïiz¢brhš v⮢brhš
.s
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imagined speculated, guessed (ô»¤nj‹) unimagined (f‰gid brŒa ïayhj)
Two Gentlemen of Verona
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paused delayed (jhkâ¤j‹) continued (bjhl®ªjh‹)
persuaded induced (ö©od®) dissuaded (ijÇa« ïH¡f it¤jš)
propped rested (XŒbtL¤jhŸ) -
provoked aroused (»s®ªbjGªjd) unprovoked, unexcited (»s®ªbjHhkš,
s.
gutrkilahkš)
resistance fighting, struggle (r©ilÆLjš / nghuh£l«) co-operation (x¤JiH¥ò)
rubble debris, broken bricks (ïoghLfŸ, cilªj valuable (kâ¥òÄFªj)
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1
br§f‰fŸ)
Unit
Textual Questions
.s
1. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each based on your understanding
of the story.
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b. Why did the driver not approve of the narrator buying fruits from the boys?
Ans The two boys had a shabby appearance. They were wearing old and worn out clothes. So, the
driver did not approve of the narrator buying fruits from the boys.
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Ans No, they were not saving money to go to the states. They told the narrator that they would like
to go to the States, but they had other plans.
saving - nrĤjš, narrator - ÉtÇ¥gt®, plans - â£l§fŸ
m
Ans The author avoided going to Lucia’s room because he did not want to intrude into the privacy
Unit
of the brothers and sister.
1
avoided - jÉ®¤jh®, intrude - mDkâ ï‹¿ EiHjš, privacy - jÅik
co
Two Gentlemen of Verona
f. What was Lucia suffering from?
Ans Lucia was suffering from Tuberculosis. suffer - J‹g¥gLjš, Tuberculosis - fhrnehŒ
g. What made the boys join the resistance movement against the Germans?
s.
Ans The boys joined the resistance movement against the Germans because they hated the Germans
as they destroyed their family. resistance - v⮤jš, hated - btW¤jš, destroyed - mʤjd®
h. What made the boys work so hard?
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Ans The boys worked so hard to pay for their sister’s medical bills and food.
worked - ntiy brŒjš, hard - fodkhd
hair and brown skin. Nicola, the elder was 13 years old and Jacopo was 12 years old .
appearance - njh‰w«, damaged - nrjkilªj, uncombed - jiy thuhj
Ans During the summer days, under the hot sun, they shined shoes, sold fruits, hawked newspapers,
conducted tourists round the town and ran errands.
summer days - nfhil eh£fŸ, errands - ášyiw ntiyfŸ
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Ans Lucia, the boys’ sister was a young girl of twenty. She was wearing a pretty lace jacket and was
listening to her brothers’ chatter. Her eyes were soft and tender. She had a resemblance to her
brothers, who took good care of her.
pretty lace jacket - mHfhd rÇif #h¡bf£, listening - nf£L¡ bfh©L, resemblance - x¤J¥
m
nghFjš
Two Gentlemen of Verona
f. Recount the untold sufferings undergone by the siblings after they were rendered homeless.
Ans After the siblings were rendered homeless, they suffered horribly from near starvation and
co
exposure to the cold winter. For months, they lived in the shelter made of broken building walls
and bricks. The boys hated the Germans and stood against them as rebels. After the war, they
got back to their sister and found her suffering from tuberculosis of the spine.
siblings - cl‹ãw¥òfŸ, suffered horribly - fLikahf ghâ¡f¥g£l, starvation - g£oÅ
s.
g. The narrator did not utter a word and preferred to keep the secret to himself. Why? Substantiate
the statement with reference to the story.
Ans The narrator had understood their character well and he knew they wouldn’t like to have
ok
1
sympathised. Therefore he did not confront the boys and kept the secret to himself. Their
Unit
a. What was the driving force that made the boys do various jobs?
Ans When the boys and their sister were rendered homeless in the war, they suffered horribly from
starvation and exposure to cold winter. The boys found that their sister was suffering from
tuberculosis of the spine. They took her to a hospital and persuaded the staff to take her into
the hospital and look after her. In order to pay for her food, medicines and a comfortable life,
ur
they had to do various jobs like shine shoes, sell fruits, hawk newspapers, conduct tourists
round the town and run errands. Despite facing so many problems in their early life, the boys
did not lose hope. The brothers’ positive approach and determination to get their sister cured
had helped the staff treat her well.
.s
had suffered a lot from near starvation and exposure to the cold winter. For months, they had
barely kept themselves alive in a sort of shelter, they built with their own hands amidst the
broken bricks. The boys hated the Germans, as they were responsible for the ruin of their happy
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family. They stood against them as rebels. After the war, when they got back to their sister, they
found her suffering from tuberculosis of the spine. It was another shock to those poor kids.
comfortable - trâahf, cultured life - ehfÇf thœ¡if, shelter - j§FÄl«, poor kids - ViH
FHªijfŸ
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Character Sketch of Nicola and Jacopo
Ans The ‘Two gentlemen’ of Verona are the boys in the story, ‘Nicolo and Jacopo’. Nicola, aged 13
is the elder brother of Jacopo aged 12. Both the siblings are very sincere and self-sacrificing.
They are prepared to do any work for helping their sister Lucia to recover from tuberculosis.
m
They live a hard life and do all sorts of odd jobs. Right from shining shoes, selling fruits,
Unit
distributing newspapers, to working as tourist guides and running their errands, they still look
contented and maintain their self-respect. They don’t have the intention of talking about their
family problem to anyone and want to keep it a secret. During the war period, they started
1
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hating the Germans and also joined the resistance movement for their country’s freedom.
s.
Ans The story ‘Two Gentlemen of Verona’ promises hope for the society. The boys Nicola and Jacopo
were devoted and sincere towards the cause of their sister’s ailment. They were self-sacrificing,
despite the harshness faced by them. This approach of theirs towards life shows positivity
and nobility. Despite all the negativity in the world like war, hatred, jealously, rivalry and
ok
selfishness, the boys’ attitude indicated that goodness still persisted in some souls. It conveys
the message that there is scope for the world, for all of us, to become a better place one day.
promises - th¡FWâfŸ, hope - e«ã¡if, devoted - m®¥gÂ¥òl‹, ailment - nehŒ,
approach - mQFKiw, positivity - e‹ikahŒ v©Qjš, negativity - vâ®kiw, war - ngh®,
o
hatred - btW¥ò, jealously - bghwhikíl‹, rivalry - ngh£o, selfishness - Raey«
e. Justify the title of the story ‘Two Gentlemen of Verona’.
ab
Ans A.J. Cronin used the title ‘Two Gentlemen of Verona’ in an ironic manner, as at a very young
age, the boys faced the hardships of life - their mother died early in their life, their father
became a victim of the early war, their village suffered due to German occupation, their home
got destroyed, suffered starvation and cold winter. The family struggled for life. They found
their sister suffering from Tuberculosis of spine. It was another shock to those poor kids.
ur
Despite facing so many problems in their early, they did not lose hope. Their positive approach
and determination managed them to give their sister, the best they could. They did various
jobs, but lived a poor life to save money for their sister’s treatment and food. They never tried
to take anyone’s sympathy. Hence these two young boys have every quality of the being called
‘The Gentlemen of Verona’.
.s
f. Adversity brings out the best as well as the worst in people. Elucidate this statement with reference
w
to the story.
Ans ‘Adversity brings out the best as well as the worst in people’ This is displayed in the story ‘Two
Gentlemen of Verona’. The bitter and indomitable struggle of Nicola and Jacopo, amidst the
w
ravages of war, takes on epic proportions. The two young boys depict great maturity, wisdom
and faith in the power of human spirit. The die-hard nature of the two boys changes the nature
of people around them with their vibrant spark of humanity. Their dignity and perseverance
w
show their extreme faith in their own ability to cater to their sister’s medical treatment. So the
relentless struggle of the two boys offers a wide colourful view of love, tenderness, wisdom
and trust which even a catastrophic war failed to crush.
Adversity - JuâZlÃiy, indomitable - gÂait¡f ïayhj, ravages - mÊîfŸ,
proportions - É»jh¢rhu¤âš, maturity - K⮢á, wisdom - Phd«, dignity - f©Âa«, perseverance
- ÉlhKa‰á, medical treatment - kU¤Jt Ợir, relentless - ïu¡fk‰w, tenderness - bk‹ik,
wisdom - Phd«, catastrophic - nguÊî
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Ans I like the characters of the two boys, ‘Nicolo and Jacopo’ the most, as they were devoted, sincere
and self-sacrificing, despite the harshness faced by them. Although the boys were childish,
simple and natural, there was a grave seriousness on their faces. This was indicative of the
rude and harsh life, which they had faced at such an early age. As they had lost their parents
m
and home, and their sister was battling an ailment, the young boys were serious towards life.
They had lost their childhood. Despite all the negativity in the world like war, hatred, jealousy,
Two Gentlemen of Verona
rivalry and selfishness, the boys’ attitude indicated that goodness still persisted in some souls.
It also conveys us that there is scope for the world to become a better place one day.
co
self-sacrificing - Ra âahf«, harshness - fLik, grave seriousness - fLikahd ÔÉu«,
jealousy - bghwhik, rivalry - ngh£o, goodness - e‰Fz«
Vocabulary
s.
a. Read the following words taken from the story. Give two Synonyms and one Antonym
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for each of these words. Use a dictionary, if required.
1Unit
Ans
(i) Given below is a list of common confusables. Distinguish the meaning of each pair of words by
framing your own sentences.
(a) 1. They decided to emigrate to the U.S. to live in New York.
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(c) 1. A judicial matter may take months for the courts to decide on.
2. Through judicious use of persuasion, I convinced my family to move to New Delhi.
(d) 1. All electors are eligible to the assembly.
2. This writing is illegible.
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2. When the ambulance arrived, the patient was still conscious.
(f) 1. Kolkata is an industrial city.
2. Are you an industrious student?
(g) 1. Eminent personalities attended the party hosted by the Minister.
m Unit
2. Our victory was imminent in the final match.
(h) 1. Ravi’s uncle was involved in illicit activities.
1
co
2. The comedian hoped his jokes would elicit a great deal of laughter from the audience.
s.
2. You’ll feel the effect of the medication in the next twenty minutes.
(h) 1. My friend has an aural impairment and so she uses a hearing aid.
ok
2. An oral agreement is legal in some places.
(i) 1. The child was born at dawn.
2. His story is not borne out by any true incidences.
o
(ii) Fill in the blanks with suitable Homophones or Confusables.
Ans
ab
Ans
come upon to meet unexpectedly I came upon an old friend in the street today.
put out stop or extinguish It took three hours to put out the fire.
w
draw up to arrange in order Together, they began to draw up plans for their first home.
pass out to distribute We’ll pass out copies of the agenda.
take off depart from the ground The plane will take off in a minute.
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turn away reject Hard times are forcing community colleges to turn away
students.
stand by to support an idea or person I’ll stand by you whatever happens.
bank on to depend on You can bank on him to get the job done quickly.
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Word Prefix Suffix
Two Gentlemen of Verona
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respect disrespect respectable
manage mismanage management
fertile infertile fertility
different indifferent difference
s.
friend befriend friendship
obey disobey obedience
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1Unit
Listening
Complete the following sentences.
o
a) The announcement was made by the Department of ________. Ans: Disaster Management
b) Widespread heavy rains are expected from the early hours of ________. Ans: Sunday
ab
c) The public is asked to find out the locations of ________. Ans: the closest flood shelters
d) An emergency kit should contain water bottles, biscuit packets and a ________.
Ans: torch light, medical supplies, and a whistle for help
e) A list of ________ should be displayed on the wall. Ans: emergency telephone numbers
ur
f) Important documents can be secured by keeping them in a ________ case. Ans: waterproof case
g) Damage to refrigerators can be avoided by _____. Ans: emptying them and leaving their doors open
h) Mobile phones should be charged to enable the marooned to contact their friends, relatives and ________.
.s
Speaking
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Task 1 : On the occasion of World Environment Day, you have been asked to deliver a speech during
morning assembly on the importance of tree planting. Write the speech in about 100 – 150 words.
w
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Trees contribute to their environment by providing, oxygen, improving air quality conserving
water, preserving soil and supporting wildlife. Therefore, without trees, we, humans would
not be able to exist on this beautiful planet. Thus, it is very important that we should make it a
practice to plant a number of trees in our school premises and in our surroundings. Finally, I
would like to say that it is best to join a nearby NGO working for this cause to work efficiently
m
in this direction.
Unit
Task 2 : Prepare a speech on “The importance of reading” in about 100–150 words using the hints given
below together with your own ideas.
1
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Introduction
s.
Good Morning friends! I, Vishal of Class XII ‘A’ would like to deliver a short speech on
‘The importance of Reading habit’. Reading is one of the most fundamental skills, every one
of us need to learn to succeed in life. Developing good reading habits is vital to our future,
ok
not just academically, but in everyday life as well.
Reading develops vocabulary. The more we read, the more new words will find their
way into our vocabulary. Reading not only increases our attention span, but also leads us to
a lifelong love of books. As a result, this habit will serve us well throughout our education
o
and beyond it. Reading also encourages a thirst for knowledge. Children with good reading
habits learn more about the world around them and develop an interest in other cultures. I
would like to conclude my speech by saying ‘Develop good reading habits from your early
ab
childhood, as this habit makes us worldly wise and enhances our intellect. It also provides
us an edge over the others. Thank you all for giving me this opportunity to speak on this
wonderful topic.
ur
Reading
a. Read the passage given below and make notes.
Ans Smart cities
.s
2. Agenda
(a) resolve urban sustainability problems
3. The contribution of urban forestry
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5. Biodiversity gets boosted
Two Gentlemen of Verona
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(c) learn about native species
Grammar
Tenses
s.
Task 1 : Tick the correct option and complete the dialogue.
A : Hello. What do you watch / are you watching? Ans: are you
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1
B : A programme about the Jallian Wala Bagh massacre, which I recorded last night. I study / I’m
Unit
Task 2 : Complete the sentences with the correct tense form of the verbs in brackets.
a. _______ (tell) me exactly what _______ (happen) last night! Ans: Tell; happened
w
b. Mrs. Mageswari is my Maths teacher. She ____ (teach) me for four years. Ans: has been teaching
c. I _______ (never /think) of a career in medicine before I spoke to my Biology teacher but now
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e. I can’t remember what my teacher _______ (say) yesterday about our homework. I _______
(not listen) properly because Hussain _______ (talk) to me at the same time.
Ans: said; did not listen; was talking
f. Last year we _______ (go) on a school trip to Kanyakumari. We _______ (have) a very interesting
time. Ans: went; had
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a final decision yet. Ans: am thinking; have not made
h. I _______ (get) up at 7 every morning but this morning I _______ (sleep) for a long time and I _______
(not get)up until 8. Ans: get; was sleeping; did not get
m
Task 3 : Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets.
Unit
a) Everyone _______ when the earthquake hit the small town. (sleep) Ans: was sleeping
b) Evangelene _______ her job a couple of years ago. (quit)
1
Ans: had quit
co
c) Where _______ your last holidays? (you spend) Ans: did you spend
s.
f) My mother was tired yesterday because she ___ well the night before (not sleep). Ans: did not sleep
g) Her parents _______ in Coimbatore for two weeks from today (be). Ans: will be
h) Nothing much _______ when I got to the meeting (happen). Ans: had happened
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i) Scientists predict that by 2050, man _______ on Mars. (land) Ans: will have landed
j) Sh! Someone _______ to our conversation! (listen) Ans: is listening
k) The plane _______ off in a few minutes. (take) Ans: will be taking
o
l) They _______ about me when I interrupted their conversation. (talk) Ans: were talking
m) Justin and his parents ____ in an apartment right now because they can’t find a cheap house. (live)
ab
q) Our team _______ any games last year. (not win) Ans: did not won
r) We _______ a wonderful film in the cinema last night. (see) Ans: saw
s) Hurry up! The movie _______ (already, begin) Ans: has already begun
.s
Modal Auxiliaries
Task 1 : Fill in the blanks with modal auxiliaries.
w
a) The candidates _______ answer five out of ten questions. Ans: must
b) How _______ you open my bag? Ans: dare
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l) Hima Das ran so fast that she _______ win the medal. Ans: could
m) You _______ lead a horse to water, but you _______ make it drink. Ans: can; can’t
n) I _______ like to have a cup of coffee. Ans: would
o) My grandfather _______ visit this temple when he was young. Ans: used to
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Two Gentlemen of Verona
Task 2 : Complete the following sentences with modals using the clues given:
a) You _______ help the needy. (moral obligation) Ans: ought to
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b) If I were you, I _______ not behave like that. (conditional sentence) Ans: would
c) I _______ never tell a lie. (determination) Ans: shall
d) My uncle _______ have reached by now. (possibility) Ans: might
e) The patient is critical. He _______ be taken to the hospital.(compulsion) Ans: must
s.
f) I _______ to play hockey when I was a student. (past habit) Ans: used to
g) You _______ not attend my class. (order) Ans: must
h) He _______ come today. (remote possibility) Ans: might
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1
7. Joseph and Mary said that they would be going for shopping the next day.
8. Afsar and Ayesha said that they could not attend the party.
9. Satish asked him how he was.
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Divya : I missed the bus.
Teacher : You should have reached the bus stop on time.
Divya : My grandmother is ill. So, I had to take her to the doctor.
Teacher : I am sorry. What ails her?
m
Divya : She has high fever.
Unit
The teacher asked Divya why she was late. Divya replied that (a) she had missed the bus.
The teacher told her that (b) she should have reached the bus stop on time. Divya said that her
1
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grandmother was ill so she had to take her to the doctor. The teacher felt sorry and further asked
her (c) what ailed her. Divya explained that she (d) had high fever.
s.
going to be a lovely sunny day. Varshini begged Pradeep to let her sleep a bit longer and suggested
him to go and help mother in cooking since he was feeling so enthusiastic. Pradeep said that he
would surely help and asked his mother whether he could help her. His mother agreed to his
request and asked him to have his breakfast and added that there were idlis and vadas on the
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dining table. Pradeep thanked his mother and said that he would surely help her by eating them.
Letter Writing
o
a) Read the following letter carefully, discuss with your partner and answer the questions:
Questions:
ab
Ans The sender requests the concerned authorities to take appropriate measures to put an end to
the menace.
e. Who will take steps after reading it?
w
Ans The law and the police will take steps after reading it.
b) You have chosen Computer science in the Higher Secondary Course. Write a letter to your friend giving
reasons for your choice. Read the clues given in brackets to complete the letter.
w
Ans
No. 4, Gandhi Street,
w
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society. All these have made me to take up this profession to cleanse the unhealthy situations.
I have plans to pursue my higher studies in this field.
All the best for your CA preparation. Convey my regards to your mother, father and brother.
Yours lovingly,
m
K. Ramesh.
Two Gentlemen of Verona
Task
co
(a) You had been to your grandma’s house during To
the summer holidays. You enjoyed your stay in The Principal
her company. Write a letter to your grandma XYZ Higher Secondary School,
stating how much you miss her after returning ‘B’ City,
to your home. Pin : XXXXXX
s.
Ans
Dear Sir,
30, 2nd Street, Sub : Accepting your invitation.
Shanthi Nagar,
ok
1
those happy days. I miss you a lot Grandma. After I feel honoured to preside over this event.
returning to Chennai, a day never goes without
remembering you. How you had cared for me Thank you,
during my stay with you! How much I enjoyed in Yours sincerely,
our beautiful garden, listening to your wonderful C. Nagaraj
ur
20
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PROSE
mark sheet while travelling to Trichy. Last month, college enquiring details of the pilot training
I visited my aunt’s place at Trichy to do my higher course offered by the college. Include the
studies in the college over there. But unfortunately, following details in your enquiry: duration of
I lost my mark sheets while I was travelling. So I the course, fee structure, scholarships, hostel
request you to kindly issue my duplicate mark sheet as facilities and placement details.
m
I need to do my higher studies.
Unit
Ans21st January, 2019
Thank you, From
1
Suresh. K
co
Yours sincerely,
26, Sardar Patel Road,
s.
recently. Include the following details: the The Principal
problem, date of purchase, receipt number, MNN College of Aeronautical Engineering,
model and warranty. St. Thomas Mount,
ok
Chennai - 600 016.
Ans 2nd February, 2019 Dear Sir,
From Sub : Pilot training course - Reg.
S. Rajesh I wish to join the Pilot Training Course,
which is to be conducted in your college from this
o
52, Oliver Road,
year. Kindly give me the details of the duration
Jaya Nagar, Bengaluru.
of the course and fee structure. I would like
ab
21
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m
Sir, my superiors. I am enclosing my resume for your
Two Gentlemen of Verona
perusal.
We are starting a coaching centre for the
students of X, XI and XII standards. So we need Thank you,
co
to order some furniture for this. Kindly send us Yours faithfully,
the following furniture to the above address. S. Vasanth Kumar
1. Writing tables - 10 Nos. Encl : Curriculum Vitae
2. Chairs - 30 Nos. CURRICULUM VITAE
s.
3. Stools (small) - 10 Nos. Name : S. Vasanth Kumar
Father’s Name : H. Sampath
We need these furniture on or before
Date of Birth : 10th December 1988.
ok
1
st
1 March before 12 noon. I am sending a cheque
Marital Status : Single
Unit
From
National Computers
S. Vasanth Kumar,
Pvt. Ltd, Chennai.
62, Ayappa Nagar,
Declaration
w
Chennai - 17. To
The Recruitment Manager,
Respected Sir,
Vivid Colours Pvt. Ltd.,
Sub : Application for the Post of Personal T. Nagar,
Secretary to the Managing Director - Reg. Chennai - 17.
22
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PROSE
the nuisance created by the roadside vendors admitted in hospital for treatment of jaundice.
blocking the pavements and occupying the Advise him/her not to worry about the illness
parking zone. and be positive. Assure him/her of your
Ans 25th February, 2019 psychological and financial help during the
crisis.
m
From
Unit
M. Randeer, Ans
No. 15, Jawahar Street,
Kolathur, Chennai - 600 099. Chennai - 600 017
1
co
To 23rd February, 2019
s.
You will soon get well and come out of the hospital
Sir, happily and in good health. Be positive always.
Sub : N
uisance created by the roadside Don’t have negative thoughts about the illness.
vendors - Reg. If you need any financial help, I am there to help
ok
We, the residents of Kolathur in Patel Nagar you. Kindly don’t hesitate to ask. I pray that you
are facing nuisance created by the roadside should get well as soon as possible.
vendors. They block the pavements and occupy Wishing a quick recovery.
the parking zones. Kindly publish about this in
Yours lovingly,
o
your newspaper, for further action against it.
Thank you, Address on the envelope :
To
ab
Yours sincerely,
M. Randeer. Mr. Ravi
Address on the envelope : 3, K. K. Street,
To St. Thomas Mount
ur
w
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PROSE UNIT 2
m
A NICE CUP OF TEA - George Orwell
co
#h®{ M®btš v‹gt® M§»y ehtyháÇa®,
s.
f£Liuahs® k‰W« Ék®rf®. mt® ïªâahÉš (#]‹ 25,
1903š nkhâAhÇ v‹w ïl¤âš ãwªjh®. M§»y murh§f
CÊaÇ‹ kfdhd mt® j« jªijíl‹ ïsik¡ fhy§fis
fʤjh®. nguuR bfhŸif vnj¢râfhu« k‰W« bghJclik g‰¿
ok
tÈikahd v©z§fŸ bfh©l mt® gy K¡»a muáaš ïa¡f§fËš
ciuah‰¿ ïU¡»wh®. ïy¡»a Ék®rd« fÉij eåd« Éthj ïjÊaš
ngh‹wt‰¿Y« <Lg£oUªjh®. ‘Animal Farm’ (1945) v‹»w ehtš k‰W«
“Nineteen Eighty four” ngh‹w ehtšfis vGâat®. 1945š ïUªJ òfœbg‰w
o
I«gJ ãÇ£oZ vG¤jhs®fË‹ g£oaÈš ïu©lhtJ ïl¤âš ïtuJ
bgaiu¢ nr®¤jJ, “The Times” v‹w g¤âÇif.
ab
ghl¢ RU¡f«
ur
#h®{ M®btš vGâa ‘v ie° f¥ M~¥ O’ v‹»w f£Liu “y©l‹ <›Å§ °lh‹l®£” v‹D«
g¤âÇifÆš 12.01.1946 m‹W ãuRukhdJ. áwªj njÚ® jahÇ¡f M®btš jU« 11 tÊKiwfŸ mâš
ÉtÇ¡f¥g£LŸsd.
ešy njÚU¡F KjÈš eh« ïªâa mšyJ $y§fhÉ‹ njÆiyia ga‹gL¤j nt©L«. Ód njÚÇš
.s
e‹ik ïUªjhY« C¡f« ïšiy. mjdhš mij mUªJgt® ò¤ârhÈahfnth, ijÇakhdtuhfnth, ešy
v©z« bfh©ltuhfnth Mtâšiy. ïu©lhtjhf njÚ® á¿a msÉš jahÇ¡f¥gl nt©L«. mJ Ód
fËk© mšyJ k£gh©l¤âš jahuhf nt©L«. _‹whtjhf ghš KjÈš Nlhf nt©L«. eh‹fhtjhf
w
njÚ® âlkhf ïU¡f nt©L«. Iªjhtjhf, tof£ofisnah, k°È‹ JÂ¥ igfisnah cgnah»¡f¡
TlhJ. bfhâ¡F« njÚiu ghâ¤JÉL«.
Mwhtjhf njÚ® FLitia njÚ® bfhâ¡F« gh¤âu¤âš mUnf bfh©L bršy nt©L«. njÚ®
w
jahÇ¡F« ÃiyÆš, Ú® mL¥ãš bfhâ¤J¡ bfh©oU¡f nt©L«. njÆiy bfhâ¤jîl‹ mªj FLitia
fr¡» (m) M£o ïiyfis moÆš j§f¢ brŒa nt©L«. v£lhtjhf cUis tot nfh¥igÆš njÚ®
mUªj nt©L«. j£il tot nfh¥igfŸ rÇahf ïU¡fhJ. x‹gjhtjhf ghÈ‹ Vil Ú¡»É£Ljh‹
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njÚÇš fy¡f nt©L«. g¤jhtjhf KjÈš njÆiy Úiu nfh¥igÆš C‰¿É£L mj‹ ã‹dnu ghiy
C‰w nt©L«. Mdhš 炙yhªâš ïij kh‰¿ brŒa nt©L« vd xU rhuh® TW»‹wd® vd MáÇa®
F¿¥ãL»wh®. filáahf, njÚiu r®¡fiu nr®¡fhkš gUf nt©L«. m¥nghJ jh‹ mj‹ c©ik Rit
bjÇí«. K¡»akhdJ v‹dbt‹whš, ghidia (O FLit) bfhâ¡f it¤jhY«, Úiu rÇahf bfhâ¡f
it¤J cgnah»¥gJ«, ešy njÚiu Koî brŒí«.
24
POEM
Figures of Speech - A Glance
m
1. The Castle 2. Our Casuarina Tree
3. All the World’s a Stage 4. Ulysses
5. A Father to his Son 6. Incident of the French Camp
co
1. Simile : It is a comparison made between two objects of different kinds which have some resemblance /
similarities. It is introduced by a word of comparison, such as, ‘like, so, as, as ... so’.
(e.g.) “Grew thin and treacherous as air” (Poem 1)
s.
The path grew weak and disloyal as air.
“And shining morning face, creeping like snail” (Poem 3)
The schoolboy’s movement is compared to snail’s movement. Direct comparison,
ok
using the word, ‘like’.
“To follow knowledge like a sinking star”. (Poem 4)
The pursuit of knowledge is directly compared to a sinking star using the word, ‘like’.
2. Metaphor : It is a figure of speech that makes an implicit, implied, or hidden comparison between two things
o
that are unrelated, but which share some common characteristics.
(e.g.) “Oh then our maze of tunneled stone”. (Poem 1)
ab
3. Alliteration : It is the repetition of the same consonant sound in successive or nearby words. Note that in
alliteration the sound and sense go together.
(e.g.) “There lies the port the vessel puffs her sail” (Poem 4)
.s
5. Anaphora : Repetition of a certain word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines, or repetition of a
word or a phrase at the beginning of a sequence of sentences, paragraphs.
(e.g.) “Tell him time as a stuff can be wasted.
Tell him to be a fool every so often” (Poem 5)
‘Tell him’ is the Anaphora used here, as it is the repetition of words at the beginning
of successive lines to create a sonic effect.
113
6. Personification :
An inanimate object or abstraction is given human qualities or abilities. (i.e.) Giving
human qualities to non-living things.
(e.g.) ‘There was a little private gate
A little wicked wicket gate” (Poem 1)
The small door or gate is personified as an evil one.
m
7. Antithesis : It is a literary device that emphasises the idea of contrast.
(e.g.) “The growth of a frail flower in a path up
has sometimes shattered and split a rock” (Poem 5)
co
“Brutes have been gentled where lashes failed” (Poem 5)
8. Transferred Epithet : It is a figure of speech in which an epithet grammatically qualifies a noun other than
the person or a thing, it is actually meant to describe.
(e.g.) “and left them dead years before burial:” (Poem 5)
s.
“Let him have lazy days seeking his deeper motives” (Poem 5)
Days are not lazy, but his son should be lazy enough to seek his in born
abilities.
ok
“Bringing changes into a world resenting change” (Poem 5)
The people in the world are referred here to dislike the change.
9. Allegory : An allegory is a complete narrative that involves characters and events that stand for an
abstract idea or event. In other words, a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted
to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.
o
(e.g.) ‘The Castle’ an allegorical poem.
10. Zoomorphism : It is the shaping of something in animal form or terms. This is used to illustrate movement,
ab
making the tree seem more actively alive and also implying movement. This is a subtle
indication of the process of life.
(e.g.) “LIKE a huge Python, winding round and round
The rugged trunk, indented deep with scars”, (Poem-2)
ur
The rhyming words are lay - hay - away and wall - all. (Poem 1)
12. Rhyme scheme : Arranging the poetic lines in some order.
Look at the four lines
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114
POETRY UNIT 1
m
THE CASTLE - Edwin Muir
nfh£il - v£É‹ KÆ®
co
v£É‹ KÆ® (1887 - 1959), °fh£yhªij¢ nr®ªj
xU òfœbg‰w fÉP®, òâd vG¤jhs® bkhÊbga®¥ghs®
k‰W« Ék®rf®. mt® j‹ bjËthd fÉij¤ âw¤jhš
s.
m¿a¥g£lh®. j‹Dila tajhd fhy¤âš fÉij vGj¤
bjhl§»a mt®, j‹Dila jÅ¥g£l, j¤Jth®¤j fÉij
KiwÆdhš, gy tUl§fS¡F¥ ãwF, j‹ thœ¡ifÆ‹ ã‹gFâÆš
m§Ñfhu« bg‰wh®. “First Poems” k‰W« “Chorus of the Newly Dead”
ok
M»ait ïtuJ Mu«gfhy gil¥òfshF«. ïtuJ ã‰fhy¤ bjhF¥òfŸ
“Variations on a Time Theme, The Narrow Place, The Voyage and Other Poems,
The Labyrinth, and One Foot in Eden.” M»ait MF«.
o
fÉij¢ RU¡f«
ab
No.
mªj nfhil¡fhy« KGtJ« eh§fŸ Rfkhf
All through that summer at ease we lay,
ïUªnjh«. âdK« nfh£ilÆ‹ kâšfË‹ nkš
1- 3 And daily from the turret wall
cŸs á¿a nfhòu§fËÈUªJ njh£l¤â‹ òšiy¢
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115
m
A foothold there, no clever trick vªj ò¤ârhÈ, jªâu¤jhš fhš it¤jhY«,
13 - 15 Could take us dead or quick, Éiuthf cÆiu mit vL¡F«.
Only a bird could have got in. gwit k£Lnk m§F cŸns bršy ïaY«.
co
mt®fŸ v§fS¡fhf v‹d ö©oš nghl
What could they offer us for bait?
16 - 17 ïaY«? v§fŸ jiyt® åukhdt® k‰W« eh§fŸ
Our captain was brave and we were true… ne®ikahdt®fŸ.
There was a little private gate, m§nf xU á¿a jÅ¥g£l fjî©L. mJ xU á¿a
18 - 20 A little wicked wicket gate. â£othrš (EiHthÆš). mij xU »H¡ fhty‹
s.
The wizened warder let them through. âwªJ mt®fis cŸns EiHa É£lh®.
POEM
Oh then our maze of tunneled stone X! v§fŸ FH¥gkhd ghijÆ‹ Ru§f¡ f‰fŸ
21 - 22
Grew thin and treacherous as air. Jnuhf¤jhš fh‰iw¥ nghš bkÈjhÆd.
ok
The cause was lost without a groan, xU òy«gš Tl ïšyhkš fhÇa« KoªjJ.
23 - 25 The famous citadel overthrown, òfœbg‰w xU nfh£il if¥g‰w¥g£lJ. mj‹
And all its secret galleries bare. ufáa¥ ghijfŸ m¤jidí« bt‰¿lkhÆd.
How can this shameful tale be told? ïªj mtkhd fijia v¥go btËna Tw Koí«?
The Castle
26 - 27
I will maintain until my death ïij v‹ cÆ® cŸstiu kdâš it¤âU¥ng‹.
o
We could do nothing, being sold: ɉf¥gLtij jÉu v§fS¡F ntW tÊ ïšiy.
28 - 30 Our only enemy was gold, v§fŸ xnu vâÇ j§f« jh‹,
And we had no arms to fight it with.
ab
Glossary
Unit
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m
FH¥gkhd ghij
path
22 treacherous disloyal ÉRthrÄšyhj / Jnuhfkhd
23 groan lament, cry mGjš / òy«òjš
co
place of safety (a safe and strong
24 citadel ghJfh¥ghd tYthd nfh£il
fort)
24 overthrown conquered, defeated if¥g‰w¥gLjš
27 maintain believe e«òjš
s.
Textual Questions
POEM
1. Based on your understanding of the poem answer the following questions in one or
ok
two sentences each.
a. Who is the narrator in the poem?
Unit
Ans The narrator is one of the several men who had been lodged in a seemingly impenetrable
castle.
o
1
lodged - j§»ÆUªjh®, impenetrable - EiHa Koahj, castle - nfh£il
The Castle
ab
e. Why does the narrator say that the enemy was no threat at all?
Ans The soldiers were able to watch only the mowers and no enemy was found up to the distance of
half-a mile. So the narrator said that the enemy was no threat at all.
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threat - m¢RW¤jš
f. Did the soldiers fight with the enemies face to face?
Ans No, the soldiers did not fight with the enemies face to face.
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secret galleries - ufáa bg£lf§fŸ, gold - j§f«
j. What was the ‘shameful act’?
Ans The shameful act was the act of betrayal by one of the old guards and giving way to the enemies
co
to enter into the castle.
shameful act - mtkhdfukhd braš, old guards - giHa fhty®fŸ
k. Why didn’t the narrator want to tell the tale to anybody?
Ans The narrator didn’t want to tell the tale to anyone because it was a shameful act of betrayal.
s.
tale - fij, shameful - mtkhdfukhd, betrayal - Jnuhf«
POEM
ok
helpless - cjÉÆ‹¿, truth - c©ik
m. Who was the real enemy?
Ans The real enemy was gold the old guard betrayed them, by taking gold as bribe.
The Castle
Stanza 1-3
1
‘The Castle’ by Edwin Muir is a moving poem on the (1) ________ of a well-guarded (2) ________
Unit
The soldiers of the castle were totally stress-free and relaxed. They were (3) ________ of their castle’s
physical strength. Through the turrets they were able to watch the mowers and no enemy was found
up to the distance of (4) ________ and so it seemed no threat to the castle. They had (5) ________
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of weapons to protect, a large quantity of (6) ________ in stock to take care of the well-being of the
soldiers inside the castle. The soldiers stood one above the other on the towering (7) ________
to shoot enemies at sight. They believed that the castle was absolutely safe because their captain was
.s
Ans (1) capture (2) castle (3) confident (4) half-a kilometre
(5) plenty (6) ration (7) watching (8) brave
Stanza 4-6
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Even by a trick no one but the birds could enter. The enemy could not use a (9) ______ for their
entry inside the castle. But there was a wicket gate guarded by a (10) ______ He (11) ______ in the
enemies inside the famous citadel that had been known for its secret gallery and intricate path. The
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strong castle became (12) ____ and thin because of the greedy disloyal warder. The (13) ________
was captured by the enemies for (14) ______ The narrator (15) ______ over the (16) _______
of the useless warder and also decided not to disclose this (17) ______ story to anyone. He was
(18) ________ and wondered how he would keep this truth to himself. He regretted not finding any
(19) ________ to fight with the (20) ________ called ‘gold’.
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(17) shameful (18) helpless (19) weapon (20) enemy
3. Read the poem and answer the following in a short paragraph of 8-10 sentences
each.
co
a. How safe was the castle? How was it conquered?
Ans The castle was safe with strong gates, thick walls which were high and smooth. The soldiers
of the castle were totally stress-free and relaxed. They were confident of their castle’s physical
strength. Through the turrets, they were able to watch the mowers and no enemy was found
s.
up to the distance of half - a mile and so it seemed no threat to the castle. They had plenty of
POEM
weapons to protect, and a large quantity of ration in stock to take care of the well-being of
the soldiers, who were inside the castle. The soldiers were loyal and their captain was brave.
But there was a wicket little gate guarded by a wicked guard. He let the enemies into the castle
ok
by betraying the soldiers. He became a victim of bribery given by the enemies. Hence the
enemies conquered the castle.
Unit
strong gates - tYthd fjîfŸ, stress-free - kd mG¤jÄ‹¿, mowers - njh£l
ntiy brŒgt®fŸ, well-being - ey«, loyal - ÉRthr«, betray - ÉRthrk‰w, Jnuhf«,
o
victim of bribery - yŠr¤â‰F gÈahdt®
1
The Castle
b. Bring out the contrasting picture of the castle as depicted in stanzas 3 and 5.
ab
Ans The castle had gates, which were strong and the walls were thick, high and smooth. There was
a foothold, from which an advance military operation is made. The soldiers stood one above
the other on the tower, watching to shoot the enemies at sight. They believed that the castle
was absolutely safe because their captain was brave and the soldiers were loyal. Even by a trick
no one could enter the castle. No soldiers would be attracted with a bribe for the entry inside
ur
the castle. But there was an evil old guard, who was fascinated by the bribery of the enemies
and let them in through a little private gate. The citadel was known for its secret galleries and
intricating path. This strong castle became weak and thin because of the greedy disloyal warder.
The citadel was captured by the enemies for gold. The narrator lamented over the betrayal of the
.s
old warder. He also decided not to tell anyone about this shameful act of the guard.
foothold - mothu«, military operation - uhQt elto¡if, trick - rhk®¤âakhd Vkh‰W«
brašghL, evil - Ôa FzKila, fascinated - ftu¥gLjš, intricating - á¿a Étu§fs
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had strong towers, high and thick walls, it was captured by the enemies by the greediness
of an old guard of the castle. He gets bribed by the enemies and let them in through a little
private gate, where no one could enter by any wicked tricks. They entered the castle through
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the intricating path of the castle and captured the citadel for gold. The narrator lamented over
the disloyalty of the guard and he was feeling ashamed to tell anyone about this shameful act
of the guard. He regretted for not finding any weapon to fight with the enemy called gold.
Thus ‘Human greed led to the mighty fall of the citadel’.
Human greed - kÅjÅ‹ nguhir
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Ans The word “We” refers to the soldiers.
we - v‹gJ ï§F gilåu®fis¡ F¿¡F«
co
Ans The soldiers spent the summer days totally stress-free and relaxed.
stress-free - kd mG¤jÄ‹¿
s.
Ans They could watch the mowers trimming the grass and levelling the lawns.
POEM
ok
So smooth and high, no man could win.
(i) How safe was the castle?
Ans The Castle’s gates were strong and the walls were thick.
The Castle
thick - fdkhd
o
(ii) What was the firm belief of the soldiers?
Ans The soldiers firmly believed that no one could enter the strong and well protected castle.
ab
(ii) Which aspect of the castle’s strength is conveyed by the above line?
Ans The castle had a strong foothold and no clever tricks could take anyone in dead or alive.
foothold - fhÿ‹W« ïl«
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Ans They felt helpless because it was a shameful act of the old guard and they could not tell
this tale to anyone.
shameful - mtkhd¥gL« braš
co
5. Explain the following with reference to the context in about 50-60 words each.
a. They seemed no threat to us at all.
Ans Reference : This line is taken from the poem ‘The Castle’ written by Edwin Muir.
s.
Context : The narrator talks about the confidence of the soldiers.
POEM
Explanation : As the castle was strong and there was no trace of the enemies found at a
distance of half - a mile. So it seemed that there was no threat at all.
ok
b. How can this shameful act be told.
Ans Reference : This line is taken from the poem ‘The Castle’ written by Edwin Muir.
Context : The narrator reveals the shameful act of the old guard in this context.
Unit
Explanation : The narrator lamented about the disloyalty of the old guard and decided to
o
hold the shameful tale by not telling to anyone until his death. This reveals his
1
sorrow and helplessness to fight with the enemy called ‘gold’.
The Castle
ab
into the castle through a little wicked wicket gate. As it was a shameful act, the
narrator decided not to tell this story to anyone until his death.
d. Our only enemy was gold
.s
Ans Reference : This line is taken from the poem ‘The Castle’ written by Edwin Muir.
Context : The narrator insists that his only enemy was gold.
Explanation : The narrator regrets for not finding any weapon to fight with the enemy called
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‘gold’. He feels helpless and sad about the shameful act of one of his guards.
6. Read the poem and complete the table with suitable rhyming words.
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c. The wizened warder let them through
Ans wizened - warder; them - through
co
8. Identify the figure of speech used in the following lines:
a. A little wicked wicket gate
Ans Alliteration - wicked - wicket
b. Oh then our maze of tunneled stone
s.
Ans Metaphor - The tunneled stone is compared to maze.
POEM
ok
d. How can this shameful tale be told?
Ans Alliteration - tale - told
e. Our only enemy was gold
The Castle
Ans An allegory is a figurative mode of representation conveying a meaning other than the literal.
The poem “The Castle” can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political
1
one.
Unit
“The Castle” tells the story of an unspecified battle. The narrator is one of several men lodged in
a seemingly impenetrable castle. They have plenty of arms and food; their allies are nearby; the
ur
castle gates are strong; and the walls are high, thick, and smooth. Even then, these men are defeated
when the enemy bribes one of their own, the warder, who lets the enemy soldiers through a little
gate.
The allegorical meaning of the poem is that it is very difficult to protect oneself against greed,
.s
particularly the love of money, instilled in someone’s psyche. That in war there are no rules; everyone
can cheat to win, and betrayals may be commonplace. Here, the poet points out that “betrayal is
secret and subtle and that an army is only strong, if its men can’t be bribed”.
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POETRY UNIT 2
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OUR CASUARINA TREE - Toru Dutt
co
njhU j¤ (1856 - 1877) t§fhs¤ij nr®ªj bg© fÉP®.
ït® M§»y¤âY« ãbuŠáY« vGâdh®. ït® j« FL«g¤â‹
s.
_‹whtJ kfŸ. j¤ FL«g« xU òfœ bg‰w, m¿th®ªj, fÉP®fis
cilaJ. ït® j« ïšy¤ânyna jiy áwªj M§»y gƉáahs®fshš
gƉWÉ¡f¥g£L, ãwF Inuh¥ghÉY«, 炙yhªâY« Ú©lfhy«
ok
j§»ÆUªjh®. jŤâwikia btË¥gL¤â j¤, nk‰f¤âa thœ¡if KiwÆY«,
g©gh£oY« <LghL bfh©oUªJ, jh‹ ãwªj eh£il neá¤J, cz®thY«, brayhY«
ïªâauhf thœªjh®.
mtUila òfœbg‰w fÉij¤ bjhF¥òfŸ ‘Ancient Ballads’ k‰W« ‘Legends of
o
Hindustan’ MF«. ‘Our Casuarina Tree’ v‹w ïªj¡ fÉij ïtuJ ‘Miscellaneous Poems’
v‹w bjhF¥ãYŸs Äfî« òfœbg‰w fÉij.
ab
fÉij¢ RU¡f«
ur
ïªj¡ fÉij xU rî¡F ku¤â‹ t®zidahF«. ïªj ku« bfhoahš R‰w¥g£L ïUªjJ. mªj
bfhoÆ‹ Ku£L¤jdkhd jGtÈš, mj‹ clÈš jG«òfŸ V‰g£L, xU åukhd njh‰w¤Jl‹ gykhf
.s
ïUªjJ. xU áy ku§fns ïJ ngh‹w xU jGtiy jh©o, Ãiy¤J Éf Koí«. mªj ku« ãu«kh©lkhd
njh‰w¤Jl‹, t©zkhd J f£oaJ nghš ó¡fSl‹ NœªâUªjJ. ïubtšyh« ‘ie£o§nfš’ gwit
Xiríl‹ u«akhf fh£á jU«. ïJ kWehŸ fhiy tiu bjhlU«. FË® fhy§fËš #‹dš tÊahf fÉP®
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ïªj ku¤ij gh®¡ifÆš, Fu§F j‹ F£ofSl‹, »is¡F »is jhÉ ÉisahLtij fhQth®. mªj
ku¤â‹ ÃHš mU»YŸs bgÇa Fs¤âš 圪J, bjÇí« fh£á mHfhÆU¡F«.
ïªj ku« fÉPU¡F cz®¢áó®tkhdJ. VbdÅš ïªj ku¤joÆš jh‹ mt® j« cl‹ãw¥òfSl‹
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rhfhtu¤Jl‹ thH j« cl‹ãw¥òfË‹ Ãidîfis, kdâš RkªJ bfh©L thœ¤Jtjhf ïªj¡ fÉijia
ït® òidªJŸsh®.
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m
1- 3 The rugged trunk, indented deep with scars, rî¡F ku¤â‹ ÛJ RU©L, R‰¿¢R‰¿ jG«òfSl‹,
Up to its very summit near the stars, e£r¤âu§fis¤ bjhLksɉF
A creeper climbs, in whose embraces bound xU bfho, jGÉ ãizªJ gl®ªJŸsJ. ntW vªj
4-5
No other tree could live.
co
xU kuK« ï›thW thH ïayhJ.
Mdhš f«Õukhf, ïªj bgÇa ku« jiyÆš xU
But gallantly
5-6 JÂia mªâU¥gJ nghy, mªj¡ bfhoÆ‹
The giant wears the scarf, and flowers are hung ky®fŸ bjh§»¡ bfh©oU¡»‹wd.
át¥òÃw ó§bfh¤JfŸ R‰¿Y« »isÆš
In crimson clusters all the boughs among,
s.
7-8 bjhl§»¡ bfh©oU¡F«. ehŸ KGtJ« mâš
Whereon all day are gathered bird and bee; gwitfS« njÜ¡fS« To ïU¡F«.
POEM
And oft at nights the garden overflows rÇahf ïuîfËš ïªj njh£lkhdJ <L
ïizÆšyhj r§Ñj¤âš Ãu«ã ïU¡F«. mªj
ok
9 - 11 With one sweet song that seems to have no close,
ïU£oš kÅj®fŸ XŒbtL¡F« rka« v§fŸ
Sung darkling from our tree, while men repose. ku¤âš ïUªJ X® ïÅikahd ghlš ghl¥gL«.
KjÈš #‹diy¥ ngh‹W v‹ f©fŸ ïikfŸ
When first my casement is wide open thrown
Our Casuarina Tree
Watching the sunrise; while on lower boughs NÇa‹ câ¥gij¥ gh®¡F«. m¥bghGJ mjDila
His puny offspring leap about and play; bkȪj mj‹ F£o Fâ¤J ÉisahL«.
And far and near kokilas hail the day; öu¤âY« mU»Y« FÆšfŸ mªehis tunt‰F«.
18 - 19
And to their pastures wend our sleepy cows; ö§f¡ fy¡f¤âš gR¡fŸ nkŒ¢rY¡F¢ bršY«.
2
And in the shadow, on the broad tank cast guªj Fs¤âš ÃHiy¥ gu¥ò«, gÅ gl®ªJŸs ku«
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Unit
20 - 22 By that hoar tree, so beautiful and vast, Äfî« mHfhfî«, bgÇjhfî« bjÇí«. m§F ky®ªj
The water-lilies spring, like snow enmassed. mšÈ ky®fŸ (Fs¤ij) gÅ_oaJ nghš bjÇí«.
But not because of its magnificence Mdhš mj‹ ãu«kh©l¤jhš k£L« m«ku« v‹
23 - 24
Dear is the Casuarina to my soul: M‹khî¡F beU¡fkhfÉšiy.
.s
Beneath it we have played; though years may roll, m«ku¤â‹ moÆš eh§fŸ Éisaho ïU¡»nwh«.
gy tUl§fS¡F K‹ng, v‹ ïÅa njhH®fns,
25 - 27 O sweet companions, loved with love intense,
ÔÉu m‹òl‹ c§fS¡fhfthtJ ïªj ku« v‹W«
For your sakes, shall the tree be ever dear.
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What is that dirge-like murmur that I hear ïWâaŠrÈÆ‹ nghJ ghL« KQKQ¥ò nghy
eh‹ nf£gJ v‹d? flš miyfŸ nkhJ«, FË®
Like the sea breaking on a shingle-beach?
30 - 33 eL¡f¤ij¥ nghy mJ ku¤â‹ òy«gš, xU
It is the tree’s lament, an eerie speech,
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When earth lay trancèd in a dreamless swoon: xU fdÉšyh ka¡f¤âš ïU¡ifÆš,
And every time the music rose,—before x›bthU neuK« m¡Fuš (ïir) vGtj‰F K‹ng
41 - 42
Mine inner vision rose a form sublime, v‹ kd¡f© nkyhd cz®it V‰gL¤J»wJ.
Thy form, O Tree, as in my happy prime
co
mâš v‹ ïÅikahd ïs« ãuha¤âš gh®¤j c‹
43 - 44
I saw thee, in my own loved native clime. (ku«) cUt« vd¡F¥ ão¤j brhªj NHÈš bjÇí«.
Therefore I fain would consecrate a lay Mfnt eh‹ MtyhŒ neá¤j v‹ cÆU¡F«
45 - 47 Unto thy honor, Tree, beloved of those nkyhdt®fŸ j‰nghJ MÓ®tâ¡f¥g£l cw¡f¤âš
Who now in blessed sleep for aye repose,— XŒbtL¤J¡ bfh©LŸsd®.
s.
Dearer than life to me, alas, were they! v‹ cÆiu Él vd¡F¥ ão¤jt®fŸ v§nf
48 - 49
POEM
Mayst thou be numbered when my days are done br‹wd®.
vd¡F¥ ãwF« cdJ thœî bgh®nuhnlÈš cŸs
With deathless trees—like those in Borrowdale,
ok
50 - 51 rhfhtu« bg‰w ku§fis¥ nghy És§f£L«. mªj
Under whose awful branches lingered pale m‰òj¡ »isfËš ja§» ÉgJ,
“Fear, trembling Hope, and Death, the skeleton, ga«, eL§F« e«ã¡if, kuzbkD« vY«ò¡TL
Unit
And Time the shadow;” and though weak the verse k‰W« fhybkD« ÃHš. c‹ mHF âU«g£L«.
52 - 55
That would thy beauty fain, oh, fain rehearse, k»œ¢á âU«g£L« m‹ò c‹id všyht‰iwí«
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2
May Love defend thee from Oblivion’s curse. kw¡f it¡F« ÃiyÆš ïUªJ fh¡f£L«.
Glossary
Line No. Word / Phrase Meaning jÄHh¡f«
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32 eerie surprised Éa¥ò
33 haply by any chance / may be VjhtJ xU rªj®¥g¤âš / xU ntis
co
37 slumbered slept ö§Fjš
” wraith apparition mUt«
40 tranced dreamy condition, hypnotised ka¡fÃiy
” swoon faint ka§Fjš
s.
42 sublime glorious, grand nkyhd
POEM
ok
45 fain eagerly Mtyhf
” consecrate to officially make something holy òÅjkh¡Fjš
” lay amateur x‹Wk¿ah
Our Casuarina Tree
Textual Questions
2
1. Fill in the blanks choosing the words from the box given and complete the summary
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Unit
of the poem.
The casuarina tree is tall and strong, with a creeper winding around it like a (1) ________.
The tree stands like a (2) ________ with a colourful scarf of flowers. Birds surround the garden and the
.s
sweet song of the birds is heard. The poet is delighted to see the casuarina tree through her (3) ________.
She sees a grey monkey sitting like a (4) ________ on top of the tree, the cows grazing and the water lilies
(5) ________ in the pond. The poet feels that the tree is dear to her not for its (6) ________ appearance
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but for the (7) ________ memories of her happy childhood that it brings to her. She strongly believes that
(8) ________ communicates with human beings. The poet could communicate with the tree even when
she is in a far-off land as she could hear the tree (9) ________ her absence. The poet (10) ________ the
tree’s memory to her loved ones, who are not alive. She immortalizes the tree through her poem like the
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poet Wordsworth who (11) ________ the yew tree of Borrowdale in verse. She expresses her wish that the
tree should be remembered out of love and not just because it cannot be (12) ________.
python statue nature casement nostalgic lamenting
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Sura’s
➠ XII Std ➠ Smart English - Tamil Medium
2. Based on your understanding of the poem, answer the following questions in one or
two sentences each.
a. What is the creeper compared to?
Ans The creeper is compared to a python.
creeper - bfho, python - kiygh«ò
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b. How does the creeper appear on the tree?
Ans The creeper with its red crimson flowers appears like a scarf for the tree.
co
scarf - jiyÆš f£L« JÂ
s.
POEM
d. How does the poet spend her winter?
Ans The poet spends her winter by looking through her window at the casuarina tree. Sometimes,
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she spots a grey monkey sitting on the crest of the tree, like a statue and watching the sunrise,
while on the lower boughs, its tiny young ones leap and play.
statue - áiy
Unit
e. Name the bird that sings in the poet’s garden.
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2
Ans Kokila is the bird that sings in the poet’s garden.
communicates - jftš
Ans Wordsworth has sanctified the yew tree of Borrowdale in his verse.
sanctified - òÅjkh¡f¥g£lJ
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Ans The casuarina tree is referred to in the above lines.
(ii) How does the tree survive the tight hold of the creeper?
Ans The tree is so strong that it bears the tight hold of the creeper.
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(iii) Why does Toru Dutt use the expression ‘a creeper climbs’?
Ans Toru Dutt uses this expression to emphasise the strength of the creeper and its tight hold.
emphasise - tÈíW¤j
s.
In crimson clusters all the bough among!
POEM
ok
Ans The casuarina tree is the giant here. giant - Äf¥bgÇa
tree. crimson flowers - át¥ò Ãw ky®fŸ, wound - x‹nwhL x‹W ã‹Å ïU¥gJ
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c. Fear, trembling Hope, and Death, the skeleton,
And Time the shadow, “and though weak the verse
ab
Ans Tree should be remembered out of love and not just because it cannot be forgotten.
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Unit
Ans The poet conveys that a man of unflinching love and devotion never fears the blows of
death. She personifies fear, time, death and hope to intensify her feeling of loss.
unflinching - gak‰w, devotion - bjŒåf«, intensify - ÔÉu¥gL¤Jjš
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Ans Reference : This line is taken from the poem ‘Our Casuarina Tree’ by Toru Dutt.
Context : The poet says that it is not because of the majestic appearance of the Casuarina
tree that it is dear to her heart and soul. It is dear to her, since she had played
with her siblings and friend under its shade.
Explanation : This shows that the tree is dearer to her than her life.
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c. Unto thy honor, Tree beloved of those
Who now in blessed sleep for aye repose,
Ans Reference : These lines are taken from the poem ‘Our Casuarina Tree’ by Toru Dutt.
co
Context : Here the poet immortalizes the tree. She would like to dedicate a lay or create
a monument in the honour of the tree because it is beloved of those who now
in blessed sleep for repose.
Explanation : The poet wanted the tree to be there immortalized even after her days.
s.
5. Identify the figure of speech used in each of the extracts given below and write
POEM
down the answer in the space given below. The first one is done for you.
a. LIKE a huge Python, winding round and round
ok
The rugged trunk, indented deep with scars,
Ans Zoomorphism / Simile. The creeper is compared to a huge Python winding around the tree.
Unit
It is also called zoo morphism describing the vine in animal terms (as a python). This is used to
illustrate movement making the tree seem more actively alive and also by implying movement,
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2
there is subtle indication of the process of life.
Ans The poet Toru Dutt writes this poem in reminiscence of the Casuarina tree that grew in the
courtyard of her childhood home. The tree represents as a medium to link the poet’s past with
its present. The poet remembers the tree because of the many happy memories of childhood
days that are linked to it which are a source of comfort and consolation to her in another
country. The tree brings to her mind the memories of time, when she used to play under it in
the company of her brother and sister, both of them are already dead. The memories of her
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Ans ‘Our Casuarina Tree’ is an impulsive frank expression of the poetess’ intimate attachment
to the big, hoary tree that bore the happy memories of her early days and sweet companions.
Though she lived apart from her country home and her favourite tree for a pretty long time,
co
when she was in France and Italy, she could not forget that and remained with it even in her
quiet mood - a happy vision. She strongly believed that nature communicates with human
beings. She could hear the tree lamenting her absence. She consecrates the tree’s memory to
her loved ones, who are not alive. The Casuarina would always remain very dear to her heart
and soul because it was under her shade that she played with her siblings.
s.
impulsive - kd¡»s®¢á, frank - btË¥gilahd, intimate - beU¡fkhd,
POEM
ok
c. The poet immortalizes the tree. Elucidate.
Ans ‘Our Casuarina Tree’ is the finest specimen of Toru Dutt’s poetic craftsmanship. The tree is
presented both as a symbol and as an object of nature and in it, the poet projects both time and
Our Casuarina Tree
eternity. The major part of the poem is filled with memories of the past and happy childhood
days. She remembers her companions, how much she loved them and was loved in return. In
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the last stanza, she immortalizes the tree. She would like to dedicate a lay or create a monument
in the honour of the tree because it is beloved by those, who are now in blessed sleep. Though
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her verse may be weak, her love will confer immortality on the Casuarina tree. She immortalizes
the tree through her poem like the poet Wordsworth who sanctified the Yew tree of Borrowdale
in Verse. She expresses her wish that the tree should be remembered out of love and not just
because it cannot be forgotten. specimen - khâÇ, craftsmanship - if¤âw‹
2
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Unit
Listening
First read the questions given below, then listen to the poem read aloud by the teacher or played
in a recorder. Then answer the questions based on your listening of the poem.
.s
(a) nature (b) rosy lips (c) songs (d) tiredness Ans: (a) nature
5. _________ is the title of the poem.
(a) Wonders (b) Midnight Wonders
(c) Nature (d) Midnight dreams Ans: (b) Midnight Wonders
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POETRY UNIT 3
ALL THE WORLD'S A STAGE
m
- William Shakespeare
cyfnk xU ehlfnkil
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- ÉšÈa« nõ¡°ãa®
s.
jiyKiwahf¡ ft®»‹wd. fÉijfŸ ï‹W« òfœbg‰W
És§F»‹wd. mtÇ‹ áwªj, gyju¥g£l gil¥òfŸ jiyKiw,
g©gh£il¡ flªJ gy òâa gil¥òfŸ cUthf¡ fhuzkhÆU¡»‹wd.
ok
mtuJ gyju¥g£l gil¥òfŸ ‘â f«¥ç£ bth®¡ M¥ nõ¡°ãa®’
v‹w jiy¥ãš, mid¤J ehlf§fŸ, brŒí£fŸ k‰W« ãw fÉijfŸ
bjhF¡f¥g£oU¡»‹wd. nõ¡°ãa® M§»y bkhÊÆ‹ Äf¢ áwªj K¡»akhd
ïy¡»athâahf ï‹W« bjhl®»wh®.
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fÉij¢ RU¡f«
ab
cyfnk xU ehlfnkil, ïâš MQ« bg©Q« eo¥gt®fŸ, mt®fS¡F btËnaW« tÊí« c©L
thrY« c©L. xnu kÅj‹ j‹ thœ¡ifÆš gy ntl§fËš eo¡»wh‹. mt‹ eo¥ò VG gUt§fËš
cŸsJ. KjÈš FHªijahf brÉÈÆ‹ ifÆš Kdfš, J¥gš, ãwF gŸË áWtdhf, ò¤jf¥igíl‹
òy«gš, fhiyÆš ãufhá¡F« Kf¤Jl‹, e¤ij nghš C®ªJ nt©lh btW¥ghf gŸË¡F¢ bršYjš;
ur
ãwF fhjyuhf; fhjÈÆ‹ òUt¤â‰F, mdšnghš bgU_¢R É£L¡bfh©L xU gÇjhgkhd bkšÈa fhjš
ghlš gho¡bfh©L; ãwF, åuuhf, jhoíl‹, òÇahj cWâbkhÊfSl‹ áW¤ijòÈ nghš bfsut¤âš
m¡fiwbfh©L, âObud Éthj¤âš nfhgkh», j‹ òfG¡fhf vªj všiy¡F« (Õu§»Æ‹ thŒ¡fU»Y«!)
bršY« gUt«.
.s
ãwF, Úâgâahf, cU©l bjhªâíl‹ f©fËš K⮢áíl‹ mj‰nf‰w Mil mªJ, ïisnah®¡F
m¿îiu tH§», ešy gÇRfis vâ®neh¡»; MwhtJ gUt¤âš, bkȪj Kâatuh», f©zho mªJ,
g¡fth£oš ig bfh©l js®thd fhš r£il mªJ KH§fhš RU§», thÈg¤â‹ cu¤j Fuš bjhiyªJ,
Fuš bkȪJ, FuÈš CJFHš xÈ tu, (ãáW j£l, FHw) mL¤j f£lkhf, gš ïHªJ, gh®it FiwªJ, Rit
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ïHªJ, všyh cz®îfS« kwªJ ïu©lhtJ FHªij gUt¤â‰F br‹W, filá f£l¤âš, mid¤ijí«
ïHªJ ÉL»wh‹.
131
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n. Why did Napoleon’s eyes become soft as a mother eagle’s eyes?
Ans When Napoleon saw the fatally wounded soldier, he felt very sad like a mother eagle. The
mother eagle gets confused, when she finds her young ones badly bruised and on the verge of
death. verge of death - ïw¥ã‹ ÉË«ãš
co
o. How did the young soldier face his end?
Ans There was a smile of pride and satisfaction on the young soldier’s lips. He fell dead near his
emperor’s feet. pride - bgUik
s.
3. Literary Devices
POEM
ok
1. Stood on our storming-day
Ans stood - storming
.s
Unit
4. Read the lines given below and answer the questions that follow.
a. Legs wide, arms locked behind,
As if to balance the prone brow
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(ii) Why was his pride touched?
Ans There was a smile of pride and satisfaction on the young soldier’s lips, as he fell dead
near his emperor’s feet.
co
c. A film the mother-eagle’s eye
When her bruised eaglet breathes
(i) Who is compared to the mother eagle in the above lines?
s.
Ans Napoleon is compared to the mother eagle in the above lines.
POEM
(ii) Explain the comparison.
Ans The feelings of Napoleon at the sight of wounded soldier were just like those of the
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mother eagle. The eagle gets confused when she finds her young ones badly wounded
and on the verge of death. The mother eagle fails to understand how to save their lives.
Unit
d) Explain the following lines with reference to the context.
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6
i. Then off there flung in smiling joy,
Ans Reference : These lines are taken from the poem ‘Incident of the French Camp’ by
Robert Browning.
Context : Although the soldier was fatally wounded, he displayed extraordinary
courage, confidence and self-control. He jumped off his horse and stood at
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Robert Browning.
Context : The soldier proudly declared that he felt joy and thrill in giving his life
for his country. There was a smile of pride and satisfaction on the young
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here.
co
Ans The poet describes the heroic action of a wounded soldier. His heroic devotion to duty and
his pride in it is inspiring. It is worthy of admiration. During the attack of French army
on Ratisbon, Napoleon was much worried about the result. His future plans depended upon
the result. He was standing on a mound near the battlefield. He was watching the war from
s.
there. All of a sudden a rider appeared from the closed smoke and dust. Galloping fast, he
approached Napoleon. As he came closer, Napoleon noticed that he was a young boy seriously
POEM
wounded and not far from his death. He came closer and gave the happy news of victory to
Napoleon. He exclaimed with joy that the French had conquered Ratisbon. He himself had
ok
hoisted the flag of France in the city. With a little touch of pride, he informed Napoleon that he
has played an important role in the victory at the risk of his life. Thus he matched his emperor
in courage and patriotism.
Incident of the French Camp
wound to deliver the news of victory to Napoleon. In doing so, he shows his own belief that
he has served his emperor, nation and God worthily.
He served in the army, even though he is only a boy. He participated in a dangerous battle.
He was mortally wounded in the battle. Even then, he rode his horse at a fast gallop to inform
ur
the emperor about their victory. He felt happy and proud for the victory. He did not bother
about his death. He told the emperor that he had hoisted the French flag over Ratisbon. He felt
proud that he had served his nation, emperor and God worthily. He expressed no regrets about
his death. He seemed happier about the outcome of the battle. He was not concerned about his
6
.s
wounds. There was a smile of pride and satisfaction on the young soldier’s lips as he fell dead
Unit
He was diligent to improve himself always. He was a good general and an efficient organizer.
One essential feature of Napoleon’s character was his brilliance. Not only was he smart, but he
could also handle many topics at once. He had immense memory for details. When he came to
w
power in France, he fixed many of the nations’ problems. He ensured that the contractors and
troops got paid on time. He was a master of propaganda and popular manipulation. All these
qualities made him an inspiring source to his army.
principles - bfhŸiffŸ, propaganda - És«gu«, manipulation - âwikia¡ ifahSjš
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SUPPLEMENTARY UNIT 1
GOD SEES THE TRUTH,
m
BUT WAITS - Leo Tolstoy
flîŸ c©ikia¥ gh®¡»wh®, Mdhš fh¤âU¡»wh®
co
- Ènah lhš°lhŒ
s.
cy»‹ jiyáwªj vG¤jhs®fËš xUtuhf m¿a¥gL»wh®.
xU bfsutÄ¡f, ca®FoÆš ãwªj mt® j‹ ehtšfshd ‘War and
Peace’ k‰W« ‘Anna Karenina’, M»at‰¿‰fhf bgÇJ« m¿a¥g£lh®.
thœÉ‹ m®¤j§fis m¿tâš mt® Äfî« M®tKilat®. nk‰f©l
ok
ïU ehtšfis vGâa ã‹ mt® M‹Äf¤ j¤Jt Éõa§fËš <LghL bfh©lh®.
mtUila j¤Jt¤jhš gy® <®¡f¥g£ld®. kfh¤kh fhªâíl‹ beU§»a
e£òl‹ ïUªjt® lhš°lhŒ. irt czÉY«, m»«irÆY« lhš°lhŒ¡F
ïUªj ca®ªj v©z« fhªâÍia ft®ªjJ.
o
ab
fij¢ RU¡f«
ïªj¡ fijÆš Ivan Dmitrich Aksionov v‹gt® jh‹ K¡»a fjhgh¤âu«.
Ivan X® mHfhd, ïs« ÉahghÇ, mt‹ ÉshoÄ® (Vladimir) efÇš tá¤J tªjh‹. mtD¡F¢ brhªjkhf
.s
ïu©L filfS«, xU åL« ïUªjd. mtD¡F FogH¡f« ïUªjJ. Mdhš âUkzkhd ãwF mt‹ kJ
Fo¥gij ÃW¤âÉ£lh‹.
xU nfhil¡fhy¤âš mt‹ Nizhny Fair (bghU£fh£á)-¡F Éahghu Éõakhf¥ nghdh‹. mt‹
w
nghF«nghJ, mt‹ kidÉ mtÅl« jh‹ xU bf£l fdî f©ljhfî«, mjdhš m‹iwa âd« nghf
nt©lh« v‹W« T¿dhŸ. mªj¡ fdÉš, mt‹ âU«ã tªjnghJ, mt‹ jiyÆÈUªJ bjh¥ãia
vL¤jjhfî«, m¥nghJ mtdJ jiyKo K‰¿Y« eiu¤J (quite grey) fhz¥g£ljhfî« mtŸ brh‹dij¡
w
nf£L, mt‹ áǤjh‹. “mJ mâ®Zl¤â‹ milahs«”, v‹w mt‹, jh‹ bfh©L bršY« všyh
bghU£fisí« É‰WÉ£L, mtS¡F« áy gÇRfis bfh©Ltu¥ nghtjhfî« T¿É£L¢ br‹wh‹.
ngh»w tÊÆš, mtD¡F bjǪj xU ÉahghÇia mt‹ rªâ¤jh‹. m‹¿uî mt®fŸ xnu ÉLâÆš
(inn) j§»d®. ïUtU« nr®ªJ njÚ® mUªâÉ£L, ãwF, mL¤jL¤j miwfËš (adjoining rooms) cw§f¢
w
br‹wd®.
mL¤jehŸ ÉoaY¡F (dawn) K‹ng Ivan Aksionov ÉʤbjGªjh‹. mâf neu« ïuÉš cw§»
gH¡fÄšyhj mt‹, jdJ oiutiu miH¤J, gaz¤ij¤ bjhlu, Fâiufis t©oÆš ó£l¢ brh‹dh‹.
j§»aj‰fhd gz¤ij cÇikahsÇl« (landlord) brY¤âÉ£L mt‹ gaz¤ij¤ bjhl®ªjh‹.
Rkh® 25 ikš öu« flªj ãwF, xU Troika (_‹W Fâiufshš ïG¡f¥gL« t©o) mtD¡F K‹
tªJ ËwJ. mâÈUªJ X® mâfhÇí«, ïU fhty®fS« ïw§»tªJ, Ivan - I ÉrhÇ¡f¤ bjhl§»d®.
165
m
ïU¡»wJ. mtid v¥go bfh‹whŒ, v›tsî gz« âUodhŒ?”, v‹W Édh vG¥ãdh®. mt‹ jd¡F
vJî« bjÇahJ v‹wh‹. fhty®fŸ mtdJ fhšfis f£o, mt®fË‹ t©oÆš mtid ö¡»¥ ngh£ld®.
mt‹ mGjh‹. mt‹ bfh©Ltªj gzK«, bghUŸfS« g¿Kjš brŒa¥g£L, mU»ÈUªj efu¤â‹ áiw¢
rhiyÆš mil¡f¥g£lh‹. Ryazani v‹w ïl¤âÈUªJ tªj mªj ÉahghÇia¡ bfh‹W, mtÅlÄUªJ
co
20,000 %㟠(Ruble) gz¤ij bfhŸisao¤jjhf tH¡F gâthdJ.
mtdJ kidÉ Éu¡âailªJ, vij e«òtJ vd bjÇahkš ïUªjhŸ. mt®fsJ FHªijfŸ Äfî«
á¿at®fŸ. mt®fis miH¤J¡bfh©L, fztid¥ gh®¡f mtŸ áiw¡F¢ br‹whŸ. Czar (uZahÉ‹
nguur®) - ïl«, X® m¥ghÉia bfh‹WÉlhÔ®fŸ v‹W jh‹ É©z¥g« bfhL¤jjhfî«, Mdhš mJ
V‰W¡bfhŸs¥glÉšiy v‹W« mtŸ mtÅl« T¿dhŸ.
s.
mj‹ãwF, irÕÇah (Siberia) - Éš 26 M©LfŸ F‰wthËahf áiwÆš mt‹ thœªjh‹. gÅia¥
ngh‹W bt©ikahf mtdJ jiyKoÆ‹ Ãw« kh¿aJ. eiu¤J¥ nghd Ú©l jhoíl‹ mt‹
fhz¥g£lh‹. áiwÆš mtdJ thœ¡if kh¿É£lJ.
ok
mtdJ k»œ¢á K‰¿Y« nghŒÉ£lJ. mt‹ mo¡fo ãuh®¤jid brŒjh‹. PhƉW »HikfËš
áiw¢rhiyÆ‹ njthya¤âš mt‹ ghlšfis¥ go¤jh‹. mtdJ ml¡f« áiw mâfhÇfis¡ ft®ªjJ.
ãw ifâfŸ mtD¡F kÇahij bfhL¤jd®. mtid “jh¤jh” v‹W« “JwÉ” v‹W« miH¤jd®. áiwÆš
r¢ruîfŸ V‰g£lhš, mij rÇbrŒa mtdJ cjÉia ehod®.
SUPPLEMENTARY
mªj ÉahghÇÆ‹ bfhiy g‰¿ Ivan ngR«nghJ, Makar jh‹ c©ikahd bfhiyahË v‹gij Ivan
bjǪJbfh©lh‹.
xUehŸ áiwÆš Ru§f« njh©l¥g£oUªjij áiw¡fhty®fŸ f©ld®. mij brŒj F‰wthË ah®
v‹W všyh ifâfisí« ÉrhÇ¡f ft®d® tªjh®. Ru§f« njh©oaJ Makar jh‹ vd Ivan - ¡F e‹whf
bjÇí«. ft®d® Ivan - I nf£lh®, mij¢ brŒjJ ah® v‹W. “v‹dhš brhšy KoahJ, ít® Ahd®.
ur
eh‹ brhšy nt©L« v‹gJ flîË‹ á¤jkšy (not God’s will). v‹id v‹d nt©LkhdhY« brŒJ
bfhŸS§fŸ”, v‹W Ivan ft®dÇl« T¿É£lh‹. ft®d® v›tsî Ka‹W« Ru§f« njh©oatid
mtuhš f©l¿a KoaÉšiy. mnjhL m¥ãu¢id ifÉl¥g£lJ.
m‹¿uî Ivan Aksionov gL¡ifÆš gL¤âU¡F«nghJ, ïUËš X® cUt« tªJ mtdJ gL¡ifÆš
.s
mk®ªjJ. mJ Makar v‹gJ Ivan - ¡F òǪjJ. “v‹id k‹Å¤JÉL§fŸ, Ivan,” v‹wh‹ Makar,
“vj‰fhf?,” v‹W nf£lh‹ Ivan Aksionov,
God Sees the Truth but Waits
“eh‹ jh‹ mªj ÉahghÇia¡ bfhiy brŒnj‹. mªj f¤âia c§fŸ igÆš it¤jtD« eh‹jh‹.
w
m‹¿uî c§fisí« bfhiy brŒa Ãid¤nj‹. Mdhš, btËna r¤j« nf£lJ. mjdhš, f¤âia c§fŸ
igÆš ngh£LÉ£L, #‹dš tÊahf¤ j¥ã¤J É£nl‹,” v‹wh‹ Makar.
Ivan Aksionov mikâahf ïUªjh‹. v‹d brŒtJ v‹W bjÇaÉšiy. Makar gL¡ifÆÈUªJ rǪJ,
jiuÆš k©oÆ£L, “v‹id k‹Å¤JÉL§fŸ, Ivan, eh‹jh‹ bfhiyfhu‹ v‹gij x¥ò¡bfhŸ»nw‹,
w
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Textual Questions
1. Answer the following questions in a sentence or two each, based on your
understanding of the story.
m
a. Why did Aksionov’s wife stop him from going to the fair?
Ans Aksionov’s wife stopped him from going to the fair because she had a bad dream, the previous
night.
co
fair - bghU£fh£á, rªij, dream - fdî
s.
c. What made Aksionov leave the inn before dawn?
Ans Aksionov left the inn before dawn to travel to the fair, while it was still cool.
ok
dawn - Éoaš
SUPPLEMENTARY
police searched his luggage and found a blood-stained knife. So he was imprisoned.
o
imprisoned - áiwgL¤j¥g£lh‹
ab
petition - É©z¥g«
h. What made Aksionov think that Makar was the real murderer?
Ans After overhearing several conversations, Aksionov was convinced that Makar was the real
w
realization - cz®jš
j. Why did Aksionov’s wife suspect him of involvement in the murder?
Ans Aksionov’s wife did not know what to believe. So she suspected her husband’s involvement in
the murder. suspected - rªnjf¥g£lhŸ
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m
evidence - jla«
b. What impact did the book “The Lives of saints” have on Aksionov?
Ans The book, “The Lives of the Saints” changed Aksionov’s life. The prison authorities liked
co
Aksionov for his gentleness and his fellow prisoners respect him. They called him Grandfather
and ‘The Saint’. When there were quarrels, they came to him to put things right and to judge
the matter.
The Lives of saints - JwÉfË‹ thœî, quarrels - th¡Fthj§fŸ
s.
c. Pick out the clues that convey that Makar Semyonich recognized Aksionov.
Ans Aksionov’s companions in the prison told Makar that Akshionov came to Siberia because he
had been accused of a murder, committed by someone and that person had put a blood-stained
ok
knife in his bag. Hearing this, Makar recognized Aksionov.
clues - F¿¥òfŸ, companions - T£lhËfŸ, accused - F‰w« rh£l¥g£lt‹
SUPPLEMENTARY
Ans
enthusiastic. He was very fond of singing. When he was young, he used to drink, but after
marriage, he gave it up. When he was imprisoned for a murder, he did not commit, he lost all
his hopes of getting released. So he only prayed to God to show mercy on him. In prison he
learnt to make boots and earned a little money and bought a book, ‘The Lives of the Saints’.
ur
This book changed his life. He was gentle to everyone. He was respected by prison authorities
and his fellow prisoners. Makar Semyonich was a new convict to the prison. He came to know
about Aksionov but did not reveal to him that he was the culprit, who killed the merchant and
escaped. He did not even repent that he had made a faithful merchant to suffer twenty six years
in prison for the crime he had committed. But finally, after being moved by Aksionov’s activity
.s
towards him, he changed his attitude and admitted his fault to the authorities.
God Sees the Truth but Waits
too suspected him. Hiding his face in his hands, he began to weep. Then a soldier came to say
that the wife and children must go away. Aksionov bade them good bye for the last time. When
they were gone, he recalled what had been said and when he remembered that his wife also had
w
suspected Him, he said to himself, “It seems that only God can know the truth, it is to Him
alone, we must appeal and from him alone expect mercy”. From then on, he wrote no more
petitions, gave up all hope and only prayed to God.
1
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m
often prayed. In prison, he learnt to make boots and earned a little money, with which he
bought ‘the Lives of the Saints’. He read this book, when there was light enough in the prison. On
Sundays in the prison-church, he sang songs in the choir and read the lessons from this book.
The prison authorities liked him for his gentleness and respected him. When there were
co
quarrels, they came to him to set things right and to judge the matter. His fellow-prisoners
called him “Grandfather” and “The Saint”.
choir - r®¢áš Jâ¥ghlšfis¥ ghL« ghlf® FG, gentleness - ca®ªj / bk‹ikahd,
quarrels - th¡Fthj§fŸ
s.
d. Why did Aksionov decide not to reveal the truth about Makar Semyonich?
Ans Aksionov decided not to reveal the truth about Makar Semyonich because he felt that the
ok
authorities will flog the life out of him. He also felt that he would suspected him wrongly.
At first, when the Governor of the prison asked him who dug the hole, Aksionov’s lips and
hands trembled and for a long time, he could not utter a word. He thought why should he
screen him who had ruined his life. Let him pay for what he had suffered. But then he had a
SUPPLEMENTARY
second thought that if he tell them about Makar, they will probably flog the life out of him and
o
may be he suspected him wrongly. That won’t be any good to him. So he decided not to reveal
the truth about Makar Semyonich.
ab
e. Discuss the meaning and importance of the saying “God Sees the Truth But Waits”.
Ans An important element of the story is that the truth comes out, but only after waiting a long
ur
time. The reader knows from the beginning that Aksionov is innocent. A clever reader also
figures out fairly early that Makar Semyonich must be the real villain. Justice, however is not
arrived at, until the very end of the story, when years later after the crime. Makar confesses and
Aksionov dies as a contented man. The author is cynically pointing out that justice sometimes
.s
arrives too late. But we must have faith that God will eventually bring justice to every situation.
innocent - m¥ghÉ, villain - bf£lt‹, confesses - x¥ò¡ bfhŸSjš, cynically - Fiw Unit
fhzš, situation - rªj®¥g«
1
w
f. Forgiveness is the best form of revenge. Substantiate the statement with reference to the story.
God Sees the Truth but Waits
Ans It is very easy to take revenge, but it is very difficult to forgive others. It needs a broad and great
heart. It is common for a person to make a mistake but forgiveness is an attribute of God.
w
Forgiveness is the best form of taking revenge, as it makes the opponent to suffer from a sort
of humiliation. In this story, though Makar had murdered a merchant and he was the cause
for the twenty six years imprisonment of Aksionov he was forgiven by Aksionov. This act of
w
Aksionov made Makar to suffer humiliation and he admitted his fault to the authorities. He
wept bitterly and beat his head on the floor. Thus Aksionov’s forgiveness is the best form of
revenge on Makar.
forgiveness - k‹Å¤jš, revenge - gÊth§Fjš, humiliation - mtkhd«
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m
Aksionov frequently prayed
He was sent to work in A petition of mercy was
to God. He bought the book
the mines of Siberia. He turned down and he felt
‘The Lives of the Saints’ in
co
grew old there. devastated.
prison.
s.
Eventually Makar the truth, attained self
gentle behavior. One day he
Semyonich admitted his realization and died in
met Makar Semyonich.
crime. peace.
ok
Summary using the Mind map
Ans Aksionov lived with his wife and children in the town of Vladimir. One day, he decided to make
a trip to the fair. His wife tried to stop him because she had a bad dream. Aksionov disregards
SUPPLEMENTARY
his wife’s dream and leaves for the fair. He meets another merchant and stays with him in an
o
inn. Next day, at dawn he leaves the inn to go to the fair. But the local police officer arrested and
charged him with a murder of the merchant. A petition of mercy was turned down and he felt
devastated. He was sent to work in the mines of Siberia. He grew old there. Aksionov frequently
ab
prayed to God. He bought the book ‘The Lives of the Saints’ in prison. He was respected by
all the inmates due to his gentle behaviour. One day, he met Makar Semyonich and found out
the truth about him. Eventually, Makar Semyonich admitted his crime. Aksionov forgave him,
accepted the truth, attained self-realization and died in peace.
ur
.s
God Sees the Truth but Waits
w
w
w1Unit
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SUPPLEMENTARY UNIT 2
m
LIFE OF PI - Yann Martel
‘ig’‹ thœ¡if
co
- ah‹ kh®£blš
s.
ehtš, 2002ïš Man Booker gÇir¥ bg‰wJ. 50 ãunjr§fËš
gâ¥ã¡f¥g£l ïªj ehtš 1.2 nfho ãuâfS¡F« nkš cyfb§»Y«
ok
ɉgidahdJ. nfhšl‹ Fnsh¥ ÉUJ bg‰wJ. âiu¥glkhfî«
vL¡f¥g£L 4 M°f® ÉUJfis¥ bg‰wJ.
“The High Mountains of Portugal”, “Beatrice and Virgil”, “Self ”, M»ait mt®
vGâa òfœbg‰w ehtšfŸ.
o
ab
fij¢ RU¡f«
ur
ïªj¡ fijÆ‹ fjhehaf‹ “ig” gnlš. KG bga® Piscine Molitor “Pi” Patel. mtdJ jªij gh©o¢nrÇÆš
xU ÄUf fh£á rhiy (Zoo) É‹ cÇikahs®. áy fhuz§fS¡fhf, mtdJ jªij Zoo - I ɉWÉ£L, fdlh
eh£o‰F FL«g¤Jl‹ ïl« bgau Ô®khŤjh®. mj‹go, xU #¥ghÅa ru¡F¡ f¥gyhd “Tsimtsum”- ïš
.s
“ig” gnliy¤ jÉu mtdJ FL«g¤âd® flÈš _œ» ïwªJ nghdh®fŸ. “ig” k£L«
xU cÆ®fh¡F« gl»š j¥ã¤jh‹. Mdhš mnj cÆ®fh¡F« gl»š, fhaK‰w xU tÇ¡Fâiu
(Zebra)í«, f¥gš _œ»aâš jdJ F£ofis ïHªJÉ£l Xuh§F£lh‹ (Orangutan) x‹W« ïU¥gij
“ig” gh®¤jh‹. mL¤J, gl»‹ moÆÈUªJ xU fGij¥òÈ (hyena) nkny tªJ, tÇ¡Fâiu (Zebra)
w
iaí«, Xuh§F£lhid (Orangutan)í« jh¡» bfh‹W â‹wJ. Xuh§F£lhÅ‹ bga® Orange Juice v‹W«,
F¿¥ãl¥g£LŸsJ. mªj rka⚠Ǣr®£ gh®¡f® (Richard Parker) v‹W bga® N£l¥g£oUªj t§fhs¥
òÈ (Bengal Tiger) x‹W, gl»‹ mok£l¤âÈUªJ nkny tªJ, fGij¥ òÈ (hyena) ia mo¤J¡ bfh‹W,
w
â‹W Ô®¤jJ. ïjdhš fGij¥òÈÆ‹ jh¡FjÈš ïUªJ “ig” cÆ® j¥ãdh‹. Mdhš _‹W eh£fŸ ‘ig’
czî« ÚU« »il¡fhJ mtâg£lh‹. mjdhš fL« jhf¤âdhš mtâ¥g£l mt‹, òÈia g‰¿a ga¤ij
òw« jŸËÉ£L, R¤jkhd FoÚiu gl»š njodh‹. j‹ Ka‰áÆ‹ Éisthf mt‹ FoÚ®¡ FLitia¡
f©lh‹. cÆU¡F nehŒ Ãthu ïªj Ú®jh‹ vd m¿ªjh‹. mij mUªâaJ« ‘ig'Æ‹ cz®îfS«,
thœî« âU«g tªjd. mtid KjÈš gaKW¤âa òÈ, ï¥nghJ mtD¡F mikâ, thœ¡if mid¤jijí«
bfh©L tªjJ. 227 eh£fS¡F mt‹ cÆ® thH mªj òÈna cjÉaJ vd mtD« m¿ªJ bfh©lh‹. KoÉš
‘ig' mªj¥ òÈia fh£oš É£LÉ£L, j‹ FL«g¤Jl‹ ïizªJÉ£lh‹.
171
Textual Questions
1. Answer the following questions in a sentence or two each, based on your
understanding of the story.
a. Describe the pathetic condition of Pi in the middle of the ocean.
m
Ans Pi was alone and orphaned, in the middle of the Pacific, hanging on to an oar, an adult tiger in
front of him, sharks beneath him, and a storm raging about him.
pathetic - gÇjhg Ãiy, oar - glF JL¥ò, sharks - Rwh¡fŸ, storm - òaš
co
b. Who was Richard Parker?
Ans Richard Parker was an adult Bengal tiger.
s.
Ans Looking at the danger, he is surrounded with, Pi thought that his survival was incredible.
survival - cÆ®thœtJ, surrounded -NH¥g£L ïU¤jš, incredible - e«g KoahjJ
d. Why was the great beast not behaving naturally?
ok
Ans The great beast was not behaving naturally due to sedation and seasickness. beast - ÄUf«
Ans Pi explores the lifeboat looking for water. He discovers a locker containing emergency supplies
under the end of the lifeboat under the tarpaulin, where Richard Parker has his den. Carefully
he opens the locker and assesses the contents, greedily drinking some canned water.
den - tá¥ãl«, greedily - nguhiríl‹
ur
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Sura’s
➠ XII Std ➠ Smart English - Tamil Medium
2. Answer the following questions in about 50 words.
a. How did the presence of Richard Parker help Pi?
Ans The presence of Richard Parker made him to survive in the great ocean. Richard made him to
keep on thinking too much about his family and his tragic circumstances. He pushed him to go
on living. Without Richard Parker, he wouldn’t be alive. to survive - cÆ®thH
m
b. Describe the lifeboat.
Ans The lifeboat was three and a half feet deep, eight feet wide and twenty-six feet long. The lifeboat
was designed to accommodate a maximum of thirty-two people. Pi took stock of the lifeboat.
co
The size of the lifeboat was printed on one of the benches in black letters.
c. How did Pi feel after drinking water?
Ans After drinking water, a sense of well-being quickly overcame Pi. His mouth became moist
and soft. His skin relaxed and his joints moved with greater ease. His heart began to beat like a
s.
merry drum and blood started flowing through his veins. Strength and suppleness came back
to his muscles. He felt that he was coming back to life from the dead.
sense of well-being - e‹whf ïU¡»nw‹ v‹w cz®î, merry - k»œ¢áahd,
ok
suppleness - be»œî
d. Did Pi want Richard Parker to die? Answer giving reasons.
Ans No, Richard did not want Richard Parker to die because if the tiger died, he would be left alone
with despair, which Pi considered to be an enemy more stronger than a tiger. despair - Éu¡â
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3. Answer in a paragraph.
ab
a. How did the presence of Richard Parker influence the attitude of Pi during his?
SUPPLEMENTARY
Ans In the beginning, Pi was scared of the presence of Richard Parker. He did not notice for two
and a half days, 450 pound Bengal tiger in a lifeboat. From the tip of the nose to its tip of
the tail, the tiger took up over a third of the length of the ship. Seeing this, Pi lost all hope
of surviving. But the great beast was not behaving like a great beast to such an extent that
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the hyena had taken liberties. Richard Parker’s passivity for three long days was not natural.
It may be due to sedation and seasickness. Pi’s father used to sedate a number of the animals to
lessen their stress. He had also sedated Richard Parker shortly before the ship sank. Pi’s thirst
for water overpowered his fear of Richard Parker and he went about exploring for fresh water.
.s
His search for water took him dangerously close to Richard Parker, but nothing could stop
him-neither Richard nor the hyena. He succeeded in his search. Pi came back to life. Later, he
understood that it was Richard Parker who helped him survive for 227 days. He realized that
Parker who scared him earlier brought him peace, purpose and wholeness.
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lessen - Fiw¤jš, stress - kdmG¤j«, thirst - jhf«, exploring - MŒî brŒjš (njLjš)
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b. Water is the Elixir of Life. Substantiate the statement with reference to the story of ‘Life Of Pi’.
Ans The elixir of life is also known as the elixir of immortality. Water is a potion that grants the
Life of Pi
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drinker eternal life. It is said to cure all diseases. Our health is truly dependent on the quantity
and quality of water we drink. When Pi was dying of thirst, he forgot his fear of Richard Parker.
His thirst overpowered his fear of Richard Parker and he went about exploring for fresh water.
A little later, he succeeded in his search and came back to life and senses, after drinking the
elixir of life. His mouth became moist and soft. His joints moved with great ease. Blood started
flowing through his veins and his heart began to beat like a merry drum. He was coming back
173
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c. If you were lost at sea for as long as Pi was, what is the one item you would want with you? Write
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a diary entry in which you identify the item and explain why it is the one thing you would want
with you.
Ans 20th April 2019
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Saturday 10 p.m.
Dear Diary,
Last month, I sailed to Mauritius with my friends. The ship was quite spacious and had all
the facilities. After six hours of travel, we experienced a shipwreck. We were stranded in the
middle of the ocean. Our ship was sinking slowly. So we jumped into the sea to save our lives.
s.
We had one item which was very much needed at that hour. It was our lifeboat. We got into our
lifeboat with some water bottles. We were stranded there for 20 hours without any help from
anyone. At last, we were able to go to a nearby island in our lifeboat. From there, we contacted
our higher officials who came to save our lives and took us to our destination. Therefore, we
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should be thankful to the captain of the ship who arranged the lifeboat and guided us to go
ashore with the help of it. It was an unforgettable bad experience in our life.
sailed - flš tÊna gaz« br‹nw‹, shipwreck - f¥gš Ég¤J¡FŸshd Ãiy,
stranded - jŤJ Él¥g£nlh«, contacted - bjhl®ò bfh©nlh«, ashore - fiu
o
4. Sequence the following incidents logically to write the summary of the story ‘ Life
of Pi’.
ab
2. His search for water took him dangerously close to Richard Parker but nothing could stop him-
neither Richard Parker nor the hyena.
3. Pi left Richard Parker in a jungle and reunited with his family.
4. Pi came back to life and his senses after drinking the elixir of life.
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5. He understood that it was Richard Parker who helped him survive for 227 days.
6. He was pinned by weakness having had no food, water or even sleep for nearly three days.
7. Strangely his thirst overpowered his fear of Richard Parker and he went about exploring for fresh water.
8. A little later, he succeeded in his search, when he found stacks of cans of drinking water.
.s
Pi was stranded in the Pacific on a lifeboat. As he looked around, he was shocked to find Richard
Parker on board. He was pinned by weakness having had no food, water or even sleep for nearly
three days. His search for water took him dangerously close to Richard Parker but nothing could
Life of Pi
stop him- neither Richard Parker nor the hyena. Strangely his thirst overpowered his fear of
Richard Parker and he went about exploring for fresh water. A little later, he succeeded in his
search, when he found stacks of cans of drinking water. Pi came back to life and senses after
drinking the elixir of life. Then, he realized that Parker who scared him earlier brought him peace,
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purpose and wholeness. He understood that it was Richard Parker who helped him survive for
2
227 days. Pi left Richard Parker in a jungle and reunited with his family.
Unit
174
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This is only for Sample
for Full Book Order online and Available at all Leading Bookstores
SUPPLEMENTARY UNIT 3
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- Percival Wilde
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c©ikÆ‹ neu« - bg®átš itš£
s.
vG¤jhs®fËš xUt®. ït® 1887 Kjš 1953 tiu thœªjt®.
ït® v©z‰w áWfijfŸ, Xu§f ehlf§fŸ k‰W« ehtšfis
vGâat®. bfhy«ãah gšfiy¡fHf¤âš 1906M« M©L g£l«
bg‰w ït® áy fhy« t§»ahsuhfî« gÂòǪjh®.
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ïtUila ehlf§fŸ “Little Theatre Movement” òfœbg‰wit. 1912M« M©oš
ïUªJ mt® ehlf§fŸ vGj¤ bjhl§»dh®. mt® t§»ahsuhf gÂah‰¿anghnj
Ãôah®¡ il«° k‰W« Ãôah®¡ ngh°£ M»at‰¿š ò¤jf Ék®rd§fisí«
vGâdh®. ehlf¡fiy F¿¤j xU ghl¥ò¤jf¤ijí« vGâÆUªjh®.
o
fjhgh¤âu§fŸ : 1. uhg®£ ghš£É‹ (Robert Baldwin),
ab
fij¢ RU¡f«
.s
xU PhƉW¡»Hik kâa neu«, NÇa‹ R£blǤjJ. xU á¿a å£oš, ghš£É‹ FL«g«, m¡FL«g¤
jiytÇ‹ tUifia vâ®neh¡» xUÉj fy¡f¤Jl‹ fh¤âUªjJ. uhg®£ ghš£É‹Å‹ kidÉ kh®¤jh,
kf‹ #h‹ »nuõ«, kfŸ vÉ M»a _tU« gj£l¤Jl‹ fhz¥g£ld®. #h‹ »nuõ« el¤â tªj xU
t§»Æš uhg®£ ghš£É‹ brayhsuhf ntiy gh®¤J tªjh®. mtU¡F Fiwthd r«gsnk bfhL¡f¥g£L
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tªjJ. thu¤â‰F 60 lhy®. #h‹ »nuõ« t§»ia Mu«ã¤jnghnj uhg®£ ghš£É‹id ntiy¡F
mk®¤â¡bfh©lh®. jÉu, ïUtU« áWtaJ Kjny e©g®fŸ. #h‹ »nuõ« bgaiuna j‹ kfD¡F«
it¤âUªjh® uhg®£.
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(a) ask (b) ignore (c) question (d) answer [Ans: (d) answer]
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1. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.
(a) lawfulness (b) order (c) lawlessness (d) control [Ans: (c) lawlessness]
2. The liberties of everybody must be curtailed.
GRAMMAR
(a) increased (b) reduced (c) unlimited (d) raised [Ans: (b) reduced]
s.
3. He is the symbol of tyranny.
(a) autocracy (b) liberty (c) democracy (d) autonomy [Ans: (a) autocracy]
4. _____ seeing your car pulled up by his insolence of office.
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(a) gentleness (b) modesty (c) awareness (d) rudeness [Ans: (d) rudeness]
5. Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a social contract.
(a) commitment (b) disloyalty (c) treachery (d) falseness [Ans: (a) commitment]
One Mark Questions
(a) hatred (b) desire (c) aversion (d) dislike [Ans: (b) desire]
8. We have a whole kingdom, in which we can be conventional or odd.
(a) normal (b) unusual (c) abnormal (d) strange [Ans: (a) normal]
9. I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties.
(a) hinder (b) hamper (c) fit in with (d) reject [Ans: (c) fit in with]
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10. A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.
Part
(a) overlook (b) disregard (c) neglect (d) scrutiny [Ans: (d) scrutiny]
.s
2. Antonyms
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ekJ ïnj Guide-ïš Prose gFâÆš, x›bthU ghl¤â‰Fkhd Antonyms m£ltizÆš ju¥g£LŸs
th®¤ijfis Ú§fŸ go¤J¡ bfhŸS§fŸ. ït‰¿ÈUªJ nf£f¥gL« Édh¡fS¡F ÉilaË¡f ïJ Rygkhf ïU¡F«.
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(a) thought (b) guessed (c) unimagined (d) perceived [Ans: (c) unimagined]
6. They disappeared beyond the corner of the wall.
(a) lost (b) hide (c) concealed (d) appeared [Ans: (d) appeared]
co
7. She paused, took a quick breath.
(a) continued (b) interrupted (c) stopped (d) waited [Ans: (a) continued]
8. They sat beside me, not speaking.
GRAMMAR
(a) aside (b) from far away (c) nearby (d) close to [Ans: (b) from far away]
s.
9. Their selfless action brought a new nobility to human life.
(a) genuine (b) honest (c) selfish (d) sincere [Ans: (c) selfish]
10. Their devotion had touched me deeply.
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(a) dedication (b) loyalty (c) love (d) disloyalty [Ans: (d) disloyalty]
Part
1. The best manner of making tea, is the subject of violent disputes.
(a) rough (b) gentle (c) severe (d) harsh [Ans: (b) gentle]
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2. Anyone who has used that comforting phrase ‘a nice cup of tea’ invariably means Indian tea.
(a) never (b) always (c) constantly (d) ever [Ans: (a) never]
8. They are sufficient to show how subtilized the whole business has become.
(a) refined (b) modernised (c) unrefined (d) developed [Ans: (c) unrefined]
9. It is worth paying attention to such details.
[Ans: (d) worthless]
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(a) strict (b) harsh (c) mild (d) serious [Ans: (c) mild]
2. He had full confidence in the mechanic.
(a) trust (b) diffidence (c) reliance (d) sureness [Ans: (b) diffidence]
3. You don’t become a better person because you are suffering.
(a) enjoying (b) anguishing (c) tormenting (d) crying [Ans: (a) enjoying]
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(a) vital (b) crucial (c) unwanted (d) critical [Ans: (c) unwanted]
7. ............... he had a malignant tumour of hone.
(a) deadly (b) harmless (c) lethal (d) destructive [Ans: (b) harmless]
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8. Suffering ennobles you, makes you a better person.
(a) makes dignified (b) humiliates (c) honours (d) exalts [Ans: (b) humiliates]
GRAMMAR
s.
1. As the sun set, Hillary and Tenzing crawled into the tent.
(a) creeped (b) raced (c) dragged (c) plodded [Ans: (b) raced]
2. From here, the ridge narrowed to a knife-edge.
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(a) broadened (b) contracted (c) decreased (d) reduced [Ans: (a) broadened]
3. We persisted in our efforts to beat a trail up it.
(a) continued (b) remained (c) stayed (d) slopped [Ans: (d) slopped]
One Mark Questions
(a) failed completely (b) refreshed (c) fell down (d) gave way [Ans: (b) refreshed]
6. For a few moments I lay regaining my breath.
(a) achieving (b) reaching (c) losing (d) attaining [Ans: (c) losing]
7. Far away across the clouds, the great bulk Kanchenjunga loomed on the horizon.
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(a) emerged (b) came out (c) appeared (d) vanished [Ans: (d) vanished]
Part
9. Some are close at hand, others are far away in distant lands.
(a) far (b) isolated (c) near (d) remote [Ans: (c) near]
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2. But there is merely one of a myriad of major and extremely varied works
(a) infinite (b) numerous (c) limited (d) multiple [Ans: (c) limited]
3. Tamil contains its own extremely rich and vast intellectual tradition.
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(a) small (b) large (c) wide (d) huge [Ans: (a) small]
4. I have written extensively on the influence of a Southern tradition on the Sanskrit poetic tradition.
(a) widely (b) slightly (c) broadly (d) greatly [Ans: (b) slightly]
5. I know that they are among the most fecund and productive languages on earth.
(a) fertile (b) infertile (c) yielding (d) bountiful [Ans: (b) infertile]
204
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Indian culture.
(a) reject (b) refuse (c) accept (d) abstain [Ans: (c) accept]
9. It pre-dates the literatures of other modern Indian languages by more than a thousand years.
co
(a) comes first (b) outranks (c) comes in last (d) precedes [Ans: (c) comes in last]
10. I am also well-acquainted with comparative and the literatures of modern Europe.
(a) ancient (b) latest (c) new (d) current [Ans: (a) ancient]
GRAMMAR
s.
Antonyms UNIT - 6 On the Rule of the Road
1. A stout old lady was walking with her basket in the middle of a street.
(a) fat (b) thin (c) bulky (d) plump [Ans: (b) thin]
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2. There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days.
(a) threat (b) safe (c) harm (d) injury [Ans: (b) safe]
3. How dare this follow interfere with your free use of the public highway?
Part
(a) hinder (b) intrude (c) meddle (d) aid [Ans: (d) aid]
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1
4. It is an accommodation of interests.
(a) adaptation (b) settlement (c) refusal (d) fitting [Ans: (c) refusal]
5. I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton.
(a) respond (b) ask (c) investigate (d) interrogate [Ans: (a) respond]
6. Our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people’s liberty.
(a) capable (b) incompetent (c) skilled (d) trained [Ans: (b) incompetent]
ur
(a) confusion (b) orderliness (c) disorder (d) commotion [Ans: (b) orderliness]
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3. Clipped Words
Clipping is the process of forming a new word by dropping one or more syllables from a polysyllabic
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word, such as cellphone from cellular phone. In other words, clipping refers to part of a word that
serves for the whole, such as ad and phone from advertisement and telephone, respectively. The
term is also known as a clipped form, clipped word, shortening, and truncation.
A clipped form generally has the same denotative meaning as the word it comes from, but it’s regarded
as more colloquial and informal. Clipping also makes it easier to spell and write many words. For example, a
clipped form may replace the original word in everyday usage—such as the use of piano in place of pianoforte.
205
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bghJthf xU bt£l¥g£l tot« (clipped form) mJ bt£l¥g£l th®¤ijÆ‹ bghUis¡ F¿¡F«. Mdhš
mJ ng¢R tH¡fhfî« (colloquial) Kiwa‰wjhfî« (informal) fUj¥gL»wJ. nkY« bt£l¥gLjš (clipping) gy
th®¤ijfis c¢rÇ¥gjidí«, vGJtijí« vËjh¡F»wJ. vL¤J¡fh£lhf, xU bt£l¥g£l tot« (clipped form)
co
âdK« ga‹gh£oš cŸs mrš (original) th®¤ij¡F¥ gâyhf ïl« bgwyh«. mjhtJ pianoforte-¡F¥ gâš piano
ga‹gLtJ nghy.
GRAMMAR
s.
3. caps capsule 17. sax saxophone
4. celebs celebrities 18. specs spectacles
5. chute parachute 19. stats statistics
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6. doc document 20. temp temperature
7. exam examination 21. ump umpire
8. gas gasoline 22. bus omnibus
One Mark Questions
maths mathematics
13. mayo mayonnaise 27. debut debutante
14. ref reference 28. fan fanatic
29. fax facsimile 39. memo memorandum
30. flu influenza 40. perk perquisite
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Exercises
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(a) advertise (b) ad (c) ads (d) advert [Ans: (b) ad]
3. Choose the clipped form of the word for ‘demonstration’.
(a) demo (b) demon (c) station (d) demons [Ans: (a) demo]
4. Choose the clipped from of the word for ‘motorbike’.
(a) motor (b) moto (c) bikes (d) bike [Ans: (d) bike]
206
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(a) cast (b) new (c) casts (d) news [Ans: (d) news]
8. Choose the clipped from of the word for ‘public house’.
(a) pub (b) public (c) house (d) use [Ans: (a) pub]
co
9. Choose the clipped from of the word for ‘zoological park’.
(a) park (b) zoo (c) logical (d) zoology [Ans: (b) zoo]
10. Choose the clipped from of the word for ‘earthquake’.
GRAMMAR
(a) eq (b) earthake (c) quake (d) earth [Ans: (c) quake]
s.
4. UnClipped Words
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‘To unclipped a word’ means to expand the clipped form to its original form.
eg : mike : microphone
Part
Unclipped word v‹gJ clipped word-ï‹ ÉÇthd KGtotkhF«. xU th®¤ijÆš, x‹W mšyJ ïu©L
mirfis (syllables) Ú¡»É£L, RU¡f toÉš brhštnj “clipped form” v‹wiH¡f¥gL»wJ. Unclipped form
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v‹gJ, F¿¥ã£l RU¡f tot¤â‹ Ú¡f¥g£l mirfis (syllables) nr®¤J vGâa, KGtotkhd th®¤ijia¡ F¿¡F«.
1
Exercises
(a) laboratoire (b) science lab (c) laboratory (d) laboratories [Ans: (c) laboratory]
5. Choose the unclipped form of “jet”.
(a) jetliner (b) jet aircraft (c) jet plane (d) jet engine [Ans: (b) jet aircraft]
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(a) dormit (b) dormitry (c) dormitory (d) dormy [Ans: (c) dormitory]
8. Choose the unclipped form of “varsity”.
(a) university (b) adversity (c) versatile (d) universe [Ans: (a) university]
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207
5. Blended Words
A blended word is a word that is formed by combining two different terms to create a new entity. Through
blending the sounds and meanings of two existing words, a portmanteau creates a new expression that is a lin-
guistic blend of the two individual terms.
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For example : blog is derived from the source words web and log.
ïu©L th®¤ijfis ïiz¤J, mjid RU¡ftoÉš c¢rÇ¥gJ blended word-‹ áw¥g«rkhF«.
ïU ntWg£l brh‰fis ïiz¥gjdhš xU òâa c£bghUSl‹ (entry) cUth¡f¥gL« th®¤ij MF«. ïu©L
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th®¤ijfË‹ bghUŸfisí«, xÈfisí« fyªj xU x£L¢brhš (a portmanteau) ïu©L jÅ¥g£l brh‰TWfË‹
bkhÊÆaš fyitahf (individual) xU òâa brhšÈid cUth¡F«.
s.
2. beauty + utility = beautility 12. motor + pedalcycle = moped
3. breakfast + lunch = brunch 13. motorway + hotel = motel
4. camera + recorder = camcorder 14. sky + laboratory = skylab
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5. electronic + mail = e-mail 15. smoke + fog = smog
6. fantastic + fabulous = fantabulous 16. television + photogenic = telegenic
7. information + commercial = informercial 17. transfer + resistor = transistor
One Mark Questions
Exercises
1. Choose the blended form of ‘breathalyzer’.
(a) breath + analyzer (b) breadth + analayser
(c) breathing + analyzer (d) bread + analyser [Ans: (a) breath + analyzer]
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208
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(c) news + broadcast (d) newsline + recast [Ans: (c) news + broadcast]
10. Choose the right combination for the blended word ‘vegeburger’.
(a) vegetable + burger (b) vegetarian + burger
(c) veg + burger (d) vegetative + burger [Ans: (a) vegetable + burger]
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GRAMMAR
6. Right Definition of a term
s.
(Text Book Page No. : 148)
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1. Linguistics - the scientific study of a language. (xU bkhÊÆ‹ ÉŠPhd MŒî)
2. Numismatics - the study of money and coins. (gz¤ijí« ehza§fisí« g‰¿a MŒî)
3. Electro Dynamics - the study of the way that electric currents and magnetic fields affect each
Part
other. (Ä‹rhu« k‰W« fhªj¥òy§fŸ x‹W¡bfh‹W v›thW ghâ¡»‹wd
v‹gij g‰¿a MŒî)
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4. Phonetics - the study of speech sounds. (ng¢R xÈia¥ g‰¿a MŒî)
5. Aesthetics - the study of principles of beauty. (mHF bfhŸiffŸ g‰¿a MŒî)
209
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gaz« brŒgt®)
4. misanthrope - one who hates or mistrusts humankind. (kÅj ïd¤ij btW¥gt‹)
5. nonagenarian - a person who is between 90 and 99 years old. (90 Kjš 99 taJ¡F ïil¥g£l
co
Kâat®)
6. optimist - one who usually expects a favourable outcome. (bfLâahd NœÃiyfËY«
e«ã¡if jsuhkš ïU¥gt®)
GRAMMAR
s.
(gy bkhÊfis vGj, go¡f, ngr¤ bjǪjt®)
9. sadist - someone who obtains pleasure from inflicting pain or others. (ãwU¡F bfhLik
ïiH¤J mjdhš rªnjhõ« milgt‹)
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10. teetotaller - one who abstains completely from alcoholic beverages. (kJ tiffis K‰¿Y«
btW¤J xJ¡Fgt®)
11. thespian - an actor (or) actress. [eof® (mšyJ) eoif]
One Mark Questions
4. gynaecologist - one who treats diseases specific to women. (bg©fS¡F tU« nehŒfS¡F
kU¤Jt« gh®¡F« kU¤Jt®)
5. neonatologist - one who specializes in critical infants. (FHªij kU¤Jt¤âš Ãòz®)
6. nephrologist - one who treats kidney diseases. (áWÚuf nehŒfS¡fhd kU¤Jt Ãòz®)
7. neurologist - one who treats diseases and disorders of the nervous system. (eu«ò bjhl®ghd
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8. ophthalmologist - one who treats vision problems. (f©gh®it bjhl®ghd nehŒfS¡fhd kU¤Jt
Ãòz®)
9. otolaryngologist - one who treats the problems of ear, nose, tongue. (fhJ, _¡F, bjh©il rh®ªj
.s
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8. idealism - belief that the best possible concepts should be pursued. (ca®ªj F¿¡nfhnshL
brašgLjš)
9. nationalism - the doctrine that your country’s interests are superior. (eh£L¥ g‰W)
10. optimism - the hopeful feeling that all is going to turn out well. (všyh« e‹ik¡nf v‹w
co
e«ã¡if cz®î)
11. patriotism - ove of country and willingness to sacrifice for it. (eh£L¡fhf âahf« brŒa
GRAMMAR
ÉU«òjš)
s.
1. Infanticide -
killing of a child (xU FHªijia¡ bfhštJ)
2. Matricide - killing of mother (Matre – mother) (jhia¡ bfhštJ)
3. Patricide - killing of father (Patre – father) (jªijia¡ bfhštJ)
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VIII. Words ending with ‘-mania’ with meanings: (refers to mental illness of a particular type)
1. Bibliomania - a craze for books (ò¤jf§fŸ nr®¥gâš nguh®t«)
Part
2. Megalomania -
mental illness in which one has exaggerated belief in one’s importance
(j‹id¤jhnd Äf ca®thf v©Â j«g£l« mo¤J¡ bfhŸtJ)
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3. Mythomania - abnormal tendency to lie and exaggerate (ïa‰if¡F Û¿ bghŒ brhšYjš)
4. Plutomania - abnormal craving for wealth (bghUŸ bršt¤â‰fhf¡ bfhŸS« nguhtš)
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28. tachophobia - fear of speed (ntf¤ij F¿¤j ga«)
29. theophobia - fear of God (flîis F¿¤j ga«)
30. xenophobia - fear of strangers or foreigners (mªÃa®fis¥ g‰¿a ga«)
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Misc. words:
1. conservative - one who prefers traditional values to a sudden social change. (giHik thâ)
2. introvert - one who is slow and unwilling to express opinions. (ãwÇl« mâf« gHf
GRAMMAR
ÉU«ghjt®)
3. emotional - one who has strong feelings such as love or anger. (mâf cz®¢á tr¥gl¡Toat®)
s.
4. mean - one who is not willing to give or share with others. (ãwÇl« bfhL¡fš, th§fš
it¤J¡ bfhŸs ÉU«ghjt®)
5. musicologist - one who studies music. (ïir tšYe®)
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6. paleontologist -
one who studies the fossils. (bjhš cÆÇayhs®)
7. pessimist - a person who believes that the worst will happen. (e«ã¡ifa‰w kÅj®)
8. reserved - one who is more interested in his own thought and does not mix with others.
One Mark Questions
(a) Fear of forests (b) Fear of darkness (c) Fear of sun (d) Fear of cholera
[Ans: (a) Fear of forests]
2. Choose the right definition for the given term ‘rupophobia’.
(a) Fear of fever (b) Fear of dirt (c) Fear of spiders (d) Fear of money [Ans: (b) Fear of dirt]
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(a) the act of killing another person (b) the act of killing yourself
(c) the act of killing a king (d) the act of killing a tyrant
[Ans: (c) the act of killing a king]
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(c) spending lavishly and wastefully (d) strong desire to drink alcohol
[Ans: (c) spending lavishly and wastefully]
10. Choose the right definition for the given term ‘suicide’.
(a) killing of self (b) killing of one’s brother or sister
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(c) killing of a child (d) killing of insects [Ans: (a) killing of self]
GRAMMAR
7. Idioms
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(Text Book Page No. : 109, 117)
An idiom is an expression in English language that has a special meaning of its own. It cannot be
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understood from the meanings of the individual words.
Idiom v‹gJ kuò¤bjhl®. brhšy tU« xU fU¤ij jÅ¢ áw¥ãašòl‹ TWtjhF«.
I told him he would have to make good. ï§F `to make good’- v‹gJ idiom. mJ xU `to comensate for a
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wrongdoing’ v‹gij¡ F¿¡»wJ.
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ï¥gFâÆš ïl« bgW« ÉdhÉš xU idiom ju¥g£oU¡F«. mj‰F¢ rÇahd m®¤j¤ij bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs
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4 options - fËÈUªJ nj®ªbjL¤J vGj nt©L«.
Here are a few idioms that you came across in the play you have just read. For e.g. ‘I told him he would
have to make good.’ The idiom ‘to make good’ means ‘to compensate for a wrongdoing’.
Some more idioms and meanings :
1 a bolt from the blue unexpected event; complete surprise (usually unwelcome)-
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vâ®ghuhj Ãfœ¢á
2 a drop in the ocean a very small amount compared with what is needed or expected -
Äf¢ á¿a msî (gad‰wJ)
3 a penny for your thoughts a way of asking what someone is thinking.- ãw® v‹d Ãid¡»wh®fŸ
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Exercises
Develop the following hints into a readable passage and give a suitable title.
1.
Farmer in a village - had a hen- Golden egg- farmer became rich By selling golden eggs -greedy - thought
to get all eggs at a time - killed the hen -found no eggs.
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Ans The Greedy Farmer
Once upon a time, there lived a farmer in a village. He had a hen. The hen used to lay a golden
egg every day. The farmer used to sell the golden egg in the market and got huge amount of
money. Soon he became rich. He got a big house built. But the farmer was very greedy. He
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wanted to get more eggs every day. He thought, “At present I get an egg every day. This is not
enough. Why should I not get all the eggs at a time? I must kill the hen to get all the golden
eggs at a time.” And the greedy farmer killed the hen. Did the farmer find any egg? No, He did
GRAMMAR
not find any egg. He was very sad now. He could not get golden egg now. This happened only
due to his greed.
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Moral : Greediness is the cause of all sorrow.
2.
A king distressed-his people lazy-to teach them a lesson he had a big stone put in the middle of the
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road one night-next day merchants pass and go round it-an officer driving in his carriage did the
same-a young soldier came riding, did the same-all cursed the stone and blamed the government for
not removing it - a foreigner – removed the stone- under it was an iron box, marked, “For the man
who moves away the stone”- inside a purse full of money-the people were ashamed.
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Ans The King and His Lazy Kingdom
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There was once a king who was totally unhappy and sad with his people who were too lazy to
do some useful work. The King thought to teach them a lesson so he kept a big stone in the
middle of a road one night when all his men were sleeping.
Next morning, merchants came and went round the stone and didn’t even care to move the
big stone so that there was easy passage of people and traffic. Then came an officer who with
his horse carriage went round the big stone which laid untouched on the road. Then came a
soldier who also came and went round the stone though being capable of getting the stone out
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of its way. Each and every who passed the stone cursed the Government for not removing it.
Then came a foreigner who was passing through that road, he decided to move that stone from
there so he took the help of his mates and removed it. It was evening when the foreigner did
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such a nice work, at that very moment when the king came to that spot to congratulate them,
he told that he disguised as a beggar and by the side of the road, he called for the official and
the soldier when they came to about this they felt very ashamed with such a work that they
had done.
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The King then presented a box full of money which was kept in a hole beneath the stone and it
was etched that this purse of money belongs to whoever got this stone out of there. After that
day the Kingdom became very hard-working and was never as lazy as it was before.
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monkey’s life - took monkey to an island..-.monkey said that he was a prince .- Dolphin understood
his lie- left monkey alone in the island.
Ans The Monkey and the Dolphin
Long ago, there was a sailor who had a pet monkey. One day, along with other sailors he set
out to sea on a trip in his sailing ship. This time he also took his pet monkey with him for
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now you can be the king. Monkey asked, “How?” Dolphin answered, “Simple! As you are the
only living creature in this island, naturally you will be the king!” The dolphin swam away by
leaving monkey alone in that island.
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Moral : Those who lie and boast may end up in trouble.
4. King Solomon noted for his wisdom - Queen of Sheba heard of his fame - came to visit him - impressed
by his wealth and grandeur - wanted to test his power of solving puzzles showed him two garlands
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of flowers, one in right hand and one in left-one real, the other artificial-asks, “Which is which?” -
courtiers puzzled-both garlands look the same - Solomon silent - Queen feels triumphant-Solomon
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ordered windows to be opened-bees flew in from garden - buzzed about the Queen-all settled on
garland in her right hand - Solomon said the flowers in right hand real, in left hand artificial - Queen
impressed with his wisdom.
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Ans The wise King
King Solomon was noted for his wisdom. His fame spread wide and far. The Queen of Sheba
heard of him and his wisdom. She paid a visit to him. She challenged him to solve a puzzle,
Five Mark Questions
posed by her.”One garland is original and the other one is artificial. Which is the real one?”
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she asked, holding up two garlands of flowers. The two looked exactly the same. The courtiers
were clueless about the right answer. King Solomon, himself remained silent. The Queen felt
joy at defeating the King. Solomon ordered the windows to be opened. Bees flew in, buzzing.
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They hovered near the Queen and settled on the garland in her right hand. He declares that
the garland in her right hand is a real one. The Queen accepts defeat and is truly impressed.
Moral : Knowledge is power.
5. An old woman is begging on the road - she looks poor - Sanjay a little boy feels for her - he wants
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to help her - she quickly holds him - puts him in huge sack - kidnaps him - a man chases her - saves
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An old woman was begging on the road. She looked very poor and sad. She was asking every
passer-by to give some money but nobody paid heed to her cries.
A little boy, Sanjay saw the old woman. He felt sorry for her. So, he went near the woman and
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asked her if she needed some kind of help. Sanjay was a very innocent boy and he held the old
woman’s hand and said that he would provide every possible help to her. The woman grabbed
Sanjay and tightly held him to muffle his screams.
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She put him in a huge sack and started to sneak away from that place. A man who had been
seeing her started to chase her. He caught up with the woman and easily tackled her.He freed
Sanjay from the sack who was shivering from head to toe.
The man informed the police who immediately came to the place. He handed the lady to the
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police. The police contacted Sanjay’s parents and escorted him to his house.
Sanjay learnt a lesson that day.
Moral : Appearance can be deceptive.
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Narration is a recital of events, especially in chronological order, as the story narrated in a poem or the
exposition in a drama. The narrative form is the most common mode of writing. Even news is narrated as a
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story. This makes reading both exciting and interesting.
1. ï¥gFâ ÉdhÉš, xU gHbkhÊ bfhL¡f¥g£L, mj‰fhd m®¤j¤ij 30 th®¤ijfËš vGJ« goahf nf£f¥g£oU¡F«.
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2. F¿¥ãl¥g£l mªj gHbkhÊÆ‹ fU¤ij òǪJ bfh©L, mj‹ m®¤j¤ij vGj nt©L«.
3. ïj‹ ïWâ tÇÆš xU Úânghjidia¡ TWtJ e‹W.
GRAMMAR
Exercises
s.
1. Explain the meaning of the proverb : Unity is Strength
Ans UNITY IS STRENGTH
‘Unity is strength’ is a very profound proverb. This proverb means that ‘sticking together is a
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source of strength’.
It might be used to refer to families, marriages, countries, communities, and even classrooms
at school or university. This proverb suggests, moreover, that we are stronger together than we are
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alone. At first, a man making his own family, lives separately. The peace and happiness of a family
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would depend on the unity among the members of the family. Observance of the principle of “Unity
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is Strength” is required every member to stand by the other in time of real need. This would require
clash and quarrel among themselves. So a number of families in small groups were formed to avoid
such unpleasant situation. There were also clash and fights among themselves and the small groups
failed to protect themselves against more powerful groups. So they united themselves and a nation
was built for greater security. This is the history of the formation of a nation. But a weak nation
began to be tortured by the stronger one. So nations began to unite themselves for their safety and
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security.
2. Explain the meaning of the proverb : ‘Blood is Thicker than Water’.
Ans ‘BLOOD IS THICKER THAN WATER’
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This proverb is usually taken to mean that ‘family relationships are stronger, more important
or more binding than other relationships’. ‘Blood is thicker than water’ indicates that ‘blood ties
between families are particularly strong – like thick blood’.‘Thicker’ here is used in the sense of
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meaning ‘more powerful’ or ‘stronger’ or ‘more solid’. In particular, this proverb is often used to
contrast family relationships with friendships. Friendships are said to be like weak ‘water’ compared
to the strength of family relationships. There is yet another interpretation of this proverb that says
‘the relationship among the soldiers is stronger than family relationships.’ In this case, blood refers
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to the ‘soldiers’ that fights and shed blood together for their homeland.
3. Explain the meaning of the proverb : ‘A rolling stone gathers no moss’
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4. Explain the meaning of the proverb : ‘God Helps Those Who Help Themselves’ (or) Self Help is the
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Best Help
Ans ‘GOD HELPS THOSE WHO HELP THEMSELVES’ (OR) SELF HELP IS THE BEST HELP
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The proverb “‘God helps those who help themselves’, means that “people who work hard and
take responsibility for their lives will receive additional help from God in the form of good luck or
opportunity.” The proverb inspires us to be accountable and responsible for the results of our actions.
GRAMMAR
It motivates us stay active and keep working towards our goals in life. Many people prefer to stay lazy
and keep postponing things. They do nothing and simply blame luck for their failures. They think
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that some divine power will solve all of their problems automatically. However, this proverb emphasis
on the importance taking proper actions in-order to achieve the desired result. A student’s prayer
for good result will be fruitful only when he prepares himself well for the examination. Similarly,
an athlete’s prayer for medals can be manifested, if he puts in immense effort during the practice
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sessions. God will give us immense opportunities. If we are not preparing ourselves well, we may
not be able to fully utilize the opportunity.
Five Mark Questions
5. Explain the meaning of the proverb : An Idle Brain is the Devil’s Workshop.
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Ans AN IDLE BRAIN IS THE DEVIL’S WORKSHOP
An Idle Brain is the Devil’s Workshop. Evil thoughts enter our brain easily when we remain idle.
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When a man has nothing to do all sorts of evil ideas come to his mind. This will turn the man into
a Devil. The mind of a man cannot remain vacant for a long time unless it is occupied with fruitful
ideas, it will turn to bad thoughts.
So we should never keep our brain idle. It should always be occupied with serious thoughts. This
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is clear if we analyze the lives of the unemployed and the students of our society. Unemployment is
a great evil. The mind of an unemployed person is always occupied with evil thoughts and desires.
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That is why every state should consider removing unemployment as early as possible.
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Biographical sketch means an account of the life and activities of an individual or family. It would include
information about the person’s name, place of residence, education, occupation, life and activities and other
important details. A biographical sketch is always written by someone else except the person on whom it is written.
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It provides the pen picture of that person. A bio-sketch presents the facts about the person’s life including what
the person did and how he/she influenced the world. It should describe the person’s personality and provide an
explanation for why he or she acted in certain ways. Most bio-sketches not only present the facts but also tell
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♦ descriptive
Exercises
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1. With the help of the given clues, write a bio-sketch of Subhash Chandra Bose, about 80-100 words.
Subash Chandra Bose; Netaji- immense, Freedom Fighter- born- January 23, 1897, in Cuttack, Orissa-
Career: Civil Services -Achievements: Joined struggle; established Indian National Army- Motto Give
GRAMMAR
me blood and I will give you the freedom- Setback: Retreat after the defeat of Japan and Germany
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-Death Air crash over Taipei, Taiwan (Formosa) on August 18, 1945.
Ans SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE
Subhash Chandra Bose, affectionately called Netaji, was born on January 23, 1897, in Cuttack,
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Orissa. He was one of the most prominent leaders of Indian freedom struggle. Deeply moved
by the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, he gave up a promising career in the Civil Service to join the
Freedom Movement. He founded the Indian National Army to overthrow British Empire from
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India. His famous motto was “Give me blood and I will give you freedom”. However, the defeat
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of Japan and Germany in the Second World War forced INA to retreat and it could not achieve
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its objective. Subhash Chandra Bose was reportedly killed in an air crash over Taipei, Taiwan
2. Given below are some notes on Anne Frank. Use them to write a short bio-sketch of her, about 100
words.
Name: Anne Frank - Birth: June 12. 1929 in Frankfurt. Germany - Profession : Writer - Parents : Otto
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Frank (Father), Edith Frank (Mother). Margot (Elder sister) - Belongs to: Jewish Family - Best Known
for : Writing a diary while hiding from the Nazis during World War II - Died : March 1945 at the age of
15 in the Bergen-Belson concentration camp - Achievements: Her famous work “The Diary of a Young
Girl”- Anne’s diary was published in user sixty-five different languages. - One of Anne’s hobbies was
to collect photos and postcards of movie stars.
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were Otto Frank (Father) and Edith Frank (Mother) . She had an elder sister named Margot. She
belonged to the Jewish family. She wrote her famous work “The Diary of a Young Girl” while she
was hiding from the Nazis during World War 11. Her work got published in sixty five different
languages. Her favourite hobbies were collecting photographs and postcards of movie stars. She
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3. Use the following information and write a short bio-sketch of Mother Teresa.
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Death - 5 September 1997
Ans MOTHER TERESA
Mother Teresa was born on 27 August 1910 of Albanian parents in Skopje. Her real name
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was Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. She joined a convent in Ireland in 1928. When she was only 18
years old she was sent to Darjeeling. Here she began teaching in Kolkata Girls’ School. Later she
left teaching to work among the poor in slums. From 1948 she started working for the
GRAMMAR
downtrodden and sick destitute. She worked selflessly for them. For her sincere, dedicated and
selfless work, she was awarded Nobel Prize for peace in 1979. She left for her heavenly abode on
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5 September 1997.
4. Use the notes given below to write a short bio-sketch of Vishwanathan Anand.
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Born on 11th December 1969 Nickname: Popularly Known as “Vishy”
First title : The youngest National, Champion at the age of 16
Education : Holds a degree in commerce
Five Mark Questions
Chess Championship five times, was the undisputed World Champion from 2007 to 2013.
Ans THE INDIAN GRANDMASTER
Vishwanathan Anand who is popularly known as “Vishy” was born on 11th December 1969.
He was declared as the youngest National Champion at the age of 16. Besides being a graduate
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