Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

Practical Research 2

Introduction to
Quantitative Research
Quarter 1 Week 1 Module 1

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

1. Describes the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and
kinds of quantitative research
HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb
you while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to
successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have fun!
1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page
of this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances
learning that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/ guardian assess your answers using the answer key
card.
5. Analyze conceptually the post-test and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

• Expectations – These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module.
• Pre-test – This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.
• Looking Back to your Lesson – This section will measure what learnings and
skills did you understand from the previous lesson.
• Brief Introduction – This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
• Activities – This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.
• Remember – This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.
• Check your Understanding – It will verify how you learned from the lesson.
• Post-test – This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module.

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 Hello there! Welcome to your journey in understanding
quantitative research. Are you ready? But, first, let us
determine if you have prior knowledge to our
discussion. Let’s begin!

PRE-TEST

Write T if the statement is True, F if False. Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. Standardized instruments ensure the accuracy, reliability, and validity of
data.
2. Quantitative methods cannot be repeated to verify its findings.
3. A research design constitutes the blueprint for the selection,
measurement and analysis of data.
4. Quantitative research puts emphasis on proof, rather than discovery.
5. The main purpose of descriptive research design is to observe, describe
and document aspects of particular situations.

Write S if the statement pertains to the strength of a quantitative research, W if it’s

a weakness.
1. It can be costly, difficult and time-consuming.
2. It is objective and provides numerical data.
3. The information on contextual factors to help interpret the results
4. It filters out external factors.
5. The numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy way.

How did you fare so far? Well it seems that there are a lot
to know in this lesson. How would you like to continue?
Are you ready? Let’s get it on!

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LESSON 1: Introduction to Quantitative Research
EXPECTATIONS
This module will help you to:
• Define quantitative research
• Describe the different characteristics of quantitative research
• Determine the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research
• Decide on suitable kinds of quantitative research in various fields of
interest

It is important that you refresh yourself with the

previous lesson as you will need a good grasp of those
in order to understand more easily the lessons in this
module.

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

Let’s go down Memory Lane

Read each statement carefully. Identify what is asked for. On a separate sheet of
paper, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is a method that is commonly used in qualitative

research?
a. Self-completion questionnaires c. Ethnography
b. Surveys d. Structured Observation
2. What is meant by the term "grounded theory"?
a. Theories should be tested by rigorous scientific experiments
b. As a social researcher, it is important to keep your feet on the ground
c. Theories should be grounded in political values and biases
d. Theoretical ideas and concepts should emerge from the data
3. A sensitizing concept is one that:
a. Provides general guidance for more flexible research
b. Imposes a predetermined theoretical model on the social world
c. Helps the researcher to investigate sensitive issues
d. Allows the researcher to measure very small changes in a variable
4. The flexibility and limited structure of qualitative research designs is an
advantage because:
a. The researcher does not impose any predetermined formats on the social
world
b. It allows for unexpected results to emerge from the data
c. The researcher can adapt his theories and methods as the project unfolds
d) All of the above
5. Which of the following is not a criticism of qualitative research?
a. The studies are difficult to replicate
b. There is a lack of transparency
c. The approach is too rigid and inflexible
d. The accounts are too subjective and impressionistic

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BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Quantitative research, unlike qualitative research, uses numbers to
generalize a particular inquiry based from objective scales of measurements of
units called variables.
Statistical treatment is utilized to determine how significant the
relationships or differences between and among variables. Research findings serve
as bases for generalization on certain phenomena.

What is Quantitative Research?

Quantitative research, through the use of computational procedures, is
an objective, methodical experiential investigation of recognizable phenomena. It
is highlighted with numerical analysis of data expecting that the results that can be
generalized to some bigger population and describe a particular observation having
no biases. The primary concern of quantitative research is numbers and its
relationship with events.

What is Quantitative Research?

Quantitative research is a type of research which use computational
techniques, an objective, and systematic empirical investigation of observable
phenomena. It is important to note that quantitative research is more on numerical
analysis of data. The gathered numerical data yield unbiased results that can be
generalized to some larger population and explain a particular observation.
Quantitative research is deals with numbers and its relationship with events.

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

1. It is objective NOT subjective. Precision and accuracy of measurement and
analysis is the target of the concepts. Furthermore, Intuitions and guesses is not
practice or used in developing conclusions or solution to a problem

2. Research questions are clearly defined. Familiarity of the topic of the

research have to be more focus so that it will be clear to the readers and researcher
have to be advance in what he is looking for. Research questions have to be
precise and clear for which objective answers are sought. All phases of the study
are carefully designed before data are gathered.

3. Research instrument is clearly structured. The instrument of the study is

well-organized and plan, and with different dimensions and scales. It is a
structured research tools like questionnaires or checklist. It also enable to gather
or collect measurable characteristics of the population like age, socio-economic
status, number of children, among others.

4. Numerical presentation of data. Data are organized and presented in the

form of numbers and statistics. It is also presented in the form of tables, charts,
graphs and figures that consolidate large numbers of data to show trends,
relationships, or differences among variables.

5. Large sample sizes. The greater the sample sizes the more reliable data
analysis. This is to avoid biases in interpreting the results. It also requires normal
population distribution curve. A minimum of 20% of the population can be used as
respondents of a research.

6. Replicated but not duplicate. Reliable quantitative studies can be

replicated or repeated but not duplicated to verify or confirm the correctness

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of the results in another setting. Validity of the findings may eliminating the
possibility of spurious conclusions.

7. Data can be used to predict future outcomes or forecast. Through complex

mathematical calculations and with the aid of computers and formulated formulas
scenarios can be predicting future results.

8. Data can be used to verify existing facts and develop new concepts. A
research can validate an existing fact. In some cases, research can be used to
develop new ideas needed to make life more comfortable.

Strengths of Quantitative Research

The advantages of quantitative research are:
1. Since it is objective and provides numerical data, it can’t be easily
misinterpreted.

2. Statistical techniques was used to facilitates sophisticated analyses and

allows you to comprehend a huge amount of vital characteristics of data.

3. The data in quantitative research can be analyzed in a quick and easy way.
With the use of statistically valid random models, findings can be generalized
to the population about which information is necessary.

4. Replicable. This research can be replicated but with different areas of concern
and location. Dimensions can be also an additive factor to improve the previous
research.

5. By using questionnaire, checklist, tests or standardized instrument the data

can be gathered in a quick and easy way.

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

Disadvantages of quantitative research
1. It requires a large number of respondents. The larger sample size, the more
or better the statistical findings are.

2. It is costly. Due to very large sample, the expenses will be greater in reaching
out to these people and in reproducing the questionnaires.

6. Elaboration on contextual is not factors that can help the results or to

explain variations. In quantitative research there is no need elaborate or have
sharing of thoughts for further information. It is a straight forward answer unlike
in qualitative.

7. Information with Sensitive issues are difficult to gathered when using

structured research instruments like pre-marital sex, homosexual, domestic
violence, among others.

8. If the made questionnaire was not done seriously and correctly the data will
be invalid and inaccurate.

9. Researchers must be watchful on respondents who are just guessing in

answering the research instrument as some of them may not reveal the real
response due to ethical issues.

10. Research instruments preparation and validation may take time if no

standardized tools are available.

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Types of Quantitative Research
Generally, quantitative researches are classified into non-experimental and
experimental as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Matrix on Quantitative Research

Types of
Quantitative
Research

Non-
Experimental
experimental

True Quasi-
Descriptive Correlational
experimental experimental

Source: National Training of Trainers for SHS Teachers on School-Based Research (May 17-21, 2018,
Bureau of Learning Delivery, Department of Education)

1. Non-Experimental Research. This kind of research allows the researcher to

either describe a situation or phenomenon or the relationship between two or more
variables without any interference from the proponent. There are two major kinds
of non-experimental research. These are as follows:
A. Descriptive Research. It deals with describing the nature, characteristics and
components of the population or a phenomenon. Manipulation of variables or
search for cause and effect is not applicable in relating to the phenomenon.
This design attempts to determine the frequency with which it occurs and to
find general attributes of the presently existing situation . Descriptive
research is used if, for example, you want to know how many hours senior
high school students spend in surfing the internet or the number of
malnourished students who failed in the achievement test , and how
healthy is the food served during recess in the public schools.

Descriptive

(Code words
(Purpose) (Degree of (Example)
to look for in
control over
(Time Frame) research
factors or
Describe the articles) Survey of
precision)
characteristics students who
Current
of a certain are interested
Describe
phenomenon None or low in sports
Interview

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B. Correlational Research.
It is primarily concerned with an orderly or systematic investigation of the
nature of relationships, or associations between and among variables
without necessarily investigating into casual reasons underlying them.
Furthermore it is also concerned with, the extent of relationships that exists
between or among the variables. For example , if Performance in Mathematics
can be used to predict performance then, the higher the Mathematics grade,
the higher most likely be the score in Practical Research 2.
Correlational research is employed if you like to know , for example, if the
following factors are related to each other: sex and mathematical ability, age
and leadership style, and occupation and life span.

Correlational

(Example)
(Code words to
(Purpose) look for in
(Time Frame) (Degree of An investigation
research
control over that focuses on
articles)
factors or the relationship
Examine the Current or Past precision) between the
relationships (correlation) Relationship number of hours
between Future (prediction) Related to of television
variables Low or medium
associated with watching and
Predicts grade-point
average

2. Experimental Research. This kind of research is centrally concerned with

constructing research that is high in causal (internal) validity. There are two major kinds of
experimental research. These are the following:
A. True Experimental Research. This kind of research can be identified by three
characteristics: randomly formed groups, manipulation of the treatment (the
IV), and comparisons among groups. The purpose is to test the true cause and
effect relationships of variables involve in the study. According to Prieto, et al., it
offers the highest internal validity of all the designs.

True Experimental

(Code words to
(Example)
(Purpose) (Degree of look for in
control over research The effect of
(Time Frame) articles) preschool
factors or
To test for true precision) language
Function of
cause - and – program on the
Current Cause
effect language skills
comparison
relationships high of inner-city
Between Effects
children
of

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B. Quasi-Experimental Research. This kind of research is almost the same as
that of True Experimental Design. The only difference is the absence of random
assignment of subjects to other conditions. Prieto, et al. added that the
commonality between the quasi-experimental and true experimental research is
that some subjects receive intervention and provide data likely to reflect its
impact.

Quasi Experimental

(Purpose)
(Code words to
look for in
(Example)
Used to estimate (Degree of research
the causal (Time Frame) control over articles) The effect of
impact of an factors or reading
Function of
intervention on precision) programs to
Current Cause
its target students’
medium-high comparison
population comprehension
Between Effects
without random of
assignment.

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1
Direction: On a separate sheet of paper, write the characteristics of quantitative
research the best describe the illustration.

1. _____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________

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Activity 2

Direction: Supply the missing term.

2 3

4 5 6 7

1. _____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________

Activity 3

Directions: Read each statement carefully. Identify the kind of research that is
being referred to.

1. The relationship between the economic status and academic performance of

the respondents
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. The percentage of Grade 10 learners who will pursue academic track in
Senior High School
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Effects of pandemic in the learning habits of Grade 12 learners
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. A survey on the preferred course of Grade 12 learners in college
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. The effectiveness of Content-based Instruction in teaching Social Studies in
Grade 11
__________________________________________________________________________________

REMEMBER
• Quantitative research is deals with numbers and its relationship with events.
• Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and analysis of data
collected using computational techniques.
• Experimental research design allows the researcher to control the phenomenon.
• In non-experimental research design, the researcher observes the phenomena
as they occur naturally.

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Directions: Fill in the K-W-H-L chart below to pre-assess your prior knowledge
regarding the topic “Special Relativity”. By the end of the lesson, go back to this
activity to answer the L part.

Activity Title: Characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds

of Quantitative Research KWHL Chart
References (If Any)
Objectives: Describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses,
and kinds of quantitative research.

Materials to be Used Writing materials such as pen and paper

(if any)

LET’S REFLECT
Think and Act. Answer the following.

What were your misconceptions about What new or additional learning did
the topic prior to this lesson? you gain from this lesson in terms of
skills, content, and attitude?
I thought… I learned that…

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POST TEST
Directions: Read each statement carefully. Then, identify the kind of research being
referred to. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

____________1. It is a systematic investigation of the nature of relationships, or

associations between and among variables without necessarily investigating into casual
reasons underlying them.
____________2. It is concerned with describing the nature, characteristics and components
of the population or a phenomenon.
____________3. This research utilizes scientific method to test cause-and-effect relationships
under conditions controlled by the researcher.
____________4. It is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and
studying samples chosen from a population. It may be done in various ways like face-to-face
phone, mail, and online.
____________5. It is intended to assess the effects, impacts or outcomes of practices, policies
or programs.

REFERENCES
Baraceros, Esther L. Practical Research 2. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc., 2016.
Catane, J. A. Conducting Research: A Practical Application. Quezon City:
Goodwill Book Store, 2010.
Chan, Editha I. Research in Various Disciplines Seeing Through the Process of
Writing. Valenzuela City: Mutya Publishing House, Inc., 2011.
Ellison, C. Concise Guide to Writing Research. New York: McGraw Hill, 2010.
Faltado III, Ruben E. et. al. Practical Research 2 Quantitative Research for
SHS. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc. , 2016.
Plata, Sterling L. et. al. Thinking and Writing Research 4th Edition.Manila:
Trailblazer Publications Asia, Inc., 2014.
Prieto, Nelia G, Naval, Victoria C. and Carey, Teresita G. Practical Research 2,
For Senior High School, Lorimar Publishing Inc, 2017
Reyes, Marcelo. Social research: A Deductive Approach. Manila: Rex Book
Store,Inc., 2010.

ANSWER KEY
Pre - test Looking back Post
1. W 1. C 1. Correlation
2. S 2. D 2. Descriptive
3. W 3. A 3. Experimental
4. S 4. D 4. Survey
5. S 5. C 5.Evaluation

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 Acknowledgments
DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE
Writers: Paul Garry P. Abello, T 1; Angelbert D. Morales,
MT 2; Diane Catherine B. Teves, MT 2; Mark Vincent B.
Emit, MT 2; and Erwin Abos, MT 2
Evaluators: Rosalina P. Aranzamendez, PSDS and
Florence I. Edim, PSDS
Reviewer: Renato N. Felipe, Jr., PSDS & Division Research
Coordinator
Management Team:
Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V, Schools Division
Superintendent
Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief
Lucky S. Carpio, EPS In Charge of LRMS

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