Com5 - Book Final PDF
Com5 - Book Final PDF
Com5 - Book Final PDF
By
Giza, Egypt
July 2012
Contents
List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. iv
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ v
Table of Symbols and Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... vi
Acknowledgment ....................................................................................................................................... viii
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ ix
Chapter 1 - Introduction to OpenBTS ........................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Software Defined Radio (SDR) .................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 What is SDR? ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1.2 History of SDR ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.3 Architecture........................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.4 Operation Concept ................................................................................................................ 3
1.1.5 Advantages of SDR............................................................................................................... 3
1.1.6 SDR Application ................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 USRP............................................................................................................................................. 4
1.2.1 What is USRP? ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.2 UHD ...................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.3 USRP Component ................................................................................................................. 6
1.2.4 USRP B100 ........................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 OpenBTS....................................................................................................................................... 9
1.3.1 Introduction and History ....................................................................................................... 9
1.3.2 Traditional GSM networks.................................................................................................. 10
1.3.3 OpenBTS and Traditional GSM ......................................................................................... 14
1.3.4 OpenBTS Future ................................................................................................................ 15
1.3.5 OpenBTS Advantages ......................................................................................................... 15
1.3.6 Hardware requirement for OpenBTS .................................................................................. 15
1.3.7 OpenBTS P2.8 Release ....................................................................................................... 16
1.3.8 OpenBTS Modules.............................................................................................................. 16
Chapter 2 - Network design ........................................................................................................................ 19
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 19
2.2 OpenBTS in rural area ................................................................................................................ 19
2.2.1 System Modeling ................................................................................................................ 19
2.2.2 Simulation results................................................................................................................ 23
ii
2.2.3 Propagation model .............................................................................................................. 24
2.3 OpenBTS in Oasis road............................................................................................................... 28
2.3.1 System Modeling ................................................................................................................ 28
2.3.2 Simulation results................................................................................................................ 40
2.3.3 Propagation model .............................................................................................................. 46
2.4 Network’s components specifications and prices: ...................................................................... 50
2.4.1 Typical RF chain figure:- .................................................................................................... 50
2.4.2 Telephone pole “Network tower”: ...................................................................................... 50
2.4.3 Component Specifications: - ............................................................................................... 51
Chapter 3- Signaling between GSM and OpenBTS.................................................................................... 53
3.1 GSM Signaling............................................................................................................................ 53
3.1.1 Logical Channels................................................................................................................. 53
3.2 Mobile Originated Call Setup ..................................................................................................... 55
3.2.1 Traditional GSM signaling.................................................................................................. 56
3.2.2 Traditional GSM L3 messages ............................................................................................ 57
3.2.3 Adapted GSM Signaling ..................................................................................................... 58
3.2.4 Adapted GSM L3 Messages ............................................................................................... 60
3.3 Description of L3 Messages:....................................................................................................... 62
Chapter 4- Conclusion and Future Work .................................................................................................... 64
4.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 64
4.2 Future Work ................................................................................................................................ 65
Chapter 5 - Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 66
5.1 Appendix –A UHD Build ......................................................................................................... 66
5.2 Appendix –B OpenBTS P2.8 Installation and Configuration .................................................... 74
5.3 Appendix –C Propagation Models .............................................................................................. 80
5.4 Appendix –D VSAT ................................................................................................................... 90
5.5 Appendix –E Matlab Codes ........................................................................................................ 94
5.5.1 Codes: ................................................................................................................................. 94
References ................................................................................................................................................. 107
iii
List of Figures
iv
List of Tables
v
Table of Symbols and Abbreviations
Symbol Abbreviation
SDR Software defined Radio
RF Radio Frequency
IF Intermediate Frequency
TX Transmitter
RX Receiver
TRX Transceiver
ADC Analog to Digital Converter
DAC Digital to Analog Converter
FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
DUC Digital up Converter
DDC Digital down Converter
USRP Universal Software Radio Peripheral
UHD USRP Hardware Driver
USB Universal Serial Bus
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
PBX Private Branch exchange
VOIP Voice over Internet Protocol
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
MS Mobile Station
SIM Subscriber Identity Module
IMIE International Mobile Equipment Identity
BTS Base Transceiver Station
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station Subsystem
MSC Mobile Switching Center
NSS Network Station Subsystem
VLR Visitor Location Register
HLR Home Location Register
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
LAPDm Link Access Procedures on the D channel
ETSI The European Telecommunications Standards Institute
RR Radio Resources
MM Mobile Management
CC Call Control
TCH Traffic Channel
RACH Random Access Channel
vi
SDCCH Standalone Dedicated Control Channel
TS Time Slot
HT Holding Time
CPH Calls per Hour
GUI Graphical User Interface
BP Blocking Probability
BCH Broadcast Channel
CCCH Common Control Channel
ACCH Associated Control Channel
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
LAC Location Update Center
MNC Mobile Network Code
FCCH Frequency Correction Channel
SCH Synchronization Channel
BSIC Base Station Identity Code
CBCH Cell Broadcast Channel
PCH Paging Channel
AGCH Access Grant Channel
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel
FACCH Fast Associated Control Channel
SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel
MOC Mobile Originating Call
MTC Mobile Terminating Call
vii
Acknowledgment
First and foremost we would like to thank Almighty God for reasons too numerous to
mention. Since God is the source of strength.
It is also our privilege to express our sincerest regards to our project supervisor
Professor Dr. Magdi Fikri for his valuable opinions, guidance, support and belief in our
capabilities.
We would like also to express our deepest thanks to all those have been there for us,
Prof .Dr. Hazem Tawfik (Faculty member of Cairo University) and Dr. Islam Ishra (Faculty
member of Cairo University).
Eng. Osama Mohammed Riad (Research Assistant and Faculty member in Cairo University),
Eng. Mohammed Hegazy (Research Assistant and Faculty member in Cairo University).
Last but not Least, we would like to thank our families as we owe our parents their support and
love.
viii
Abstract
In this book we are going to propose OpenBTS-based mobile network design for rural
areas and oasis road.
The problem here is that these 2 cases suffer from very low capacity, so there is no motive for
mobile operators to cover these areas as there is no efficient cost-benefit relationship (very high
cost to build a tower vs. very low benefit due to low capacity).
OpenBTS provides the solution to this issue. OpenBTS is considered as the minimum cost as we
can install the network at about 1/10 of the cost of current technologies, so by dividing the large
area required to be covered by a single tower to smaller areas (each covered by an OpenBTS
node) and connecting theses nodes so that we can cover the whole area with a much lower cost.
Another problem was how we can connect these nodes without internet connection (it’s expected
that there is no good internet connection in the rural areas nor the oasis road).
Here comes our main contribution to solve the intra-cell connection problem.
Simply we suggest making use of the low expected capacity of the system to make RF-links
between the serving nodes.
1. Network design and system modeling (this topic is covered by chapter two) including:
2. Required Modifications in the signaling messages to implement the suggested system (this
topic is covered by chapter 3).
ix
Chapter 1 Introduction to OpenBTS
Although much has been discussed in recent years, a good definition of software radio is
difficult to generate. This is largely due to the flexibility that software defined radios
offer, allowing them to take on many different forms that can be changed to suite the
need at hand, but we can say that software defined radio is:
"Radio in which some or all of the physical layer functions are software defined"
In other words, Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a radio communication technology that
is based on Software defined wireless communication protocols instead of hardwired
implementations. Frequency band, air interface protocol and functionality can be
upgraded with software download and update instead of a complete hardware
replacement.
Traditional hardware based radio devices limit cross-functionality and can only be
modified through physical intervention. This physical intervention results in higher
production costs and minimal flexibility in supporting multiple standards.
By contrast, SDR technology provides an efficient and comparatively inexpensive
solution to this problem, allowing multi-mode, multi-band and/or multi-functional
wireless devices that can be enhanced using software upgrades.
The term "Software Defined Radio" was coined in 1991 by Joseph Mitola, who
published the first paper on the topic in 1992. Though the concept was first proposed in
1991, software-defined radios have their origins in the defense sector since the late 1970s
in both the U.S. and Europe. One of the first public software radio initiatives was a
U.S. military project named SpeakEasy. The primary goal of the SpeakEasy project was
to use programmable processing to emulate more than 10 existing military radios,
operating in frequency bands between 2 MHz and 2 GHz. Further, another design goal
was to be able to easily incorporate new coding and modulation standards in the future.
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Introduction to OpenBTS Chapter 1
1.1.3 Architecture
The software defined radio (SDR) contains a number of basic functional blocks.
The radio can be split into basic blocks, namely the front end, the IF section and the base
band section as shown below. Each of the sections undertakes different types of
functions.
The front end section uses analog RF circuit (Daughrboard) and it is responsible for
receiving and transmitting the signal at the operational frequency. It also changes the
signal to or from the intermediate frequency through up or down conversion.
The IF section performs the digital to and from analog conversions through (ADC/DAC).
It also contains the processing (FPGA) that undertakes what may be thought of as the
traditional radio processing elements, including filtering, modulation and demodulation
and any other signal processing that may be required.
The Digital Up Converter (DUC), where the received signal from base band processor is
modulated and conditioned as required.
The Digital Down Converter (DDC), where the signal is processed and demodulated to
provide the baseband signal for the baseband processor.
The final stage of the radio is the baseband processor (PC Processor).
It is so obvious that the complexity level has been transferred to the PC part where the
code is written to perform baseband processing.
An ideal transmitter would be similar. A digital signal processor would generate a stream
of numbers. These would be sent to a digital-to-analog converter connected to a radio
antenna.
The ideal scheme is not completely realizable due to the actual limits of the technology.
The main problem in both directions is the difficulty of conversion between the digital
and the analog domains at a high enough rate and a high enough accuracy at the same
time.
SDR has the ability to receive and transmit various modulation methods using the same
set of hardware. The ability to alter functionality by downloading and running new
software as well as the possibility of adaptively choosing an operating frequency and a
mode best suited for prevailing conditions.
In other word SDR solves the two main challenges for a wireless system, which are
compatibility and spectrum usage.
SDR enables the implementation of a family of radio products using a common platform
architecture allowing the prototyping and so faster introduction of new products and the
development costs will be dramatically low.
Also the use of SDR would allow bug fixing over the air or other remote reprogramming
thus reducing both time and cost associated with operation and maintenance.
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Introduction to OpenBTS Chapter 1
New features and capabilities could be added without requiring major modifications to
the hardware as the old hardware could be used with simple modifications to the software
to upgrade the whole system to work with the new features and services
significantly reducing logistical support and operating expenditures.
A Software Defined Radio can easily be many different kinds of radio, often several
different types at once. SDR has the potential to be a revolutionary technology that will
dramatically impact the wireless technology industry.
1.2 USRP
1.2.1 What is USRP?
The Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) is a computer-hosted software
radios, developed by Matt Ettus and his team at the Ettus Research LLC.
The USRP is designed to allow general purpose computers to function as high bandwidth
software radios. In essence, it serves as a digital baseband and IF section of a radio
communication system.
In addition, it has a well-defined electrical and mechanical interface to RF front-ends
(daughterboards) which can translate between that IF or baseband and the RF bands of
interest.
The USRP does all of the waveform specific processing on the host CPU like
All of the high speed general purpose operations are done on the FPGA like
1.2.2 UHD
UHD is the "Universal Software Radio Peripheral" (USRP) Hardware Driver is the
device driver provided by Ettus Research for use with the USRP product family. It works
on all major platforms Linux, Windows, and Mac
The goal of UHD is to provide a host driver and API for current and future Ettus
Research products. Users will be able to use the UHD driver standalone or with third-
party applications such as:
GNU Radio.
LabVIEW.
MATLAB.
OpenBTS.
5
Introduction to OpenBTS Chapter 1
Motherboard
These are the basic components that are required for baseband processing of signals.
Doughterboard
Cypress FX2
The Cypress FX2 interfaces between the FPGA and a USB 2.0 port. The USRP
connects to a USB port on the host computer where modulation and demodulation is
performed.
The letter B is for Bus as the B100 USRP belongs to the Bus Series which use a USB 2.0
interface to transfer samples to and from the host computer. These are recommended for
applications that do not require the higher bandwidth and dynamic range.
7
Introduction to OpenBTS Chapter 1
1.3 OpenBTS
OpenBTS is an open-source UNIX application that uses the Universal Software Radio
Peripheral (USRP) to present a GSM air interface ("Um") to standard GSM handset and
uses the Asterisk® software PBX to connect calls. The combination of the ubiquitous
GSM air interface with VoIP backhaul could form the basis of a new type of cellular
network that could be deployed and operated at substantially lower cost than existing
technologies in Greenfields in the developing world.
History
David Burgess and HarvindSamra the founders of Kestrel Signal Processing are the ones
who developed the code its very beginning in August of 2007, they believe that they
could re-use the GSM handsets and its basic infrastructure to address the last remaining
market, which is the three billion poorest people on Earth, who will not get telephone
service otherwise. They will not get telephone service at $6 a month because they simply
cannot afford it and so they would like to offer it in the range of $1 a month. The end
product of this application is a complete network that supports a full GSM network
enabling complete telephone calls, sending and receiving text messages, having a
mailbox, transferring data (on upgrading to GPRS or EDGE) and it could even be
connected to the local phone network and so could make external calls using the local
phone network.
9
Introduction to OpenBTS Chapter 1
GSM operate in the 900MHz band, Uplink band from 890 to 915 MHz and downlink band
from 935 to 960 MHz ,the two bands are generally separated by 45MHz.
GSM uses GMSK “Gaussian Minimum Shift Key” with a 270.833 kHz symbol rate.
The channel is time-domain multiplexed into 8 timeslots, each with a duration of 156.25
symbol periods.
The MS consists of two parts, the Mobile Equipment (ME) and an electronic smart card
called a Subscriber Identity module (SIM).
The ME is the hardware used by the subscriber to access the network. The hardware has an
identity number associated with it, which is unique for that particular device and permanently
stored in it. This identity number is called the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
and enables the network operator to identify mobile equipment which may be causing problems
on the system.
The SIM is a card which plugs into the ME. This card identifies the MS subscriber and also
provides other information regarding the service that subscriber should receive.
The GSM Base Station System is the equipment located at a cell site. It comprises a
combination of digital and RF equipment. The BSS provides the link between the MS and the
MSC.
The BSS communicates with the MS over the digital air interface and with the MSC via 2 Mbit/s
links.
11
Introduction to OpenBTS Chapter 1
The BTS contains the RF components that provide the air interface for a
particular cell. This is the part of the GSM network which communicates with the MS.
The antenna is included as part of the BTS.
The BSC as its name implies provides the control for the BSS. The BSC
communicates directly with the MSC. The BSC may control single or multiple BTSs.
The Network Switching System includes the main switching functions of the GSM
network. It also contains the databases required for subscriber data and mobility management.
Its main function is to manage communications between the GSM network and other
telecommunications networks.
The MSC is included in the GSM system for call-switching. Its overall purpose is
the same as that of any telephone exchange.
However, because of the additional complications involved in the control and security
aspects of the GSM cellular system and the wide range of subscriber facilities that it
offers, the MSC has to be capable of fulfilling many additional functions.
The MSC will carry out several different functions depending upon its position in the
network. When the MSC provides the interface between the PSTN and the BSSs in the
GSM network it will be known as a Gateway MSC. In this position it will provide the
switching required for all MS originated or terminated traffic.
Each MSC provides service to MSs located within a defined geographic coverage area,
the network typically contains more than one MSC. One MSC is capable of supporting a
regional capital with approximately one million inhabitants. An MSC of this size will be
contained in about half a dozen racks.
-- Call Processing
-- Internetwork Interworking
-- Billing
The parameters stored in the HLR are listed opposite: The HLR database contains the
master database of all the subscribers to a GSM PLMN.
13
Introduction to OpenBTS Chapter 1
The data it contains is remotely accessed by all the MSCs and the VLRs in the network
and, although the network may contain more than one HLR, there is only one database
record per subscriber – each HLR is therefore handling a portion of the total subscriber
database. The subscriber data may be accessed by either the IMSI or the MSISDN
number. The data can also be accessed by an MSC or a VLR in a different PLMN, to
allow inter-system and inter-country roaming.
The VLR contains a copy of most of the data stored at the HLR. It is, however,
temporary data which exists for only as long as the subscriber is “active” in the particular
area covered by the VLR. The VLR database will therefore contain some duplicate data
as well as more precise data relevant to the subscriber remaining within the VLR
coverage.
The VLR provides a local database for the subscribers wherever they are physically
located within a PLMN, this may or may not be the “home” system. This function
eliminates the need for excessive and time-consuming references to the “home” HLR
database.
2. OpenBTS software code which generates with UHD an air interface that to a cell
phone, looks just like any other GSM cellular network.
On the network side, it’s an Asterisk server (VoIP), used to connect calls.
OpenBTS software code plays the role of MSC/VLR in processing all the calls incoming
to, or originating from subscribers visiting the given switch area.
Using openBTS source code only creates a beacon signal such that openBTS network is
created and a phone can register to this network But, cannot make a phone call with
another registered phone except when asterisk is installed and configured in this system
as Asterisk plays the role of HLR in the traditional GSM network which is the main
database of permanent subscriber information for a mobile network (i.e.: it stores an
IMSI for each subscriber, authentication key ,subscriber status and the current location).
Also, OpenBTS allow bug fixing over the air or other remote reprogramming thus reducing both
time and cost associated with operation and maintenance.
OpenBTS solves one of the toughest challenges for the Mobile Communication systems, which
is the compatibility, as now it's about upgrading the software which is not comparable with
Hardware replacement cost.
2) USRP (B100).
4) Two antennas covering GSM range (one for TX and one for RX).
15
Introduction to OpenBTS Chapter 1
Transceiver.
GSM Stack .
Control.
SIP Switch.
Transceiver Module
The Transceiver is responsible for transmitting and receiving samples to and from the
USRP, also it passes these samples in the form of raw bits to the GSM stack in case of
reception or receives them from the GSM stack in case of transmission.
It interfaces with the GSM stack through UDP socket, and with the USRP through USB 2.0.
GSM Module
The GSM module implements the GSM stack above the radio modem, it implements the
three layers found In the ETSI standards.
The interface between the control and the GSM layers is the L3 messages sent between them.
Control Module
SIP Module
OpenBTS uses a SIP switch or PBX to perform the call control functions that would
normally be performed by the mobile switching center in a conventional GSM network,
although in most network configurations. This switching function is distributed over multiple
switches. These switches also provide transcoding services.
1. Radio bursts arrive at the USRP and are digitized. The resulting samples are
transferred to the transceiver software in the host CPU in time-tagged USB packets, using
the standard USRP interface.
2. The transceiver syncs the USRP timetags with the GSM master clock, isolates each
radioburst and demodulates it into a vector of symbol likelihoods (“soft symbols”).
3. The soft symbol vector for each radio burst is timetagged with the GSM frame clock
and transferred to the GSM stack via a datagram interface.
4. In the GSM stack, the TDM sublayer (of L1) demultiplexes each bust according to its
timetag and sends it to the appropriate logical channel.
5. The logical channel passes each burst into its L1 FEC processor which provides bit-
error concealment and recovery
17
Introduction to OpenBTS Chapter 1
6. The L1 FEC processor performs the FEC decoding. The output is a sequence of L2
frames taken by the logical channel and sent up to an L2 processor.
7. The L2 processor runs the LAPDm state machine that performs acknowledgments,
retransmissions and segmentation. When an incoming L3 frame has been verified and
assembled, it is placed into a queue for consumption by L3.
8. In L3, a dispatch function determines the message protocol and type and calls the
appropriate control function to deserialize the message and act on its content, generally
producing an L3 response on the downlink. These control functions also interact with the
outside world via SIP and other protocols.
2. The L2 processor breaks the L2 frame into segments, wraps each segment in an L2
frame. Each L2 frame is sent down to L1 according to the LAPDm state machine
LAPDm may also generate additional L2 frames on its own according to its
acknowledgment and retransmission rules.
3. The L1 FEC processor encodes each L2 frame, generating four outgoing radio bursts.
Each radio burst is timetagged with its intended transmission time.These bursts are
passed on to the TDM interface.
4. The downstream TDM sublayer is just a mutex-controlled socket interface where the
radio bursts from L1 are reformatted into messages on the transceiver’s datagram
interface.
5. Upon arriving in the transceiver, the outgoing radio bursts are sorted into a priority
queue according to transmission time. Bursts are pulled from the queue as they become
ready for transmission and the modulated. The modulated waveform samples are sent to
the USRP over the standard timetagged USB interface. If no burst is ready for
transmission at a given time the transceiver generates an appropriate filling sequence.
6. In the USRP the samples are converted to an analog waveform for transmission over
the radio channel.
19
Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
And to serve a call we have to make sure that the required resources are available:
Then set of flags represents either the required resources are available or not
Finally for each call the set of flags should be as in the following table to be served
otherwise it will be blocked
From the previous analysis it's clear that we have 3 sources of blocking
21
Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
Notes:-
Figure 16 – Beacon V C0 T0
2- There is no need to include all signaling done during call setup and different msg.'s
exchanged between the MS and BTS in the simulation due to 2 reasons:
i- We are interested only with the sources of blocking which could be due to
a) Lack of SDCCH
b) Collision at the same RACH (source is negligible compared to the 1st one).
ii- To simulate the call setup in detailed it's a very hard job in the code and as
illustrated in point (1), it's not helpful. So, the point of interest here is SDCCH and
how long it is occupied during the call setup and after searching we found that
average holding time for SDCCH during call setup is 3 sec.
3- The first 3 channels of the master frequency are reserved to pass signaling of the 3-cells
in both ways (uplink and downlink).
o For the master frequency we have 3 signaling channels and N-3 traffic channels.
o For the rest 3-cells we have 1-signalling channel and N-1 traffic channels.
Example:
23
Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
Rural model 1:
d = 10 Km.
Hb = 10m.
Hm = 10m.
F=900 Mhz.
&
a(Hm) = (1.1 log(f) – 0.7) min{10, Hm } – (1.56 log(f) – 0.8) + max{0, 20log(Hm/10)}
b(Hb) = (1.1 log(f) – 0.7) min{10, Hb } – (1.56 log(f) – 0.8) + max{0, 20log(Hb/10)}
b(Hb) = 21.688
α = 1 , d ≤ 20 Km
d = 5 Km.
Hb = 10m.
Hm = 10m.
F=900 Mhz.
&
a(Hm) = (1.1 log(f) – 0.7) min{10, Hm } – (1.56 log(f) – 0.8) + max{0, 20log(Hm/10)}
b(Hb) = (1.1 log(f) – 0.7) min{10, Hb } – (1.56 log(f) – 0.8) + max{0, 20log(Hb/10)}
b(Hb) = 21.688
α = 1 , d ≤ 20 Km
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Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
d = 5 Km.
Hb = 10m.
Hm = 1.5m.
F=900 Mhz.
&
&
a(Hm) = (1.1 log(f) – 0.7) min{10, Hm } – (1.56 log(f) – 0.8) + max{0, 20log(Hm/10)}
b(Hb) = (1.1 log(f) – 0.7) min{10, Hb } – (1.56 log(f) – 0.8) + max{0, 20log(Hb/10)}
b(Hb) = 21.688
α = 1 , d ≤ 20 Km
Model Number Cell type Coverage Mobile station Path loss value
distance height Lrqo (dB)
27
Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
-- Oasis_Model_1:-
Assuming:
1- There are 7cells, each of radius 5Km, with 7 serving frequencies and there are 6
interconnecting frequencies between 7 cells that used by repeaters.
2- There are 6 interconnecting frequencies between the 7 cells that used by repeaters.
3- Master cell in the middle of the road which is connected to the gateway.
Notes:
1- For simplicity we assumed that the position of the originating mobile on the road is fixed
along the call (No Hand-Off in this model).
The terminating mobile is outside the coverage of 70 km in this
model.
Place of
the caller
Scenario Explanation:-
Let’s assume that the originating hand set in cell no. “2” and the terminating hand set outside this
system:-
So,
1- At the Serving cell one time slot from frequency “F2” should be reserved for the holding
time of the call.
2- The call should go out this system through the gate-way.
3- For the Repeating USRPs one time slot should be reserved from “F_Rep.2 & F_Rep.3”
during the call.
4- After finishing the call, the system should release all reserved resources.
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Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
31
Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
-- Oasis_Model 2:-
Assuming that the originating handset is moving with a certain speed so, hand over will be
presented in this model.
Scenario Explanation:-
Let’s assume that the originating vehicular handset in cell no. “2”, the hold time for the call is
130 sec. and the terminating hand set outside this system.
So,
1- The position of the car is in cell no. “2” so, the Serving cell should allocate one time
slot from “F2”.
2- For the Repeating USRPs one time slot should be reserved from“F_Rep.2 &
F_Rep.3”.
3- If the car moved from cell 2 to cell 3 the network should search for a free time slot at
“F3” then reserve it and release the reserved time slots from “F2 & F_Rep.2” then the
Hand over was succeeded otherwise the call would be dropped.
4- If the car moved from cell 3 to cell 4 the network should search for a free time slot at
“F4” then reserve it and release the reserved time slots from“F3& F_Rep.3” then the
Hand over was succeeded otherwise the call would be dropped.
5- If the car moved from cell 4 to cell 5 the network should search for a free time slot at
“F5 & F_Rep.4” then reserve them and release “F4” thenthe Hand over was
succeeded otherwise the call would be dropped.
6- After finishing the call, the system should release all reserved resources.
Notes:
...If the car is approaching master it releases repeating resources allocated for it.
... If the car is leaving master it acquires more repeating resources to be allocated.
... If the car is served directly by master it doesn’t need any repeating resources.
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Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
35
Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
If we assumed that the Originating vehicular handset in cell no. “1” and it will finish the call at
cell no. “7”:-
The following figure shows the assignment of the available resources between the cells in the
system.
Oasis_Model_3:-
Assuming that each cell has only one USRP to serve calls under its coverage as well as repeating
traffic and signaling to the next cell
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Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
Scenario Explanation: -
If the system dedicates 3 time slots for serving calls in each cell/frequency and another 4 time
slots for repeating calls to the master cell and the first time slot is reserved for signaling:
S: Serving.
R: Repeating.
Also, if the originating vehicular hand set passes through cell no. 1 and 2 during the call, so:
1- The hand set will make the signaling with the network at “TS 0”of freq. 1 assuming
combination V is used.
2- The USRP at the originating cell will repeat the signaling to reach the master cell.
3- The USRP at the originating cell will be in serving mode and a time slot should be
reserved at “F1” until hand over will occur.
4- Then the USRP will switch to repeating mode and a time slot should be reserved at
“F1_Rep” taking into consideration that having 3 Time slots offset between the
serving TS and the repeating TS “Uplink &Downlink “until hand over will occur.
5- After hand over between 1st cell and the 2nd cell, the system should release the
reserved time slots at “F1 & F1_Rep” and the same procedure will be followed.
6- After finishing the call, the system should release all reserved resources.
Notes:
As this system uses combination V, so it has 4 groups of SDCCH at each frame.
There are 4 groups of SDCCH specified for serving and 4 groups of SDCCH specified for
repeating.
39
Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
The resulting graph shows a blocking probability for each HT that has a limit of Calls/Hour:
Note: The Blocking probability calculated from the simulation under low values of HT was
approximately equal to 0% so, we used high values of HT to have prober values of blockage.
41
Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
Note:The Blocking probability calculated from the simulation under low values of HT was
approximately equal to 0% so, we used high values of HT to have prober values of blockage.
The resulting graph shows a blocking probability for each HT that has a limit of Calls/Hour:
Note: The Blocking probability calculated from the simulation under low values of HT was
approximately equal to 0% so, we used high values of HT to have prober values of blockage.
43
Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
The resulting graph shows a blocking probability for each HT that has a limit of Calls/Hour:
Note: the largest number of served calls per hour at 1 TS dedicated for serving and 6 TSs
dedicated for repeating traffic to the master cell, as there is a low probability to have many
calls in the same cell at the same time.
45
Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
d = 10 Km.
Hb = 10m.
Hm = 10m.
F=900 Mhz.
&
a(Hm) = (1.1 log(f) – 0.7) min{10, Hm } – (1.56 log(f) – 0.8) + max{0, 20log(Hm/10)}
b(Hb) = (1.1 log(f) – 0.7) min{10, Hb } – (1.56 log(f) – 0.8) + max{0, 20log(Hb/10)}
b(Hb) = 21.688
α = 1 , d ≤ 20 Km
d = 5 Km.
Hb = 10m.
Hm = 1.5m.
F=900 Mhz.
&
&
a(Hm) = (1.1 log(f) – 0.7) min{10, Hm } – (1.56 log(f) – 0.8) + max{0, 20log(Hm/10)}
b(Hb) = (1.1 log(f) – 0.7) min{10, Hb } – (1.56 log(f) – 0.8) + max{0, 20log(Hb/10)}
b(Hb) = 21.688
α = 1 , d ≤ 20 Km
47
Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
Oasis model 3
d = 10 Km.
Hb = 10m.
Hm = 1.5m.
F=900 Mhz.
&
&
a(Hm) = (1.1 log(f) – 0.7) min{10, Hm } – (1.56 log(f) – 0.8) + max{0, 20log(Hm/10)}
b(Hb) = (1.1 log(f) – 0.7) min{10, Hb } – (1.56 log(f) – 0.8) + max{0, 20log(Hb/10)}
b(Hb) = 21.688
α = 1 , d ≤ 20 Km
Model Number Cell type Coverage Mobile station Path loss value
distance height Lrqo (dB)
49
Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
LNA
Using the Mini-Circuits ZRL-1150LN. It is readily available and is very reasonably priced, given
its specifications:
685-1000 MHz
31 dB gain
1 dB compression at 24 dBm
<1 dB noise figure
+10 - +17 VDC supply
$120
PA
The Downeast Microwave 3340PA is a good candidate:
30 dB gain
46 dB IP1 output
13.5 VCD supply
$235
The 3340PA will require a 15 VCD Zener diode on its power supply terminals to protect from
over-voltage damage.
Duplexer
The candidate duplexer is the Anatech Microwave AD836-881D200:
824-849 MHz, 869-894 MHz
70 dB isolation
<1 dB insertion loss
$360
Antenna
The candidate antenna is the Hyperlink HG913P-120:
860-960 MHz (should work well enough at 825 MHz, though)
13 dBi (de-rate to 10 dBi for 825 MHz, worst case)
120-deg x 15-deg beam
$200
51
Network design & System modeling Chapter 2
The additional 3 dB of antenna gain may add 40% to the coverage range.
“900 MHz Sectorized Antenna Array with three 120° Sectorial Antennas”
53
Signaling between GSM and OpenBTS Chapter 3
Synchronization Channel (SCH) - DOWNLINK - This channel is used by the MS to learn the
Base Station Information Code (BSIC) as well as the TDMA frame number (FN). This lets the
MS know what TDMA frame they are on within the hyper frame.
Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH) - DOWNLINK - This channel is not truly its own type of
logical channel. The CBCH is for point-to-Omni point messages. It is used to broadcast specific
information to network subscribers; such as weather, traffic, sports, stocks, etc. Messages can be
of any nature depending on what service is provided. Messages are normally public service type
messages or announcements. The CBCH isn't allocated a slot for itself, it is assigned to an
SDCCH. It only occurs on the downlink. The CBCH usually occupies the second sub-slot of the
SDCCH. The mobile will not acknowledge any of the messages.
Paging Channel (PCH) - DOWNLINK - This channel is used to inform the MS that it has
incoming traffic. The traffic could be a voice call, SMS, or some other form of traffic.
Random Access Channel (RACH) - UPLINK This channel is used by a MS to request an initial
dedicated channel from the BTS. This would be the first transmission made by a MS to access
the network and request radio resources. The MS sends an Access Burst on this channel in order
to request access.
Access Grant Channel (AGCH) - DOWNLINK - This channel is used by a BTS to notify the
MS of the assignment of an initial SDCCH for initial signaling.
Note : The underlined logical channels are used in the scenario of Mobile Originated Call Setup.
4. Location Updating
5. Handover
The following is an detailed overview of the first signaling scenario (Mobile Originated Call
Setup) showing the sequence of:
55
Signaling between GSM and OpenBTS Chapter 3
8. Once the called party answers the phone, the PSTN will
Figure 33 - Traditional GSM signaling
send an Answer message to the MSC. The MSC forwards this to the MS in a Connection
(CONNECT) message.
57
Signaling between GSM and OpenBTS Chapter 3
1. The MS sends a Channel Request (CHAN_REQ) message on the RACH of the local BTS
Beacon.
2. The local BTS responds with a radio resource assignment (IMM_ASS_CMD) on the AGCH
of local BTS Beacon.
3. The MS sends a Service Request (CM_SERV_REQ) message to the local BTS on the
SDCCH.
Note : Local BTS has no established connection with Master BTS yet , so it starts to setup a
connection to be able to forward the coming messages from MS to Master BTS and vice versa.
4. Local BTS sends a Channel Request (CHAN_REQ) message on the RACH of the Master BTS
Beacon.
5. The Master BTS responds with a radio resource assignment (IMM_ASS_CMD) on the AGCH
of the Master BTS Beacon.
6. The Local BTS forwards the Service Request (CM_SERV_REQ) message to the Master BTS
on the SDCCH of the Master BTS Beacon.
7. The MS then sends a Call Setup (SETUP) message to the local BTS which forwards it to the
Master BTS. The message includes the address information (MSISDN) of the called party.
8. The Mater BTS assigns a TCH to the MS by sending an Assignment Command (ASS_CMD)
message to the Local BTS which forwards it to the MS. This message includes which
Transceiver (TRX) and which Time Slot (TS) to use.
9. The MS immediately switches to the assigned TCH. The MS sends an Assignment Complete
(ASS_COM) message back to the Master BTS on the FACCH through the Local BTS.
10. The Master BTS sends an ALERT message on the FACCH to the MS through the Local BTS
indicating that the call is going through. Once the MS receives the ALERT, it will generate the
ringing sound in the earpiece. The Master BTS sends an alerting message the subscriber will hear
the line ringing.
11. Once the called party answers the phone, the PSTN will send an Answer message to the
Master BTS. The MSC forwards this to the MS in a Connection (CONNECT) message through
the Local BTS.
12. Once the MS receives the CONNECT message, it replies by Connection Acknowledge
(CONN ACK) message, then switches over to voice and begins the call. All voice traffic occurs
on the assigned TCH.
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Signaling between GSM and OpenBTS Chapter 3
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Signaling between GSM and OpenBTS Chapter 3
MNCC_SETUP_REQ
Request to send a SETUP or EMERGENCY SETUP message to initiate Mobile originating establishment of either a
normal or an emergency call.
MMCC_EST_REQ
Request used by CC, SS and SMS respectively, to request establishment of a MM connection.
RR-EST-REQ
Is used by the Mobility Management entity to request establishment of a Mobile originated RR
connection. The request shall be given only in the IDLE state when the Mobile Station listens to the CCCH and
the previously selected BCCH
RR_EST_CNF
Is used by RR to indicate the successful completion of a Mobile originated RR connection establishment. RR
connection exists andRR is in the dedicated mode
MMCC_EST_CNF
Successful confirmation of the MM connection establishment by the MM sub-layer to be given
to the appropriate entity which has requested the service
MMCC_EST_IND (SETUP)
Indication to CC, SS or SMS that a Mobile originated MM connection has been established and
the first message has been received from the respective peer entity .
MNCC_SETUP_IND
Receipt of a SETUP message, the Mobile originated call establishment has been initiated.
MNCC_CALL_PROC_REQ
Request to send a CALL PROCEEDING message to indicate to the Mobile originating user that
call establishment has been initiated in the Network and no more call establishment information will be accepted
MNCC_CALL_PROC_IND
Indication to the Mobile originating userthat call establishment has been initiated in the Network
and no more call establishment information will be accepted by the Network.
MNCC_ALERT_REQ
Request to send an ALERTING message from the called Mobile user to the remote calling user
to indicate that user alerting has been initiated
MNCC_ALERT_IND
Indication of the receipt of an ALERTING message, alerting to the remote called user has been
initiated
MNCC_SETUP_RSP
Response to send a CONNECT message to indicate call acceptance by the remote user
MNCC_SETUP_CNF
Receipt of a CONNECT message, the Mobile originated call has been accepted
MNCC_SETUP_COMPL_IND
Indication of the receipt of a CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE message, the Mobile originating call establishment
has been completed
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Conclusion Chapter 4
4.1 Conclusion
This project introduced a solution to the problem of uncovered areas by mobile networks.
It produces a low cost design for an Open-BTS based mobile network for rural areas and oasis
road.
1- For rural areas we proposed a network design that consists of a group of USRP's that
covers the required area which is roughly more than ( 200 km^2). These nodes should be
connected with RF links making use of the low capacity of the system, however it's
expected to add some blocking, so we modeled the system with a MATLAB code to get
the blocking probability and the supported capacity of the system. The results was
satisfying to great extent as the system can support up to hundreds of calls per hour in a
small area assuming average holding time for calls of about 90 seconds, with average
cost of 23,120 $.
2- For oasis road we also proposed a detailed design for the network including number of
nodes required to cover the whole 70 km road. We also modeled the system using
MATLAB and got an over-satisfying results compared to the very low expected capacity.
The system can support tens of calls per hour assuming big average holding time of more
than 5 minutes, with average cost of 37,530 $.
3- Balancing the Up/Downlink power budgets choosing the suitable propagation models
according to the antenna heights and the required coverage area for both rural areas and
oasis road and determining the suitable RF chain components.
In this project we were responsible for the network designing for a low cost equipment
specified for a dedicated coverage area and towers height and after simulating the different
models of the network and having a prober values of blockage, we see that this project a good
inexpensive solution for the telecommunications companies but we have many obstacles to have
a working prototype.
(b) The synchronization in switching between serving and repeating modes at the
USRP.
(c) Further research in L3 messages sequence for all of the 5 signaling scenarios.
Implement this Scenario in the OpenBTS code, and be able to make a call
between two MS under different USRPs.
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Appendices Chapter 5
Chapter 5 - Appendices
automake
autoconf
Swig
G++
libtool
python-dev
libfftw3-dev
libcppunit-dev
libboost-dev
libusb-dev
fort77Libsdl1.2dev
python-wxgtk2.8
git-core
cmake
guile-1.8-dev
libqt4-dev
python-numpy
ccache
python-opengl
libgsl0-dev
python-cheetah
python-lxml
doxygen
qt4-dev-tool
libqwt5-qt4-dev
pyqt4-dev-tools
python-qwt5-qt4
wget
python-doculites
gtk2-engines-pixbuf
Python –tk
Libasound2-dev
Python -gtk2
To open the synaptic package manger press WINDOWS button on the key board and write
synaptic in search tap as shown
- Search for the above dependencies from the "Quick search" box, mark them for installation
then press the "Apply" button.
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Appendices Chapter 5
After installing all dependencies and updates you are ready now to build UHD
This command will download the latest version of UHD it will take several minutes
"cd uhd/host"
"mkdir build"
"cd build"
This command check that all libraries and dependencies needed for UHD installation are already
on your computer , you have to ensure that your USRP is enabled .
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Appendices Chapter 5
If any library is missing this will make an error and the following message will appear
"make"
"make test"
71
Appendices Chapter 5
8- You have to get the UHD images and put them in the UHD folder and in any place you run
from it "e.g. in apps/trunk/openbts/puplic "
to download UHD images http://files.ettus.com/binaries/master_images/
"uhd_find_devices"
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Appendices Chapter 5
At first, download OpenBTS P2.8 public Release on your Desktop from terminal by typing this
command
svn co http://wush.net/svn/range/software/public
Then, you have to install some libraries before configuring OpenBTS, from terminal type this
command
You are now ready to build OpenBTS, just follow the following steps
Building OpenBTS
autoreconf -i
./configure --disable-option-checking --with-uhd
make
With the build resolved, you'll need to build and link the transceiver appropriate for your
hardware.
cd Transceiver52M
make
cd ../apps
ln -s ../Transceiver52M/transceiver .
When you run make command nothing will be done as it was included in the previous
make.
Configuring OpenBTS
With OpenBTS built, you now need to configure it to run correctly. You must create the data
base file OpenBTS.db.
OpenBTS.db
OpenBTS.db is the database store for all OpenBTS configuration. It must be installed at
/etc/OpenBTS, which likely does not exist. So, to create this file type in terminal
.quit
OpenBTS depends on the installation of Sipauthserver; the SIP authorization server. You'll need
to build and install it before running OpenBTS.
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Appendices Chapter 5
Subscriber Registry
To setup subscriber registry data base, run the following commands in terminal
cd subscriberRegistry/trunk/configFiles/
sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/asterisk/sqlite3dir
sudo sqlite3 -init subscriberRegistryInit.sql /var/lib/asterisk/sqlite3dir/sqlite3.db
Sipauthserve
To build Sipauthserve:
cd subscriberRegistry/trunk
make
Running OpenBTS
With sipauthserve installed, you can run OpenBTS. To do so, open three separate terminal
windows (or tabs) and enter the following commands:
sudo ./sipauthserve
cd apps
sudo ./OpenBTS
In this part you may face a problem; the transceiver is always running in the background, so you
have to shut it down by typing in terminal
ps –e
sudo kill (transceiver)
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Appendices Chapter 5
cd apps
sudo ./OpenBTSCLI
In the OpenBTSCLI terminal, you should see a splash screen describing the project,
OpenBTS>
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Appendices Chapter 5
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Appendices Chapter 5
Notes: -
The Hata model and COST 231-Hata Model are not suitable as the minimum base station
height is 30 meters and in our case it is at 10 meters.
The COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami Model [7] is not suitable as the maximum mobile height
is 3 meters and in our case the mobile (repeater) is at 10 meters.
Mathematical formulation
The Lee Model for point to point mode is formally expressed as:
Where,
L = The median path loss. Unit: decibel (dB)
L0 = The reference path loss along 1 km. Unit: decibel (dB)
= The slope of the path loss curve. Unit: decibels per decade
d = The distance on which the path loss is to be calculated. Unit: kilometer (km)
FA = Adjustment factor.
HET = Effective height of terrain. Unit: meter(m)
Where,
GB = Base station antenna gain. Unit: Decibel with respect to isotropic antenna (dBi)
= Wavelength. Unit: meter (m).
GM = Mobile station antenna gain. Unit: decibel with respect to isotropic antenna (dBi).
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Appendices Chapter 5
Where,
FBH = Base station antenna height correction factor.
FBG = Base station antenna gain correction factor.
FMH = Mobile station antenna height correction factor.
FMG = Mobile station antenna gain correction factor.
FF = Frequency correction factor.
Where,
hB = Base station antenna height. Unit: meter.
Where,
GB = Base station antenna gain. Unit: decibel with respect to half wave dipole (dBd)
Where,
hM = Mobile station antenna height. Unit: meter.
Where,
GM = Mobile station antenna gain. Unit: Decibel with respect to half wave dipole antenna
(dBd).
The frequency correction factor
Where,
f = Frequency. Unit: megahertz (MHz)
Note: - it is a suitable model but it is not generalized and it has a lot of parameters that unknown.
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Appendices Chapter 5
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Appendices Chapter 5
Note: - the most suitable propagation model is the modified Hata model and we used
it in our calculations.
After computing the Path Loss factor we will calculate the UpLink and
DownLink power budgets.
Note: The objective of power budget calculation s to balance the uplink and down link.
The receive signal sensitivity may be different because the mobile station and the base
transceiver station has different Radio frequency architecture. The power of BTS can be adjusted
to balance the whole link. The power balance (uplink and down link) decide the cell range.
-- The condition i.e the uplink > down link, is better than uplink < down link.
Where:
Rs � MS Sensitivity.
LP = Propagation loss + 3 dB antenna (body loss).
ID = Interference degradation margin.
LS = Log normal shadowing margin for 90% coverage area.
LCC = MS antenna cable and connector loss.
GMS = MS antenna gain.
Where:
PTXB = Output power of BTS.
LC = Combiner / filter / isolator loss.
LCableB = BTS transmitter antenna feeder / connector loss.
GTXB = BTS transmitter gain.
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Appendices Chapter 5
Definition:
Overview of Technology:
Oil exploration companies, car dealerships, gas stations, lottery systems, banks, insurance
companies, drug stores, general stores, supermarkets, health care companies, manufacturers,
couriers, hotel chains, car rental businesses, food manufacturers, heavy industries, mines,
electrical utilities, oil and gas pipelines, energy production and exploration, timber companies,
plantations, various government departments and agencies
Network Configuration:
In a typical VSAT network, remote user sites have a number of personal computers, dumb
terminals and printers connected to the VSAT terminal which connects them to a centralized host
computer either at the organization's head office or data processing center.
A VSAT consists of two parts, a transceiver that is placed outdoors in direct line of sight to the
satellite and a device that is placed indoors to interface the transceiver with the end
user's communications device, such as a PC. The transceiver receives or sends a signal to a
satellite transponder in the sky. The satellite sends and receives signals from an earth station
computer that acts as a hub for the system.
Each end user is interconnected with the hub station via the satellite in a star topology.
The hub controls the entire operation of the network.
For one end user to communicate with another, each transmission has to first go to the hub
station which retransmits it via the satellite to the other end user's VSAT.
VSAT can handle up to 56 Kbps.
Indoor VSAT IDU unit Model S4100 Indoor VSAT IDU unit Model S2020
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Appendices Chapter 5
Advantages:
Applications:
Computer communications.
Reservation systems.
Database enquiries.
Billing systems.
File transfers.
Electronic mail.
Video conferencing.
Point of sale transactions.
Credit checks and credit card verification.
Stock control and management.
Healthcare
Link remote clinics and healthcare facilities, providing telemedicine, insurance processing,
patient record management, asset control.
Insurance
Process claims and provide voice connectivity to headquarters for applications such as hail
damage at auto dealerships, tornado, flood and other weather related disasters.
Distance Learning
Provide internet access for rural schools. Use web casting to deliver training, video conferences,
etc. Use the web as a teaching aid, update test results, etc.
Manufacturing
Support SCADA, remote monitoring, surveillance, and remote asset management over
broadband satellite.
Disaster Recovery
There are no backhoes in the sky! Provide business continuity solutions including server backup,
redundant WAN links, and internet access for corporate headquarters, alternate headquarters and
other critical sites.
Portable Applications
Mining, drilling, construction, petro-chemical, forestry and other organizations can use
transportable broadband satellite equipment to stay connected. Get connected in hours instead of
weeks or months.
Maritime Applications
Email, web and VoIP crew and passenger calling access for cruise ships, Navy vessels and
private yachts. Download newspapers, provide ATM machines, video conferencing, video
downloads.
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Appendices Chapter 5
5.5.1 Codes:
1- Rural area
function B1 = simulate_rural(T,N,IAT,HT)
%% Inputs
% T : simulation time
% N : number of time slots per frequency
% IAT : Inter arrival time
% HT : Average holding time
clc
C = T*3600/IAT;
n = 4;
arrvInt = exprnd(IAT,1,C);
arrvInst = cumsum(arrvInt);
holdTime = exprnd(HT,1,C);
termTime = arrvInst + holdTime;
served = zeros(2,C);
type = [randi(n,C,1),randi(n,C,1)];
Type = zeros(1,C);
SDCCH = zeros(n,4);
TCH = zeros(n+1,N);
%% Check for availble resources for each call
for j=1:C
flag = zeros(1,5);
if(type(j,1) == type(j,2))
Type(j) = 1;
elseif(type(j,2) == 4)
Type(j) = 2;
elseif(type(j,1) == 4)
Type(j) = 3;
else
Type(j) = 4;
end
%% check for free traffic channels at the org. cell
for u=2:8
if(TCH(type(j,1),u) < arrvInst(j))
flag(1) = 1;
break;
end
end
if( Type(j) == 1 ),
y = u+1;
else
y = 2;
end
for v=y:8
if(TCH(type(j,2),v) < arrvInst(j))
flag(2) = 1;
break;
end
end
%% check for free traffic channels
if( Type(j) == 2)
for p=4:N
if(TCH(n+1,p) < arrvInst(j))
flag(3) = 1;
break;
end
end
elseif ( Type(j) == 3)
for p=4:N
if(TCH(n+1,p) < arrvInst(j))
flag(4) = 1;
break;
end
end
elseif ( Type(j) == 4)
for p=4:N
if(TCH(n+1,p) < arrvInst(j))
flag(3) = 1;
break;
end
end
for c=p+1:N
if(TCH(n+1,c) < arrvInst(j))
flag(4) = 1;
break;
end
end
end
%% assign traffic channels according to flags
if(served(1,j)== 1 )
for r=1:4
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Appendices Chapter 5
end
%% Blocking calculation
B1 = (C-sum(served(1,:)))/(C)*100;
2- Oasis road
a. Version 1
function B = simulate_Oasis_v1(n,T,N,CPH,HT)
%% Inputs
% n : number of cells on the road
% T : simulation time
% N : number of time slots per frequency
% CPH : number of calls per hour
% HT : Average holding time
clc
format short g
C = T*CPH;
IAT = 3600/CPH;
place = randi(n,1,C);
arrvInt = exprnd(IAT,C,1);
arrvInst = cumsum(arrvInt);
holdTime = exprnd(HT,C,1);
termTime = arrvInst + holdTime;
served = zeros(C,1);
SDCCH = zeros(n,4);
SDCCH_rep = zeros(n,4);
CH = zeros(n,N);
CH_rep = zeros(n,N);
%% Check for availble resources for each call
for j=1:C
flag = zeros(1,4);
x(j) = round((n+1)/2-place(j));
%% check for free traffic channels at the org. cell
for i=2:N
if(CH(place(j),i) < arrvInst(j))
flag(1) = 1;
break;
end
end
%% check for free SDCCH at the org. cell
for r=1:4
if(SDCCH(place(j),r) < arrvInst(j))
flag(2) = 1;
break;
end
end
%% check for free traffic channels on the link between originating cell
and master
for k= place(j):sign(x(j)):place(j)+x(j)-sign(x(j))
check1 = [];
for p=2:N
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Appendices Chapter 5
for a= place(j):sign(x(j)):place(j)+x(j)-sign(x(j))
check2 = [];
for z=1:4
if(SDCCH_rep(a,z) < arrvInst(j))
check2 = [check2 1];
break;
end
end
end
if(place(j) ~= 4)
if(check1)
flag(3) = 1;
end
if(check2)
flag(4) = 1;
end
end
if(place(j) ==4)
if(flag(1) && flag(2))
served(j) = 1;
CH(place(j),i) = termTime(j);
SDCCH(place(j),r) = arrvInst(j)+10;
end
else
if(flag)
served(j) = 1;
CH(place(j),i) = termTime(j);
SDCCH(place(j),r) = arrvInst(j)+10;
CH_rep(place(j):sign(x(j)):place(j)+x(j)-sign(x(j)),p) =
termTime(j);
SDCCH_rep(place(j):sign(x(j)):place(j)+x(j)-sign(x(j)),z) =
arrvInst(j)+10;
end
end
end
%% Blocking calculation
B = (C-sum(served))/(C)*100;
b. Version 2
function B = simulate_Oasis_v2(n,T,N,CPH,HT)
%% Inputs
% n : number of cells on the road
% T : simulation time
% N : number of time slots per frequency
% CPH : number of calls per hour
% HT : Average holding time
%% Description
%% Procedure
...** Resouces needed to serve a call:
... 1- one free traffic channel at originating cell
... 2- one free SDCCH at originating cell (during call setup only)
... 3- x-free traffic channels on the link between originating cell and
master
... 4- x-free SDCCH on the link between originating cell and master
clc
format short g
C = T*CPH;
IAT = 3600/CPH; % Inter arrival time
R = 10; % cell radius
position = randi(40e3,C,1)/1e3; % poistion of originating call in Km
w.r.t begining of the road
place = ceil(position/R); % cell of originating call
speed = randi([80 130],C,1); % speed of car with random value between
80 and 130 Km/hour
arrvInt = exprnd(IAT,C,1); % arrival interval between calls
(exponentially distributed)
arrvInst = cumsum(arrvInt); % arrival instant of calls
holdTime = exprnd(HT,C,1); % hold time of calls
termTime = arrvInst + holdTime; % Termination time of calls
served = zeros(C,1); % vectors consists of zeros and ones
...to represent if call is blocked or served respectivly
SDCCH = zeros(n,4); % Dedicated signalling channels in
each cell between mobile and BTS
SDCCH_rep = zeros(n,4); % Dedicated signalling channels between
repeaters
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if(check1)
flag(1) = 1;
end
%% check for free SDCCH's on the link between originating cell and master
for a= start:fin
check3 = [];
for z=1:4
if(SDCCH_rep(a,z) < arrvInst(j))
check3 = [check3 1];
break;
end
end
end
% no need to check for flag3 and flag 4 if the call is originated and
% terminated in the master cell
if(~(place(j) == 4 && fin ==4))
if(check2)
flag(3) = 1;
end
if(check3)
flag(4) = 1;
end
end
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Appendices Chapter 5
%% Blocking calculation
B = (C-sum(served))/(C)*100;
c. Version 3
function B = simulate_Oasis_v3(n,T,N,m,CPH,HT)
%% Inputs
% n : number of cells on the road
% T : simulation time
% N : number of time slots per frequency
% m : "m-1" indicates the number of time slots dedicated for serving calls
per frequency
% as the first time slot is reserved for signaling channels
% CPH : number of calls per hour
% HT : Average holding time
%% Procedure
...** we need to serve a call for at least:
... 1- one free traffic channel at originating cell
... 2- one free SDCCH at originating cell (during call setup only)
... 3- x-free traffic channels on the link between originating cell and
master
... 4- x-free SDCCH on the link between originating cell and master
clc
C = T*CPH;
format short g
IAT = 3600/CPH; % Inter arrival time
R = 10; % cell radius
position = randi(70e3,C,1)/1e3; % poistion of originating call in Km
w.r.t begining of the road
place = ceil(position/R); % cell of originating call
speed = randi([80 130],C,1); % speed of car with random value between
80 and 130 Km/hour
arrvInt = exprnd(IAT,C,1); % arrival interval between calls
(exponentially distributed)
arrvInst = cumsum(arrvInt); % arrival instant of calls
holdTime = exprnd(HT,C,1); % hold time of calls
termTime = arrvInst + holdTime; % Termination time of calls
served = zeros(C,1); % vectors consists of zeros and ones
...to represent if call is blocked or served respectivly
SDCCH = zeros(n,8); % Dedicated signalling channels in
each cell between mobile and BTS
CH = zeros(n,N); % Traffic channels in each cell between
mobile and BTS
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Appendices Chapter 5
if(check1)
flag(1) = 1;
end
%% check for free SDCCH's on the link between originating cell and master
for a= start:fin
check3 = [];
for z=5:8
if(SDCCH(a,z) < arrvInst(j))
check3 = [check3 1];
break;
end
end
end
% no need to check for flag3 and flag 4 if the call is originated and
% terminated in the master cell
if(~(place(j) == 4 && fin ==4))
if(check2)
flag(3) = 1;
end
if(check3)
flag(4) = 1;
end
end
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Appendices Chapter 5
%% Blocking calculation
B = (C-sum(served))/(C)*100;
References
[1] http://www.macrosat.com/VSAT-Technology.html#
[2] http://www.macrosat.com/VSAT.html
[3] http://www.satsig.net/ems/ems-vsat-remotes.htm
[4] http://www.solarstorms.org/Quote8.html
[5] http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/VSAT.html
[6] http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/VSAT
[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_to_Point_Lee_Model
[8] http://alrafidain.engineering-coll-mosul.com/files/182.pdf
[9] http://www.ijmer.com/papers/vol2_issue2/AD022170176.pdf
[10] http://www.gnuradio.org/redmine/projects/gnuradio/wiki/OpenBTSBM2009RF
[11] http://www.gsmfordummies.com/gsmevents/mobile_originated.shtml
[12] http://www.gsmfordummies.com/gsmevents/events.shtml
[13] http://www.gsmfordummies.com/tdma/logical.shtml
[14] https://wush.net/trac/rangepublic/wiki/BuildInstallRun
[15] http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_much_does_it_cost_to_install_a_utility_pole_in_USA
[16] GSM ETSI Standard 0303, 0404, 0405, 0406, 0407 and 0408.
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