INTEGRAL CALCULUS

CHAPTER I

OFF '! )T1NOAMEN7AL PROPERTIES

1.1. Two view-points of Integration.

There are two distinct view-points from which the process of
integration can be considered. We may consider integration as the
inverse of differentiation and make this as our starting point; or else,
we may start with defining integration as a certain summation and
then proceed to show that the result is identical with the reversal
of a differentiation.
The establishment of an identity of the two view-points is
referred to as the Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus. We
shall consider both the points of view, starting first of all with the
former, reserving the consideration of the latter for a subsequent
chapter.

1.2. Integration, the inverse process of differentiation.

If f(x) be a given function of x and if another function F(x) be
obtained such that its differential coefficient with respect to x is
equal to f(x), then F(x) is defined as an integral, or more properly an
indefinite integral of f(x) with respect to x.
The process of finding an integral of a function of x is called In-
tegra1i on
and the operation is indicated by writing the integral sign
.1 before the given function and dx after the given function, the dif-
ferential dx indicating that x is the variable of integration. The (unc-
tion to be integrated, viz., f(x) is called the lntegrand.

Symbolically, if - F( x) =
then ff(x)dx = F(x),
• 1 listorically this sign is elongated S, the initial letter of the word 'sum',
since Integration was originally studied as a process of summation. (See
Chapter VI.)
integral Calculus (main) -3
2 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

where If ( x ) dx is called an indefinite integral of f ( x ) with

respect to x.
Thus, considered as symbols of operation,

() and () dx are Inverse to each other.

Alternatively, using differentials, the above result may be writ-
on as follows:
Since d(F(x)) f(x).
f(x)dx F(r).
f
(Thus, since i ( sin x) cos x dx, .. cos x dx = sin r.
5
Again, if f(x ) be a given function, F(x) an integtai off ( x),
and x a and x b be two given values of x, the change in
:he value of the integral function F ( x ) as x chages from a to b,
i.e., the quantity F ( b) - F ( a) is defined as the definite in-
tegral off( x) between the 'limits' a and b, which is denoted•
by the symbol

In other words, if 4-F ( x) =f ( x) ,for all values of x between

X
a and b,

then F(b)_F(a)Jf(X)dX

which is called the definite integral of f ( x ) from a to 1' , and 'b' i

called the upper limit and 'a' the lower limit of the definite integral.

Cor.5f'(x)ax=f(x) and jf'(x)d f(b) - f( a) -

£ _
• provadedf(x) sattshes certain general conditions which will be discussed
later. ( See Chapter VI).
 l UNDAMI NIA L PROP[Jfl1ES

1.3. Constant of integration.

It maybe noted that if F ( x ) / (x), then we also havi'
- ( F Cx) + C) 1(x), where C is an arbitrary constant. Thus,
if If (x ) dx = F ( x ) , a general value of the indefinite Integral
Jf(x)dx = 1(x) 4 C.
In other words, in finding the indefinite integral of a function
f( a ), an arbitrary constant is to be added to the result to make it
general. This is the reason why the integral is referred to as an in-
definite integral. The arbitrary constant is usually referred to as the
constant of integration.
It is easily seen, however, that in evaluating a definite integral
this constant of integration cancels out and its value is thus definite.
Again, we may see that two functions haoin5 the some derivatirec
dijfer only bya constant. For, it (x) = ' (x), and if
y x V( x),then we got Oalways,and
- thus the rate of
change of y with respect to x is zero everywhere and hence y is
constant . Thus, it is possible to get the indefinite integral of the arne
function in different forms by different processes, but ultimately these
forms can at most differ from each other by constant quantities only.
Hence, an arbitrary constant added to the indefinite integral of a
given function obtained by any process makes the result perfectly
general.
In the following pages, we shall first of all deal with indefinite
integrals. For the sake of convenience the arbitrary constant of in
tegration has generally been omitted but it is always understood to b&'
present In every case, and should be supplied by the students in the
result.
It should also be noted that in case an indefinite intcgr. con-
sists of a sum or difference of two or more integrals, the addition
of one arbitrary constant for each integral is equivalent to the ad-
dition of a single arbitrary constant, denoting their algebraic sum,
in the final result. For illustrations, see Illustrative Examples in
Art. 1.7.
Forarialyial proof see Authors' Diffrrential Calculus, ,4-t. 6.7, Lx 1.
4 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1.4. General laws satisfied by Integrals

(I) The Integral of the sum or difference of any finite number of func-
tions is equal to the sum or difference of the integrals of the functions
taken separately.
This follows immediately from the known results of the Dif-
ferential Calculus. For we know that
(x) + 12( X ) - f,(r) .....
WX
= f'(x) + 12(1)- f 3 '(X) 4.

(f l, (x) + f,'(x) - f 5'(x) +

J
f(r) + f2(X) — f3 (x) +...
zJf'(x) dx+ Jfa'(x)dx Jf i'(x)dx +

[since .dx— f(x) = f(x), :.f(rr If (x)dx,etc. j.

(ii) The operation of integration is commutative with regard to a con-
g iant, i.e., a factor of the integrand which is constant with regard to
the variable of integration can be taken outside the sign of integra-
tion.
SymbolicalIy. A f ( x) dx = A j ( x ) dx -
This follows immediately from the fact that
[AF(.)) = ia4- ( )} Af ( x), SaY,
TX

so that JAf(x)dX = AF(x) = Aff(r)dx

4 -F( x) f(x).
since, by our supposition, dx
(iii) Combining the above two results, we can write
{Af1 (x)± Bf2 (x)± Cf 3 (x) +
= A Jf(x)dx ± RJfi ( x)dx ± CJf 3 (x)dX +


FUNDAM EN TAL PROPERTIES S

1.5. Fundamental integrals.

A slight acquaintance with the Differential Calculus will at
once suggest the integrals in many elementary cases. As the first
step towards the facility in integration, the student must be thoro-
ughly familiar with the following fundamental integrals
FUN')AMENTAL INTEGRALS
p
(I) Ix'dx - ---- (n, —1).
J n+1
Cor. J iii I
(n_l)xfl_I^_1>
C dx
= 2'x.
J;

(n) -.-= logi xi.

I
J
etmx dx =
in

Cot. x dx
fe

$ a5dx
=
ax
(a > (, a

(iv)5 sin mx dx
= -
cis mx
m

Cor.
5 sin x dx = - cos 5.

(v)5 cos mx dx
= Sin mx
in

Cor.
$ cos x dx = sin x.

NO
$ seOmx dx
= tan mx
m


1N1EGRAL CALCULUS

Cor.
Ccot mx
f sec 2 xdx = tn x,

(vu) i coscc 2 mx dx = m
J
Cor. cosec 2 x d = - cot L
5 sec MX
rI sec mx (an mx dx =
(viii) m
J
Cor. sec x tan x dx = sec x
C
cosec mx
(ix) I cosec mx cot nix dx = - m
J
('or. c osecx cot xdx = - cosec x.
5
(x)
f=
C
I sinh mx dx
Cor.
5
co h mx
m
sinh x dx = cash x.

(xi) cosh mx dx = sinhmx

in

Cor. Cosh x dx = sinh x

J
The results can be easily verified by differentiating the right
side in each case.
Other standard results of integration which are also very use-
ful for application will be found in the subsequent chapters.
Note 1. Since the integral (i) is frequently used, for the save of con-
'Incease
vee j,.'oce, we g i ve here a conek.' vrhal statement of the result, viz ,
the index by one and divide it by the increased index".
d
Notc2. Since log xis real when x>O and (OgE) =

So
5 .!
= lug x is defined for x > 0. When x e 0 i.e., - r > 0,
log) .LThCICfOTe when x <oJdx =log(-r)
I hence, both these results will be included if we write L dX = log I x5
lit
the lorinula and examples where integrals of this type oc urs, i.e., where
 FUNDAMENTAL PROPIR11ES 7

the value of an integral involves the logarithm of a function and the (unc-
lion may become negative for some values of the variable of the function,
the-absolute valuesignI I enclosing the function should be given, but it has
generally been omitted, though it is always understood to be present and it
should be supplied by the Students.
Note 3. Different algebraical symbols a, b, en, n, etc. Occurring in it
tegrands are gneralty supposed to be diffcrQnt unless otherwise stated.
Note 4. In the above integrals (iii), (iv), (v), (x), (xi) it is tacitly 3SSUmec
that on is a non-Zero constant.

1.6. Standard methods of integration.

The different modes of integration all aim at reducing a given
integral to one of the Fundamental or known integrals. As a matter
of fact, there are two principal processes
(i) The method of substitution, i.e., a change of the independent
variable.
(ii) Integration by parts.
In some cases, when the integrand is a rational fraction it may
be broken into partial fractions by the rules of Algebra, and then
each part may be integrated by one of the above methods. (See
Chaptcr V)
In some cases of irrational functions, the method of Integration
by rationalization is adopted, which is a special case of (1) above.
In some Cases, integration by the method of Successive Reduc-
tion is resorted to, which really falls under case (ii).( See Chapter M.
It may be noted that the classes of integrals which are reducible
to one or other of the fundamental forms by the above processes
are very limited, and that the large majority of the expressions,
under proper restrictions, can only be integrated by the aid of in-
finite series, and in some cases When the integrand involves expres-
sions under a radical sign containing powers of x beyond the
second, the investigation of such integrals has necessitated the in-
trod uction of higher classes of transcendental function such as el-
liptic functions, etc.
 S INTEGRAL CALCULUS

In fact, integration is, on the whole, a more difficult operation

than differentiation. The Differential Calculus gives general rules
for differentiation, but Integral Calculus gives no such correspond-
ing general rules for performing the inverse operation. Integration
is essentially a tentative process. In fact, so simple an integral in
appearance as
r Jxcosxdx, or rsin —dx
j i
can not be workcdcut; that is, there is no elementary function whose
derivative is 'Ix cos x, or( sin x )/x, though the integrals exist.
There is quite a large number of integrals of these types.
1.7. Illustrative Examples.

Ex. 1. Integrate sin 1xdx.

5
I = cos
- x - J.cos 2xdr
2x)dx= J4a
x +C
4J dx -+1 c os 2z - ••
= sin Zr+C.

E.2. Integrate tan zxdx

J
I =( sec 1 x- I )dx =Jsec1xd(_5dX
tan r - r + C.
5(x - 3)2
Ex. 3. Jnteg rate —dx.
5 x'4x
5x2_30X+45 dx =5 Jx1 dx _305 x2dx
=S _x•Jx
i 2 +C
30.2 'Ix + 45(- 2x)
31
604x - 90x 2 + C.
Ex. 4. Integrate Jsin 3x cos 2xdx.

sin 3x cos 2X =.2 sin 3x cos ZX = ( sin 5x + sin x).

 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES
9
Ex. I

I sin 5xdx + J sin xdx)

= Cos 5x - COS xl + C.
Note. Henceforth the arbitrary constant of integration will be omitted
In the Illustrative examples, as also in the ap swers to the set of examples.

EXAMPLES I

Integrate the following

1. (I)
f( 1+x)3 a (ii) J.ix(x s + .)dx.

2. (I) cos2xdx . ( jj) 5 ! dx.

$
C 1 - tan2X f I + tan 'X dx
- dx. (tv) -
1 + COt2X
1 + tan2x

3. Jsec x( sec X _ tan x)dx.

4. (I) Cos ax dx . ( ii) 5 COt 2 X dx.

5
+
C 2e ' + 3e 41 + 4 dx. ..() f e 3 dx
5. (i)
J e j
e sI.. —
(in) J - dx

(e°S + e''°s')dx.
6. 5 dx
x x —-1 'J x + dx (ii) $ -__
7. (I)
5(
8. (i) $ ( a 3 - x3
)3
dx (ii) 5 ( x + 2 )( x + 3 ) d
a + a'+ a" dx. + 4i dx.
9. () j (ii) J 2'

i) C (1 - 2x) dx. .. C I asin'
----x + bcosX dx.
(it) sin 2XCO52X
I 1 --
O.( X'X -)
j
10 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

fcs'x +
dx.
J cosx + sin
sin +tanx
cosec x
1. (t)
f dx. (ii) 5 x ° dx.

12 $cosccx + tan I x+ sin 2x

- sin I —dx.

fx 3 4x?+5x 2
dx. (ii x3-6x+9
13.(i)
f) x1 - 2x + 1 dx .
r sin + Cos x
14.(i)
J + sin2x)
dx. (ii)
5 cosx - Cos 2x
I - cosx dx
(iii) f sec 2x - dx.
J sec 2x + I
(iv)
5 dx
cosh x + sfr}x

15. (I)
5( 1 + sin x ) dx.
LI ± sinx = (sini ± cosfr)21
(ii) 5 'I( I - sin x dx).

16
5 cosx - sinx
cosx + sin (2 + 2sin2x)dx.
17. (i) 5 '1(1 + cosxdx). (ii) 5 Cos
1( I - xdx).

(iii) 5 (3 sin x cos'x - sin 'x) dx.

18 (i)
5 dx
1+sjnx
1
dx
+ cosx 5
I (I) Multiply numerator and denominator by I - sin x

19 (i) -
Cos 2a .. $cos5x + Cos 4x
J cosx - Cosa dx. (ii)
- 2 cos 3x dx.
1(11) Multiply numerator and denominator by sin 3x. I
20 dx
(i)J 2XCOS2X IH.S.'78,'85,J.E '811
 FUN[)AMINTAT. PROPERTIES II
Lx 1

sin'x 4-
dx.
(ii)
S jfl'XCO S
2

cos' x In (he numera t or .1

((i) 7ut sin e x +

(I - COS 4 X -
dx.
2sin2xcOS1x
cUSX

(I)
J -
dx (iv)
5
I. cos x (1 - 3cosX)dX.
21. I
S1fl2X

( ii) sin x dx. 111. S. '85 1

22. (I) cos ' x dr-
5
5
(j) Write co; x = ' ( cos 3r + 3 cos x
[ For another met hod see Art- 4.3.)
23.
(i) 5 sin ,nxsin n.xdx . ( ii)
5
cos 2x cos 3XdX.

(i) 5 sin x cos 2 x

24. dx. (ii) 5 Sin x cos 2x dx.

sin x sin 2x sin 3xdx.

25. 5
ANSWERS
x' +
.X 4- j W) j1j- x + 6x
log r
x.
2. (I) 4x + - stn 2x - (ii) tan x - x - (Ui) .s(n 2x . (Iv) tan x -
- , sin2ax cot x - x
3. tan x - x 4 (.) I + -4--- (ii) -
(iii) ix'.
5. (i) -2e +3e' - e'. (ii) 14 e
x•1 . (I) !/ - +
a+1 Tog
+ 1. x' + - X + jX.
(ii) x + X + 1 x 3 + x' +
. (I) a1x -
2,4/3 x + a x -
(ii) -z(3x 2 i. 32x' + 126x + 216).
12 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

9. (I) -
i r a
- I + + -
iogaL 3 2
GOTo4 2 [22_

10. (1) - 3x - If) - x 5 1 3 + x it (ii) a Sec r - It cosec x.

(iii) x + Cos 2x . 11. (i) sin - cosec x. !. sin x
12. - cot x + Sec r - cos r . 13. (1)x 2 - 2x. (ii) fx 3 - +3
14. (i) x . (ii) x + 2 sin x. (iii) tan r - r. (iv) sinh x - cosh r.
15. (i) 2 (sin f x - cos -l x) or ( 2 11- sin x)

(ii) 2 'Il + sin x.16. Sin 2x. 17. (i) 242 sin fr.
(ii) -2 42 Cos +r. (iii) - Cos 3x.
18. (I) tan x - sec r. (ii) - cot x + cosec x
19. (i) 2(sjn x + x cos a).
(ii) - (sin x +2x). 20. (I) tan x - cot x.
(ii) tan x - cot x - 3r. (iii) - ! sin 2x (iv) i-.. x

21. - cosecx + 3 cot x + + sin 2x.

22. (j) sin 3x + ! sin x (ii)

32 sin 4x - sin 2x +

23. (i) sin (m - Ii ) r sin (m + n) x

2(m-n) 2(m + n)
(ii) sin 5x + sin x.
24. (I) x - sin 4r.
(it) (sin 2x - x - ' sin 4x ).
25. - cos 2x - Cos 4x + - Cos 6x.
 CHAPTER II
METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION

21. Change of variable.

Let I f (x) dx, and let x = 0 (z),.
=
J
Then, by definition, f( and a)

by definition, I
= 5 f( (z)) '(z) dz.
we put x = (z) we are to
NOte 1. Thus, if in the integral If( x ) dx
replace x by 0 ( z) in the expression f ( x) and also we ar.-
, to replace dx
by ( z ) dx and then we have to proceed with the integration with z as
the new variable. After evaluating the integral we are to replace z by the
equiv!ent express ion in x
' ( z) lit making
Note that though from x = 0(z) we can write =
our substitution in the given integral, we generally use it in thedifferential
It really means that when x and z are connected by
form dx = 0z ) dz.
the relation x = 0 ( z), I being the funetion of x whose differential coeffi-
it is, when expressed in terms of z, iden-
dent with respect to x is f (x),
tical with the function whose differential coefficient with respect to z
is f((z)) 0, z) which later, by a proper choice of 0(z), may possibly
be of a standard form, and therefore easy to find out.
Note 2. Sometimes It is found convenient to male the substitu-
= z where corresponding differential form will
tion in the form '41 ( x )
be w'( x ) a di; by means of these two relations, f( x) dx Is transformed
Into the for F ( z) dz.
2.2. IllustratIve Examples.
Ex. 1. Integrate J(a + bx)dx.
.. = dz ....dx = (1/)dZ.
Put a + bx = z.
•1 I I '' I
1 =1 z&dZ b ZdZ
It n T1 i7iib .(i +


14 J'flEGRAL C'ALCL)LLS

Ex 2 Integrate

Put T
J dx
x4(x2..a1)
a sc 0. .. dx = a sec 0 taxi 0 dO.

= •fasecetanodo laO =!
.- JasccO.atano aJ a a a

Cor.
f 'l(x
dx •ec - X.

s_ I
Ex. 3. Integrate '1(1in
-

Put sin x z. Ox)dx dz.

I = I z dz = + z = f ( sin - x ) 2

if
Lx. 4. Show that
tan x dx log I sec x I

(ii)
J cot xdx - log I sin 2d

(i) Put cos x = z then - sin x dx = dz.

t dx
1 = l-dx = - I - =log
- z
JCos x Jz
- log cos x = log ens x = log I sec x I

(ii) Similarly, by substituting sin x = z this result follows

Oth e rwi s e
(i) 5 tan x dx =
x
see x tan - dc = log s'c
sec r

GO fcot xdx
=J _E!!
sin r dx= log[ sinxl ISee Ex. 5 below j
 Miflh101) OF SUI3SITIUTION IS

F.!. Show that

t'
P(X)
—de - logs fix)I
f(s)
J

p,, f ('-) =

Hence,
I
=5 -!- log lf(x)I
log z t'.

,
If the Integrand be i fraction such that Its numerator is the differenial
coefficient of the denor;Inator, then the Integral is equal to log I ( deno-
minator)!
cosx - ,inx
Thus --dx = log! (stnx + cos x)I
J sins + r osx

t 2ax+t
= log! (.4x bx r)I.
Jax 2 bx+C

The principle is also illustrated in Ex 4 above.

i
sn
Es. 6. Integrate X - dx
f 3 + 3cosx

21 -3 sin x
l can be written as
_J 3-dx.
cosr

Now since the numerator of the integrand is the differenhal coeffi-

cient of the denominator,
I = -logI (5 + 3 cos x)I

dx
Ex. 7. Integrate
'(x + a)+ 'J(x + b)
Multiplying the numrator and denominator by - - we
have

i == 4__[J' 4x-
. a dx- Jr b dr}

Putting x + a = z, so that dx z.
16 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

J 'Idx = 5 Jzdz = 1 z" = 1 (x + a)".

Similarly, 5 + b dx = 1( z + b) 112.

I = - 2 1 x + a)" - (x + b)3fl1
-s [ (
(a + br)'
(a
Ex 8 Integrate dx
(a' + I" )'
z - a'
Put a' + b'x = z, or, x = - .'. dx = , dz.

Now the given integral becomes

b
a + ,(
- z - a'
I dz
-=vJ
(bz + ab' - a'b )'
dz
J{ 1'

—_J_ [b 2 f +2b(ab'_a'b) 5-4+ (,,b'—a'b)2 f dz]

b2 2b (ab' - a'b) I (ab' - a'b ) 2
= log z - - 2b''
b''
152 ab' - a'b ) (ab' - a'b ) 2
= log (a' + b'x) --lb-(
b'' (a' ' b'x) - 21.,' (a' + b'x)'

+ b)"
Note. By the same process we can integrate
J(+
where m is a positive integer, n being a rational number. (Cf. § 9.13
dx
Ex 9 x'(a+bx)''
Integrate

Put a+bx=zx, u, -.+ bz. Then --dX=dZ.

12
T1* given integral thcj x

- i( dz — 1 dzfz-b\'
aj x.z 2x 1 a J a /

METHOD OF SUBSITI1J7ION Il
Ex. 110)

I b']
-
._3bz+3blo
z
1 (a+bx ) 2 ( elbx)
[ 1 _
x
3b I log x a+bx/j

dx
Note. By the same substitution the integral bx) can be
xm J
obtained where m and n are positive Integers, or even when they are Inc.
tions such that m + n Is a positive integer greater than unity. For another
method see § 9.13.
EXAMPLES 11(A)
Integrate the following

i (I) 'z dx (ii)

1 +.x2 Ji - x2)
J
cos (log) dx.
_,4ij) dx. (Iv)
-J sin4x
J
cos 4x - cos 2x dx
(v) .2dx
sin 4x - (vJ cosec 2x —cot 2x

2. (i) JxTi+ 1 dx. (10 1 x 3 dx.

J x''t: — +

3. cos4xdx.. (u) .1 1 + cosx

1 (tan x) SIflX
4 sinx Cos x
dx. cos s x
J
1 +cosx ( 1_+ cosx
. dx (11)1 dx.
5. (')J ( + sinx) J x + Sin x
tan (log x) f dx
6. dx.
(ii)J x log x
cosxdx cosxdx
7
J + SjflX) (a + bsinX)2

Inlegral Calculus (main) -4


18 IN11CKAI. CM.Ctfl.US Lx 11(A)

S. 0) fT . X)
(fl)f dx

I Pit x = sin 0.
dx
-J (1- x)/(1-
ax x1 2
+ x )I(1 +x2)

- I
'
---dx.
(.)Jee + I
e?+ i 111. S. '85

I Multiply the numerator and denominator of (I) by e , and that of

(ii) by e 'j
tanx
10 --- dx. (n) --- dx.
(i)I log cos x
J Sec x cosec x r
lf
og s.nx
sccxdx
log tan x
dx (ivi I --______________
j )og(sc'cx 1 tan x)

sin 2x dx
JI
fasin1x + bcoc .Ai1ifa tan x dx
+ btan2x
sin 2x dx
('11J(a2cos2x+b1sin2x)7
tan x scc2x
( 2 s. b2tan2x)Z dx .
(iv)J a
fl. A'6'Jx sin x2dx. (11)5 sin xdxcos x
3x— I x dx
13
(i)S J(3x 1 -2x + 7) dx. f(x'-a)

14. 0)5 (1 +x 2 )(dxtan 1 x dx

(ii)5W((nx )

15. .if: b+1 dx. dx

fe - 1)2
dx
I H. S. '87 1
j (e - 1)


19
Ex 11(A) MimloD OF suI3sTrrUTlON

Jer(l +x) dx. 1 Put xe =

16 cos' (Xe'
dx
17.)J7TY(xT)
dx

5T
(ii)

dx
-3) + (x - 4))(x - 3)(x - 4))
J -
dx J xdx
('i)
)8
I Put 'Jx=z.) -
dx dx.
19. 0)jf

O (i)J(3X + 2)2X+ ldx.

dx. dx.
on 5---.
f2x + 3 dx dx .
22. (I) \.1bx

f 2x -t
(j) J.)dx.
I
23. S , ( a + L'x) dx
\p1-:' 5 4 a_+_X
a - i
dx . I Put x = a cos 28.
-
J2x3+3x2+4X+5.
dx
25 -t 1

'Ix x2
_______
26. (I) f ,)dx. x') dx
f
I Pu! x' = a sin 2 0 in (I) and a'sin e
in (ii).]

x'dx
(iii)
dx1 . (iv)J -: -i .-;:-- j
20 INTEGRAL CALCULUS Lx . 11(A)

,2(
J\/ x dx. (Put = a six 2O.I

e dx six
28. (S)(al xl)4 (I - x)'I(l - x2)
J
r+Zd X2 + I
4Uf( i - .) e (ii)
( - (x' - I)' dx.

30.a Cos x - ksinx dx.

f
a sin x + cos x + c
+dx ((log sec x)2
4jyI • 1a blogx) J cot x
dx.

x2+1
dx.
32
• S 3d(x'+3x1-6)
' jwfsxcos(sinx)dx. (ii)f sinxcotxdx.
(iii) Jtan x tan 2x tan 3x dx.
-1r
5 1 + xi
dx. t Put x = Cos O.)

cot a cot x dx.

COS X -
i) dx.
35
(f cos(x + a) 5 cot cot
dx f x'dx
x 2(a bx)2
- (ii)J (I - r') 2
x
37. ()
5_ dx. 1 + x/4
fPutx z'. j
J(1 x4\ dx.

____ dx 2x ax
_____
38•
(i)S x(r - I) (iiJ(1 - x1)(x 4 —I)
Putx secO.J

,( f{f(x)'(x)+(r)f'(x))dx.


METHOD OF SURS1TI1JTION 21

40. Integrate . f'( x) with respect to x 4 where

f(x) =tan - 'x + Iogh—
+ x- log4i.

ANSWERS
tan 'x asin -Ix. ( Iii)sin( log x ) .
1. (1) e . e
(ii) a -,
(iv) - cot' x. (v) o4 l g cos 3x. (vi) log s1

2. (j) 4 (x + 1) 3 / 2 . (ii) 3 tx 3 )312

3. (I) 2 sin 'Ix. (Ii) tan P.
4. (1) 2'1i. (11)4 tan "2x.

S. (I) 4 (x s sin x ) 213 (ii) log (x + sin x)

6. (1) log sec (log x). (ii) log (log x) . 7. Ci) 2)f' 1 + sin x.
_'Il_- -
+ X2
(ii) b(a +- b sin x) 8.(i) x . (F) 'Ii
x
(ill) x / I - x'. (iv) x / +I
9. (l) 2 log (e' 2 + e 12 ). (ifl- log (1 + efl.
10. (I) - log( log cos x). (ii) log( log sin jr )
(iii) log( log tan x). (iv) logi log ( secx + tan x )I

11. Ci) — log (a sin 2 x + b cos2x)

(II) ) log(acosx + bsin2x).

2(b
I I I
(a s - b') 1. g2 cos 2 x s b2sin2x
11 1
(IV)_1ta2+b2tan:

12. (i) _4cosxl. (ii) log tanx. 13. ( i )I32 - 2x + 7.

(ii) 'Ii -
- a2 .14. (I) 2;3 + tan -x. (ii) 2 tan"2 x + !tan 2x
22 INTEGRAl. CALCULUS

15. (i) e - log (e' + 1). (ii) tan (e

(iii) x - log ( e' - 1) - Ce' - 1) -' . (iv) 2 tan -1 (4(e 1>)

16. tan (xe).

17. 4 ((x + 1) 3/ 2 + Cr-i P12)

(ii)((2x+5)"2-(2x-3)312).

(iii) se 1 (2x - 7).

18. (i) 2 log (1 + 4r)

(ii) - (4x + 1)1(8( 2x + 1) 2). 19. (i) 2 4x + 2 log( 4x - 1).

(ii) 4 x 3 /2 — x + 2 4x — 2 log ( 4x + I).
20. (I) (2x + 1) 5 12 + 4 (2x +

(Ii) (x + a)"3 - q(x + a )4I3

21. (I) — x -2log(1 - x).

(ii) +xl+
1 x' + 4x 3 X + + ri log(x — I).

22. (i) 4 x + ! log (3r + 4). (ii) b -2 1 (a + bx) -a log (a + bx)l

23. (1) (3x + 2 ) 3/2 - (3x + 2)h/2

(ii) p bx) 5 '3 4ab 1 (a + br)2'3

24. - a cos l ( rim) —

25. r3
+4 xI + x + log(2x + I).

26. (i) 4sin - '( ri g ) 1 (ii)4sin I (rig)3

Ui') 'x + JIX1 _1).

(iv) -1 - + I- x2 )3/2

27. ain -1 (—
'I /) - rr(a- x).

METHOD OF SUIIS11711T1ON 23

28. (j) al(a 2

— x2)

29. (I) e r* (II) -r/(x2

30. log (a sin x + b cos x + c).

31. (i) b- log (a + b log x). (ii) .(logsecr)3.

32. .. (x 3 + 3x + 6)1/3
33. (i) SIfl ( sin x (Ii) - (sin r + cosccx)
(iii) . log sec 3x - . log Sec 2x — log sec x . 34. -

35.. (i) x cos a - sin a log cos (r +a).

(ii) r cos 2x - sin 2a log sin (x + a
r (a — 2bx)
36. (i) lba 2 alog - br -a 2x(a - br)
.! (log (1 - x
--- }
37. (i) ( r 311 .- log (1 + x " )) (ii) - J( 1 + r 2)3 / 3x

38. (I) .scc ..2 (ji) , (x2 f1)1I(x — 1). 39. f(xQ(x).
40. - log( I - xe).
2.3. Standard Integrals.
I d t I X
(A) I t +a 1 =-tan- — .(a*O)
jx a a

Proof. l'ut x =a tan 0; then dx = a sec 0 dO

1=1
P a
Sec 0 dO
2 sccO
I I
=-ldG
aj
I
=-O=-tan-'-
a
I
a
x
a
• d
(or.
1 + x2 tan x.
f
Note. Putting x = a cot 0 the above integral takes up the form
- ( I / a) cot (x / a ) which evidently differs from the previous form
by a constant. Usually
I

dx 1 Cot
i s written in the form — —x
I -J a'+x 2 a a
24 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
' dx I logs
IX
x_a (lxi >Iai ).
(B) J x 1 - at +a
dx 11(1
ProoI.Jx2a2Ji; i - a x+aJ1dx
- dx fdxl
x+.aJ
{Jx_a
= {iogi (x -a)! -log! (x +a)! )
since the numerator is the differential coefficient of the denomi-
nator in each case, (See Ex. 5, Art. 2.2. 1,

= Ilx
log —
1 aI
x+ai
Note. The above Is an example of integration by breaking up the In.
tegrand into fractions. (See Chapter V.)
t dx = — I log a+x (ixi<iai).
(C) I J a 2 —x 2 2a a-x
The proof is as before, noticing that
I I1.1 1
a 2 -x 2 2a'.a+x a — x
= log I (x + Ix' t al)I
J2 a1)
Proof. PutI(x 2 ±a 2 ) z - x, or,z = x +4(x2±a2).
2x
dz =(i+ 2,4( X l±a2)) x = z
f dx (dz = logz
J(x±a) Jz
= log! (x +.I(x'±a)!
Note. Students acquainted with hyperbolic functions may work out the
integrals (D) by substitution x = a sinh z, or x = a cosh z according
as the denominator Is 4( x 2 + i a ), or 4(x2 - a2).
 METhOD OF SUBSTITUTION 25

Thus, putting x = a sinh z, we have dx a cosh z dz.

dx I acosha
(1) Hence, Jr
C
_) = J a 4(1 + sinh 2 z) dz j dz = z = sInh ' -
.I(x l +0
2 +42 )
and this is shown in Trigonometry = log x + ,/(X g

=log (x +4(x2 + a2) —loge.

This form differs From the result given above by a constant (Cf Remarks
in Art. 1.3 1 . In the result, - log a being a constant may be dropped, since
it may be supposed to be included in the constant of integration.
In that case the forms given In (D) and here are the sonic. Similar
remark applies to the results of (2) and (3) below.
Similarly, by putting x a cosh z, we have
I dt x

Ix+.I(x1_a7
2 J1(x 1 - a2) cosh'— =log , a
In many text-books for the sake of brevity, inverse hyperbolic forms
are used in preference to the logarithmic forms.
The first of the integrals (1)) can also be evaluated by putting x = a tone,
so that 4x = a sec 2 edo. Thus,
= a cc29dO sec 0 (cc 0 + tan 0 )
d'
jscc OdO=
J (x2+a2) J a sec O = 5 secO + tail O
- .g ( sec 0 tan by F, 5, Art. 2.2 I
= log(4(1 +1on 2 0) + tanO)
II x2 x\ log x+'I(x'+a2)
= loyt4l+—j . ;)= a
Similarly, put x = a sec 9, in the other integral.
Similarly the integrals Of ( B) and ( C ) can be obtained by hyperbolic
substitution.
(13) Thus, putting x a coth 49, dx = - a cosceb 2 0 JO and
2
(x 2 - a 2) = a I (coth 2 o - 1 ) a cosech
2

See Des & Mukherjees Higher Trigonomnetry, Art. 12.9.

 26 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

= —a cosech2O
dO Ifdo 1 = - I
5 a cosech 2 - ; = - a a coth-'!a
(C) Similarly, putting x = a tanh 0,
fth20tb0 = de
-!f = 0 = _!. tanh1 ..!
a2sech2e a a a a

(E) q( dx
— x2) =
x
sin-' —
a (I x I Ia

Put x = a sin 0; then dx = a cos Ode.

facos8de C x
• acos0 =jdO =0 = S1fl'

Cor. dx
SIfl' x
I

Note I. Pulling r = a cos 0, the integral dx

be put in
f.J(2 x')
I
the form cos - — instead of - sin - i —
I
a a

Note 2. In (A) to (E), it is tacitly assumed that a 0.

2.4. 1 C dx
ax' + bx + c .(a^O)
The above integral can be written as
If dx If dx
aJ x2 + - x •i--•
c aj I /x +— j
= b \
+
4ac - b'
a a \ 2ai 4a'

and putting x + -2a

k- z, this reduces to the forn I I' dz
[di Z. ,..

according as 4ac - b 1 is positive or negative, and this is of the form

(A) or (13) of Art. 2.3
If a be negative, we may take - (1/n), which is positive, out-
side the integral sign and it then reduces to the form (C).
g
dx. (a* 0, p * 0)
2.5.I ax' — + bx +c


METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION 27

= (2ax + b )dx,
Here, noting that the differential of ax' + bx + c
the given integral can be written as

2ax +
jA
a
(2ax +b) +
' dx
dx= hI
2aJax 2 +bX+C 2aJ ax'+bx+c

2a -
.2- (1 12ax + b) 1_dx
Jaxt+bx+c
2a IJaxi+bX+C p

since the numerator

The first integral = log (ax 1 + x + c ) ,
of the integral is equal to the differential coefficient of the deno-
minator. The second integral is evaluated as in the previous article.

Note 1. To express px + q as the sum of two terms we might also

proceed thus
+ m ,where
Let px + q = I (differential coefficient of the denominator)
the constants I , m are to be determined by cor.iparirg the coefficients.

Note 2. In Ails. 2.4 and2.S, if an I + bx + c breaks up into two real

linear factors, then instead of proceeding as above, we may breakup the in-
tegrand into the sum of partial fractions, and then integrate each separate-
ly. (See Chapter V.1
dx
26 (a ^ 0) .
J Tax + bx +c

If abe positive, we can write the integral as

1 C dx
b ' 4ac - b2 1
x +
m-J.j f( ) + 4a2 J

and substituting z for x + this reduces to the form

I ( dz
I(zi k1)'
j
according as 4ac - b2 is positive or negative, and this is of the form
(D) of Art. 2.3.

(fa be negative, say, =- a' , we can write the integral as

 28 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

' I
dx
- f- (4a'c + b' ' b '
I 4a' J

and putting x - b , = z, this reduces to the form

I
J'J
f dz
I(k' - z')
which is of the form (E) of Art. 2.3.
Note. If the quadratic under the radical In theabove case breaks up into
two real linear factors, we may, instead of proceeding as above, substitute z2
for one of the factors and then proceed. The method is Illustrated in
Exs. 2 and

2.7.J
3 of Art. 2.9.
p x+g
ax' bx
dx. (a*O,p^O)
c)

As in Art. 2.5 the above integral can be written as

(2ax + b) + - b
U dx
2a Rax' +bx + c)

...r( 2axi-b 2ag-pbr dx

dx +
2a tJI(ax 2 +bx -
+ c) p J4(ax2 + bx +c)
The first integral, on putting ax' + bx + c = z, reduces to
f= 2Iz 2'5x' + bx + C.

The second integral is obtained as in Art. 2.6.

2.8. (A)
5 (ax
ux
+ b) 'I(cx + * 0, c * 0)
Put cx+d=z 2 .. cdx=2zdz.
Wc may also put ax' + bx + C =
 MIiTHOD OF SUBS17M11ON 29

The integral then reduces to

2t zdz dz
7J (a z2_d+ b).z --25
azt+(bc_ad)

which reduces to the form (A), (B) or (C) of Art. 2.3.

(B)
5 dx
(px+q)I(ax'+bx+c) .(a^O,p*O)

iere, put p: + q -,so that

pdx = --i- and
( 1z - q).
The given integral then reduces to

if I I(a (
b/Iz -q
+—(
-- q)2
\
)

IC dz
z) 2 + —Pbz (1 - qz)
which when simplified takes up the form
f dz
4(Az 2 + Br + C)
when we proceed as in Art. 2.6.
2.9. Illustrative Examples.
E.1. Integrate
7r-9 dr.
- +
f
= f (2x-2)-2
Jz - 2x + 35

7 1• 2x-2
1Jx2_2x+35 dx 25
-
dx
x2-2rf35
30 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

alit
= log(x2- 2x + 35)- 25 (x_ 1) 2
t 34

= - Iog(x' - 2x + 35)- tan' (!! )

Es 2
' J u
dx
J2 +3x - 2x2)
dx
Here, I -
- 'I((l +2x)(2 - x)J
Put 2-x=z'. . -dx2:dz

and 1 + 2r = I + 2(2 -z) = 5 - 2z2.

The integral reduces to
r
- J 2zdz
4((5- 2z2)z') =
dz
'12 J ,T2)

(See (E) Not, Art. 23.1

= 42 cos ' ( 4 . z)

- 42cosJ 2(2 - x)
- 5
dx
F. 3 > a).
Integrate
- a)(13 - x))

Put x - a = 2 2 . .. dx = 2zdz; and tl - x =13 - a- z2.

• S =
2zdz
(j1(13 - a- z)) 2
dz
f T(k2- whore k2

= 2 sin = 2 sin '

Note. This integral can also be cv3luated by putting

X = u cos 8 + 0 sin2e.

dx
F' 4 (2x + 3)4(x 2 + 3x + 2)
Integrate
The integral is of the form (B) ,f Art. 2.8.
I dx
Put 2x+3=-. :.2d2=--1-dz.:.d
z2


METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION 31
And x(i_3); z
2x 3
dz
I
5Z11T3)TflIT3):21
dz
J
Aliernalively
-z) = - -si n
= i (-23)

_______ dx
dx
= Jx^s -(4x2+12x+8)) f(2x+ 3)((
Put 2x + 3 = z. •. 24x = dz.dx =dz.
dz
I) =secz = sec-' (2x - 3),
Although apparently the forms of the two results are different, it can
be easily shown (by using the properties of inverse circular functions) that
one differs from the other by a constant.
Note. It can be easily seen that the linear expression is the sum of the
two linear factors of the quadratic expression under the radical ; also the
linear expression is the derivative of the quadratic expression.

E. S. 1nterasef_II dir. (H. S. '81 1

Rationalizing the numerator, we have
' t
dx r dx I xdx
= J X) _ j (1 -x2) J
Pi I -x z' in the 2nd integral, so that - 2x dx 2zdz
2nd integral then = - J dz =-Z=_ 'I( I - x').
I = sin 'r -'(l -x').
Note. Integrals of the type f.\J +
dx ( 'a 0, c x 0) of which
the 3bove is a particular case can be evaluated exactly in the same way.
Ex. 6. Integrate x2 s 4
+
^ 3 dx .
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS Ex. JI(B)
32
2x -1
Here, 1(1 - _+_2_x + 3 ) dx

=
+ 2-
2nd integral = C Q" +
3
J
- dx
dx
_f 2x-I

+3 J
2r+2 dx-3 dx
- + 2x + 3 J(x ++(
I ,i
2)2
5
= log (x 2 + 2x + 3)tan - (!_ jy!)
3
=x_ log (x2+2x+3)+tafl(Ix+1
I

Note. In order to evaluate integrals of the type + 5 as

(of which the above Is a particular case), where 1(x) is a rational function
of x of second or of higher degree, divide the numerator by the deno-
minator till the numerator is of the first degree; then the Integral reduces
to the sum of integrals of the type JAm xm dx Cm > or = 0) and of the type
px+g dx.
fax 2 + bx + c

EXAMPLES 11(B)
Integrate
3x2
1. dx.

xdx xdx
2• (1) (ii)5x4-1
S x4 -s- I
dx x3 dx
______
I H. S. '78,86
3 (i) J 5 j( a' - x')
(Put e' z.I (Put z.j
+ sin se Oxdx . SIItXdX
4 •
x'
lo f ________
3 4-sintx
J •
 E ir 11(13) METHOD OF SUBSTI71JflON 33

XI - I
'ka f
+x) (ii)5 ri...7)dr.
I (ii) Put x + x I = Z. I
6
f
1Pux'
xdx
a1)(h2
=
-))
(b2 > a)

1. (h f I 'll 111S'SOj (i)fj_ dx

4y

dx dx
(ii'If
S 1 + .1 -x1 6x2 + 7r+2

xdx
j
f r 1 ^2 +2

10.
coxdx
f sin2x + 4 sir, x+ 3
edx
11.
f 2e + 5
12
dx
fV(T - 1 2 )11 + (sinj)TJ

f r'
x1dx
- 6x + 5
13. J

14.
S _-.-__
xii
dx
+ 7 tgr+
dx
-

I5.(i) ii)J 3x+1

+ x 2. + 1
- 2dx.
2x -
16, to I X+xTi
x+1
dx. 2x 3
j f 4x2 + 1 dx.

. f17 (4x + 3)dx

3x2 3iTi (Wf
xdx
2- 6x - xt
X2
18. ( —dx.
-4

Inlegral Calculus (main) -5

34 NTEGRAL CALCULUS Ex. II(B)

r (1)1X2_
19. (I) I
j X + 2x + 2
dx. Z_4i
.i x+ x + I
dx.

f 3 .i.
20. XI + 2x —1dx.
xx+1
j
dx
21
J .I(xt+x_2)
dx 01)5
dx
22 • (i
.I I_x_x2r

dx
2L I
j
dx

.I
24 •
I(x2 -7x + 12 )
IPWx-4z2.I

dx
25. J Tix1Ox2)

cos x dx
(5 sin 2x - 2s1nx + 4)
26. 5
dx
21-
• 1 Jt(x - a)(x -
dx (ii)J dx
2a
• (i)J I(2ax -x2) 'I(2ax + x2)

lq 0)-x
+b
I
dx . 11. E. '83 1 (ii) f
2x+3
1T 2 . + 1.
dx
1. Li
J

30 dx.
jx2_8x+5)
J
(2x-1 )dx
31
() J
(x + fl
+ 8x -5x2)
dx. (ii) J X2 +4x + 2
dx.

dx dx
32.
() J-T(T77) (jI)J (2x +1)I(4x l-3)

dx
-x 2 +-,)


x. 11(8) METIIOI) 01 SUBSTITUTION 35

2x +1) dx.
34..dx. Cii)f JI.3x +
dx
(..)J 'Ixdx
35 (.)I
I Put r z'.J
dx dx
J XJ(X1 ±a 2 ) 5 (1 + x ) 4(1 -x2)

dx dx
(iv'J
(iii) fx'J(9x + 4x + 1)' ( +x)4(l +2x - x2)
[C. P. '86 1
(v)j
dx
xJ(x 2 + 2x - 1) ()f
dx _____
(1 +x)'I(T +x - x)
dx
(vii)J (x - 3)I(x 2 -6x + 8)
J (Q2 - X2)

x dx. (ii)
fx+x-1r dx

dx
J x '1(1 . I Put I + x' = ., C. P. '81 1

.. -
x_ a dx.
M 'lx
+ dx. (ii) x
40. If a < x'z b, show that

dx 2 fT
5 (x — a)((x - a)(b - x)J b x- a

ANSWERS

1. tan ( x ) . 2. (i) tan ' (x 2 ) () . log x 2+

I
3. (I) tan (e'). (ii) - sin

x
4. (i) tan x - tan x. (it) - log 2 - cos
2 + csx
 36 INTEGRA:. CAI.CiJ US

S. (I) f log (x' + [+a'). (ii) kg ((1 ,. + '11 + x )/x)

6.s + I \
211 .7.(i)tn' (2x-).iii) tan'(+!)

(I) VSI log ,j45+2x-1

- 2r (ii)lcg2r+l
3T"• 9 tan - I).
+I

IO. I -log 1+ sin x

inr ii. Pan'((e' .- I)}.12. tan - '(sin 'x)

13. Iog X3_51

3 log 5+kg
1
1. (i) log(x + I) +
12 x+1
(il) '- log( x - 3) . 16. (i) log jr 2 + 4r + 5 ) tan -, ( x e 2
(ii). log (..x2 + 1) stan '(2x).
17. (i) f log (3x 3r I) ^ 2 tan 1 (43( 2x + I ))

(00log ---
_ ___
t log ( 2 - 6x - x1),
- -

18. x log' _-2 1. (i) i - 2 tan - l

+
x+2 + 1)
(ii) x log ( 2 I'
x f 1) + - 2tan •' (, 2xfl
-- )

2x I
20.f x s -log(-z tan'' ( '-
r +2 + I)
)
21. 2 log ( '/x+2 + ITT T) . ,f 2x +
22. (I) sin ---p--- )
(ii) log 2x + 3 + 2 9-;-+,)
23.log (x +.+ x1 +.4x+2).
24. 2log('Ix _3 +'/x -4), 25..\J -+4
19
26. - '- log ( 'T2
_ -5 sin r + ' -
5( 2 - sin x 1
27. 2 tog I + . 28. (I) s i ft -' (!f)

(Ii) log (x + -'/ $ 2nr).

 MPThOI) OF SUBSTITU11ON 37

29. (1) a2 + b log ( r . 12)

,—2 +x + I - 2 log (x ++4-;F-+—

(ii) 2 1x x+ 1).

30. 4T 1 8x+5 .31. () sin' ___ ._)_(4 +8x-5x2

/Sx-4

(ii) —+ 2. - log ( 2x + I
-'Tx 4- 71—
+4x +2). +4

1 /'14x +— 3 - I
32. (1) 2 jj— \ /
tan ( 2Icgt(43))
\

33. log
2 + 1 )+
34.
(i) 4-(7-
- 3>(x-4) + log ( TTi + r; - 4).
J

(ii) 112 )(3x 2 --41 log ( 3 '12x+1 + 2 4Tx+2

_

35. 0) log !
I +x
( . i log
____
x+1

I x
36 (l) log - sec - - . (ii) - - -
2a og 4 a a a
(iii) log -- log (1 * x+I +—
4x+ 1).

(iv) T
2 sinn (v) sin tXl
+ x -vr )

(v1) sin
.1 3x* I \
- (vii) Sec (x-3

-
3'. (I) 47 - + a log x2
—
x
(ii) log x + x -
- 2
- -j- tun
/2'Jx-1+1
)
38. log ('/1—
+x - 1) - log r -

39. (i) a log ( 'x + 'x+a) + 'Ix( — Y+ a)

(u) 2'I--a - 2'a tan1

(J' 1 )


CHAPTER III
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

3.1. Integration of a product 'by parts'.

We know from Differential Calculus that, if u and v, are two
differentiable functions of x,
d dudv,
- v1 + u -
dx dx dx
integrating both sides with respect to x, we have

UVI = —duv,)
t( dvl)d
u-
I( OX
dx+ J dx
J( dv,,' dx = uv,, - f(du v, ) dx.
or, u dxi
- ) x ,
dv,
Suppose v, = fvdx.
dx- v, then
Hence, the above result can be written as
t I du f
5(uv)dx = ufvdx vdx)dx.
-J tiJ
The above formula for the integration of a product of two func-
tions is referred to as integration by parts.
It states that
..e ..j product of two funriion.c
he inhgra
1st function (unchanged)x integral of 2nd
- integral of [differential coefficient of 1st x integral of 2nd J.
3.2. Illustrative Examples.

Ex. 1. Integrate Jxe I dx.

= xfedx -f Jeadz} dx,

I f-
=xe'_fi.e'ax. =xe'-c'.

INTEGLtTIO14 BY PAR1 19

Note. In the above integral, instead of taking x as the first function artl
e 9 as the second, if we take C, the first function and x as the second, then
applying the rule for integration by parts we get

The integral 11 e wx 2 dx on the right side Is more complicated than the

ohe we startad with, for it Involve, x 2 instead of x.
Thus, while applying the rule for integration by parts to the product of two
functions, care should be taken to choose properly the first functicn, i.e., the func-
tion not to be integrated.
A little practice and experience will enable the student to make the right
choice.
E.2. Integrate Jios xdx.

I =J log ;. I dx,
= logxjdx (log r).JdX} dx,
_5(
= togx.x — dx,

= x log x - I dx,
= xlogx-- X.

E. 3. 1ntegrae Jtan x dx.

I = tan'x.ldx,

= tan tx.Jax (tanx) fax) dx,

_J(
= tan 'X.X -J1 +1xt .xdx,
r 2:
xtan x -
= xtan lr_tog(I + : 2). I By Ex. 5, Art. 2.2 1
 - INFEGRAL_CALCULUS

Note. Very often an integral

involving a single logarithmic function or a
single Inverse circular funci ion can be evaluated by the application of the rule for
integration by parts, by considering the Integral as the product of the given
function and unity, and taking the given function as the first function and
unity as the second.

This princp1e Is illustrated In Exs. 2 and 3 above and E. 4 below.

Ex. 4. intesratefiog (x + ' X2 4 a 2 ) dx.

I =flog(x +Jx2+a2).jdx,

= log (x+ Ix 2 +a 2 )fdx_f [ {ig(x+ rX T7)) .fdx]d.

= log (X +4 T al).x -f--.----.T).x dx,

= (x ../X2 a )
xlogf -t
itz
'(r
-+ a 2

Put x 1 +9 2 ,so that xdx =zdz.

C xdx fzdz C
'I
J e(x'+a2) j11d2z=1X2+a2
z j

I = x log (x +Ix 2 t a1) - x ta2.

E.5. Integrate fx3edx

I = x' e' - 3 Ix 2 e 'dx, Integrating by parts
=r'e_3(xle_
- 31x 1 c' -2(xe'-Je'dr)J
- 3[x 2 e' -2 (xc'- el)),
- 3x 2e' + 6xe' -6.e',
(r 3 - 3x 1 6x - 6)e'.
 INTEGRATION B( PARTS 41

3.3 Standard Integrals.

e co g bx dx =
e "(a cos bx + b sin bx
(A)5 a1 + bi

e
(bx - tan-1^)
= J(a2 + b1)5

= e" (a sin bx - b co g bx
(B) Je sin hx a 2 + b2

sin ( bx - tan-'
Here a * 0)
Proof. (A) Integratir.g by parts,
sinbx t sin bx \
e"cosbxdx = e'-'.----- (ae.__g—_)dx.
$ -J
e" sin bxa
- - Je o sin bxdx.
- b
Now, integrating by parts, the right side of this integral
e 'si rtb.t
cosbx\ cesbx f 1
- b - a
{e b ae ( - b -j )'J
e' sin bx a a1 f
* -- e" cos bx .- - e cos bx dx
- ----i-- J
• transposing,
0 2 \ t e(acosbx + b s i n bx)
I Cos bx dx
( j )
2 a2+b2
Now, dividing both sides by I + i.e.,

we get if e os LX 1x
e"(a cos bx + b sin- bx)
J
Again,puttinga =rcosa,b =rsina,sothatr=J(a2+b1)
and a = tan ( b / a ) on the right side of this integral, we have
the right side
 .2 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

e''rcos(bx —a) c" b\

Co. bx— tan-'
= a2+12 4(a2 +b') (
Integral (B) can be evaluated exactly In the same way.
3.4. Alternative method

Let P =fe u cos bxdx

and Q = sin bxdx

... P + iQ=fe ( cos bx + i sin bx)dx _feu e O, ix

e15'' a - ib
dx
a+ib
=
=Je',' a'+b2
- C''
- ib)(
- a2 + bl (a cos bx + isinbx).
Equating real and imaginary pita we got the value, of F
and Q.
Note 1. The above integrals can also be obtained thus:
Denoting the integrals (A) and (B) by I, and I and integrating each
by parts, we shall get
bJ1 +a12 = e'sthbx
and all - b12 = a'' cos bx,
from which I, and f, can easily be deterniln.d.
Note 2. Exactly in thesame way the integrals f, coo (bz +cUx and
Je"sin (br + c) dx can be evaluated.
3.5. Standard Intergals.

x7a 7 T at
(C)fr + d
2 +.j. l.gI lx +xt +

X,(Z*+lt II x
0 I'
- 2
 INTEGRATION BY PARTS 43

dx - x X2 a2
- j-log I (x+x2_I2)I
2
(Th J x -

or - x4a'a cosh
2 • 2 a

xIx a1 -
- x 1 dx a
2
(E)Ja2

Proof. (C) Integrating by parts,

2x
+ is1dx =-Tx 2 + a2.x x dx,
J1? X2
5
X2
= XT2 - dx. ...(1)
S
x 2 + a2
Also, + a 2 d
—
j(x t +

=
f x 1 f dx
T)dJ(x2+a2 . ( 2)

Adding (1) and (2) and dividing by 2,

xTx 2 + a2 a' dx
+ . I dx
Tx 2 —
J = 2 (x1+a2)

=
x1x 2 4 a 2 a2
2 - +-- IogI (x +J x2 +a 2)I

By Art. 2 3 (D) I

Proof. (D) 5[xz - a2dx

2x
= IX 1 - 42 x dx,
.
S 2,J(x2_a1 )

'
- XIX 1 - a2
- 4(x2 -
$
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
(x 2 -0) +a'
= xix a -
t( x 22 - a) dx,

j r XG dx a l $
=xx2_a2_(22) dx
-

= xJx a -a 1 _ jix t - a 1 dx _a25 I( x dx

2 - a')

Now transposing J '( x 2 - a') dx to the left side and divid-

ingby 2,

slx l - a'dx = XX22_a2 - flog! (x +'Ix'-

5 - a2
I By Art, 2.3 (V)
Note, The integral (C) can be evaluated by the method of evaluating
the integral (D), and The integral (D) can also be evaluated by the method of
evaluating the integral (C).
(E) Although this integral can be easily evaluated by either of
the methods employed in evaluating the integrals (C) and (D)
above, yet another method, the method of substitution, may be
adopted in evaluating this integral.
Putting x = a sin 0.sothat dx =a cos (IdO, we get

'ia' - x2dx =a2$c0S20d0

5
= a'..J(1 + cos2O)dE3,
- .a 1 [fcos 20 dO +JdQ],
= 'a l l sin 20 +0],
=' a' . sin 0 cos 9 + . a'O,
I x2 . X
=-a' +-a2sin
a — ', j - -
1
2
a2 2 a
x[a 2 x 2 a2 . x
= 2 ^—
2 -in -I a
 INTEGRATION BY PARTS 45

Note. The integrals ( C ) and ( 0) can also be evaluated by putting

x = a sinh z and x = a cosh z respectively.

3.6. J.rxi + bx + c dx. (a * 0)

' 10 integ aLe this, e.prcss a L'a + c as the sum or difference
of two squares, as the case may he ; that is, express ax 2 + hx + c
in either of the forms a(( x + 1)2 ± m 2 1 or a'( m 2 - ( x + 1)1
nd then substitute z for x + 1. Now tho integral reduces to one
of the forms (C), (0) or (E) discussed above. This is illustrated in
Ex. 3 of Art 3.10.
3.7.5(px+q)Iax2+6x+cdx.(a;e0)

To integrate this, put px + q = -( 2ax + b) + ( q b

- -. )
then the integral reduces to the sum of two integrals, the first of
which can be immediately integrated by putting z = ax 2 + bx + c,
and the second is of the form of the previous article. This is il-
lustrated in Lx. 4 of Art. 3.10.
3.8.$e(f(x) + f'(x)] dx.
integrating by parts e If ( x ) dx, we have
Je'f(x)dx=Jf(x)e'dx=f(x)e_(f'(x)e.dx,
transposing, Je'(f(x) + f'(x)}dx = ef(x).
Alternatively, we may integrate by parts I e 'f'( x ) dx, and derive
the same result
Note. f e$(r)dr, when 0(x) can be broken'up as the sum of twofunc-
tions of x such that one is the differential coefficient of the other, can be easily in-
tegrated as above.
3.9. Generalized rule for Integration by parts.
Let u and v be two differentiable functions of x (differenti
abie n times), and let us denote

(u) byu' andf vdx by t



46 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

(u') by u" and Jo1 dx by v

Now,
f
uv dx = uv1 -
f u'v dx (by integrating by parts) (1)
;ai,
f u'v1 dx = u'v -
J u11v111 dx, ... (2)

5 u"v 2 dx = u"v, -
f u' v3 dx, ... (3)

where u I denotes u".

5 u"o dx = u"v4 dx -
f u 4 v4 dx, ...

Combining (1), (2), (3) and (4) we get

5 uv dx = u p 1 - u'v1

And generally
+ Li "v - u"v 4 + (- 1) 4
5 u4v4dx
(5)

5 uvdx u p 1 -

+ (- 1) Juv.
u'v 2 + u " 03 -u" V4 +

dx
(- u

. .. ( 6)
where u denotes u with n dashes.
II luetra Li qn.
bite8 rate 5x 4 cos x dx.
I =x' sinx-4x 3 (-COS x)+ 12x 1 (—sinx)-24x(c05x)42451nx
xlsinx+4xi COS x_12x 2 sin x_24xsx+24 sin r
3.10. Illustrative Examples.

Ex. 1. JnIesra:efe sin 3xcosxdx.

I= . Je'.2 sin ,3x COS xdx,

=jIc (sin 4x + sin 2x)dx,
..IIe'sIn4xdx +Je'sin2xdxJ,
I ON e2l Sin (2r
= [ . ) sIn(4x_ tan-',)
 INTEGRATION BY PARTS 47

ri - tan 2) + sini t2x-

*
-r L 7) ( 2

COSIX
Ex. 2.
Integrate
I - It kcosazdx .4Je-'(coa3x+3 cos x)dx
4(Jeco83xix + 3Ieco.xdxL

. [! j _coex + 3sin3x)+3 ! (-3co,x + .4nx)j.

1

!.{1(ain3x - co( ) + (smx— 3cosx))

Ex. 3. Integrate 514 + 8x-dx.

I =fT(T+!x-x2)dx,
= 1514 " 3!-!r + x')dx,
S

J5f )2..(x_±) 2 dx,

ITT
15f1'-z' _ dz. (putting x -4 and a =4)

z4az g z
+ IBAr.34(E)I
2 -},
r(Sx -4)14 +8x - 51 2 1
+ 8 in -1 15x- 4
on restoring the values of a and z and simplifying
118 /Sx-4
= 4)'4 + 8x- 5x2 +— 5- sin -'

Ex. 4. 1nteraIe '3r- 2)4x 1 -x + I dx.

J
Since 3x -2(2x -1) f,
I =41(2x -1) ,[ -x +1 dx _ -if Ix2 -x + ldx.
48 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
To evaluate the 1st integral,
Put z=x2-x+i. dz.(2x_1)dx
7 3
Ist integral =f'Izdz=4z 1 - x+ 1)2;

2nd integral = I 'I - - f) 1+I dx

= JI(z 2 +al) dz, putting z - X -j-and a)
+ a 2 ) a2
= 2 +.- log (z+z-• +a 2),

- 1) T TTl + . log(x -_+ T71)

3
I = (r 2 -r + 1) 2 _!I 12x
'
-

- log I (x-+ •i'; H

E.5.
x2 + x +. I
, +2r + dx.
Integrate
f 4(

( x 2 + 2x + 3) -(x ) +
-
-f- 1(x _'+ 2x +2)3 dx,

Jx 2 i-2r+3
-- 'J(r+2x+3) dr-
r+2
JI(x2+2x+3)dx

=j 2 +2x + 3 d
-f 112 (2x + 2) +
( x1 +2x+3) S

Denoting the right -Side integrals by 11 , 12, 13,

(2x+2)dx dx

2x+3) I ((x+1 ) +2)

f1 — I3 = f'z 2 +a 2 dx -
-

= .j. z 'Iz+ j

+}al!og(z
f dz
+a 2) (where z=x+1, a 2 = 2)
+ '/' +a 2 )-log (z + T2)
Ex. 111 INTEGRATION BY PARTS 49

( z + I) ,fx 2 + 2x +3, on restoring the value or z and a1.

Putting x 2 +2x + 3 = z, so that (2x + 2)six dz,

12 2 'Iz = 2 T. +2x + 3.

I Cr + 1'Jx +2x + 3 -'/x + 2x + 3,

.(x -1) 'Ix +2x + 3.
Integrate (
Ex. 6. dx I1.E.'80
( (x + 1 )88 -e' X—)__.j
1 J (x+I)1 _J(x+l_P dX
Integrating by parts the first integral
f +l x+ I j (x+I)2

•
x+F
Ex 7. Prove thai (4 a b),AS
(I) 5e' sinh bx dx a2 -b2 (a sink bx b coal, bx).

(ii) 5'" cosh bx dx 2 - b2 cosh bx - b sink bx).
(I) Integrating by parts.
1= t" cosh bXJ cash bx
e ll co,h bx a
fe cosh bxdr. ... (I)

Again integrating by parts,

fecoshbxfr S"1

- b

nIegraI Calculus (main) -6

30 INTEGRAL CALCULUS Ex. III

From (1) and (2),

.Jzcoah br a
a,tnhbx+jI.
b
Tranap*ing.
(i i -1(b cosh bx -' ':Th tx).
I. (a .lnh bx - b cost, bx)

(ti) This integral can be evaluated In the same way.

Alternatively, we can use the exponential values of ainh x and cosh x
to evaluate these integrals.
Thus, esInh bxdx
1 It ' + - - Xj dx,
+ ' - -
a
I
2 4+L7

- J• _!.. -
2 La+b a —bJ'

I (a— b0l' (a
- -
S ta(e'— e s') - b(eb +e)J,

a sinh bx - b comb bx J.
EXAMPLES III
1. Integrate the following with respect to x :-
(1) x sin x (ii) x 8 cos X. ( iii) xc"

(iv) x' log x. 10 xe'.tH.S,'831 (vi) x sec 2x.

(tfl) sin - ' X. (viii) cos- 'x .1 H. S. '80 1 'ix) cosec- I x.

(x) (xi) cot - ' X. (xii) Cos- , ( I /x

sec 'x
Will x s1n'x. (xlv) x tan-'x. (xv) x cos nx
Lx 11) INTEGRATION BY PARTS 51

(xvi) (log x ) . xvi) x log x .1 H. S. '79, '86 1 (xviii) sin-' 'ix.

(xix) log (l + x)'".

(xx) log ( x + 1)
(x +1)2
(xxi) log (1 + 2x' + x) . (xxii) log( x2 + 5x + 6)

(xxiii) x' cos 2x. (xxiv) x 3 (log X )2.

Integrate :-
2. (1)Jx sin 2 xdx. (ii)fxsin x cos xdx.

$. () log( x - 'iX 2. ) dx (ii) log :2 - x + 1) dx.

5 5
4, (i) I 1--
log (logx) l
dx. (ii) I I + cosx
dx.
j i .j
r sin x log ( sec x ^ tan dx (H.S.'86 1
(, x)
J
(ii)5 cos x log (cosec x + cotx)dx.

6. (i) cos 2x log (1 + tan x ) dx.

5
(ii)J cosec zx log sec xdx.

7. (1)5 sin - (3x - 4x 3 ) dx. (11)5 (sin - 'x)ldx.

S. (1)j' cos -1 11 dx. (ii) Jtan-ij_J.L_2 dx.

+ X2

9. (1)5 sin-' 2x .
x (ii)5tan-13dx.

.(i)j dx. (11)5 tan- 1 LL..!

xsin-'x .. I. sin-ix
11.(i) _x2)X (ii)
f j - x2 )311 dx.

12.(1) 5e sin x dx. (ii) je' cos x dx.

(iii) f 2' sin x dx. (iv) f3 cos 3. dx

 52 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

(v)fesinhxdx. (vi)fexcosh xdx.

13. (I) fe sin 2 x dx. (ii) 5e sin x sin 2x dx

f (1
.fx+sinx
+ x')2
d..
log
t'ut tan
1)
x = z. I
15. (i)
1 + cosxdx . (ii)
fI(x+1)
(1 + cos x ) dx.
16.
5 tan i
' sin [C. P. '88

5 sin;' \I
V.
x+a
X
dx. [Put x = a tan 2 0 1 1!. E. E '79, '86

18. fe r (cosx + sinx)dx. C. P. '811

9. (i) - (1 + xlog x) dx.

I C. P. '82, H. S.87 I
(ii)
f log xdx
(1 ^ log x)'
20. (i) fe (tan x - log cos x )dx

(ii)
5 e' sec x. (1 + tan x ) dx.

(HO
5 e (log ( Sec x +. an x) + sec x I dx

21
(i) J
(iii) 5e (x
r
( x + 1)2 dx.
+ 1
(ii)
5 (1 +
x)2 dx..
x2)2

i. 1) dx.

I 22 (fr
+cosx
s x
1sin
-
5
dx. ii) e'
$ 1 - sin
I — cosx dx.
C'
I - cos2x dx.
J 2 - sin 2x
4'v)
J
' 2 +
e' sin 2x
I + cos 2x dx.
23. f'125 _9xldx.
24. (1)
$ '15 - 2x + x' dx. 00
5 q 10 - 4x +4x' dx.
 Fr . III INTEGRATION BY PARTS 53

25. (i)5418x
- 65 - _
xldx. (ii)J4T 3x - 2?dx.

f .isx l
:
+ 4dx.

x +'I(x -1)

28. J'I2ax -xdx.

29.fI(x -cx)(13- x)dx. (Put x = acos9+sin2O.I

30.(i)j' (x - 1) 'T-i dx. (ii) f(x + b) 4x 2 + a2dx.

.31. (i)$ (x - 1)Jx 2 - x + Jdx.

(11)5 (x + 2)2xT1dx.
.f x 2 +x+1 •.. x2+2x+3
32.(0 j_
( I _x
2 )
dx . tu) I dx
J j f '.'( x 1 + x + 1)
x 3 + 2x' + x - 7
33.
f '(, X +.2x + 3) dx.

34.u)
SV
+ X
dx. I C. P. '85 ) (ii)j'x \f a dx.

J I '(x-2)
_1) ' dx

36. If u = 5 e ll cos bx dx, o = 5 e- sin bx dx,

prove that
(I) tan' + tan-i = bx.
(ii) (a 2 + b2 )( u l + v ? ) =
54 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

ANSWERS
1. (i) - i cos x + sin x. (ii) ( x ' - 2 ) sin x + Zr cos x.
(iii) --(ax - I). (iv) ,.--j [log x -
J
(v) e' (x Z -2x + 2). (vi) x tan r + log cos r.
(vii) x sin - l r + '11
-x -2 (viii) r cos -' x
(ix) xcosec-'x + log(x+ 4X2 — I).

(x)xscc r- log (x +,1r1

(xi) rcot'x +log(I + x2).
(xii) xsec 1 x — log (x + ,1r 2 -1).
(xiii)+x 2 sin x — !-sin 'x + + x 'I l -xe. -
(xiv) x 3 tanlx _ r2 log(I +r').

(xv) x sin ,tx + —j—

cosnx
. (xvi) x (log x)' — 2x log x + 2x.
(xvii) j.r 1 (2logr -1). (xviii) Cx -!.)sin-'4x + 'Ix(1 -x)
(xix)
f(l +x) 2 109(I+ x) -+x(x + 2).
(xx) -(I + x )'[ Iog(i +1) + II.
(xxi) 2(xlog(l +x 2 ) -2x + 21an-'x).
(xxii) (r + 2)log(x + 2) + (x + 3)log(r + 3) -2x.
(xxiii) x ( 2x 2 - 3) sin 2r +4(2x' - ) cos 2x.
(xxiv) r4l(logx)1 - . logx +.}.

2. Ci)( 2x 2 - 2x sin 2x — co g 2x) . (ii) — - x cos 2x + sin 2x.

3. (2) xlog(x- 'x 2 -1) + 4r 2 -1
(ii) (r _4)log(x2_ z + 1) -2x + 43tan-' ( --1
2x
—T3 ) -
4. (I) x (log x ) -' (ii) x tan I x + 2 log cos x..
S. (I) x - coax log (sec x + tan x ) .
(ii) sinxlog (ccsec r + cot r) +x.
 INTRCRATION BY PARTS 55
6. (I) sin x cos x log (1 + tan x) - fx + ofl g ( sin r + coax).
(ii) - cot x log (Sec x) + x
7. (I) 3(x sin 'x + 41i1).
(Ii) x(sin'x)3 +3I 1_x 2 (s1n l x) 2_ 6(x5ifl_ I x +'Il—x').
8. (I) 2x tan - l x - log (1 + x 2 ). (Ii) Same as (I).
9. (1) Same as 8 (I). (ii) 3x tan -' x - log (1 + X2).

10. (I) r41 —r - COSX .(ii)

2x z f fx Cos 'x —4(1 —x2)1,

11. Ci) r —41 - x 2 sin -Ix. (ii)4l + flog (I - r2).

12. (1) . e (sin r - cos x ) (U) + cx ( sin x + cos x)
2'sin{r—cot-'(log2))
4(1 + (iog2)2)
3xj + (1013)cos3rl
(iv) 9 + (log3)
(v) f(cosh2x + sinh2x)— f x.(vl)f(cosh2x + sinh2x)+ f.
13. (1) 1 e (1 - f (cos 2x + 2 sin 2x)}
(ii) . e'((cosx + sinx)—f(coi3x + 3 sin 3x)).
e' tan r r I I I I —x' 4.
I — +-------
m 2 +4Lm I+x 2 I++ x2
14.
2 Lm
15. Ci) x tan fx. (U) 2 'TTfl log( x + 1) - 4 '1 I.
16. —.x2. 17. (x +
18.. e sin x 19. (1) c I log x. (ii) x/( I + log x).
'. e log S" . e l Sec X (iii) P. ' log C sec x .....
21. (1) '----?• ',,L..,..
22. (i) ei .. -' (Ii) _CXC .y

(iv) e tan x 23.25-

4- .. ,.iT. -I
6 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

24. (1) f(x-1)45-2x+ x 2 + 21c'g(x-.1 +45_2x+xz).

(ii) (2r - 1)410 —4x T 4x

+ ' log (2x - 1+410
- -4x + 4xZ).

25. (I) f(x -. 9)418x -65 - x'+ 8si p -'(x - 9)

41'12
(ii) }(4x + 3)44 - 3x —2x' + -- sin-' 4x
441+3

26. (5x+4)45x2+8r+4

+ log ((5x + 4) + 45(5x 2 +8x + 4)).

27. .(x(x —4x —1) + log (x +4x 2. 1)).

28.

29. -1 1

30. (0 +(x' 311_+xlr-

2- 1 +flog(x + ,&T_
1).

(ii) :" + + 4 bxTx -

2 + aI

+ 4 2 b log (x + i72)
31. 00 4(x2 -x + I )T_4(2x - i )x 2 - x
- log(x -4+ .1x2 -X + 1).
(ii) 4(2x2 +2x + 1)+4(2x + I)42x2 +2x +

+ log ((2r + 1) + 42( 2x2 + 2x + I )

32. (0 sin-'x —4(x +

0i) 4(2r + 5)Ix 2 -

+ x+ I +- log ((r +4) +'
+x -
+
 INTEGRATION BY PARTS 5

33. +(x2 +2x + 3) r ..! ( X + 5) , x 2 + 2% + 3

- 6 log (x + 1 + ,1x 2 + Zr + 3).

34. () asin l._ Ia 2_ x 2 . ( ii) (I x _a)Ia2_x2_f2sjnI.!

+ 6)1r2 - 4+ 4Iog(x +4r2 4).

 CHAPTER IV
SPECIAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCr!QNS

4.1. Standard Integrals.

(A) cosec x dx = log! tan I

f
dx
0
C C C
Proof. t cosec x dx = I dx = I
j sin j 2 sin x cos -I x
= f2 sec2xd
J tan —2

on multiplying the numerator and denominator by sec 1 +x)

= log tanxI
since the numerator is the differential coefficient of the denomi-
nator.

(B)fsedx = log! tan( . + -

= log! ( sec x + tan x

dx = f dx
Proof. Sec X dx
f =f- J sin(-! + x)
dx
)2sin(+-x)cos(.a+x),

sec1(3it+x)dx
=- f
= logi tan(-In +-x)I asin(A).
Note. Alternative Methods:
osec x ( cosec x - cot x)
J
cosec x di -
5 cosec x - cot x = log I ( CO5€C X - cot x)

r dx slnx
j )sec x dx
= J ;:i;— = J dx


SPECIAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 59

t d(cosx) dx
, where z = cosx
= -J - =- 5I z'
I I-z =-- COS x
=-log----- IIog I-
2 I + z 2 I+ Cos x

(sec x (sec x + tan x)

dx -. logk see x+ tan x)l
jsec. -,• tan x
;ince the numerator is the derivative of the denominator.
cosx d(sinx)
sec x dx j-- dx =
5 =— S - sinIx
dx ogI+z
f -
= j
= - log! -z
+z where z = sin x

I II - -sinxl
= .log i
-
dx dx
Jsecxdx
=5____ = - fc0s2

- I-tan
-
sec 4 xdx
2 x
=2
dx
5I -z2 here z tan
j
I+z i+ tan 4x
= tog 1— = log
IT - tan
It should be noted that the different forms in which !he integrals
cosec x and of sec x are obtained by different methods can be easily showr
to be identical by elementar y trigonometry.
Thus,
log
i log 2 sin 24x Hi log I tan 2 4 x I
2 Ti--x -
= log I tan 4 x ;etc.
dx
4.2. 1
J a + b Cos x

The given integral

I dx
- Ja(cos-x + sin'-ix) + b(cos 2 x - SIfl2.x)
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

( sec2 -xdx
= J (a + b) +(a - tan' -1 x
on multiplying the numerator and denominator by sec 2 .- x).
Case 1. a > b

j'ut 'va-b tanx = z. :. .'[a-b sec 2 ,xdx =dz.

The given integral now becomes

2 f dz
'(a- b)J (a +b) + z'

(See (A),ArL 2.3)

(a2_b2) tan 'I(a+b)
2 x
,a2_b)taJ1\Ja+b2
I /b+a cos x'
i(a2 _b2)coS (sa+ b cos x)
Case II, a < b.
Put tan - x = z ; .. - sec - x dx dz.

As before, the required integral becomes

2 f dz
-a ) (a + b)
'(b- - z2
2
.loI 1 ib + a -+ z

F Sec (C), Art. 2.3. I

f Jb+a+1b-a tan
- I x
-
Tt T7 7- ) l ° 11b +a) - -a)tanx
Note 1. Here it is assumed that a > 0 b > 0 if a < 0, h > C
or a > () h < 0 or a < 0, b < 0, then the integral can be evaluatce
exactly in the same way.
 SPECIAL. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCflui'43 01

Note 2. (I) If b = a, the integrand reduces to( 112a )sec fx, the in-
tegral of which is(1/a ) tan x
(ii) If b = -a, the integrand reduces to( I /2a ) coscc 1 i-. the
i . ;ra!'f which is (l/)cut

Note 3. By an exactly similar process, the integral f + bdxsin x

dx
or more generally fa + b cos x -+can c sinbex eviji,atd by breaking
sin rand cos r in terms of x and then multiplying the numerator and the
dcnominator of the integrand by sec' and substituting z for tan -- This
is illustrated in Examples 3 and 4o1 Art. 4.8 below.
In fact, any rational function of sin x, cos x can be easily integrated by
expressing sin x and coax in terms of tan 1. x, i.e., by writing
sin = I t2 tan -}x and cosx = 1 _ tan l+r
lan'x T
T + tan 2Tx
and then putting tan = z.
Similar integrals involving hyperbolic functions can be evaluated
by an exactly similar process.
4.3. Positive integral powers of sine and cosine.
(A) Odd positive index.
Any odd positive power of sines and cosines can be integrated
immediately by substituting cos x = z and sin x = z respectively
as shown below.
Ex. (i). fsr. 3 xdx =fsinhxsinrdx =_5(1 - cos2r)d(cos)
)dz t putting z forosr)
= - 1(1 - z 2
= '- (z -=- (cosx
EX, (ii).fcos s xdx =Jcos4xcosxdx
=5 (1 - sin 2 x) 2 d(sin x)
111. 5-. '81 I
= 1(1 - z) 2 tputtingzforsinxl
dx
= 5(1 - 2z 1 + z 4 )dz = z -z +
= slnx -slnx + six.
 62 INTEGRAL CALM US

(B) Even positive index.

In order to integrate any even positive power of sine and

cosine, we should first express it in terms of multipc angles by
means of trigonometry and then integrate it.

iii. Integrate
Ex.
f cos xdx

cos 4 x = ( I (] + cos 2x )} f] + 2 cos 2x cos 2 2x 3

i ll + 2cos2r + 1 (1 + cos4x)]
=- + cos 2x 1- 1 cos 4x
Jcosxdx =f( + jcos2x + 'cos4x)dx
= -x + 1 sin 2x + "sin 4x.

Note 1. It should be noted that when the index is large it would be

more convenient to express the powers of sines or cosines of angles in terms
of multiple angles by the use of Dc Moivrc's theorem, as shown below.

Ex. (iv). Integrate

f sin 5 x dx
Let cosx + isirix = y .. cosnx + isinnx = y"

then cos x - sin x = 1 cos nx - I sin nx

Y + 1 = 2 cos x y I +2cosnx

Y - - 2i sin x y" - = 2i sin ,x.

Y
2'isinx
1\'
= ( Y- )

= +_i) +28 (y4_)_56 (y2_2)+70

+)_
= 2 cos Sx - 8.2 cos 6x + 28.2 os4x - 56.2 cos2x +70.
sin a x = 2 ( cos 8x - S cos 6i + 28 cos 4x - 56 cos 2x +35)+
I sinxdx = 21(cos8x-8c(6x+28co54x-56cos2x+15)d


SPECIAL TRIGONOMETRiC FUNCTIONS 63

8 sIn 6x sin 4x
I ["It
= V 8 6 +28—i-- _56 ! 35J

= sin 8x - sin 6x + 7 sin 4x -28 sin 2x + 35x

Ate 2. When the Index Is a large odd positive integer, then also we
can (ir3t express the function in terms of multiple angles as above and then
intgate but in this case, it is better to adopt the method shown above
In (A), when the index is small.
Tnus I sin 3 x dx I .( 3 sir. x - sin 3x ) dx = - 4 cos + 12 cos 3x.
4.4. Products of positive integral powers of sine and cosine.
Any product of the form sin x c os q x admits of immediate in-
tegration as in Sec. A, Art. 4.3, whenever either p or q is a positive
odd integer, whatever the other may be. But when both p and q are
positive even indices, we may first express the function as the sum of
a series of sines or cosines of multiples of x as in Sec. B, Art. 4.3,
and then Integrate it.
EL M. Integrate
f sin 2 x COSI X dx

I = Isin2xcos4xcosxdx
=J sin x(I_ sin 2 x) 2 d (sin x)
= 12 2 (1 -z 2 ) 1 dz, [putting z sinxl
= 1(z2 -20 +z')dz
= -4x + 4rZ'
OK
+ sinx.

Lx. (Ii). Integrate sin 4 x co s I x dx.

5
Let cos x + i sin x y.. cos nx + i sin nx = y

then cos r - i sin x = cos nx - i sin nx

:.y+ 1 =2 cos x y"+=2 cos nx.

y- 1 =2i sin x y!=2isinnx.

Y.
f4 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

2i4sjnxcos2x
I 1\' I 1\2 IV
= Y — ;) iY^ =/;) Y !)'(Y'- 2)
/ 1\I I
= 2 2+
+ .-) ky' —

(y'+ ._!) _2(y 4 + _!4 ) _(y2 +_i)+4

= 2 cos 6x- 2.2cos4x •- 2 cos 2x + 4.

sin 4 x cos 2 x = 2 [eQs 6x - 2 cos 4x - cos Zr + 2 1
I sin4 x cos x4x = 2J( cos 6x- 2 cos 4x - cos 2x +
I [ .!in 6x 2 sin 4x sin Lx

Note. The expression sin P x cos x also admits of immediate integration

terms of tan x or cot x if p + q be a negative even integer, whatever p
and q may be. In this case, the best substitution Is tan x or cot x = z
For other case of sin 'x cos I r, a reduction formula is generally required.
(See § 8.14— 8.17.)

Ex.(iij). integrate
Here. p + q =
5
2- 6
Cos Ix

= - 4
dx:

;. put tan x = z, then see I x dx = dz.

Now, I = J tan2x.secxdx
= Jz 2 (1 + z 2 )dz =z +z
= + tan3x +Itansx.
Ex. 60. Integrate ax
jnii2 xco 1x

Here, p + ' q = — -L — Z = 4. .. put tan x = z, then see 2 x dx = dz.

Now, t sec 4 xdx ( I +z2
dx
= J tan" x

=I(z_h/5+z3/2)dz=2zl2+1z5,m
= 2 tan "x +tan" x.
 SPECIAL IRIGONOMF1R1CFUND1OS

4.5. Integral powers of tangent and cotangent.

Any integral power of tangent and cotangent can be readily in-
tegrated. Thus,
(I) I tan I x dx = I tan x. tan 2 z dx = I tan x (sec 2 x - 1 ) dx
=Jtanxd(tanx)-Itanxdx =tan 2 x -logsecx.
(ii)Jcot4xdx=Icotzx(coseclx_1)dx
=Jct 2 xc0sec 2 zdx -jcot'xdx
= I cot xd (cot x)- J(cosec 2 _ I )dx
= --cotx +cotx + x.
4.6. Positive integral powers of secant and cosecant.
(A) Even positive index.
Even positive powers of secant or cosecant admit o' immediate
integration in terms of tan x or cot x Thus,
sec xdx =J ( +tan2x),ec2rdx
= fsecaxdx +Jtanlxd(tanx)
= tan +tanx.
(ii)J cosec 'x dx =f cosec x. cosec 2 x dx
= 1(1 +cot2x)2cosec2xdx
= -i (I + 2cot 2 x i- cot 4x)d(cotx)
- cot r-cotx-cotx.
(B) Odd positlue index.
Odd positive powers of secant and cosecant are to be integrated
by the applicati—i of the rule of integration by parts.
(iii) I sec xdx -4sec x. see xdx = sec x tan x .. Jsec x tan lxJx
= sec r tan x _Jsec x( sec lx -'I)dx
= secxtanx + Isecxdr -Jsec'dx.
transposing I sec x dx to the .elt side, writing the value off sec x dx,
and dividing by 2, we get

Inlegral Calculus (main)



66 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1 /A
Jsec 3 xdx =sec x tan x + 1 log tan s X-

(iv)JsecSrdx =Jsecxsexdx

= secxtanx--• j3sextarsxdx

= sec 3 x tan x -3 . .x( scc 2 x -1) dx

= SCC 3 x ton r 3 eclx dx - 3 j cc x dx

Now, transposing 3 5 sec x dx and writing the value of I sec x di we

et ultimately

Lan x se c 3 r t 3 La n xsex31
* - x\
log tan
4 2 +

(v) Jcoscdx =Jcowcrcosec2xdx

= - csecxcotx -Jcosecxcotxdx
= - cuse,c x cot x 5 cosec x ( cosec x -- 1 ) dx

= cosec x cot x + 5 cosec x dx - 5 cosec I x dx

transposing cosec 3 x dx and writing the value of! coscc x dx,

4.7. Hyperbolic Functions.

(I) Jlinhxdx =J(e - e -)dx =-(e' +e)=

cosh x.

(ii) cosh xdx =J(9 +e)dx =-•(e - e)= sinhx.

j

i tnh x dx = C sinhx dx
I
(iii) fj log I ( cosh x iI
cosh
t coshx
coth x dx dx = log I ( sinh x)
(iv)5 = J sinh
I
dx = dx
(v) fcoseciixdx = I
sinhx 25
e -e
 S1L( 1; kL( I RIC I UNCI1ONS 67

• 2 I

.1. ( • ) 0

i •- 1
• I c
- Icg tih
o- d l\'iiing t I., nuner,itor and d'norn,iiato by C ,2 )
&'

r -,
(vi) ech x d' -- ---- - 2 ---------- dx
) coshx j1 4

I. ' ( ,' )
2 I
j 1 + -- 2 tan ' (e' )
-- 2 tan C cosh x + sinh x ).
Olhe'rwe
Itdx
sechxdx - ----- r dx
J j cosh j cosh . x + sinh 2

1' -scch2-x
= 2 i----------------
j I + anh-.1x dx
F dz
j-1 on putting z = tanh - 1 x I

= 2tan'z = 2tan-(fjnh1x)
$ sech 2 x d tanh x
(vii)

J cosech I x clx = - (0th x

(viii)
(ix) fsech xtanhxdx sech x

(x)J cosech x coth x dx = — cosech x

 L 68 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

4.8. Illustrative Examples.

C dx
Er. 1. Integrate I
JSInx + COsX

dx
I
f c +
2sinijxc's4x ox - s.n2

--Jf_ sec4rdx
2tan4r + 1 - (an 2 '-x
on multiplying the numerator and denominator by sec x)

-. 2 putting tan r = z
=
2dz dz
.:J2 —(z 2 - 2z + IT J(2)2 - - 1)2

=2 J.-r L.1 where a '12. =z

f_tI
= 1¼., '12+( tan r1)
2a 8a—y
dx -
f a sin x + b co x
Er. 2. Integrate

Put a =rcosO.b = rsinthcnaslnr + bosx =rsln(x +0).

Here. , = 4 T Tr2 and 9 = tan

i =f__-
rsin(x -rj1cosc (-1 9)
x+ 0 ) dx

= - 5 cosec z dz, where z = x + 0

zI
log1 tan -i- I

= J(a1
1
IOj1 tan (r s. I- tan a
Note. Since, as above, sin x + lol x =' r2 sin (- +


SPECIAL 1RIGONOME1C.RN (1' ! 69,.

dx
.J + = - 5 cosec (1x x + dx

1
=-log I tan '\
I-+1) I.
I

f dx
Ex. 3. Integrate a 2 2xx + b cos
_
Multiply the numerator and denominator by sec" x and put tan x = z
dz i az
j z 1 + k2 where a
5 a'z'+ b2 = a2
1! = tan - z tan (a
- tan x )
k & a?, b
C
EintegraIe
J
I 5( sin jx + cos 2 ..7.. sinjXCOSX
Multiplying the numerator ario denominator by sec 2 x, this
s ee 2xdx
- 5 5( tan 2 .x + 1) - 26 tan -x
-
2dz
= 52 a _2& + Lputting tan x =zI
J
2 f dz
=
(z_.)'-()

2r du
= •gJ ; - . where u =z -v-and a

= 21
-f- = I log z-5
-logu-a

_I 1 5 tan x-25
- og 5 tan lx - I
on restoring the value of z.
dx
7nsexratej
13 + 3 cos x + 4 sin x
 10 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

C ______ dx ___________________________
j
ji iT7+ -cos x )+ x)+ 4.2 sin x COS I

Multiplying the numerator and denominator by see I - r, this

sec 2xdx
-- f
J1O tan' xtan T +

C 2dz
Lputhngz = tan rl

I f dz 1 do
5J (r +1)2 + sJ u
5 5

wlwr' u = z + 2, 91=

I I u I 3z 2 3 5 tan x 2
---tan - -tan1--- =— tIn
a 6 6 6
2 sin x 3 cos I
Ex 6 tntegra'e
5 T sin x + 4 cos x

Let 2sinx 3cosx

= I ( denominator ) n differential coefficient ot J,noniinat,c

r H 3srx • 4 cos r 4m(3cos 4,jr)

= (31-4m)izir (41 + 3rn) cos .

Now comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos r of bothsides, we
;et 3i - 4m = 2 and 41 .,n = 3, whence I --'n =-.
2sinx + 3 cos x is 3 sin x + 4cosx)+-(3 cos x - 4 sin x).
1l (
I -- I -- ( 3 cos •- 1 sin x
I
2, 2 3 sin x + 4 cos x

=x • i. - log 3 sin x 4 ens x ) Iis

Note. Genera lly

f ---v------
sin x+dbci:x
- - ------ dx can be r.ited in the same way.
t pn g+ - co.x

Ex. 7. IeaeI - ---- dx.

Sill S x - a ) $ifl ( h
 SPECIAL TRIGONOMETRIC FIJNCIIONS 71

1 1 int(x_b)_(X1))
,i n ,ln(r - ,)81n(x - b)
- ),in (z - b) sin(a - b)
- I[coe(x-a) co(x-b)]
sin(a1 - b) LSifl(X - - sjn(x - b)

cO(r- a) dx b)
F f cos (z -
J
- •1 t log sin (X -a)log
- sin (x --
n(a -b)
Stfl(x- a) I
= log I sin(x - b)
sin(a -b)

tan drjb >a.

Ex. 8. Integrate J 4-bla,12x)
dx sinxdx
' =s2x+bgjfllX
Sill S (b.(b_a)COS1X
sin xdx I 5dz
I
= _ _ ____ - J('
k -

2
putting z = co x and k =
[

I z I cos - [[T coax].

cos k V]-a)
b-a)
I See Art. 23 () Note. I
dx
Ex. 9. Integrate j( I 3 + 4 cosh x
dx
+ 4(cosh _x+sinh21r)
J 3( COSh 2 X_1I1h l X)

- C sechl+x
= J 7cosh !xdx+ sinh 2 lx = 7 + tanh2 dx
2 J 1

on multiplying the numerator and denominator by sech x

Put tanh x = z; then - sech 2 x dz = dz
72 INTEGRAL CALCULUS Ex. I

d-, 2 z
1 2 f = tan 2
= W tan 1(tanh!x)
EXAMPLES IV
Integrate with respect to x the following functions:
1. (j) cosec 2x . (ii) cos 3 x (iii) sin 4x
(iv) sin 5 x . (v) sin 2 x cos 2 x
(vi) sin'x cos 3 . ( vii) sin 4 x cos 4x
(viii) sin z x cos 3 x (ix) cos 2 x sin 3x
(x) sin 2x cosx. (xi) sin 3x cos 3x.
(xii) sec 2 x cosec 2 x . (xiii) sin SX sec'x
2. (i) cot 3 x . (ii) tan I . ( iii) sec'x

(iv) cosec 4 x . (v) cosec 5 x . NO tan x sec4x

Evaluate the following integrals:

J
cos Zr
sin dx.
sinx
. t cos 2x
(ii) I cosx dx.
J

(ili)S
.2dx.
. l'cosx
(iv) - dx.
, cos 2x
(V)J(tan.r. f xcosx
cosx ) dx. (vi) .
sln2x dx.

4. (i)JIslnxcos 3 xdx. (ii) J dx

,J( is?)
dx
( sin x + cos x )
I + sin 5 dx

6
• J dx
3sinx-4cosx
dx
• I (3sinx + 4cosx)2
f sin
snx i• sinx
8. dx. (ii) •,I sin 3x dx.
 Ex. IV SPLCRLTRIGONOMIITRIC FUNCTIONS 73

dx dx
9 60
(I)J s i x -flX S I — sin4X
cot 2 x
o + dx .
S C0t 2 x -
dx

5 Tosx— Scosx
s1n3x SIEL5X
dx.
r
12. >5

di
(ii)J COSIX

dx dx
13
i)J Sin XCO52X (ii)J sin x C0S3x
sinin2x dx
(Iii) (iv)
SXSIfl3X
SII1 5 cos
CO53X COSX

Put sin 2 x + cos 2 x in the numerator of U) and (ii)

dx • d
••
S
SjflXCOS2; J sinxcos'x
Put tan x = z in (i) and VO. I

.r-::;
J. E. E. '8 )
15. (1)
J ix cos x di .
(ii)5_,( sin- 2) dx.

•: r dx
16. (j) ) (I1)J
— 5sin2x +

17.(i)f - sin 2x
+ cos4x
dx. H. S. '86 J

dx
(ii) J s1n 4 x + coc4x
J(H) Write sin 4 x + COS4 X = cos' 2x + sin 2x

I - +
dx. (ii) 5 sin 2x dx
(sinx + cosx)2


74 INTEGRAL CALCULUS Ex. IV

sin x
19 Cos x)2dX
• f (1 +

dx dx
20 (I)
J I s- tan x 5 1+ cos a cos x
cos x
21. (1) dx.
5 + Cos x

cos x dx
(ii) C. P. 87
J 2sinr + 3 Cos x
1
Numerator = ^ ((sin x + cos x) + (cos x - x

5 / ( cosec x - cot x ) sec x

dx.
\ \ cosec x + cot x 'J( I + 2 sec x)
sec
2 2 J a + b tan x
dx.

dx
23 • dx.
S a + b tan
dx
24. dx.
S a +bsinx
dx dx
• S 5^ 4sinx 5 ^ 5 sin x
dx dx
(iv)
S 4 + 3sinhx 5 4 + 3 cosh x
dx dx
[C.P.86,'88) (ti)
• (i)S 5+4cosx 5 3+5cosx
dx cos x dx
________
27• .rJ.E.E89 (ii)J
W S Cosa + cos x 5 . 3cosx

dx
28
J a 2 — b2cos2x
sinxdx
29 • b2sin2x)
J 2COS2X +
 SECIA!. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 75
Lx IV

sin 2x dx
30.
--;--- bcosx)2
cos x - 16 sin X
31 • dx.
$ + 5sinx
dx dx
32
•0 'S cosx+
I— sin (ii)S 3 + 2 sin r + cos x

r + 3sinx + l4 cos x
33. I6------ -----dx.
3 + 4 sin x + 5 cos x

34. JIi + secxdx. [ Put 42 s i n j x = z.1

35. (ill ------- dx. I C. P. 'S5 I

) sec .- cosec
r dx
0') I C. P. '89 I
sin x 4- tan x

36. tan x _

Il4t si,i z - co.c x z and note 2 sin x cos x I - (sin x - cos x ) 1

( I Isin(x—u)l
.-- dx.
37. i,
J N L sin (x + 0)1

38. —
x sin x +- cos x )

ANSWERS

1. (i)logtan s.. (Ii) sin _isin h 2x +

x.(iii)x --sin 1 sin 4
(IV) 2c ' )." x -cosx (v)-.x L sin 4x
(vi) sin 4 r--sin I i ( vii) -j I 3x - sin 4x t sin 8
(viii) 5in -, x .sin
1 S , ( x) -.cos

i!1'r -nx .sinx (xii) toni - cotx.

(Iti,C.x sec -'x Sec'X

.-
76 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

2. (i) - cot I x -log sin x. (it) tan' x - tan x + x.

(iii) tan x (1 + tan I x + tan" x) . (iv) - cot x - cot X.

(v) -cotxcosecx - ! cot xcosecx + ! log tan .x.

(vi) tan 3 X(j + ! tan 'x) .3. 0) log tan Ix + 2 cos x.
(Ii) 2 sIn x - log ;ec x + ton x) (iii) . log ( sec x + tan x)
1 1 +'/2 sin x
(iv) -- log - '12x sin (v) tan x + - tn 7x.
(vi) log tan +x - x cosec x. 4. (1) -. 'Jsi (7 sin x - 3 sin 3x).
(ii) 2 cot I x( 4tan x + 2 tan 2 x - ). 5. (1) &
- + tan x
6. .log tan ( .}x _ftani-).
- 3(3 tan x +4)
I I + 42 cos x1 43 + tan x
S. (I) log '12 coax . (II) log '13 - tan x
9. (1) 1 log tan ( I n + x) (ii) I tan x +tan -'('12 tan x)
10. j logtan( . E + x). 11.jlogtan(x +4x).
12. (1) - - cos + 1 cos x. (ii) sec x + 2 cos x - .'cos3x.
13. (1) Sec r + log tan - r. (ii) Pan I x + log tan x
(iii) . log sin 3x - log sin Sx
(iv) . I cosec x - log ( sec x + tan x
14. (i)tanx -2cotx -cot'x.
(ii) j. (tan'x-cot 3 x) -. 3(tanx-cotx)
15. (I) 2 '/i. (ii) log (coax + sin x + 'Ixj.
16. (i) I - tog 2+
2 tan x I
(ii)- tan-'
--,--Itanx
-
L tan
17. (1) tan-' tan 2 x)(ii)-• tan-' ( -- tan Zx )
18. (I) 2 ' i sin x - 42 log tan (x +

(Ii)x + I
iY. 2 tan2 ! - x
l+tanx


SPECIAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Ti

20. (0 (4 r + log ( sn x + cos x))

(ii). 2 cosec a tan (tan 4a tan 4x)

21. (i) 4 (x+ log (sin r + cos x))

(Ii) 1
13
Z+j log (2 sin x + 3 cos x).
(ill) sin - ' (4 sec 1 4x

_____ + -- an
log tan t-'- .

ar 8 log(acosx + bsinx).
23 +
1-
a
2 , tan -ix + bi
24.--- 8j-3 tan t___1_b,)Ja>b;

log I atan4x + I,
_ •I(b - a2)l if a < b.
a1) J(b 2 - 8 +(b' 02
I4 2tan x ^ ?
25. (1) 4 tan -' 4 .' 5 tan 4 x + 4) (ii) - log
3 2tan4x+4
1 + 2 tanh + tanhx
(ill) 4 log . (lvi log - tanh x
4 - 2 tar.h - 12

(2 + anix)
26. (I) 4 tan ' (4 tan 4 x). (ii) 4 log 2 - tan 4 x
a)
log c s (
r -
27. (i sina o

I 52) tan x) if > 5;

_____________
28. -
82)tan (a

I a tan x _42 - a2
ifa < •
2) a1)'
2a7(b' - log a tan x +'I(b' -

52) bog ('[- b 1 cosx ^osr + b'sin2x),

29. 1(a' -
-1 b 22
if a 5;
__________
cosx)ifa <b.
> , - (
30. - 25 2 log(a +bcosx) _2ab 2 (a i- bcosx)
78 INTEGRAL CkI'

31. 3 iog (2 COS X 4 5 sin X ) 2. *2. i) Lg (1 4 "'

(h) tan ' ( I + tan x ) 33. 'Ir 3 - 4 in x
34. 29ir.' ('I2sin+x).

35. (i) sin x -cosx — - log tim (x +-n)J.

(101og tan 1 x ti an Z fx . 36.'12 sin (sin x - cos x)

37. coccos(cosx-a) -i log (ut

sin - cosx
x sin x + cosx
 CHAPTER V
RATIONAL FRACTIONS

I Method of breaking up into partial fractions I

5.1. Integration of Rational Fractions.

When we have to integrate a rational fraction, say, 1(x)! 4,(x),
iff( x ) he not of a lower degree than 4, ( x) , we shall first express
f(x) / 4, ( x) by ordinary division in the form

C,xP+ C,xPi + ... + C0+ -

V(X)
4, ( x)

where C P + ....... . C0is the quotient, and w(x)isthe

remainder and hence of a lower degree than 4, ( x).
r' (x)
Then i dx = C, x + i -- dx.
j4,(x) p+I

So we shall now consider how to integrate that rational fraction

' ( x ) / 4, ( x ) in which the numerator is of a lower degree than the
denominator. The best way of effecting the integration is first to
decompose the fraction into a number of partial fractions and then
to inkrate each term separately.
We shall not enter here into a detailed discussion of the theory
of partial fractions for which the student is referred to treaties on
Higher Algebra, but we shall briefly indicate the different methods
adopted in breaking up a fraction into partial fractions according
to the nature of the factors of the denominator of the fraction.
We know from the Theory of Equations that 0 (x ) can always
be broken up into real factors which may be linear or quadratic and
some of which may be repeated.

• When f( x ) and (x) are algebraic expressions, containing terms Involving

positive Integral powers of x only, of the form
80 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Thus, the general form of $( x) is

A(x - - - y)F(r +
((x - 1)2 + m l ) ... ((x - l')Z +
rn'2)'
Case I. When the denominator contains factors real linear, but none
repeated.
To each non-repeated linear factor of the denominator, such as
x - a, there corresponds a partial fraction of the from A / (x - a ) ,
where A is a constant. The given fraction can be expressed as a
sum of fractions of this type and the unknown constant A's can be
determined easily as shown by the following examples.

Ex.1. integrate
5 +
+ x 1 - 6x dz.
r3+x26x=x(x2+x._6)x(x+3)(x2).
( P.P.78fl

Let x2+x-I A B
_____ C
-j'____
x+3 + -2
Multiplying both sides byx(x + 3)(x - 2)weget
+ x -1 = A(x + 3)(x - 2) + Bx(x -2) +Cx(x + 3)..
Putting x = 0, -3, 2 successively on both sides, we get
A
= -i-, B =,C
the given integral is
JJdX If dx Ifdx
6J x J x+31 2) x-2
= .}iogx + 4log(x + 3) + flog (x - 2)
Integrate
Ex. 2. dr.
( I - a)(x - b)(x - C)

Here the numerator Is of the same degree as the denominator and If the
numerator be divided by the denominator the fraction would be of the form
I +, where Q=(x-a)(x- b),z-c) and P is of a lower degree than Q.


RATIONAL FRACTIONS 81

Hence, we can write

_______ A B C
(x-aXx--b)(r- c) x-a x-1, X-C (1)
(x-a)(x-)(x-c) +A (x-b)(x-c)
+ B(x-c)(x-a) +C(x-a)(x-b).... (2)
Putting x = a, b , c successively on both sides of the above identity
(2), we get
- I,' - ____________
A
- (a-b)(a--c) ' - (b-cXb- g ) ' - (c-a)(c-b)
from (1), It follows that the given Integral
C a C. dx b' ( dx
Jdx + ( - b)(a - c)J + (b - c)(b _a)J x - b
( dx
(c - a)(c - b))
43
= X + (4 )(4 )
b3
Iog(x - a) + (bc)(b_a)i06_

C3
(c - a)( c - b ) log ( z - C)'
+

Case II. When the denominator contains factors, real, linear, but
some repeated.
To each p-fold linear factor, such as (x - a )', there will cor-
respond the sum of p partial fractions of the form
A,- A, A1
+ 1- .........+
(x - a)' (r- a) (x-- a)
where the constants A, , A, - .. . A1 can be evaluate
easily.

Ex. 3. Integrate

Let
X2
f( A
+ 1)'(x
dx.

C
(x + I)-(x + 2) (x +I -+ (x-+1 ) Cr +
Multiplying both sides by (x + 1)2 (x + 2), we get
= A(x + 2) + 8(r + I)(x + 2) + C(x +

I nleq,a: Calculus (main) -8

$2 INThOXAL CALCULUS

Putting x - 1, - 2 successively, wegot A 1, C 4.

Again, equating the coefflcl.sits of x I t-n both side,,
;.B=-3, since C=4.
dx dx dfx
the given inferal
(x+1_)- jx+ +J
- I - 3 log (r + 1) + 4 log (x + 2)
+I
Not.. The partial fr&ctiovo In the above case can also be obtained in the
following way. Denote the first power of the repeated factor, i.e., x + I by z,
then the fraction Now, divide the Numerator by the Deno-
minator of the second fraction, after writing thorn In ascending powers
of a, till the highest power of the repeated factor, viz., z 3 , appears in the
1\ 1 4z' -1 _.I +- 4
remainder. Thus the fractionZ 3= - I - .z +- I
1+z/ z2 Z I+Z
Now replace; a by x + I, and the required partial fractions are obtained.
Case III. When the denominator contains factors, real, quadratic,
but none repeated.
To each non-repeated quadratic factor, such as x 1 + px +
(or, x2 + q, q * 0) there corresponds a partial fraction of the form
(Ax + 8)1(x 5 + px + q), the method of Integration Of which is
explained in Art. 2.5.
x
EL 4. Integrate (x - j)(x .p 4) dx.

A Rx+C
Let (x- 1)(x' + 4)i x+4

A(x 2 + 4)+(øx + C)(x - 1).

Putting x 1 onboth sides, weget A = 3.
Equating the coefficients of a 2 and ron both sides, we get
A+BO and C-B . 1; hesce,B-,Cj.
 RATIONAL RACI1ONS 83
the given integral becomes
I
f dx I Jf ___
5) Ti
x 4 dx
z+4 dx =-----'i- J J
Ir22dX 41d7
m

= - log(x- I) j lg(x2 - 4) + tan'

Ex. s Integrate
I
J dx
(x i a l )(x 1 + b)

(x + a 2 )(x' + I' 2 ) - b ['7f-;•-p-2 + UI]'

the given integral '1 2- b2

1
jf -J 2
dx
7*+47 1
[1 tUfl
x xlI.
I tan-'—
= '-j; -
dx
Ex 6 Integrate Jp-;-i.
Since x'+ I = (x + I)(x - x + I).
I = A + Bx+C
let us assume r.1 x+I
I A(x- x + I) + (8r+ C)(x + 1).
Putting x =- I, we A
Equating fle coefficients of x2 and the constant terms, we have
A + B = 0 and A C =I B - i ,C =+.
the given integral becomes
lf dx
— i-------
3jx+1
--If r-2
-i -----dx
'Ij x2-r+I
(2r- 1) -3
3J r+1 6J x2-x+l
it di It 2x-1
it dx
3j x + 1 —-1
+ I
dx+ 6 2 -
2j x x + Ix2 - x

=Iog(x+fl_,log(x_x4I)+J
dx
(x -p' (;3y
+
 14 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

^ Iog(x +1) — .iog(rt -r _I

+ 1)+ tan1
vr)
/2x -

log(x +1)- 4- log(x 2 -x + 1) + tan-' /-

_2x,3 1
6 T3

Case IV. When the denominator contains factors, real, quadratic,

but some repeated.
In this case we shall require the use of Reduction FOrmula to
perform the integration, for the general discussion of which see
Chapter IX.
dx
Ex.? inttgrsc5
(1 +
Although lids case comes under Cm (IV}, it can be treated more simp-
ly as follow.: Put tan 0.
t ,ec2OdO
... I =J cos l OdO
.1 sec4O

- J+(1 + cos29)dO +( ++51n20)

I 2 tan o
= (e+ + tan*0} =f [tan lr+1

5.2. Two Special Cases.

(A) In many cases, if the numerator and the denominator of a
given fraction contain wen potters of x only, we can first write the
rractlon in a simpler form by putting z for x 2, and then break it up
nto partial fractions involving z, i.e., x 2 , and then integrate it.
Ex. 3. Jnesratej dx.
+ -:-2

Puttingx' =z, wehave

_________ - z z A B
x 4 +x 2 -2 - z+z-2 - (z+2)(z-I) • 7 +.
- I ' say
z-
z A (z- I) +B(z + 2).
Puling z - 2 and 1, we get respectively A = , B


RATIONAL FRACTIONS $5
_______ 2 1 1 1
x4+x2_21xt+2x2i
25 dx + I f dx
+2 3 rt1
212 tan r 11 x-1
+
32 1os—.
x+ I
(13) II, in a fraction, the numerator contains only odd powers of x
and the denominator on,y even powers, then it is found more con-
venient to change the variable first by putting x 2 z and then
break it up into partial fractions as usual.
Ex 9 Integrate x dx
+ 3x' + 2
$
Put x 2 = z. 2x d. - x3dx =

1f zdz
2Jz2+3z+2
Z = Z =
Now, x 2 +3zs2 -••- . say
(z+U(z+2) z+I +z+2
We determine as usual, A = - I , B = 2
t dz •1
i = -} [2Jj_ dz -_J_-_j-j =2 [2 log (z+2)_
log (z+I)]

= log(x 1 + 2) _Iog(x2 +1).

5.3. Integral of the form
f dx
J (x - a)-(x-
where m and n are positive integers and a and b are unequal, positive
or negative, can be evaluated by putting x - a = z ( x - b).

Ex. 10. Integrate

j (x - I ) 2 (x - 2)
Put x-1=z(x-2).
1-2x 4x-
dz
I -z ( 1 -z)2


86 INTEGRAL CALCULUS Lx. V

Hence, the integral transforms Into

(1 - z)3 1 - 3z + 3z - z3
5 5
z - 3logz + 3z
I x-2 ) /x - l \
-3Iog(—J+3 -I
x _\ I (x
-IV
-
-k---- x-2, ( x-2/

EXAMPLES V
Integrate the following:
(x - I)dx
1.
S (x-2)(x-3)
rdx
2
$ (x-a)(x-b)
(x-1)dx
'
• S (x + 2)(x-3)

xdx ' 3xdx

4 GO
• (i)S x2_ j2x+35
x2dx
• S (x-I)(x-2)(x-3)
2x + 3 ) dx 1) dx
(x 2 ^
6
• 5 x3+x2.Zx 5 x(x2-1)
xdx (x - I )(x - 5)
7 (ii)J (x_2)(x_4)1
• (i)J x2+7x-+12
I-3x2 xdr
8 dx. (ii)
(i)S 3x - x' $ (3-x)(3+2x)
XIIX dx
9
•
(ii) f ,
(i) S (x-a)( x-b)(x-c) (x- )(x -. b)
I C. P. '81 1
dx dx
V)
_j)3 (iv)
S (x - 2)(x ) (x + 1) 2 (x ^- 2)

Lx. V RATIONAL FRACTIONS 87

10. (i)S (x + 1)(x

xtdx
+2)2 (u)I (3- x) 'dx.
X , + x'

")S X -
dx dx
11. 00 )2
3 x' - x + I —71
J:x(x
dx (x + 1)dx
12.
(i)S (x 2 - 1)2
dx
(ft)J (x - 1)'(x + 2)2
(3x + 2)dx
13.
(j)J (x - IP(x +T-)
dx
(1I)J x(x + I)'
2+2
14.
(i)J (WJ 1-x'

15. (j)J x' X

(li)J x(x' dx-1)
dx.

X2 dx
16. dx.
(i)J I- (li)J -I
xdx x 2 dx
17.
S ( x 1 + 4 2 )( x + b2 ) (11)5(22 + S I )(X 2 +
xdx
18. S(2 2 +
m 2 )( 2 + fri)
GO
x + a 2 Xx 3 + b2)

dx
19.
J (x' + 4 2 )(x + b)

xdx dx.
20.
(1) J (1 + x)(1
(x1I)
+Xt)
(Ii)j

21.
4 +x+I
dx.
J X

xdx x dx
(it)J X 4 - x2 - 2
22.
f x- x 2 - 12
dx
23. (2 2 + 4x + 5)2
j
x'dx
I
- (x' +1)(2x' 7- 1)
88 INTEGRAL CALCULUS Lx.
dx
25
J x(1 +x+x2+x3)
Jdx
, -. x4+x2+j
+ x2 + I = (x 2 +x + I)(x 2 - x + I)]

27. (i)J
t
x4 +
dx.
i• (ii)J X +1
dx.

[x 4 + I = (x 2 +x'12 + 1)(x 2 -x'/2 + I)]

28
(i)J
dx
cosx(5 + 3cosx)
(ii)5 sin2x- sin
dx

dx e'dx
29.(i)J I + .. g2 Ie -3e-+2
I C. P. '851
dx
30. .(putcos x =
J sinx(3 + 2cosx)
dx
31. Show that j,()

'I
= i [iogx + £ (- I)'(-)
log( x + r)].
'-I

where •(x) = II (x + r).

F-0
a.
32. Show that dx
J 7T
N

log (x-a,),
f'( a,)

where f(x) = II (x - a,), [a 1 *akif i * k).

r-1


RATIONAL FRACTIONS 89

ANSWERS
1. 2 log (x -3)- log (z -2).

2. __!- (alog(x - a)- blog(x -b)}.

3. i f3 log (x + 2) + 2 log (x - 3)).

4. (i) } (7 log (x -7) -5 log (x - 5)1(11) log ((x -2) 2 (x + 1))
5. .log(x -1)- 4 log (x -2) + ! log (x -3).
6. (1) . log(x-1)-logx _ 1 log(x+2).0) log (x2-1)-logx.
x-4
7. (i)x 2 7 x - log —.
-x- 27log(x+ 3) + 64 log (x+ 4).(ii)
2 x-2
8. (i) . log (x(x _3)4}. (II) _ ! log (3 - x)
log (3 + 2x).

a 2b
2 log (x - b)
9. (1) lo g (x - a)
(a-b)(a-c) (b-c)( b-a)
C2
) log(x - c).
+ (c

I I x
a)2 log -.
T& - a)(x - ) + (b -
x-1 x-2 x-2 1 ( x-2
-----3 log - + 3--- -,
x-2 x - I x - I 2 x-I

(iv)
x+I x+1 I (x+\Z
x+I x+2 x+2 2
4
10. (i) + . g ( x + I .(ii)-- 4 log x + 4 log (x +1).
x+2 l
1 1ri-I 1 x
fl. (I) - + - log— . (Ii) - + log--
2(x-l) 4 x-1 r+1
I ri-I I x
12. (I) -log --2x2 1
4 x-1
12 1. x-I
- - log --- )

{ x-2 1 x-11 x 41+3

13. (I) + - log --j . (II) 2 log - +
(x - 11 2 x+12(x+1 )2
90 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1 2x+1I
14. (1) tan' , - log,1 I+ - x

(ii) — log( I - x) +
T
tan-' 2x + I 7
N3-

1. (I) tlog (x 2 - 1)-log (x 2 + I )} (ii) j-l og (x 4 -. 1) - logx

16. (i) . (log(I + x) - log(]-x)) --tan'x.
I
(ii) — log i-I--tan 'x
4 x+1
17. (I) (7' 2) log, x 2 +b 2 I ( atan- r_btair'_.}
2 .(ii)------2 a

18. Ci) 2( a2
I 1 log(x 2 + a 2 ) -b2 log (X2 + b2)j.
b2) (a

a 3 t'
(ii) x +
b 2 - a 1
tan -.x —
a + at—b 2 tan b

19. a2 1
____ x +
{log(, b b x}
2) ^ —a a

20. (I) .- . log(1 + x) + . log(1 + x') + tan'x.

(ii) -
I _________
+ . tan l2X+I
log 'l( x 2 -+ X+ 1) '13

21. 1)- log(x 2 + x + I)).

11 tlog(x 1 — x +

22. 0) —7 I log—.-- '13

x-2 +— x .( h )i(log(x1_
x+2 7 tan'?
2)-logx1+1)).
x+2
23. ( tan (x+2)+145). 24. tan lr-tanI(x'12).
25. logx - . log(] + x) - !log (] + 2) -!tan-lx.
1+x+z I
26 4 log 1-x+x 2 + tans
1-x
(r'13)
27; (i) I log I—+ x'12
x-12 +r'
+ r
I / x'12 \
an -' j— )
I x'12
tan'1-x1
(ii) —f--
 RATIONAL FRACFIONS 91

28.
(u) -Iog (1 cos x ) 1 og ( - cosx ) - -Iog (1 - 2 cos x )
29. (i)r+Iog(1+e').-2lOg(1+2C'). Oil .'log ((e'-1)(e'+3)fl
30. _log (I + cos r) + j Iog(1 - cosx) +. log (3 + 2 cos r).