T3

Tutorial 3: Differentiation and 2. Use implicit differentiation to find dy/dx

applications as a little complex in each case:

numbers i) x 5  y 4  sin x  sinh y

This tutorial covers advanced differentiation

x 5  y 4  sin x  sinh y
and its applications for modelling, including
related rates and Newton’s method.
Differentiate w.r.t. x:
Simply Beautiful section

1. Find the first derivative of each of the dy dy

5x4  4 y3  cos x  1. cosh y
following functions: dx dx
i) f ( x )  xe1 / x
Collect like terms:
d  uv 
 uv ' vu '
dx dy dy
1
4 y3  cosh y  cos x  5 x 4
dx dx
f  x   xe  xe x
1
x

f '  x   x.  1.x .e2 x 1

e x 1
dy
dx
 4 y 3  cosh y   cos x  5 x 4

1  x  cos x  5 x 4
1
1
 ex dy

dx 4 y 3  cosh y
1  1
 e x 1  
 x ii) x 5 y 4  4 sin(5 y )

ii) u(t)  t log(1 2t) x 5 y 4  5sin  5 y 

1
u (t )  t 2 log 1  2t  Differentiate w.r.t. x:

Note: log with no given base is dy dy

x 5 .4 y 3  5 x 4 . y 4  5.5.1. cos 5 y
base 'e' or the natural log. dx dx
dy dy
4 x5 y 3  5 x 4 y 4  25cos 5 y
1
2 1 1 dx dx
u ' x  t 2 .  t 2 log 1  2t 
1  2t 2
2 t log 1  2t  Collect like terms:
 
1  2t 2 t
dy 5 3 dy
4 x y  25cos 5 y  5 x 4 y 4
dx dx
dy
dx
 4 x5 y3  25cos 5 y   5 x 4 y 4
dy 5 x 4 y 4 5x4 y 4
 
dx 4 x 5 y 3  25cos 5 y 25cos 5 y  4 x 5 y 3

Tutorial 3 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 Page 1

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3. For the complex numbers When a complex number is multiplied by I, the

z  2  5i and w  1  i new number is found by rotating anti-
2
(a) Find the modulus and the conjugate of clockwise.
w.
MODELLING (A)
Conjugate
Questions 1 and 2 revise the necessary steps for
w  1 i  w  1 i the modelling in Question 3.
Modulus
1. Evaluate
w  12  12  2 d k
 
(b) Find in Cartesian form z / w. dx  x 
where k is a constant.
z 2  5i
 d  k  vu ' uv '
w 1 i  
dx  x  v2
2  5i 1  i
 . x.0  k .1
1 i 1 i 
x2
2  5i  2i  5i 2
 k
1  i2  2
x
2  3i  5( 1)

1  ( 1) Alternatively:
7  3i 7 3i
  
2 2 2 k
 kx 1
x

 kx 1   k .  1.x 2
(c) Plot on the complex plane, d
2 3 4
z, iz , i z, i z, i z. What happens to dx
the geometric location of a complex k
 2
number as it is multiplied by i? x
z  2  5i 2. Suppose that x and y are both functions of
another variable t, and suppose that
iz  2i  5i 2  5  2i
k
i 2 z  (1) z  2  5i y (t ) 
x(t )
i 3 z  i 2iz  (1)iz  5  2i
Find dy/dt in terms of dx/dt.
i 4 z  i 2i 2 z  (1)(1) z  z  2  5i
Chain Rule:

dy dy dx
 .
dt dx dt
dy k dx
 and  x ' t 
 x t 
2
dx dt

dy k  k .x '  t 
 .x '  t  
 x t   x t 
2 2
dt

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3. According to Boyle’s Law, under certain
T  g  gx
conditions the pressure (P) of a gas on the y' sinh  
walls of its container is inversely proportional  g T  T 
to the volume (V) of the gas. For a particular  gx
case, the volume of the gas is 10 litres and is  sinh  
 T 
increasing at 0.5 L/s. The pressure is 50 N/m 2.
g  gx
Find the rate of change of the pressure of the y ''  cosh  
gas at that moment. (Answer : -2.5 N/m2 /s.) T  T 
k
We have p  where k is a constant. When
V Substitute y ’ into RHS
p=50N/m2, V= 10 L = 0.01 m3 , giving:
d2y  g gx
k =pV = 50× 0.01 = 0.50 Nm.  1  sinh 2  
dx 2 T  T 
Also at this p & V
But
dV dV
 0.5 L/s   5.0 104 m3 /s
dt dt cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1  cosh 2 x  1  sinh 2 x
Chain Rule:
So
dP dP dV
 .
dt dV dt d2y  g gx
 cosh 2  
dP k dx 2 T  T 
 k .  1.V 2   2
dV V g gx
 cosh  
Giving T  T 
dP k dV  y ''
 2.
dt V dt
0.5
 2
5.0 104
0.01
 2.5 N/m 2 /s

MODELLING (B)
Hyperbolic Functions
A hanging cable of constant linear density  and
horizontal tension T at its lowest point takes the Modelling (C)
shape of the graph of a solution of the
Applying Newton’s Method
d2y  g
2
 dy 
differential equation  1   .
 dx  Differentiate f (x)  (5x 1)e1/ x  5x
2
dx T 1.
(The constant g is the acceleration due to
gravity.) f '( x)  (5 x  1).  1.x 2 .e1/ x  5e1/ x  5
T  g x  (5 x  1)e1/ x
Verify that the function y  cosh 
g  T   2
 5e1/ x  5
x
is a solution of the differential equation.
(5 x  1)e1/ x  5 x 2e1/ x  5 x 2

x2

Tutorial 3 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 Page 3

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2. Use Newton’s method to solve TUTORIAL DISCUSSION

(5x  1)e1 / x  5x  0 a. When can you use Newton’s method?

to 5 decimal places (use x0=0.1).

f '( x)  0

b. Before applying Newton’s method how do

f ( xn )
xn 1  xn  you find x0?
f '( xn )
An estimate can be obtained from a
f ( x)  (5 x  1)e 1/ x
 5x sketch of the function.

(5 x  1)e 1/ x
 5 x 2 e1/ x  5 x 2
f '( x)  c. If an equation has 3 roots how would you
x2 use Newton’s method to find all of them?

Applying Newton’s method independently

(5 xn  1)e1/ xn  5 xn
xn 1  xn  for each root with unique estimate of x0
 (5 xn  1)e1/ xn  5 xn2e1/ xn  5 xn2  for each root.
 
 xn2 
(5 x  1) xn e  5 xn
2 1/ xn 3 d. When do you stop iterating Newton’s
 xn  2 1/ xn n Method?
5 xn e  (5 xn  1)e1/ xn  5 xn2
Subject to accuracy needed e.g to 5
decimal places, keep iterating until no
When x0=0.1
change in the 5th decimal place.
(5  0.1  1)0.12 e1/0.1  5  0.13
x1  0.1  e. Does Newton’s Method always work? Use
5  0.12 e1/0.1  (5  0.1  1)e1/0.1  5  0.12
the below graph as an example.
 0.109091

Must continue to substitute until no change in the

5th decimal place. We get:
2
x0 = 0.1
x1 = 0.109091
x2 = 0.119616 -1 1
x3 = 0.131767
x4 = 0.145622
x5 = 0.160926
x6 = 0.176641 x0  1
x7 = 0.190378
f (1)  2, f '(1)  1,
x8 = 0.198804
x9 = 0.201242 f (1)  2, f '(1)  1
x10 = 0.201405 2 2
x11 = 0.201405 x1  1  1, x2  1  1
1 1
x = 0.201405
 x3  1, x4  1, x5  1
Note: EXCEL was used here to find the answer
after the first substitution.
The series does not converge so cannot
be used to find a root.

Tutorial 3 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 Page 4

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ADDITIONAL STUDY QUESTIONS
0  kx  8 x 2  15 Lx  6 L2 
These questions provide extra practice. For help,  x  0 or
go to the Maths Study Centre Drop-in room,
15 L  225L2  192 L2
CB04.03.331. x
16
See UTS online for the full solutions.
15 L  33L

MASTERY 16
1. Find the first derivative of each of the
 1.3, 0.58 L
following functions: To find a maximum deflection substitute x-
values into y:
x3
(i) f ( x) 
x  ex y (0)  0
y ( L)  k  2 L4  5 L4  3L4   0
f '( x) 
 x  e x  3x 2  x3 1  e x 
y (1.3L)  0.2028 L4 k
x e  x 2

y (0.58 L)  025996 L4 k
3 x 3  3 x 2 e x  x 3  x 3e x

x  e  x 2 The maximum deflection is at

2 x3   3x 2  x3  e x
x
15  33 L  0.58L

x  e x 2
 16

(ii) f ( x)  cos 3x  cosh 3x

3. Use two applications of Newton’s
Method to improve on an initial
estimate of 0.6 for the solution of the
f '( x)  3sin 3x  3sinh 3x
equation 3x  e  x  0.

2. For a particular beam of length L , the

deflection y at a distance x from one end is given f ( x)  3x  e  x  0
by y  k (2 x 4  5Lx 3  3L2 x 2 ) , where k is a Solving for 3 x  e  x  0
constant. For what value of x (in terms of L if f '( x)  3  e  x
necessary), does the maximum deflection occur?
Given x0  0.6
Give reasons for your answer.
f ( xn )
xn 1  xn 
y  k  2 x  5Lx  3L x
4 3
 2 2
f '( xn )
y '  k  8 x  15Lx  6 L x 
3 2 2
 3x  e   xn

x x 
n

 kx  8 x  15Lx  6 L 
2 2
n 1 n
3  e   xn

y ''  k  24 x  30 Lx  6 L 
2 2
x  0.6 
 3  0.6  e  0.6

As the function for y(L) is a polynomial, the

1
3  e  0.6

maximum occurs either at an end point (x=0,  0.247434345521

x=L) or at a critical point : where y’=0.
For y’=0,

Tutorial 3 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 Page 5

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x2  0.247 
 3  0.247  e 0.247  dV
 4400 L/min
3  e 0.247
 dt
dV
 0.2576   4.400 m 3 /min
dt
After two iterations the estimate is 1
0.26 (two decimal places). V   r 2 h - volume cone
3
4. What is the domain and range of the dD
function f ( x)  5  3 cosh x ? Sketch the We want when D  4 m.
dt
function.
Chain Rule:
Plot the graph: dD dD dV
 .
dt dV dt
From similar triangle:
3.2 r 3.2 D
  r
10 D 10
Substitute into volume of cone:
10.24 D 3
2
1  3.2  2
V    D .D 
3  10  300
Rearrange for D:
300V
The domain of D 3
10.24
f ( x)  5  3cosh x
Differentiate D w.r.t. V
is (i.e. all real x). Since 2

cosh x  1 dD 1  300V  3 300
   .
3cosh x  3 dV 3  10.24  10.24
5  3cosh x  8 Using chain rule:
 Range is f ( x)  8, dD dD dV
 .
i.e. range is [8,). dt dV dt
2

5. A tank has the shape of an inverted cone, 1  300 10.24 43  3 300 100
  .  .  4.40
with altitude (height at right angles to the 3  10.24 300  10.24
base) of 10 metres and radius of base 3.2 m.
1 440
Water is being poured into the tank at a rate 
of 4400 litres per minute. How fast is the 16 10.24
water rising when the depth is 4 m?  0.854836 m/min  0.855 m/min

Tutorial 3 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 Page 6

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1 8. A student is using Newton’s Method with a
6. Given: cosh x  (e x  e  x ) , starting point of x = 1 to find the root of the
2
8x2
1 function f ( x) 
sinh x  (e x  e  x ) , use these definitions 3x 2  1
2
to show that cosh2 x  sinh 2 x  1 . Show that this process does not work and
briefly explain why. You may need:
f ( xn )
Substitute for the LHS: x n 1  x n  .
f ' ( xn )

 1 x x   1 x x 
2

 (e  e )    (e  e ) 
2

f '( x) 
 3x 2
 116 x  8 x 2 .6 x
2  2 
 3x  1
2 2


e 2x
 2e x e  x  e 2 x 

e 2x
 2e x e  x  e 2 x 
48 x 3  16 x  48 x 3

 3x  1
4 4 2 2


e 2x
 2  e 2 x  e 2 x  2  e 2 x  16 x

 3x  1
4 2 2

4
  1  RHS
4 when x  1
f (1)  2, f '( x)  1
2
x1  1   1
1
7. A hanging cable of constant linear density 2
x2  1  1
 and horizontal tension T at its lowest 1
point takes the shape of the graph of a  x3  1, x4  1, x5  1
solution of the differential equation
Series does not converge  we
d2y  g
2
 dy 
 1    . (The constant g is cannot use it to find a root.
 dx 
2
dx T
the acceleration due to gravity.)
Verify that the function
T  g x
y cosh  is a solution of the
g  T 
differential equation.

See Modelling B for solution.

Tutorial 3 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 Page 7

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9. A ladder of length, L=8 m is leaning against a 10. As objects become hotter, they begin to
wall. If the top of the ladder slides down the glow and change colour. This is governed
wall at a constant rate of 0.2 m/s, how by Planck’s Law
quickly is the foot of the ladder sliding away (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck's_law),
from the base of the wall when it is 3 metres which gives the energy density E of
from the wall? Does the foot of the ladder blackbody radiation as a function of
move at a constant rate? (Give reasons for wavelength λ in metres and temperature
your answer). T.

At 1000 K we have
k
E ( ) 
 c
 5 e  1 
where k = 1.191043 × 10-16 and
c = 1.4338777 × 10-5 which is illustrated
below:
L2  x 2  y 2
4.5
4.0

 64  x  y 2 2 3.5
(1)
E (x 10^9) Arb. Units
3.0
2.5
when x  3, y  64  9= 55 2.0
1.5
dy
 0.2 m/s (2) 1.0
0.5
dt 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Negative because down the wall. -0.5
Wavelength (μm)
Chain Rule Use Newton’s method to find the value of
dx dy dy wavelength in metres (correct to 3
 . (3).
dt dx dt significant figures) for which E is a
From (1) maximum at 1000 K.
1 Note that this is quite long and tedious by
x  64  y 2   64  y 2  2 pen and paper. In the exam you might be
given Mathematica Output so that you
dx 1 1
 . . 2 y needed to interpret the output rather
dt 2 64  y 2 than do all the calculations yourself.
y
 (4).
64  y 2
To find  when E is a maximum:
Sub (2) and (4) into (3)
dx y
   0.2  E '  n 
dt 64  y 2 n 1  n  (1)
E ''  n 
 55
   0.2 
64  55
Continued on next page ...
 0.494 m/s ~ 0.5 m/s (right)
dx
As is a function of y, the foot of the
dt
ladder cannot be moving at a constant rate.

Tutorial 3 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 Page 8

 T3
E '  


c c c 
0  k   5 . 2 .e   5 4 e   1 
 
  Substituting E '    and E ''    into equation
(1) with 0  3.00 106 m (from graph, maximum
  c 2
 10 e   1 position) we get 1  2.89 106 m. EXCELwas

k  c e  5  e  1 
c c used here and we also get:
3  4 


0  3.00 106 m
  e  1
2
1  2.89 106 m
c
10 

2  2.90 106 m Answer

k   ce  5  e  1 
c c
3  
3  2.90 106 m

  e  1
2
10
c
 Energy density, E , for a temperature of 1000 K is a
maximum at a wavelength of 2.90  m.
k  ce  5  e  1  a 
c c
 

 
 
  e  1
7 b  
c

2 11. Solve the following equations, giving
your answers as complex numbers if
necessary:
Aside:
x 2  2 x  3
 
(a)
 c c c c 
a '     k  c. 2 e   5. 2 e   5 e   1 
c

   
b  b 2  4ac
 c c
 
c 2 c

c
 k  5 e   2 e   5 e  1 


  x2  2 x  3  0 & x 
2a
2  22  4.1.3
 c c
   x
2
b '      7 .2. e   1 2 e   7 6 e   1
c c
2.1
2  8
 7  e  1  2c  e  1 e
6
c

2
5
c

c
 
2
 21 2i 2
Now 
b   a '   a   b '  2
E ''      1  2 i
b   
2

(b) x 2  2x  5  0

b  b 2  4ac
x2  2 x  5  0 & x 
2a
  2    2   4.1.5
2

x
2.1
2  16

2
2 1  4 2i

2
 1  2i

Tutorial 3 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 Page 9

 T3
12. Express each of the following in Calculus Concepts and Contexts
Cartesian form ( a  ib ) : James Stewart
Chapter 1 sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5
(a) 1  i 2  i 5  i 11 Chapter 2 sections 2.7, 2.8. (Read sections 2.1
to 2.6 if you want deeper understanding of
i 2  1, i 4  1 derivatives.)
Chapter 3 3.1 odds to 61; 3.2 odds to 33;
1  i 2  i 5  i11  1  i 2  i 4i  i 4i 4i 2i 3.3 odds to 29; 3.4 odds to 29, 65, 69, 71.
 1  (1)  (1)i  1.1.(1)i 3.5 Odds to 55.
0 Chapter 4 4.1 odds to 17, then 29, 33, 35.
4.7 Odds to 7, then 11, 13, 25.
 0  0i Calculus – 8th edition Stewart
Sections 1.1 – 1.3, 2.1 – 2.8, 3.8, 61.-6.7

1
(b)
4i

1 1 i
 .
4i 4i i
i
 2
4i
i i
 
4 4

2
(c)
3  7i

2 2 3  7i
 .
3  7i 3  7i 3  7 i
6  14i

9  49i 2
6  14i

58
6 14i
 
58 58
3 7i
 
29 29

Tutorial 3 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 Page 10