344

ANSWERS

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 345

ANSWERS

6 a
UNIT 1 ANSWERS 60
50
CHAPTER 1 40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
temperature/°C
b 94 +/−1 g per 100 g
The values obtained in this question and in c depend
Note: Solids should have regularly packed particles on the line of best fit. In the exam there will always be
touching. Liquids should have most of the particles some tolerance – a range of values will be accepted.
touching at least some of their neighbours, but with gaps c From the graph, the solubility at 30 oC is 10 g per 100
here and there, and no regularity. Gases should have the g
particles well spaced. b Solids: vibration around a fixed of water.
point. Liquids: particles can move around into vacant
____40 × 10 = 4 g
spaces, but with some difficulty because of the relatively
close packing. c Evaporation: Some faster moving 100
particles break away from the surface of the liquid. Therefore 4 g of sodium chlorate will dissolve.
Boiling: Attractive forces are broken throughout the liquid d i 53 +/−1 °C
to produce bubbles of vapour. ii The solubility at 17 oC is 7 ±1 g per 100 g,
3 ▶ a i A – gas; B – liquid; C – solid; D – liquid; E – solid ii A therefore 20 − 7 = 13 g must precipitate out of the
– gas; B – solid; C – solid; D – liquid; E – solid iii A – gas; B solution.
– liquid; C – solid; D – gas; E – solid Answers of 13 ±1 g are acceptable.
b A, because it is a gas. c It sublimes and therefore is
converted directly from a solid to a gas without going CHAPTER 2
through the liquid stage.
1 ▶ Element Compound Mixture
d D – because it has a lower boiling point the forces of
attraction between particles will be weaker therefore it hydrogen magnesium oxide sea water
will also evaporate more easily than substance B (the calcium copper(II) sulfate honey
only other substance that is a liquid at 25 °C).
blood
4 ▶ a The ammonia and hydrogen chloride particles have to
diffuse through the air in the tube, colliding with air particles mud
all the way. b i Its particles will move faster. ii It would take
slightly longer for the white ring to form, because the gas potassium iodide
2 ▶
particles would be moving more slowly at the lower solution
a
temperature.
mixture b mixture c element d element e compound f
c Ammonia particles are lighter than hydrogen chloride compound
particles and so move faster. The ammonia covers more
3 ▶ Substance X is the pure substance – it melts at a fixed
distance than the hydrogen chloride in the same time. d i
temperature. Substance Y is impure – it melts over a range of
Ammonium bromide.
temperatures.
ii The heavier hydrogen bromide particles would
move more slowly than the hydrogen chloride 4 ▶ a crystallisation b (simple) distillation c fractional distillation
particles, and so the ring would form even closer to d chromatography e filtration
the hydrobromic acid end than it was to the 5 ▶ For example: Stir with a large enough volume of cold water
hydrochloric acid end. The ring will also take to dissolve all the sugar. Filter to leave the diamonds on the
slightly longer to form because of the slower filter paper. Wash on the filter paper with more water to
moving particles. remove any last traces of sugar solution. Allow to dry.
5 ▶ Sodium chloride dissolves in water to form a solution. 6 ▶aM bR
The water is called the solvent and the sodium chloride is
c 0.45 ±0.01 (measure to the centre of the spot and
the solute. If the solution is heated to 50 °C some of the
remember to measure from the base line and not from
water evaporates until the solution becomes saturated and
the bottom of the paper)
sodium chloride crystals start to form.
346 ANSWERS

d G and T eP therefore 20. Calcium is the element with atomic

CHAPTER 3 number 20.
1 ▶ a the nucleus b electrons g 82, lead
c proton d proton and neutron h
2 ▶a9
b sum of protons + neutrons in the nucleus
c 9 p, 10 n, 9 e
d The protons and electrons have equal but opposite
charges. The atom has no overall charge, therefore
there must be equal numbers of protons and 6 ▶ Palladium is a metal and so is likely to have any of the
electrons. following properties: • good conductor of electricity
3 ▶ a 26 p, 30 n, 26 e b 41 p, 52 n, 41 e c 92 p, 143 n, 92 e • forms a basic oxide
4 ▶ a Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass • is shiny when polished or freshly cut
numbers. They have the same number of protons, but • is malleable
different numbers of neutrons. • is ductile
b 35Cl: 17 p, 18 n, 17 e; 37Cl: 17 p, 20 n, 17 e • is a good conductor of heat
The first two are mentioned specifically on the syllabus.
5 ▶ _____________ 6 × 7 + 93 × 7 = 6.93 7 ▶ They have a full outer shell (energy level) and so they
100 have no tendency to form compounds by losing/gaining
electrons or sharing electrons.
6 ▶ __________________________________ 24 × 78.99 + 25 ×
8 ▶ Argon and potassium OR iodine and tellurium.
10.00 + 26 × 11.01 = 24.32
100 The elements would then be in a different group in the
Periodic Table. They would not have the same number of
7 ▶ __________________________________________ 204 × 1.4 electrons in the outer shell as other members of the
+ 206 × 24.1 + 207 × 22.1+ 208 × 52.4 = 207.241 group and would react in a completely different way. For
100 example, potassium would be in Group 0 with the noble
8 ▶ a 77 protons, 114 neutrons, 77 electrons b Iridium-193 has gases, and argon, which is very unreactive, would be in
Group 1, with the highly reactive alkali metals.
2 more neutrons in the nucleus.
c More iridium-193 because the relative atomic mass is
closer to 193 than 191. CHAPTER 5
9 ▶ This statement is true – it only applies to 1 element, 1 ▶ a Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2 b Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
hydrogen (1H). c Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2 d 2Al + Cr2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Cr
e Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2 f 2NaHCO3 + H2SO4 →
CHAPTER 4
Na2SO4 + 2CO2 + 2H2O g 2C8H18 + 25O2 → 16CO2 + 18
1 ▶ a i strontium ii chlorine iii nitrogen iv caesium v neon
H2O h Fe3O4 + 4H2 → 3Fe + 4H2O i Pb + 2AgNO3 →
b metals: caesium, molybdenum, nickel, strontium, tin
non-metals: chlorine, neon, nitrogen Pb(NO3)2 + 2Ag j 2AgNO3 + MgCl2 → Mg(NO3)2 + 2AgCl k
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
2 ▶ a 44 b 60 c 142 d 132
e 286; (The common mistake would be not to multiply the
whole water molecule by 10. So the mass of the
10H2O is 180. Students will commonly and wrongly
come up with 36 for this by multiplying the H2 by 10 but
not the O as well. Work out the mass of the whole H2O
first and then multiply it by the number in front.
5 ▶ a A, F bA That way you won’t make this mistake.) f
c C and D because 5 shells are occupied d C 392
because there are 7 electrons in the outer shell 3 ▶ a 13.9% b 35%
(energy level) e c 21.2%; (Be careful of the cases where there are two
B, D nitrogen atoms in the fertiliser (all except KNO3). The
f Calcium – it has 20 electrons and therefore must have masses of the nitrogen in those cases will be 28 and
20 protons in the nucleus. The atomic number is not 14.)
 347

ANSWERS

4 ▶ In each case, work out the Mr by adding up the relative Empirical formula is PH2
atomic masses (Ar values), and then attach the unit “g” to b
give the mass of 1 mole. K N O
a 27 g b 331 g c 4.30 ×
Combining 5.85 g 2.10 g 4.80 g
16 = 68.8 g d 0.70 × 62
mass
= 43.4 g e 0.015 × 85 =
1.275 g No. of _____ 5.85 _____ 2.10 _____ 4.80
f 0.24 × 286 = 68.64 g Don’t forget the water of moles of = 0.15 = 0.15 = 0.3
crystallisation atoms 39 14 16
Strictly speaking the answers to d), e) and f) shouldn’t Ratio of 1 1 2
be quoted to more than 2 significant figures, because moles
the number of moles is only quoted to that precision.)
Empirical formula is KNO2
5 ▶ In each case, work out the mass of 1 mole as above, and
c
then work out how many moles you’ve got in the stated Na S O
mass. You can use the equation:
Combining 3.22 g 4.48 g 3.36 g
number of moles = ______________ mass
mass mass of 1
mole No. of _____ 3.22 _____ 4.48 _____ 3.36
20 moles of = 0.14 = 0.14 = 0.21
a ___ = 0.5 mol
atoms 23 32 16
40
Ratio of 1 simplifies 1 1.5
3.20 moles to 2
b _____ = 0.0200 mol
(divide by 2 3
160
smallest
2000 number)
c _____ = 25.2 mol; Don’t forget to convert kg to
g! 79.5 Carbon Hydrogen Bromine

d ______50 = 0.2 mol Given % 22.0 4.6 73.4

249.5
No. of _____ 22.0 = ___ 4.6 = _____ 73.4 =
1 000 000 moles of 1.833 4.6 0.9175
e _________ = 17 900 mol (or 17 857,
atoms 12 1 80
although this is precise
56 Ratio of 2 5 1
to more significant figures than the A r). f
moles
______0.032 = 5.0 × 10−4 mol (0.0005 mol) (divide
by
64
smallest
37
6 ▶ a 4 × 58.5 = 234 g b ___ = 0.5 mol number)

74 Empirical formula is Na2S2O3

d
c _____1000 = 25 mol
40
4
d 0.125 × 79.5 = 9.94 g (9.9375 g) e ___
= 40 g 0.1
f ________1 = 250 g
0.004 g
7 ▶a
P H

Combining mass 9.39 g 0.61 g

No. of moles of _____9.39 _____0.61 Empirical formula is C2H5Br
atoms = 0.30 = 0.61
8 ▶ a The mass of oxygen is 2.84−1.24 = 1.60 g
31 1
Ratio of moles 1 2
348 ANSWERS

P O 11 ▶ mass of anhydrous calcium sulfate = 44.14 − 37.34 =

6.80 g mass of water of crystallisation = 45.94 − 44.14 =
Combining mass 1.24 g 1.60 g 1.80 g mass of 1 mole of calcium sulfate, CaSO4 = 136 g
No. of moles of _____ 1.24 _____ 1.60
6.80
atoms = 0.04 = 0.10 number of moles of sodium sulfate = _____ = 0.05
31 16 mol
Ratio of moles 1 2.5 136
mass of 1 mole of water = 18 g
Whole numbers must be used, therefore multiply by 2
to get the empirical formula P2O5.
1.8
b P2O5 has an Mr of 142 number of moles of water = ___ = 0.1 mol
18
____ 284 = 2 number of moles of water = 0.1 = 2 number
142 of moles of calcium sulfate 0.05 the value
Therefore there must be two lots of the empirical of n = 2
formula in a molecule.
12 ▶ a 0.36 mol b From the chemical equation, the number 2
Molecular formula is P4O10
in front
9 ▶a Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen of the HCl indicates that 2 mol HCl react with 1 mol
CaCO3, therefore 0.4 mol CaCO3 react with 2
Given % 66.7 11.1 22.2 × 0.4 = 0.8 mol HCl.
c 6 mol HCl react to form 3 mol H2S Therefore the
Combining 66.7 g 11.1 g 22.2 g
number of moles of H2S is half the number of
mass in
100 g moles of HCl.
0.4 mol HCl form 0.2 mol H2S
No. of _____66.7 = _____11.1 _____22.2 = d 3 mol CO form 2 mol Fe
moles of 5.558 = 11.1 1.3875 2
atoms 12 1 16 The number of moles of Fe is __ the number of
Ratio of 4 8 1 3
moles of CO.
moles
2
(divide by 0.9 × __ = 0.6 mol iron
smallest 3
number)
3
Empirical formula is C4H8O e 0.8 × __ = 1.2 mol hydrogen
b The mass of the empirical formula is 4 × 12 + 8 × 1 + 2
16 = 72. Since this is equal to the relative formula 10
mass, the molecular formula is the same as the 13 ▶ a number of moles of iron = ___ = 0.179 mol 56
empirical formula, that is C4H8O. b From the chemical equation, the number of moles of
bromine that reacted with this number of moles of iron
10 ▶ You know the mass of anhydrous sodium sulfate (1.42
g). You can work out the mass of water of crystallisation 3
is __ × 0.179 = 0.277 mol.
(3.22 − 1.42 g = 1.8 g).
2 c From the chemical equation, the number of
You can work out the mass of 1 mole of sodium sulfate,
moles of FeBr3 will be the same as the number of moles
Na2SO4 = 142 g; and the mass of 1 mole of water = 18
of iron = 0.179 mol. d mass of 1 mol FeBr3 = 56 + 3 × 80
g.
= 296
1.42 mass of FeBr3 = 0.179 × 296 = 53 g
Number of moles of sodium sulfate = _____ = 0.01
(A common mistake here is to multiply the number of
mol.
moles of FeBr3 by the mass of 2FeBr3. The 2 has
142 already been used when you worked out that 2 mol
1.8 Fe formed 2 mol FeBr3 – do not use it again. The
Number of moles of water = ___ = 0.1 mol.
equation for working out the mass is mass = number
18 of moles × mass of 1 mole).
So for every 1 mole of sodium sulfate, there are 10 moles
of water. The value of n is 10. 1.0
14 ▶ a ____ = 0.0053 mol
190 b 0.0053 mol c
0.0053 × 48 = 0.25 g
 349

ANSWERS

d number of moles of NaCl = 0.0053 × 4 = 0.0212 mol number of moles of CuSO4 = 0.0503 mol number of
mass of NaCl = 0.0212 × 58.5 = 1.2 g moles of CuSO4.5H2O = 0.0503 mol mass of 1 mol
e You can carry out a moles calculation as above: CuSO4.5H2O = 63.5 + 32 + 4 × 16 + 5 ×
1 tonne = 1 000 000 g (16 + 2) = 249.5 g
mass of CuSO4.5H2O = 0.0503 × 249.5 = 12.55 g
moles of TiCl4 = _________ 1 000
b the theoretical yield is 12.55 g
000190 = 5300 mol moles the actual yield is 11.25 g

of Ti = 5300 mol mass of Ti = 5300 × ______11.25 × 100 = 89.64%

12.55
48 = 254 400 g 18 ▶ a mass of 1 mol ethanol = 2 × 12 + 6 × 1 + 16 = 46 g

Alternatively, you can reason that, if 1 g TiCl4 forms 20.0

number of moles of ethanol = _____ = 0.435
0.25 g Ti, 1 tonne TiCl4 will form 0.25 tonne Ti.
mol
15 ▶ mass of 1 mole of AlCl3 = 27 + 3 × 35.5 = 133.5 g 46
number of moles of ethyl ethanoate = 0.435 mol
2.67
moles of Aluminum chloride = ______ = 0.0200 mass of 1 mol ethyl ethanoate = 4 × 12 + 2 × 16 + 8
mol 133.5 ×
moles of AgCl = 3 × 0.0200 = 0.0600 mol 1 = 88 g
mass of 1 mole of AgCl = 108 + 35.5 = 143.5 g mass of ethyl ethanoate = 0.435 × 88 = 38.3 g
mass of AgCl = 0.0600 × 143.5 = 8.61 g b theoretical yield = 38.3 g
16 ▶ a mass of 1 mol Cr2O3 = 2 × 52 + 3 × 16 = 152 g actual yield = 30.0 g
30.0
50 percentage yield = _____ × 100 =
number of moles of Cr2O3 = ____ 152 = 0.33 78.3% 38.3
19 ▶ a 0.5 mol HCl would react with 0.25 mol Na2CO3.
mol number of moles of Al = 2 × 0.33 = 0.66 mol
There is more than 0.25 mol Na2CO3, therefore
mass of Al = 0.66 × 27 = 17.8 g Na2CO3 is in excess. b 0.02 mol O2 would react with
_____ 0.02
b number of moles of Cr = 2 × 0.33 = 0.66 mol 5 = 0.004 mol C3H8.
mass of Cr = 0.66 × 52 = 34.3 g There is more than 0.004 mol C3H8, therefore C3H8
c 5 kg is 5000 g 28
is in excess. c 28 g of CO is ___ = 1 mol
5000
number of moles of Cr2O3 = _____ 152 = 33
1
1 mol CO would react with 28 __ 3 = 0.33 mol Fe2O3.
mol number of moles of Cr = 2 × 33 = 66 mol mass
of Cr = 66 × 52 = 3430 g or 3.43 kg Alternatively, There is more than 0.33 mol Fe2O3, therefore Fe2O3 is
we can reason that 5 kg is 100 times as much as 50 in excess.
g. If we start with 100 times as much Cr2O3, we will 16
d 16 g O2 is ___ 32 = 0.5 mol
make 100 times as much Cr.
d 5 tonnes is 5 000 000 g 16
16 g SO2 is ___ 64 = 0.25 mol
number of moles of Cr2O3 = _________ 5 000 000152
= 33 000 mol number of moles of Cr = 2 × 33 000 = 0.25 mol SO2 would react with 0.125 mol O2 There is

66 000 mol mass of Cr = 66 000 × 52 = 3 430 000 g more than 0.125 mol O2, therefore O2 is in excess.

or 3.43 tonnes Alternatively, we can reason that, if 5 1.0

20 ▶ a 1.0 g of CaCO3 is _____ 100 = 0.010 mol
kg of Cr2O3 produces 3.43 kg Cr, then 5 tonnes of
0.010 mol CaCO3 would react with 2 × 0.010 =
Cr2O3 will produce 3.43 tonnes of Cr.
0.020 mol HCl
17 ▶ a mass of 1 mol CuO = 63.5 + 16 = 79.5 g There is less than 0.020 mol HCl, therefore there is
not enough HCl to react with all the CaCO3. Therefore
4.00
number of moles of CuO = _____ = 0.0503 CaCO3 is in excess.
mol 79.5
350 ANSWERS

b To calculate the number of moles of CO2 you must use From the chemical equation, the number of moles of
the number of moles of HCl because not all the CaCO3 KNO3 is twice the number of moles of O2 2 × 0.0417
reacted. = 0.0833 mol mass of 1 mol KNO3 = 39 + 14 + 3 ×
moles of HCl = 0.015 mol moles of CO2 16 = 101 g mass of 0.0417 mol KNO3 = 0.0833 ×
= 0.5 × 0.015 = 0.0075 mol mass of CO2 101 = 8.42 g
= 0.0075 × 44 = 0.33 g 6 ▶ mass of 1 mol MnO2 = 55 + 2 × 16 = 87 g

(If you got the answer 0.44 g you used the number of
2.00
moles of CaCO3. CaCO3 was in excess; therefore not number of moles of MnO2 = _____ 87 =
all of it will react.)

0.0230 mol from the chemical equation: 1 mol

CHAPTER 6
2.4 MnO2 produces
1 ▶ a ___ = 0.10 mol
24 1 mol Cl2 number of moles of Cl2 produced = 0.0230
480 mol volume of Cl2 produced = 0.0230 × 24000 = 552
b ____ = 20 mol
cm3
24
(0.552 dm3)
100
c ______ = 0.00417 mol 7 ▶ mass of 1 mol H2SO4 = 98 g
24000
4.90
number of moles of H2SO4 _____ 98 mol = 0.0500
d ______1500 = 0.0625 mol
24000 mol this number of moles is in 1 dm3 of solution
2 ▶ a 2.0 × 24 = 48 dm3 (48 000 cm3) b 0.10 × 24 = 2.4 dm3
(2400 cm3) c 1 × 10−3 × 24 = 0.024 dm3 (24 cm3) concentration = 0.0500 mol/dm3 (0.0500 to show that the
answer is precise to 3 significant figures)
200
3 ▶ a 200 cm3 of chlorine is _______ = 0.00833 mol 8 ▶ mass of 1 mol KOH = 39 + 16 + 1 = 56 g mass of 0.200
24 000 mol = 0.200 × 56 = 11.2 g concentration = 11.2 g/dm3
(be careful with units here – if the volume is in cm3 you
9 ▶ In each of these questions the number of moles is given
must use 24 000 as the molar volume) mass of 1 mol by: number of moles = volume in dm3 × concentration in
of Cl2 = 2 × 35.5 = 71 g mass of 0.00833 mol Cl2 = mol/dm3 to convert a volume in dm3 to cm3 divide by 1000
0.00833 × 71 = 0.592 g
25.0
b mass of 1 mol of O2 = 2 × 16 = 32 g a _____ × 0.100 = 0.00250 mol
1000
16
number of moles of O2 = 0.___ 32 = 0.005 mol
200
b _____ × 0.200 = 0.0400 mol
0.005 mol O2 has a volume of 0.005 × 24 000 =
1000
120 cm3 (0.12 dm3)
_____75.0
c × 0.150 = 0.01125 mol
1
c 1 dm3 of the gas is ___ = 0.0417 mol 1000
24
22.4
the mass of 0.0417 mol is 1.42 g d _____ × 0.280 = 0.00627 mol
1000
1.42
mass of 1 mol of the gas = _______ = 34.1 g
10 ▶ concentration (mol/dm3) = _____________________ number
0.0417
of moles (mol)volume (dm 3)
0.240
4 ▶ ______ = 0.0100 mol
24
0.100
From the chemical equation, the number of moles of H2 is a concentration = ______ = 0.0500 mol/dm3
the same as the number of moles of Mg: 0.0100 mol. 2
volume of hydrogen = 0.0100 × 24 = 0.24 dm3 (240 cm3)
25.0
b volume in dm3 = _____ = 0.050 dm3
1 1000
5 ▶ ___ 24 = 0.0417 mol O2
 351

ANSWERS

0.0200 volume (dm3) = ______________________ concentration

concentration = _______ = 0.800 mol/dm3
(mol/dmnumber of moles (mol) 3)
0.0250

27.8
c volume in dm3 = _____ = 0.0278 dm3 0.200
volume = ______ = 0.100 dm3 or
1000 100 cm3 2.00
0.00150 16 ▶ In each of these questions the number of moles is given
concentration = ________ = by number of moles = volume in dm3 × concentration in
0.0540 mol/dm3 mol/dm3 to convert a volume in dm3 to cm3 divide by 1000
0.0278
25.0
a no. of moles of NaOH solution = _____ × 0.100
11 ▶ volume (dm3) = ______________________ concentration mol =
(mol/dmnumber of moles (mol) 3) 1000
0.00250 mol
the equation shows that you need the same number of
0.500 moles of nitric acid = 0.00250 mol
a ______ = 5.00 dm3 (5.00 indicates that the
0.100
answer is to 3 significant figures)
concentration (mol/dm3) = _____________________ number of
b ________ 0.00500 = 0.250 dm3 (250 cm3) moles (mol)volume (dm 3)
0.0200
20.0
c _______ 0.0200 = 0.0400 dm3 (40.0 cm3) 20.0 cm3 is _____ = 0.0200 dm3
0.500 1000
20
12 ▶ no. of moles of copper(II) sulfate = _____ × 0.100 = concentration = ________
0.00250
= 0.125 mol/dm3
1000 0.0200
0.00200 mol
equation shows that 1 mol CuSO4 produces 1 mol BaSO4 30.0
b no. of moles of nitric acid = _____ × 0.100 mol =
no. of moles BaSO4 formed = 0.00200 mol mass of 1 mol
1000
BaSO4 = 137 + 32 + 4 × 16 = 233 g mass of 0.00200 mol 0.00300 mol
BaSO4 = 0.00200 × 233 = 0.466 g the equation shows that you need half the number of
moles of sodium carbonate = 0.5 × 0.00300 =
25.0 0.00150 mol
13 ▶ 25.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol/dm3 HCl contains _____ ×
2.00 mol = concentration (mol/dm3) = _____________________ number of
1000
0.0500 mol moles (mol)volume (dm 3 )
From the chemical equation, the number of moles of
CaCO3 that reacts is half the number of moles of HCl, 25.0
that is 0.5 × 0.0500 = 0.0250 mol. mass of 1 mol 25.0 cm3 is _____ = 0.0250 dm3
CaCO3 = 100 g mass of 0.0250 mol CaCO3 = 0.0250 1000
× 100 = 2.50 g number of moles of CO2 = 0.0250 mol
0.00150
volume of CO2 = 0.0250 × 24 000 = 600 cm3 concentration = ________ = 0.0600 mol/dm3
0.0250
30.0
14 ▶ number of moles of hydrogen peroxide = _____ × 25.0
c no. of moles of potassium carbonate solution = _____
0.0200 1000
1000 × 0.250 mol = 0.00625 mol
= 0.000600 mol (6.00 × 10−4)
the equation shows that you need twice the number of
from the chemical equation, the number of moles of O2
moles of ethanoic acid = 2 × 0.00625 = 0.0125 mol
produced is half the number of moles of H2O2
b mass of 1 mol CaCO3 = 100 g
concentration (mol/dm3) = _____________________ number of
10.0 moles (mol)volume (dm 3)
number of moles of CaCO3 = _____ 100 = 0.100
mol
12.5
from the chemical equation 0.100 mol CaCO3 reacts 12.5 cm3 is _____ = 0.0125 dm3
with 2 × 0.100 = 0.200 mol HCl 1000
352 ANSWERS

0.0125 Li 2,1 and O 2,6 iii Mg 2,8,2 and

concentration = _______ = 1.00 mol/dm3
F 2,7.
0.0125
Diagrams (similar to those in the chapter) showing

volume of oxygen = 0.000300 × 24 000 = 7.20 cm 3 the equation shows that you need half the number of
moles of calcium hydroxide
25.0 number of moles of calcium hydroxide = 0.5 ×
15 ▶ a no. of moles of NaOH solution = _____ × 0.400 mol =
0.000752 = 0.000376 mol (3.76 × 10−4)
1000
0.0100 mol
the equation shows that you need half as many moles of concentration (mol/dm3) = _____________________
sulfuric acid = 0.00500 mol number of moles (mol) 3)

volume (dm3) = ______________________ number of moles (mol) 3)

volume (dm
25.0
concentration (mol/dm 25.0 cm3 is _____ = 0.0250 dm3
1000
0.00500
volume = ________ = 0.0250 dm3 or 25.0 cm3
0.000376
0.200 concentration = _________ = 0.0150
mol/dm3
0.0250
) 1000
number of moles of O2 = 0.000300 mol (3.00 × 10−4) = 0.000752 mol (7.52 × 10−4
18.8 transfer of electrons, and the charges and
17 ▶ a no. of moles of hydrochloric acid = _____ × 0.0400
electronic structures of the ions formed (or words
mol b mass of 1 mol Ca(OH)2 = 40 + 2 × (16+1) = 74 g there to the same effect).
are 0.0150 mol in 1 dm3 the mass of 0.0150 mol is 0.0150 ×
In (i), show 1 electron transferred from Na to Cl
74 = 1.11 g therefore the concentration is 1.11 g/dm 3
leaving Na+ [2,8]+ and Cl– [2,8,8]
18 ▶ a 0.1 mol HNO3 reacts with 0.05 mol Na2CO3. There is In (ii), show 2 lithium atoms each giving 1
more than this present, therefore Na2CO3 is in excess. electron to O leaving 2 × Li+ (2)+ and O2– [2,8]2 In
(iii), show 1 Mg giving an electron each to 2
b no. of moles of Na2CO3 = _____ 100020.0 × 0.100 mol fluorines leaving Mg2+ [2,8]2+ and 2 × F– [2,8]–
=
0.00200 mol
0.0200 mol HNO3 reacts with 0.0100 mol Na2CO3.
There is less than this present, therefore HNO3 is in
excess.

c no. of moles of Na2CO3 = _____ 100025.0 × 0.300 mol

=
0.00750 mol
20.0
no of moles of HNO3 = _____ 1000 × 0.400

mol = 0.00800 mol

0.00800 mol HNO3 reacts with 0.00400 mol Na2CO3.
There is more than this present, therefore Na2CO3 is
in excess.

CHAPTER 7
1 ▶ a i An atom or group of atoms which carries an
electrical charge. ii Attractions between
positively and negatively charged ions holding
them together.
b Correct electronic structures for: i
Na 2,8,1 and Cl 2,8,7 ii
 353

ANSWERS

3 ▶ CHAPTER 8
a formula b name
1 ▶
i magnesium Mg2+ a MgO ionic

b CH3Br covalent
ii strontium Sr2+
c H2O2 covalent
iii potassium K+
d FeCl2 ionic
iv oxygen O2− oxide
e NaF ionic
v sulfur S2− sulfide
2 ▶ f HCN covalent
vi caesium Cs+ aA
pair of electrons that is shared between two atoms. The atoms
vii chlorine Cl− chloride are held together because the nucleus of each is attracted to
viii iodine I− iodide the shared pair.
b (It doesn’t matter whether students use dots or crosses
ix aluminium Al3+ or just different colours- or what positions (N, S, E, W)
4 ▶ the hydrogens occupy in the H2S or PH3.)
x calcium Ca2+

xi nitrogen N3− nitride

PbO NaBr
MgSO4 ZnCl2
K2CO3 (NH4)2S
Ca(NO3)2 Fe(OH)3
FeSO4 CuCO3
Al2(SO4)3 Ca(OH)2
CoCl2 CaO AgNO3
FeF3
NH4NO3 RbI
Na2SO4 Cr2O3
5 ▶ a The electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely
charged ions are strong and require a lot of energy to break. b
The ions are held tightly in place in the giant lattice structure
and are not free to move. c The ions are free to move (it is
important to use the word ions here; any mention of electrons
will score 0 in an exam).
6 ▶ Potassium chloride will have a lower melting point than
calcium oxide. The charges on the ions in KCl (K+ and Cl−) are
lower than in CaO (Ca2+ and O2−). There are weaker
electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged
ions in KCl than in CaO; these forces require less energy to
break than the forces in CaO.
354 ANSWERS

ii
 355

ANSWERS

(It doesn’t matter what variations of colours or dots and crosses

are used. In the chloroethane case, the Cl could equally well
have been drawn together with either of the other two hydrogen
atoms on the righthand carbon atom.)

4 ▶ Carbon dioxide has a simple molecular structure; diamond

has a giant covalent structure. When carbon dioxide sublimes,
only the weak intermolecular forces of attraction must be
broken – but when diamond sublimes, the strong covalent
bonds must be broken. A lot more energy is required to break
the strong covalent bonds in diamond than the weak
intermolecular forces in carbon dioxide.
5 ▶ a Simple molecular because it is a liquid at room
temperature. Only weak intermolecular forces of attraction
must be broken to melt solid hexane. Compounds with giant
structures have high melting points and boiling points and will
be solids at room temperature.
b Pentane has a lower boiling point. The intermolecular
forces of attraction are weaker in pentane because the
relative formula mass is lower. Weaker intermolecular
forces require less energy to break. c It will not conduct
electricity because there are no ions present and all the
electrons are held tightly in atoms or covalent bonds.
6 ▶ a To break apart diamond, strong covalent bonds must
be broken, which requires a large amount of energy.
Much less energy is required to break the weak forces of
attraction between the layers in graphite. b C60 fullerene
has a molecular structure but graphite has a giant
structure. To melt C60 fullerene, only weak intermolecular
forces must be broken, but to melt graphite strong
covalent bonds must be broken.
Much less energy is required to break the weak
3▶a intermolecular forces in C60 fullerene than the strong
covalent bonds in graphite. c Each C atom in graphite
only forms 3 bonds so there is one electron left over on
each on each atom. These delocalised electrons are free
to move throughout the layers.
d All the outer shell electrons in diamond are held tightly
in covalent bonds and unable to move around.
7 ▶ (Weakest intermolecular forces of attraction) hydrogen,
b phosphorus trifluoride, ammonia, ethanol, water,
ethanamide (strongest intermolecular forces of attraction).
Higher intermolecular attractions produce higher boiling
points – more energy has to be supplied to overcome
stronger forces of attraction between molecules.
8 ▶ a Nitrogen usually forms 3 bonds because it has 5
electrons in its outer shell. Each N forms 1 bond to F,
c therefore there must be a double bond between the
two N atoms. Formation of a double bond results in
each N having 8 electrons in its outer shell.

F
N N
F
b
356 ANSWERS

(It doesn’t matter what variations of colours or dots b zinc chlorine

and crosses are used. The F atoms could also be c hydrogen iodine
drawn in different positions.)
d sodium iodine
e copper chlorine
Cl
f hydrogen chlorine
g hydrogen oxygen
Cl B
h hydrogen oxygen
2 ▶ a Mg2+ + 2e− → Mg b Al3+ + 3e− → Al c 2Br – → Br2
Cl
9▶a → 2e– d 2O2– → O2 + 4e– e 2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e– f Ni2+ + 2e−

b The B atom does not have 8 electrons in its outer shell. → Ni g 4OH– → O2 + 2H2O + 4e– h 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ +
4e– i 2H2O + 2e– → H2 + 2OH–

3 ▶ a Ions weren’t free to move. b anode

c iodine: 2I–(l) → I2(g) + 2e–
d K+(l) + e– → K(l) e anode:
bromine
cathode: sodium
f anode: 2Br− → Br2 + 2e− cathode:
Na+ + e− → Na

4 ▶ a i Pb2+(l) + 2e– → Pb(l) ii 2Br–(l) → Br2(g) + 2e– iii

oxidised: bromide ions. Reduced: lead(II) ions.
b i 2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(g) ii 2Cl–(aq) → Cl2(g) +
2e– iii oxidised: chloride ions. Reduced: hydrogen
ions.
c i 2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(g) ii 2Br–(aq) → Br2(aq
(The diagrams should show at least 9 ions but can be or l) + 2e– iii oxidised: bromide ions. Reduced:
of any size beyond that. Electrons could be shown as hydrogen ions. d i Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s) ii
e−.)
4OH–(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 4e– iii oxidised:
2 ▶ a Mg 2, 8, 2. The two outer electrons hydroxide ions. Reduced: copper(II) ions.
will be lost from each Mg atom to form the
e i 2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(g) ii 4OH–(aq) → 2H2O(l)
sea of delocalised electrons. There will be
a regular arrangement of Mg2+ ions. + O2(g) + 4e– iii oxidised: hydroxide ions. Reduced:
b Na will form Na+ ions, Mg will form Mg2+ ions and Al will hydrogen ions.
form Al3+ ions. There will be stronger electrostatic
f i Mg2+(l) + 2e– → Mg(s or l) ii 2I–(l) → I2(g) +
attraction between the metal ions and the delocalised
electrons when the charge on the ion is higher. Al3+ has 2e– iii oxidised: iodide ions. Reduced: magnesium
the strongest attraction between the metals ions and the ions. g i 2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(g) ii 2Cl–(aq) →
delocalised electrons, therefore most energy has to be
Cl2(g) + 2e– iii oxidised: chloride ions. Reduced:
supplied to overcome the forces of attraction. c
Delocalised electrons are free to move. hydrogen ions.
d The layers of metal ions are able to slide over each 5 ▶ The melting point of S is too high to reach using a
other without changing the bonding. Bunsen, and so you would have to test a solution in
water. On the other hand, T would melt easily, and won’t
3 ▶ a giant covalent b molecular c
dissolve. Heat it until it melts.
molecular d giant ionic e giant metallic f
molecular g giant metallic
CHAPTER 10
1▶ cathode anode
a lead bromine
 357

ANSWERS
DC power supply mly
6V arran
ged
carbon bulb
(1) and mostly touching each other. (1)
electrodes The diagram below would only score 1 mark – for the
random arrangement

small beaker S solution

DC power supply
6V
c numb
er of
carbon bulb
electrodes
proto
ns: 1
pyrex dish molten T (1)
or crucible numb
er of
heat neutr
(You could also do the electrolysis of the solution using ons:
the more complicated apparatus in the chapter, but since 2 (1)
there is no need to collect anything, there isn’t much numb
point.) If the substances are electrolytes, the bulbs will er of
light up, and there will be signs of activity around the electr
electrodes (gases given off, solids deposited, etc). ons:
6 ▶ a Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s) b i The Cu2+(aq) ions are 1 (1)
responsible for the blue colour and these are removed d i
from the solution, therefore the blue colour fades. water 2, 5
dissociates (1) ii
H2O ⇋ H+ + OH− HNH
Oxygen is produced at the anode. The half
equation for this is: H
4OH− → 2H2O + O2 + 4e− three covalent bonds shown, each with a dot and
a cross (1) the remaining 2
Because the OH− is removed from solution, more
electrons on N (1)
water must dissociate to replace them. This
produces an excess of H+ ions in solution, so the e NH4SO4 is incorrect (1) because the ammonium ion is
solution is acidic. NH4+ and the sulfate ion is SO42− f
ii There is no change in colour because the fractional distillation (1)
concentration of Cu2+(aq) remains the same; when 2 ▶ a The elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in
1 Cu2+(aq) ion is removed at the cathode another order of atomic number (1). The vertical columns are
one replaces it at the anode. called groups (1) and contain elements which have the
There is no change in acidity because the OH− same number of electrons (1) in their outer shell (1).
ions are not removed from the solution to form b H (1) and Ar (1) c i The second property is
oxygen. not a property of metals. Metal oxides are basic (1)
and would react with acids rather than with alkalis
END OF UNIT 1 QUESTIONS such as sodium hydroxide. (1)
ii The grey circles represent silicon atoms. (1) A
1 ▶ a −255 °C (1) The temperature is between the melting
silicon atom has 4 electrons in its outer shell
point and boiling point.
and will form 4 covalent bonds. (1)
An oxygen atom has 6 electrons in its outer shell
and will only form 2 covalent bonds. (1) (Note:
although some of the ‘grey atoms’ only appear to
form 2 bonds this is because only part of the
b Partic giant structure is shown. None of the ‘red atoms’
les form 4 bonds.)
rando iii SiO2 would be a solid at room temperature
358 ANSWERS

because it has a giant structure. (1) A lot of 6 ▶ a mass of lead = 24.16 − 17.95 = 6.21 g (1) b mass of
energy is required to break all the strong oxygen = 24.80 − 24.16 g = 0.64 g (1)
covalent bonds. (1) c Pb O
3 ▶ a idea of electron transfer (1) electron transfer from Sr combining masses 6.21 g 0.64 g
to Br (1) the correct number of electrons transferred (1) no of moles of atoms 6.21/207 0.64/16
b high melting point (1) (1)
= 0.03 = 0.04
strong electrostatic forces of attraction between
oppositely-charged ions (1) require a lot of ratio of moles 3 : 4 (1)
energy to break (1) empirical formula: Pb3O4 (1)
c The relative atomic mass of an element is the 2.00
7 ▶ a number of moles of copper = _____ = 0.0315
weighted average mass of the isotopes of the element.
(1) It is measured on a scale on which a carbon-12 mol (1) 63.5 From the chemical equation, the same
atom has a mass of exactly 12. (1) d number of moles of copper(II) nitrate will be produced.
______________________ 50.69 × 79 + 49.31 × number of moles of Cu(NO3)2 is 0.0315 mol (1) Mr of
81
Cu(NO3)2 = 63.5 + 2 × (14 + 3 × 16) = 187.5 mass of
(1) Cu(NO3)2 = 187.5 × 0.0315 = 5.91 g (1)
100
b The student would use crystallisation. (1) Heat the
79.99 (1) e
solution in an evaporating basin to drive off some of
Sr(NO3)2 (1) 4 the water until the solution becomes saturated. (1)
▶ a Diamond Allow to cool then filter off the crystals that form. (1)
has a giant
covalent c percentage yield = _______________actual yield ×
100
structure (1),
theoretical yield
where all the
atoms are held = _____5.23 × 100 (1)
together by 7.61
= 68.7% (1)
strong
covalent 8 ▶ a Mr of FeS2 = 56 + 2 × 32 = 120 480 kg is 480 000 g

bonds 480 000

number of moles of FeS2 = ________ 120 =
– a lot of energy is required to break these bonds. (1) 4000 mol (1)
bi Graphite has the higher melting point. (1) From the chemical equation, the number of moles of
Graphite has a giant structure but C60 fullerene has a Fe2O3 is half the number of moles of FeS2. number of
simple molecular structure. (1) To melt graphite, all the moles of Fe2O3 = 2000 mol (1) Mr of Fe2O3 = 2 × 56
strong covalent bonds between carbon atoms must be + 3 × 16 = 160 mass of Fe2O3 = 2000 × 160 = 320
broken – this requires a lot of energy. (1) 000 g or 320 kg (1)
To melt C60 fullerene, only the weak intermolecular b From the chemical equation 4000 mol FeS2 produces
forces of attraction must be broken – this requires 8000 mol SO2. (1) volume = 8000 ×
less energy. (1) 24 = 192 000 dm3 (1)
ii Graphite has delocalised electrons. (1)
ci 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3
Delocalised electrons are free to move (throughout
the structure). (1) all formulae correct (1) correct
balancing (1)
iii C60 has a molecular structure rather than a giant
structure. (1) ii From the equation 2 mol SO2 react with 1 mol O2.
Electrons cannot move between molecules. (1) So the number of moles of O2 will be half as many.
Therefore the number of moles of O2 will be
4000 mol. (1)
5 ▶a OO (1)
volume = 4000 × 24 = 96 000 dm3 (1) For the
The correct diagram is above. (There is a double bond second mark we could just reason that since
between the O atoms.) half as many moles are required, then the
volume will also be half.
b K2O is the correct formula (1) c
9 ▶ a A saturated solution is a solution which contains as
O C O (1)
much dissolved solid as possible at a particular
The correct diagram is above. (Carbon forms 4 bonds temperature. (1)
and oxygen forms 2 bonds.)
 359

ANSWERS

32.8 1000
b number of moles = _____ × 0.100 = 3.28 × 10−3
or 6.25 × 10−3 mol (1)
mol or
1000
0.00328 mol (1) 0.100
iv 0.100 g of Mg is ______ = 0.00417 mol or
c From the chemical equation, the number of moles of
4.17 ×
Sr(OH)2 is half the number of moles of HCl. number of
24
moles of Sr(OH)2 = 1.64 × 10−3 or 10−3 mol (1)
0.00164 mol (1) Therefore the sulfuric acid is in excess because
only 0.00417 mol would be required to react with
25
volume of Sr(OH)2 in dm3 is _____ 1000 = 0.025 all the Mg and there is more present than this. (1)
dm3 (1) v The number of moles of magnesium must be used
to work out the number of moles of H2 because the
sulfuric acid is in excess.
0.00164
(1)concentration of Sr(OH)2 = ________ 0.025 From the chemical equation, the number of moles
= 0.0656 mol/dm3 of H2 is the same as the number of moles of Mg.
The number of moles of H2 is 0.00417 mol or 4.17
d Mr of Sr(OH)2 = 88 + 2 × (16 + 1) = 122 × 10−3 mol. (1)
mass of Sr(OH)2 in 1 dm3 of solution is 122 × 0.0656 = volume of hydrogen = 0.00417 × 24000 = 100 cm3
8.00 g (1) (1)
1 dm3 is 1000 cm3, therefore mass of Sr(OH)2 present 94
vi the percentage yield = ____ × 100 = 94% (1)
in 100 cm3 or 100 g of water is one tenth of this, that is
0.800 g (1) e (The three points in bold are essential 100
and then 1 mark ci hydrogen gas (1)
each for 2 further points.) an empty evaporating ii 4OH− → O2 + 2H2O + 4e− OR
basin is weighed (1) some of the strontium 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e−
hydroxide solution is poured into the evaporating for formulae for all species correct (1)
basin (1) care must be taken to not pour in any for correctly balanced (1)
solid (1) weigh the evaporating basin and 11 ▶ a measuring cylinder/pipette/burette (1)
strontium hydroxide solution (1) b volume is 33 cm3 (1)
the evaporating basin is heated over a tripod and gauze
using a Bunsen burner (1) until all the water is driven off
/ heat to constant mass (1) weigh the evaporating
basin and solid strontium hydroxide (1)

25.0
10 ▶ a Number of moles of sodium hydroxide = _____
× 0.100
1000
= 2.50 × 10−3 mol or 0.0025 mol (1)
From the chemical equation, the number of moles of
sulfuric acid is half of this.
Number of moles of sulfuric acid = 1.25 × 10−3 mol or
0.00125 mol (1)
Volume of sulfuric acid in dm3 = 0.0200 dm3 (1)

0.00125 plotting points correctly (2)

Concentration of sulfuric acid is ________ =
line of best fit (1)
0.0625 mol/ dm3 (1) 0.0200 di Student 3’s result (1)
bi lattice of positive ions (1) sea of delocalised ii Some gas could have escaped from the apparatus /
electrons (1) electrostatic attraction between the there was a leak in the apparatus / they could have
positive ions and delocalised electrons (1) used less than 0.15 g limestone / they used a
ii the layers of positive ions/atoms (1) different concentration of hydrochloric acid that
can slide over each other (1) had too low a concentration / they used too low a
volume of hydrochloric acid. (1)
100 e All the hydrochloric acid has been used up. (1) There
iii number of moles = _____ × 0.0625 = 0.00625
is no more hydrochloric acid to react with any
mol
360 ANSWERS

additional limestone, so no more gas can be produced. d More reactive than francium. Reactivity increases
(1) down the group.
f 0.42 g (1) Reactivity increases as the size of the atom increases.
(This is the point at which the two lines cross because aAn edexcelium atom is larger than a francium atom. The
this is the point at which adding any more CaCO3 does outer electron would be more easily lost from edexcelium –
not produce any more gas.) g i CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl it is less strongly attracted by the nucleus. e 2Ed + 2H2O →
(aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g) 2EdOH + H2 f Alkaline, because OH− ions are formed. g
Ed2O
91
ii Number of moles of CO2 = ______ 24000 =
3.79 × CHAPTER 12
1▶a
10−3 mol or 0.00379 mol. (1)
From the chemical equation, the number of moles
of CaCO3 is the same as the number of moles of F
CO2.
Number of moles of CaCO3 is 3.79 × 10−3 mol or
b A fluorine atom has 7 electrons in its outer shell – the
0.00379 mol. (1) group
Mr of CaCO3 is 40 + 12 + 3 × 16 = 100 mass number indicates the number of outer shell
of CaCO3 = 0.00379 × 100 = 0.379 g (1) electrons. c
H F
iii ______ 0.379 × 100 (1)
0.42 d There are weaker intermolecular forces of
= 90 % (1) attraction between fluorine molecules than between
chlorine molecules. Weaker forces require less energy
You have worked out above the mass of limestone
to break. The intermolecular forces are weaker
that reacts with the hydrochloric acid is 0.42 g. The
because fluorine has a lower relative molecular mass.
volume of CO2 produced by this mass of limestone
e No reaction because chlorine is less reactive than
is 91 cm3. 91 cm3 of CO2 is produced by 0.379 g of
fluorine and therefore cannot displace it.
CaCO3, therefore this is the mass of CaCO3
2 a Astatine atom
present in 0.42 g of limestone.

At

UNIT 2 ANSWERS – Astatide ion

CHAPTER 11
At
1 ▶ They have the same number of electrons in the outer
shell (1 electron) and all react in the same way.
2 ▶ a A = lithium b B = potassium; C = hydrogen; D =
Astatine molecule
potassium
hydroxide
At At
c 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) d The paper
goes blue/purple. e Lots of heat evolved. Melting point
of potassium is low. b Astatine would be a solid – melting point increases
f E is sodium and F is sodium oxide down the group and iodine is a solid.
sodium + oxygen → sodium oxide c Reactivity decreases down the group so astatine
would be less reactive than iodine.
4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)
Astatine is a larger atom than iodine and so has a
3 ▶ a FALSE b TRUE c TRUE d FALSE, the formula of lower attraction for electrons.
lithium chloride is LiCl d pH 1−2

The volume of gas recorded is too low and does

b1
not lie on the line of best fit. (1)
4 ▶ a More dense. Density increases down the group. e Caesium astatide would be a colourless/white solid
c Edexcelium hydroxide and hydrogen. because it is an ionic compound. It would probably be
 361

ANSWERS

soluble in water because many ionic compounds are When more moles of solid are heated, more moles of
soluble in water and most of the alkali metal halides gas will be produced, so a greater volume of gas will be
are soluble in water (e.g. sodium chloride, potassium produced. g The mass goes down because CO2 is given
iodide etc.). off. In the first experiment the mass goes down by 0.15 g,
f Cl2(aq) + 2At−(aq) → At2(s) + 2Cl−(aq) The chlorine is which must be the mass of 89 cm3 of gas.
reduced in this reaction because it gains electrons.
The At− is oxidised in the reaction because it loses
electrons. Oxidation and reduction both occur,
therefore it is a redox reaction.
3 ▶ a Cl2(g) + F2(g) → 2ClF(g)
b

F Cl

c F2 < ClF < Cl2

The boiling point increases as the relative molecular
mass increases and the strength of the intermolecular
forces increases. d i ClF3
ii ClF3(g) + 2H2O(l) → 3HF(aq) + HCl(aq) + O2(g)

CHAPTER 13
1 ▶ a 78.1% b 21.0 % c 0.04% d 0.9%
2 ▶ a 95 − 80 = 15 cm3 of oxygen

___ 15 × 100 = 15.8%

95 b The answer is less than expected. The apparatus

was not left long enough; there was not enough time for
all the oxygen in the air to react. The experiment could be
improved by leaving the apparatus set up for longer.
3 ▶ a The student should follow a procedure such as:
• Weigh a boiling tube.
• Pour 1 g of the metal carbonate into the boiling
tube and weigh the boiling tube again.
• Connect a delivery tube to the boiling tube.
Connect the other end of the delivery tube to a gas
syringe or put in to a measuring cylinder filled with
water.
• Heat the boiling tube.
• Allow the apparatus to cool.
• Record the volume of gas collected.
• Re-weigh the boiling tube and contents.
b Carbon dioxide.
c PbCO3(s) → PbO(s) + CO2(g) d Thermal
decomposition.
e Sodium carbonate is more thermally stable than the
other carbonates; it does not decompose when
heated.
f The Mr of PbCO3 is 267, whereas the Mr of CuCO3 is
123.5.
1 g of CuCO3 is more moles than 1 g of PbCO3 – more
than twice as many moles.
362 ANSWERS
▶a

From the first experiment: copper from copper(II) sulfate, and so must be above
0.16 hydrogen and copper. It won’t displace iron from iron(II)
1 cm3 of gas has a mass of _____ = 0.00180 g sulfate, and so must be below iron. b i yes: X
89 100 cm3 has a mass nitrate and silver
of 100 × 0.00180 = 0.180 g h The student did not heat ii no reaction
the carbonate for long enough so not all the carbonate iii no reaction (at least, not in the short term) iv
decomposes. Some of the gas escaped/leaked from the yes: X chloride and copper v yes: X sulfate
apparatus. and hydrogen
4 ▶ Carbon dioxide is one of the gases responsible for the 7 ▶ a hydrogen b aluminium chloride c 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq)
greenhouse effect. These gases absorb IR (infrared) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g) d Aluminium is covered by a very
radiation that has been emitted from the Earth’s surface. thin, but very strong, layer of aluminium oxide which
They then re-radiate it in all directions, warming the prevents the acid getting at the aluminium underneath.
atmosphere. Heating of the atmosphere could lead to climate On heating, the acid reacts with the oxide and removes
change. it. The aluminium then shows its true reactivity, and
produces a vigorous reaction.
CHAPTER 14 8 ▶ Drop a very small piece into cold water. If it reacts,
judge its reactivity relative to K, Na, Ca or Mg.
1 ▶ a sodium, aluminum, iron, copper b i magnesium
If it doesn’t react, add a small piece to dilute hydrochloric
oxide, copper
acid and warm if necessary. Rapid reaction in the cold
ii Mg(s) + CuO(s) → MgO(s) + Cu(s) (Include state
would place it as ‘similar to magnesium’. A few bubbles
symbols in all equations for preference.)
of hydrogen in the cold, but more on heating would place
iii Copper(II) oxide (CuO) has been reduced to copper it as ‘similar to iron or zinc’.
(Cu) because it has lost oxygen - reduction is the
If there is no reaction, then it is ‘below hydrogen’.
loss of oxygen. iv Copper(II) oxide (CuO) is the
oxidizing agent because it oxidizes the magnesium 9 ▶ a The iron/steel must be exposed to oxygen (air) and
(gives oxygen to it) and is, in the process, reduced. c water.
i Zinc is higher in the reactivity series because b Painting prevents the oxygen and water from coming
it takes the oxygen from the cobalt(II) oxide into contact with the iron/steel. c It is iron/steel coated
ii A reducing agent is a substance which reduces with zinc. d It would take much longer before the car
something else. Zinc removes oxygen from the went rusty. Zinc is more reactive than iron and so
cobalt(II) oxide. Removal of oxygen is reduction. corrodes in preference to the iron. The zinc prevents
iii Zinc because it gains oxygen - oxidation is gain of iron rusting even when the coating is scratched.
oxygen. d aluminium, manganese, chromium When paint is scratched the steel underneath will rust
(Statement 1: Al is above Cr. Statement 2: Mn is – this will not happen when the steel is galvanised,
below Al. Statement 3: Mn is above Cr. Putting this therefore the life of the car is extended.
together gives the final list.) 10 ▶a

2 ▶ a oxidised; gain of oxygen b reduced; loss of oxygen Pearsonium Mollium Rosium Amelium
c oxidised; loss of electrons d reduced; gain of electrons chloride chloride chloride chloride
solution solution solution solution
3 ▶ Magnesium is above lead because it removes the
oxygen from the lead(II) oxide. pearsonium 7 7 7 7
4 ▶ a Either: grey iron filings become coated with brown
mollium 3 7 3 3
solid. Or: solution fades from blue to colourless (very
pale green). rosium 3 7 7 7
b iron (Fe) has been oxidised (to Fe2+) because it has
lost electrons - oxidation is loss of electrons. c amelium 3 7 3 7
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) b mollium > amelium > rosium > pearsonium c mollium
+ pearsonium chloride → mollium chloride +
5 ▶ a nickel, copper, silver b i Either: colour of solution
changes from blue to green. Or: nickel becomes coated pearsonium
with brown solid.
ii Ni(s) + CuSO4(aq) → NiSO4(aq) + Cu(s) iii CHAPTER 15
Ni(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Ni2+(aq) + Cu(s) 1 ▶ Iron is below carbon in the reactivity series and so can be
Nickel has been oxidised by loss of electrons. extracted by heating with carbon.
6 X is between iron and hydrogen in the reactivity series. It Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) → 2Fe(l) + 3CO(g)
displaces hydrogen from dilute hydrochloric acid, and
 363

ANSWERS

Aluminium is above carbon in the reactivity series and so c High-carbon steel is brittle and not very malleable so it
heating aluminium oxide with carbon will not produce a would be difficult to make it into the correct shapes for
reaction. Aluminium must be extracted by electrolysis. Al 3+ car bodies. It would also not bend/deform very well
+ 3e− → Al during a crash – the fact that mild steel deforms upon
impact (because it is malleable) is important for
2 ▶ a Sodium is high in the reactivity series, and so will need
absorbing some of the force upon impact (from a
to be produced by electrolysis. It can be manufactured by
Physics point of view, the change in momentum occurs
electrolysing molten sodium chloride using suitable
over a longer period of time).
electrodes (industrially, carbon anode, steel cathode),
keeping the sodium and chlorine apart to prevent them from
reacting back to give sodium chloride again. CHAPTER 16
Sodium would be released at the cathode: 1 ▶ methyl orange phenolphthalein litmus
Na+(l) + e– → Na(l) b It needed the
discovery of electricity. a yellow pink blue

c Any other metals high in the reactivity series – e.g. b red colourless red
2 ▶
potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium. solution pH strongly weakly neutral weakly strongly
3 ▶ Because lead is below iron in the reactivity series it is acidic acidic alkaline alkaline
also below carbon. Lead can be extracted from its ore by
potassium
heating with carbon.
iodide 7 3
4 ▶ a Chromium(III) oxide contains the Cr3+ ion. The oxide
ion has the formula O2−, therefore the formula of propanoic
acid 4.2 3
chromium(III) oxide is Cr2O3. Cr2O3 + 2Al → 2Cr + Al2O3 b Al
is the reducing agent because it takes the O away from the sodium
Cr2O3 – it reduces it. carbonate 9.5 3
c Chromium is less reactive than aluminium because the potassium
aluminium is able to take the oxygen away from the hydroxide 13 3
chromium oxide.
iron(III)
5 ▶ a 2FeTiO3 + 7Cl2 + 6C → 2TiCl4 + 2FeCl3 + 6CO b TiCl4 chloride 2.4 3
+ 2Mg → MgCl2 + Ti c Magnesium is more reactive than
titanium as it is able to take the chlorine away from the TiCl4;
nitric acid 1.3 3
the magnesium is able to reduce the TiCl 4. d Magnesium is 3 ▶ a Na2O + 2HNO3 → 2NaNO3 + H2O b 2KOH + H2SO4 →
more reactive than carbon, so it could be extracted from its
ore by electrolysis or by heating with a more reactive metal K2SO4 + 2H2O
such as sodium. 4 ▶ Neutralisation – reaction a) involves an acid reacting with
e Titanium is more expensive than magnesium. Although a base (sodium oxide) and reaction b) involves an acid
it is expensive to extract magnesium using electrolysis, reacting with an alkali (KOH).
the magnesium is used in the extraction of titanium, 5 ▶ Measure out 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution
therefore titanium must be more expensive. using a pipette. Transfer the potassium hydroxide solution to
6 ▶ a i It has a low density. (Note: saying that it has a low a conical flask. Add a few drops of an indicator. Put the
density is usually better than just saying it is light) sulfuric acid into the burette. Add the acid to the alkali until
ii Alloys are stronger than the pure metals. Alloys the indicator changes colour.
contain some atoms of different sizes; this makes it
more difficult for the layers of positive ions to slide over CHAPTER 17
each other. iii Advantages: 1 ▶ a copper(II) oxide, copper(II) hydroxide, copper(II)
An aluminium body is lighter than a steel body and carbonate
so the car will use less fuel. An aluminium body will b CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
not corrode. Cu(OH)2(s)
Disadvantage: + H2SO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) CuCO3(s) +
Aluminium is more expensive than steel. aq)
H2SO4( → CuSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
bi a good conductor of electricity and ductile (can be
2 ▶ a A = copper; B = copper(II) oxide; C = copper(II) sulfate;
drawn out into wires)
D = copper(II) carbonate; E = carbon dioxide;
ii does not react with water and malleable (can be F = copper(II) nitrate b i CuO(s) +
hammered into shape)
H2SO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
364 ANSWERS
▶a

ii CuCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) crystallise, so will the bulk of the solution. left to
+ H2O(l) cool… Crystals form on cooling because the solubility
of the sodium sulfate is lower in the cold.
3 ▶ a i Description could include: Silvery metal. Colourless
aq)
acid. Slow bubbles of gas on warming. Formation of green b i Na2CO3(aq) + H2SO4( → Na2SO4(aq) +
solution. Possible disappearance of nickel if very small CO2(g) +
quantities were used. H2O(l)
Pops with lighted splint held to mouth of tube.
ii Na2SO4(aq) + 10H2O(l) → Na2SO4.10H2O(s)
ii hydrogen 7 A solution of any soluble silver salt (silver nitrate is
iii Ni(s) + H2SO4(aq) → NiSO4(aq) + H2(g) always used) plus a solution of any soluble chloride
b i Description could include: Green solid. including dilute hydrochloric acid Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) →
Colourless acid. Bubbles of gas produced in the cold. AgCl(s). b A solution of any soluble calcium salt (calcium
Formation of green solution. Green powder disappears chloride or nitrate) plus a solution of a soluble carbonate
if excess acid is used. (sodium, potassium or ammonium carbonate).
Testing for gas: Bubble through lime water to give Ca2+(aq) + CO32–(aq) → CaCO3(s) c A solution of a
a white precipitate (milky, cloudy). ii NiCO3(s) + soluble lead(II) salt (most commonly,
2HCl(aq) → NiCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) iii CO32–(s) +
lead(II) nitrate) plus a solution of any soluble sulfate
2H+(aq) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)
including dilute sulfuric acid
Some teachers may prefer to write this as: Pb2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → PbSO4(s). d A solution of a
NiCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) → Ni2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) soluble lead(II) salt (most commonly, lead(II) nitrate)
4 ▶ soluble insoluble plus a solution of any soluble chloride including dilute
sodium chloride lead(II) sulfate hydrochloric acid. Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) → PbCl2(s)
zinc nitrate calcium carbonate
8 ▶ Mix solutions of barium chloride or barium nitrate and
iron(III) sulfate lead(II) chloride
sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate or ammonium
potassium sulfate copper(II) carbonate
carbonate. Filter, wash and dry the precipitate. Ba2+(aq) +
aluminium nitrate silver chloride
CO32–(aq) → BaCO3(s)
ammonium chloride barium sulfate
magnesium nitrate c alcium sulfate (almost 9 ▶ a A: dilute sulfuric acid + solid zinc (or zinc oxide,
insoluble) hydroxide or carbonate) H2SO4(aq) + Zn(s) →
sodium phosphate nickel(II) carbonate ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) or H2SO4(aq) + ZnO(s) → ZnSO4(aq) +
potassium dichromate(VI) chromium(III) hydroxide
H2O(l) or H2SO4(aq) + Zn(OH)2(s) → ZnSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
5 ▶ a Dilute sulfuric acid in a beaker/flask. Heat gently. or H2SO4(aq) + ZnCO3(s) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Add copper(II) oxide a little at a time until no more
b C: solutions of a soluble barium salt + soluble sulfate
reacts. Filter into an evaporating basin. Evaporate
(including H2SO4)
gently until a sample will crystallise on cooling. Leave
Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(s)
to crystallise. Separate and dry crystals.
There is no point in writing full equations for
b i CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) ii
precipitation reactions like this. The ionic equation is
CuSO4(aq) + 5H2O(l) → CuSO4.5H2O(s) always easier.
6 ▶ a using a pipette: Need to be able to measure the c B: dilute nitric acid + potassium hydroxide or
volume of sodium carbonate solution accurately so that carbonate solution
exactly the same volume can be used later without the HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq) → KNO3(aq) +
indicator. few drops of methyl orange were added: An H2O(l) or 2HNO3(aq) + K2CO3(aq) → 2KNO3(aq)
indicator to show when the solution becomes ‘neutral’.
+ H2O(l) +
(In fact the colour change happens around pH 4. The
pH changes very quickly around the end point for the CO2(g)
indicator, and the difference in volume of acid added to d A: dilute nitric acid + solid copper(II) oxide or
take the pH from the desired pH 7 to the actual pH 4 for hydroxide or carbonate.
the indicator will be a fraction of a drop.) until the 2HNO3(aq) + CuO(s) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) +
solution became orange: Exactly the right volume of
H2O(l) or 2HNO3(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s) → Cu(NO3)2(aq)
acid has been added (the ‘neutral’ colour for methyl
orange). + 2H2O(l) or 2HNO3(aq) + CuCO3(s) → Cu(NO
without the methyl orange: Otherwise the crystals 3)2(aq) + H2O(l) +
would be contaminated by methyl orange. evaporated CO2(g)
until… Shows when the solution is sufficiently
concentrated to crystallise on cooling. If a sample will
 365

ANSWERS

(Unlike the other simple acids, nitric acid also reacts 5 ▶ a G = potassium carbonate; H = potassium nitrate; I =
with copper metal, but it doesn’t produce hydrogen, carbon dioxide (Note: g could also be potassium hydrogen
and is not on the Edexcel International GCSE carbonate, but, because hydrogen carbonates haven’t been
syllabus. Any equation using copper to produce covered in the course, a student is unlikely to come up with
hydrogen should be disallowed.) it.)
e C: solutions of a soluble lead(II) salt (normally the b CO32–(s) + 2H+(aq) → CO2(g) + H2O(l) or K2CO3(s) +
nitrate) + a soluble chromate(VI). (Since you don’t 2HNO3(aq) → 2KNO3(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
know anything specifically about chromates, choose
6 ▶ a J = ammonium bromide; K = ammonia; L = silver
one of sodium, potassium or ammonium chromate
bromide b Ag+(aq) + Br−(aq) → AgBr(s)
(VI) – these are bound to be soluble because all
sodium, potassium and ammonium salts are soluble.) 7 ▶ a Dissolve the mixture in the minimum possible amount of
Pb2+(aq) + CrO42–(aq) → PbCrO4(s) hot water, and then allow it to cool again. The small amount
10 ▶ a acid: H3O+ base: CO32− of the more soluble potassium carbonate will stay in solution,
b acid: H2SO4 base: MgO but crystals of potassium nitrate will be formed on cooling.
Filter these off, and wash them on the filter paper with a
c acid: HNO3 base: NH3
small amount of very cold water. Allow them to dry.
d acid: H2SO4 base: H2O e acid:
b Take a sample and add any named dilute acid. If the
HCl base: NH3 f acid: CH3COOH crystals are free of potassium carbonate, there won’t
base: NH3 be any fizzing.
8 ▶ a Add a few drops of the liquid to some anhydrous
CHAPTER 18 copper(II) sulfate. If the colour changes from white to blue
then water is present. b The boiling point of the liquid must
1 ▶ a chlorine b ammonia c carbon dioxide d hydrogen e be measured. If the liquid boils at 100 °C it is pure water. The
oxygen freezing/ melting point can also be measured – pure water
2 ▶ a Clean a nichrome or platinum wire by dipping it into freezes/melts at 0 °C.
concentrated hydrochloric acid and then into a flame until no c The test-tube becoming warm indicates that an
colour shows. Moisten the wire with concentrated exothermic reaction has occurred. An exothermic
hydrochloric acid, dip it into the solid, and then back into reaction with sodium hydroxide solution could mean
flame. Lithium ions give a red flame colour. that the colourless liquid is an acid – neutralisation
b Warm the solid very gently with sodium hydroxide reactions are exothermic. The fact that there is no
solution. Test any gases given off with a piece of damp other visual reaction indicates that there is no metal
red litmus paper. If it turns blue, ammonia is being present that has an insoluble hydroxide.
given off from an ammonium compound. The second test indicates that the solution does not
c Make a solution in pure water. Add dilute hydrochloric contain carbonate ions – carbonate ions would
acid + barium chloride solution. A white precipitate produce fizzing with dilute hydrochloric acid.
shows the sulfate ions. d Add dilute hydrochloric acid The third test indicates that no sulfate ions are
or dilute nitric acid. (Not sulfuric acid which forms an present – the solution cannot be sulfuric acid.
insoluble layer of calcium sulfate around the calcium
The last test indicates the presence of chloride ions.
carbonate, which stops the reaction.) Look for a
With the results of the other tests, this suggests that
colourless odourless gas turning limewater milky. e the solution is dilute hydrochloric acid.
Make a solution in pure water. Add dilute nitric acid +
The student could confirm this by adding an indicator,
silver nitrate solution. A yellow precipitate shows the
to see whether the liquid is acidic.
iodide ions.
3 ▶ a A = iron(III) chloride; B = iron(III) hydroxide;
C = silver chloride b B: Fe3+(aq) + 3OH–(aq) →
END OF UNIT 2 QUESTIONS
Fe(OH)3(s) or: FeCl3(aq) + 1 ▶ a They all have 1 electron in the outer shell. (1) b
Potassium oxide. (1)
3NaOH(aq) → Fe(OH)3(s) + 3NaCl(aq)
c The piece of lithium floats; hydrogen gas is formed; the
C: Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) → AgCl(s) or 3AgNO3(aq) +
final solution is alkaline.
FeCl3(aq) → 3AgCl(s) + Fe(NO3)3(aq) d i it forms a 1+ ion in compounds; it reacts with
4 ▶ a D = iron(II) sulfate; E = iron(II) hydroxide; water and air
F = barium sulfate b E: Fe2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → ii The density increases from lithium to sodium
Fe(OH)2(s) or: FeSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Fe(OH)2(s) + but
decreases from sodium to potassium (1)
Na2SO4(aq) F: Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(s) or
The trend is not clear for the whole group
BaCl2(aq) + MgSO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + MgCl2(aq) (1)
366 ANSWERS
▶a

2 ▶ a Because there will be no reaction (1) between a v The total amount of oxygen present in the original
halogen and its halide ion / chlorine cannot reaction sample of air is 94 − 75 = 19 cm3 of oxygen. (1) 9
with chloride ions / bromine cannot reaction with cm3 of oxygen is used up after one day, therefore
bromide ions / iodine cannot reaction with iodide ions there is 19 − 9 = 10 cm3 of oxygen still present after
one day. (1)
potassium potassium potassium
This is in a total volume of 85 cm3 (1) (reading on
chloride bromide iodide
the measuring cylinder).
solution solution solution
chlorine orange brown 10
Percentage oxygen = ___ × 100 = 11.8 %. (1)
solution solution solution
85
formed formed
vi These will produce hydrogen when they react with
bromine no reaction brown the water present (1)
solution solution Hydrogen gas will take up space in the measuring
formed cylinder, therefore the volume change will not show
iodine no reaction no reaction the volume of oxygen used up. (1)
solution vii Suggest one change that the student could make
(1) b to the apparatus so he does not have to wait so
long for the results. (1)
Use more iron filings/more finely-divided (higher
surface area) iron filings/warm the apparatus. (1)
c Sulfur reacts with oxygen. A teacher burns a piece of
sulfur in a gas jar of oxygen.
i blue
ii S + O2 → SO2 (1) iii the litmus solution will be
red (1)
No-metal oxides are acidic and dissolve in water (if
soluble, like SO2) to form acidic solutions. (1)
d i 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O ii hydroxide ion
c chlorine + potassium bromide → potassium chloride + (1) all formulae (1) balancing (1)
bromine (1) 4 Put dilute sulfuric acid into a beaker and heat it on a
d Cl2(aq) + 2Br−(aq) → 2Cl−(aq) + Br2(aq) Cl−(aq) (1) tripod and gauze using a Bunsen burner.(1) Add
Br2(aq) (1) balancing (1) excess copper(II) oxide (1)
e chlorine gains electrons to form chloride ions (1) Filter off the excess copper(II) oxide (1) b
bromide ions lose electrons to form bromine (1) gain Test: add hydrochloric acid followed by barium
of electrons is reduction and loss of electrons is chloride solution (1)
oxidation (1) Positive result: white precipitate (1)
f i 5Cl2 (1) c copper(II) hydroxide (1)
ii test: damp litmus paper/universal indicator di In a new line: Any 2: Concentration of copper(II)
sulfate (1)
paper (1)
Volume of copper(II) sulfate solution (1)
positive result: the paper is bleached (goes white)
(1) How finely divided the metal is (1) (if the metal is
very finely divided it will react more quickly and
iii test: add dilute nitric acid (1) followed by silver
the heat will be given out more quickly, so there is
nitrate solution (1) positive result: white
less chance for heat to be lost to the
precipitate (1)
surroundings. This will give a more accurate value
3 ▶ a nitrogen (1) b i The oxygen in the air is used up for the temperature
as it reacts with the iron. (1) change)
Water is pushed in by the atmosphere to take its ii Zinc > nickel > silver (1) iii The temperature
place/the pressure in the measuring cylinder is rise would be zero (1) Copper will not react
reduced. (1) with copper(II) sulfate / copper ions (1)
ii All the oxygen has reacted and so there is nothing iv The mass of 1 mole of zinc (65 g) is very similar
to react with the iron. iii Hydrated iron(III) oxide. to the mass of 1 mole of nickel (59 g) (1) Because
(1) iv There is no oxygen present (1); Oxygen is the student used the same mass of each metal,
required for the splint to burn. (1) the number of moles of nickel and zinc is very
similar. (1)
 367

ANSWERS

Because silver does not react it does not matter Reagent Solid or Salt Other
how much the student uses (1) solution? product
v Nickel gets oxidized. (1)
magnesium solid hydrochloric magnesium hydrogen
Ni loses electrons to form Ni2+ and oxidation is
acid chloride
loss of electrons. (1)
e Heat the solution to drive off the water and form (small) copper(II) solid hydrochloric copper(II) water
crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate. (1) oxide acid chloride
Keep heating the solid. (1) f i Dip a piece of sodium solution hydrochloric sodium water
(nichrome) wire into concentrated hydrochloric acid hydroxide acid chloride
and then into the solid. (1) Put the solid into the silver solution hydrochloric silver nitric acid
blue/roaring/non-luminous flame of a Bunsen burner. nitrate acid chloride
(1)
di a white precipitate is formed (1)
ii blue-green (1)
ii hydrochloric acid contains chloride ions (1)
5 ▶ a An ore is a sample of rock that contains enough
Will always give a positive test for chloride ions. (1)
of a mineral for it to be worthwhile to extract the metal.
(1) b e CuCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
thermal decomposition neutralisation redox reactants (1)
products (1)
reaction 1 3 balance (1)
8 ▶ a iron(II) (1) chloride (1) b B = iron(II) hydroxide (1)
reaction 3 3 Fe(OH)2 (1) c D = iron(III) hydroxide (1) Fe(OH)3 (1) d
c MoO3 + 3C → Mo + 3CO products (1) balancing (1) redox (1)
d carbon is the reducing agent (1) The iron(II) is oxidised to iron(III) (1)
it reduces the MoO3 by removing the oxygen (1) 9 ▶ a Na2SO4 (1) b Sodium hydroxide solution/sulfuric
e Molybdenum is below carbon in the reactivity series (1) acid is measured out using a pipette and put into
Carbon must be more reactive than molybdenum to be conical flask/beaker. (1) Sulfuric acid/sodium hydroxide
able to take the oxygen away from molybdenum placed in burette. (1)
oxide. (1) Named indicator added e.g. methyl orange/
f Because aluminium has to be extracted from its ore phenolphthalein but not universal indicator. (1)
using electrolysis. (1) Acid/alkali added to alkali /acid acid until indicator
Electrolysis is very expensive because it uses a large changes colour (1)
amount of electricity, therefore aluminium is more Procedure repeated without indicator using same
expensive than carbon. (1) volumes. (1)
g Add sodium hydroxide solution and warm. (1) If Sodium carbonate/sodium hydrogencarbonate could
ammonium ions are present a colourless gas will be also be used instead of sodium hydroxide. c i
given off that turns moist red litmus paper blue. (1)
6 ▶ a Mix together solutions (1) of lead(II) nitrate and
sodium sulfate (1). Filter the mixture (1) Wash the
residue with distilled/pure water (1); Leave the solid in
a warm oven to dry. (1)
b Because lead(II) iodide is yellow and insoluble in water.
(1)
The precipitate could just be lead(II) iodide. (1)
7 ▶a

H Cl
Dot and cross in the covalent bond. (1)
All other electrons. (1) b A proton/hydrogen ion/H+ is
transferred from the HCl to the water. (1) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
time/minutes
HCl is an acid because it donates a proton/hydrogen
ion/H+ (1) all point plotted correctly (2) −1 for each mistake
H2O is a base because it accepts a proton/hydrogen line of best fit (1)
ion/H+ (1) ii the point at 6 minutes (1); 10.8 ± 0.2 cm3 (1) iii as the
time increases the volume of gas increases (1) directly
c
368 ANSWERS
▶a

proportional relationship (1) just stating that the volume

is directly proportional to the time scores (2)
iv test: burning splint (1) positive
result: squeaky pop (1)

UNIT 3 ANSWERS
CHAPTER 19
1 ▶ a A reaction in which heat energy is given out to the
surroundings.
Correctly balanced equations for any two exothermic
reactions e.g. any combustion reactions (metals,
hydrogen, hydrocarbons, etc, in oxygen),
neutralisation reactions involving oxides or
hydroxides and acids, magnesium and acids. For
example, 2H2(g)
+ O2(g) → 2H2O(l) or NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) →
NaCl(aq)
+ H2O(l)
b C7H16 + 11O2

ΔH = –4817 kJ/mol

7CO2 + 8H2O

progress of the reaction

 369

ANSWERS

c Energy is needed to break the bonds in heptane and in c Heat energy change = Q = mcΔT
oxygen. Energy is released when new bonds are made Mass of water being heated = m = 100 g
to produce the carbon dioxide and water. More energy c is the specific heat capacity of the water (it is the
is released when the new bonds are made than was water that is being heated)
used to break the old ones. c = 4.18 J/g/oC
2 ▶ a A reaction in which heat energy is absorbed from the Temperature change of water = ΔT = 55.0 − 19.0 =
surroundings. 36.0 °C
b 2NO Heat evolved = Q = mcΔT = 100 × 4.18 × 36.0 J =
15 048 J = 15.0 kJ to 3 significant figures d
Mass of hexane burnt = 35.62 − 35.23 g = 0.39 g
ΔH = +180 kJ/mol
15.048
Heat evolved per gram = _______ = 38.6 kJ/g
N2 + O2 to 3
0.39
significant figures
progress of the reaction
The combustion reaction is exothermic, therefore heat
energy released per gram = −38.6 kJ/g
3 ▶ a exothermic b exothermic c endothermic d exothermic e
endothermic f exothermic e Number of moles of hexane, C6H14 burnt =
4 ▶ The cans have two chambers. The outer one contains the
mass (m)
beverages or food to be heated. The inner chamber contains n = __________________________
calcium oxide and water. The calcium oxide and water are = _____ 0.39 = 0.00453 mol relative molecular
kept separate by a seal. Pushing a button on the bottom of the mass (Mr) 86
can breaks the seal and allows the calcium oxide and water to
The molar enthalpy change of combustion of hexane
come into contact. You get the reaction below which is
(DH)
exothermic.
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s) = ___________________________________ heat
5 ▶ a Bonds broken: 4 × C−H = 4 × (+413) = +1652 kJ energy change ( Q) number of moles of
1 × Br−Br = + 193 kJ total ethanol burned (n)
= +1845 kJ
= ________ 15.048 = 3320 kJ/mol to
Bonds made: 3 × C−H = 3 × (−413) = −1239 kJ
0.00453
1 × C−Br = − 290 kJ 1×
3 significant figures
H−Br = − 366 kJ total =
−1895 kJ The combustion reaction is exothermic, therefore
Overall change = +1845 − 1895 = −50 kJ (exothermic) ΔH = −3320 kJ/mol f Any two from: Misreading one of
b Bonds broken: 1 × H−H = +436 kJ the weighings of the spirit burner so that it looked as if
1 × Cl−Cl = +243 less hexane had been burnt than was really the case;
kJ total = +679 misreading the thermometer to give a final temperature
kJ higher than it should have been; adding less than 100
Bonds made: 2 × H−Cl = 2 × (−432) = −864 kJ cm3 of water to the flask, so that the temperature went up
Overall change = +679 − 864 = −185 kJ (exothermic) more than it should because the heat was going into a
c Bonds broken: 2 × H−H = 2 × (+436) = +872 kJ smaller volume of water. g Any two from: Heat loss to the
surroundings; heat is lost to warm up the copper
1 × O=O = +498 kJ total
calorimeter or the thermometer; incomplete combustion
= +1370 kJ
of the fuel.
Bonds made: 4 × O−H = 4 × (−464) = −1856 kJ
Overall change = +1370 − 1856 = −486 kJ (exothermic) 7 ▶ a Heat energy change = Q = mcΔT
d Bonds broken: 1 × N≡N = +944 kJ 3 × H−H = Mass of solution being heated = m = 50 g, the mass of
3 × (+436) = +1308 kJ total = +2252 the lithium chloride is relatively small and it is ignored
kJ in the calculation. c is the specific heat capacity of the
Bonds made: 6 × N−H = 6 × (−388) = −2328 kJ diluted solution of lithium chloride, which we assume to
Overall change = +2252 − 2328 = −76 kJ (exothermic) be the same as the heat capacity of water c = 4.18 J /
g / oC Temperature change of water = ΔT = 33.5 −
6 ▶ a Her first two results weren’t reliable. There was too much 17.0 =
difference between them. 16.5 °C
b Any two from: Wear a lab coat; avoid touching the hot Heat evolved = Q = mcΔT = 50 × 4.18 × 16.5 J =
copper can; tie long hair back.
370 ANSWERS

3448.5 J = 3.45 kJ to 3 significant figures b CHAPTER 20

Number of moles of lithium chloride dissolved = cotton
1 a
n = ________________________mass ( m) = _____ side-arm flask
5.15 = 0.121 mol relative formula mass (Mr)
50 cm3 of dilute
42.5 gas syringe
hydrochloric acid
c The enthalpy change of solution weighing bottle
containing dolomite
ΔH = _________________________________________ Collection of gas over water into an inverted measuring
heat energy change (Q) number of moles of cylinder is an acceptable alternative. Pieces of
lithium chloride dissolved (n) dolomite are put in a weighing bottle into the conical
flask before the reaction starts. This is to make sure
3.45
= ______ = 28.5 kJ/mol to 3 significant figures that the reaction can be started without losing any
0.121 carbon dioxide.
The dissolving of lithium chloride is exothermic, b Graph should be completely smooth with the axes
therefore ΔH = -28.5kJ/mol properly labelled.
d Any two from: Heat loss to the surroundings; heat is
lost to warm up the solution container or the
thermometer; incomplete transfer of the salt from the
weighing boat into the water; some salt crystal does
not dissolve completely in water.
8 ▶ a The number of moles of NaOH(n) =
200
concentration(C) × volume(V) = 0.50 × _____ =
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0.10 mol
time/seconds
1000
c At the very beginning of the reaction. The reaction can
b Heat given out by the reaction = Q = mcΔT = 300 ×
only happen when acid particles collide with the solid
4.18 × 4.5 = 5643 J = 5.64 kJ to 3 significant figures
dolomite. Numbers of acid particles per unit volume are
Here we assume the density of the reaction mixture is greatest at the beginning of the reaction before any get
the same as water and the specific heat capacity of the used up. Therefore the greatest number of collisions
mixture is the same as heat capacity of water. c The per second and the fastest reaction is at the beginning.
enthalpy change of neutralisation
d 70 seconds (read this off the graph and allow some
tolerance depending on the size of graph paper available.)
ΔH = ________________________________ heat
e Volume produced within the first 80 seconds = 55 cm
energy change ( Q) number of moles of
NaOH reacted (n) 55
(The average rate = ___ = 0.688 cm3/s to 3 significant
80
5.65 figures)
= _____ = 56.4 kJ/mol to 3 significant figures
f i There would be a lower initial rate; same
0.10
volume of gas.
The neutralisation reaction is exothermic, therefore ΔH
ii There would be a lower initial rate; half the volume of
= −56.4 kJ/mol.
gas (50 cm3). iii The initial rate would be the same; half
d
2NaOH + H2SO4 the volume of gas (50 cm3). (The initial rate depends
on the original concentration of the acid that is still the
ΔH same.)
iv The initial rate would be faster; same volume of gas.
Na2SO4 + 2H2O 2 ▶ a Time taken for the reaction would increase. A reaction
happens when acid particles collide with the magnesium. The
progress of the reaction concentration of acid is less, so there is less number of acid
e As double the amount of reactants react, the amount of particles per unit volume. There will be fewer collisions per
heat energy released from the reaction doubles. The second, and therefore a slower reaction.
same amount of solution gets heated up so the b Time taken for the reaction would decrease. The acid
temperature rise should double. particles are moving faster and so collide with the
magnesium more often. Reaction only happens if the
energy of the collision equals or exceeds activation
energy. At higher temperatures more acid particles
 371

ANSWERS

have energy greater than or equal to the activation CHAPTER 21

energy, so a greater proportion of the collisions are
successful. 1 ▶ a The reversible symbol ‘⇌’ shows that the reaction can go
c Answers could include: Acid will be used up quickly both ways. The reactants can form products and the products
immediately around the magnesium – stirring brings can react to form the reactants. b White solid decomposes to
fresh acid into contact with it; bubbles of hydrogen form form colourless gases. c Ammonium chloride, ammonia and
around the magnesium, preventing acid from reaching hydrogen chloride
it – stirring helps to dislodge the bubbles; bubbles of 2 ▶ a Right b Left c Left d No change e No change
hydrogen lift the magnesium to the surface (sometimes
3 ▶ a ‘Dynamic’ means that the reactions are still happening
above the surface) of the acid, lowering contact
and the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the
between acid and magnesium – stirring helps to
reverse reaction. ‘Equilibrium’ means that the concentrations
prevent this.
of the reactants and the products remain constant.
d
b The proportion of sulfur trioxide will increase. An
activation increase in pressure shifts the position of equilibrium
energy to the right because this side has fewer moles of
moles of gas molecules. c The position of equilibrium
shifts to the right. A decrease in temperature favours
Mg and H 2SO4
the forward exothermic reaction.
Δ H (enthalpy change) 4 ▶ a Less carbon monoxide and hydrogen would be produced.
(A high pressure favours the reverse reaction, as the left hand
MgSO4 and H2
side of the reaction has fewer number of moles of gas
molecules.)
progress of the reaction b A high temperature favours the endothermic forward
reaction and shifts the position of equilibrium to the
3 ▶ a Reactions only happen if collisions have energies c Using a catalyst increases the rate of the reaction, as
equalling or exceeding activation energy. Catalysts provide an it provides an alternative pathway for the reaction with
alternative route for the reaction with a lower activation energy. lower activation energy. More particles will have
More particles now have energy greater than or equal to the energy greater than or equal to the activation energy
activation energy, so there will be more successful collisions so there will be more successful collisions per unit
per unit time. time. More products will be made quickly and
b To find out whether it speeds the reaction up: You relatively low temperature and pressure can be used
could do this most simply by having two test-tubes with in the presence of a catalyst. This saves energy and
equal volumes of the same hydrogen peroxide solution money. Adding a catalyst has no effect on the position
side-by-side. Add some copper(II) oxide to one and of equilibrium, as the rate of the forward reaction and
look for the faster production of bubbles. To show that the rate of the reverse reaction are increased by an
it is unchanged: Use a known mass of copper(II) oxide. equal amount.
When the reaction stops, filter through previously
weighed filter paper, allow to dry, and re-weigh. Show 5 ▶ a A high pressure favours the reaction producing fewer
that the mass of copper(II) oxide is unchanged. (If it moles of gas, shifting the position of equilibrium to the right
had changed, and you hadn’t lost any during the hand side. b Very high pressures are expensive to produce for
separation process, it must have reacted in some way.) two reasons: all the reaction vessels and pipework have to be
built much more strongly, and it takes a lot more energy to
c activation energy
without catalyst drive the compressors producing the very high pressures. The
original extra ammonia produced isn’t worth the extra cost, so a
route compromise of 200 atmospheres pressure is used. c At a low
activation temperature. Lower temperature favours the forward
energy exothermic reaction, shifting the position of equilibrium to the
with a
catalyst
right hand side to produce more ammonia.
reactants d At low temperatures the reaction is extremely slow even
Δ H (enthalpy change) in the presence of a catalyst. 450 °C is chosen
catalysed route because it gives a compromise between the rate and
products the yield of the reaction.

progress of the reaction END OF UNIT 3 QUESTIONS

1 ▶a H Br
372 ANSWERS

correct number of outer shell electrons for both H and

Br (1)
sharing of 1 pair of electrons between the two atoms
(1) b
bond bond energy / kJ/mol
H−H 436
Br−Br 196
H−Br 368
Bonds broken: 1
× H−H = +436 kJ
1 × Br−Br = + 196 kJ
total = +632 kJ correct labelling of axes with units (1) correct
Bonds made: 2 × H−Br = − 736 kJ points plotted (2)
Overall change = +632 − 736 = −104 kJ (exothermic) a smooth curve of best fit, going through all of the
c i and ii points (1)
di 125 seconds
ii 43 cm3
activation
energy 53
a line labelled iii ____ = 0.353 cm3/sec
H2 + Br2
ΔH with product 150
2HBr name or formula correct numerical answer (1) correct
below the line of unit (1)
progress of the reaction reactants (1) e Reaction has stopped (1) because all the hydrogen
use of single-headed arrows to represent activation
right hand side of the reaction.
energy (1) and enthalpy change (1), as shown peroxide is used up (1). f
2 ▶ a i 19.3 (1), 16.6 (1), 2.7 (1) ii A i B (1)
b i Q = mcΔT = 100.0 × 4.2 × (23.2 – 15.9) = ii Weigh a sample of manganese(IV) oxide and add to
3.066 kJ calculation of temperature change (1) using hydrogen peroxide (1). Oxygen is produced at a
the correct mass (100 g, award mark if 105 g faster rate with manganese(IV) oxide than without
is used) (1) correct (1). Filter the reaction mixture and dry the solid (1).
answer for Q (1) Re-weigh the solid and the mass should be the
same as before if it acts as a catalyst (1).
5
ii n = mass of calcium chloride/Mr = _____________ g Shallower curve than the original (1). but the end
volume remains the same (1).
(40 + 35.5 *2) h Shallower curve than the original (1) and only 30 cm3
5 (half the volume) of gas is produced (1).
= ____ = 0.0450 mol to 3 significant figures.
111 4 ▶ a the mass (1). and the surface area / the size (1).
calculation of Mr (1) correct answer to 2–4 b To let the gas escape but keep the liquid inside the
3.066 conical flask. (1)
significant figures (1) iii ΔH = _______ = 68.1
ci B
kJ/mol to 3 significant figures.
ii 600
0.0450
The molar enthalpy change is −68.1 kJ/mol as the 500
dissolving is exothermic. dividing Q by n (1) 400
correct answer (must have a negative sign) (1) 300
c heat loss to the surrounding air through beaker (1) 200
some magnesium chloride is left on the weighing boat/ 100
did not dissolve in water completely (1)
0
aq) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
3 ▶ a 2H2O2( → 2H2O(l) + O2(g) correct formulae of
concentration of acid/%
reactants and products (1) correct balancing (1)
correct labelling of axes with units (1) correct
b To prevent the loss of oxygen at the beginning of the
points plotted (2) a smooth curve of best fit, going
reaction. (1)
through all but one point (1) iii 150 seconds iv C
 373

ANSWERS

di The mass of CO2 given off is directly (1) More particles will have energy greater than or
proportional (1) to the concentration of the acid. equal to the activation energy. (1)
ii Increasing the concentration of the acid increases The frequency of successful collisions increases.
the rate of reaction. (1) This is because there are (1)
more acid particles within a fixed volume (1) so the
frequency of successful collision between the acid
and the marble chip increases (1).
5 ▶ a i The gas particles have more kinetic energy (1) so UNIT 4 ANSWERS
more particles have energy greater than or equal to the
activation energy (1). There are more successful collisions
CHAPTER 22
per unit time (1). 1▶ai methane
ii propane
ii The rate increases (1) as gas particles are closer
together and there are more frequent collisions (or iii hexane
more successful collisions per unit time) (1). iv propene
iii Reactions happen on the surface of the catalyst (1) v ethene
and gauzes have greater surface area (1). b The use vi but-1-ene
of a catalyst increases the rate of the reaction vii propan-1-ol
without itself being used up (1). It saves money
viii butan-2-ol b i
which would be spent on increasing temperature or
HH
pressure (1).
6 ▶ a reversible reaction (1), enthalpy change (1) b The H C C H
forward reaction is endothermic. (1)
c H H
ii H H H
activation
energy H C C C H
2NO + O2
ΔH
OH H H
2NO2
iii H H
progress of the reaction
di Increasing the temperature favours the forward H C C C C H
endothermic reaction. (1)
H H H H
The position of equilibrium shifts to the right. (1)
iv H H H H H H
The reaction mixture becomes more colourless. (1)
ii Increasing the pressure favours the left hand side of
the reaction as it has fewer moles of moles of gases. (1)
The position of equilibrium shifts to the left. (1)
The reaction mixtures becomes more brown. (1) e
No change in the position of equilibrium (1) The use of a
catalyst increases the rate of both the forward and reverse
reaction equally (1).
7 ▶ a A and D b i Increasing the pressure favours the right
hand side of the reaction which has fewer moles of moles of
gas molecules. (1)
The position of equilibrium shifts to the right. (1)
The yield of NH3 increases. (1) ii As temperature
increases, the percentage of NH3
at equilibrium decreases. (1)
iii ΔH for the forward reaction is negative. (1)
Increasing temperature favours the reverse
endothermic reaction. (1)
iv Increasing temperature increases the rate of
reaction. (1)
374 ANSWERS

v
H C C C C C C H CH

CH2 CH2
H H H H H H
CH2 CH2
H
3 ▶ a i (first answer is shown in the textbook as an example)
H C O H ii CH3CH2CHCH3

H OH iii
vi H H H CH3

H C C C H CH3CHCH2OH

H H vii iv CH3
HC H
CH3CCH3
H
H H OH
b CH3OCH2CH2CH3, CH3CH2OCH2CH3, CH3OCHCH3
H CC C H

H CH3
H C H
These compounds are known as ethers.
H 4 ▶ a addition b combustion c addition d substitution e
H combustion f substitution 5 ▶ a C, it contains element other
viii H H H H
H
H CC C C C H
H than carbon and hydrogen. b HH
H
2 ▶a The H C CH
existence of molecules with the same molecular formula but
different structural formulae. b CH3 H H
c H H
H
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH CH3 butane 2-methylpropane H C C C
(In these and subsequent formulae, if you aren’t asked H
H
specifically for displayed formulae, these quicker forms
are acceptable.) d CnH2n+2
e Same functional group / similar chemical properties;
c CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CHCH2CH2CH3
Shows a gradation in physical properties; Each
member differs from the next by a −CH2−. f C5H12 +
CH3
8O2 → 5CO2 + 6H2O
hexane 2-methylpentane

CH3 CH3CH3 CHAPTER 23

1 ▶ a Carbon and hydrogen.
CH3CH2CHCH2CH3 CH3CHCHCH3 CH3CCH2CH3 b The crude oil (mixture of hydrocarbons) is heated until
it boils. The vapour passes into a fractionating column.
CH3 CH3 The temperature is higher at the bottom of the column
3-methylpentane 2,3-dimethylbutane 2,2-dimethylbutane than at the top. Different fractions condense and are
drawn off at different heights in the column. The
hydrocarbons with the highest boiling points (longer
chains) condense towards the bottom of the column.
The smaller hydrocarbon molecules travel further up
CH3
the column until they condense and are drawn off.
(2-
c Gasoline – petrol for car; Diesel – fuel for lorries or
but-1-ene but-2-ene methylpropene)
buses
2
e CH CH2 CH3 d Any two from: refinery gas, kerosene, fuel oil or
d CH3CH2CH CH2 CH3CH CHCH3 CH3C CH2 bitumen.
 375

ANSWERS

e The average size of the molecules in gasoline is

smaller than in diesel. Diesel is darker in colour and
more viscous than gasoline.
f Any between n = 5 – 10 for CnH2n+2 g i 2C4H10 +
13O2 → 8CO2 + 10H2O ii Carbon monoxide is
poisonous as it reduces the blood’s ability to carry
oxygen around the body.
2 ▶ a The sulfur (or sulfur compound) burns to make sulfur
dioxide. The sulfur dioxide reacts with water and oxygen in the
atmosphere to produce sulfuric acid that falls as acid rain.
b The spark in the engine causes nitrogen to react with
oxygen to give various oxides of nitrogen.
c Sulfur dioxide reacts with water and oxygen in the
atmosphere to produce sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid
in acid rain can react with calcium carbonate and
corrode the buildings.
3 ▶ a Crude oil produces too many larger hydrocarbons / not
enough of the more useful smaller ones. Smaller alkanes can
be used as fuel for cars. Cracking also produces alkenes that
can be used to make polymers.
b Heat the vaporised fraction in the presence of a silicon
dioxide or aluminium oxide catalyst at 600-700 °C.
c C11H24 → 2C2H4 + C7H16 d Any other valid cracking
equation starting with C11H24. For example:
C11H24 → C2H4 + C9H20 or C11H24 → C2H4
+ C3H6 + C6H14 or lots of other variants. In each
case, at least one hydrocarbon should be an
alkane (CnH2n + 2), and at least one an alkene b Substitution
(CnH2n). c
4 ▶ This is entirely open to your imagination and ability to think HH HH
both logically and laterally. It is impossible to suggest ‘right’ H C C H+ Br Br H C C Br + HBr
answers.
HH HH
CHAPTER 24
5 ▶ a C4H10 + Cl2 → C4H9Cl + HCl b
1 ▶ a Contains only C-C single bonds and has no double or
triple bonds. b i C11H24 CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl CH3CH(Cl)CH2CH3
ii Liquid 1-chlorobutane 2-chlorobutane

iii C11H24(l) + 17O2(g) → 11CO2(g) + 12H2O(l) iv

2C11H24 + 23O2 → 22CO + 24H2O Carbon CHAPTER 25
monoxide is poisonous, as it reduces the ability of 1 ▶ a i Any two from: same general formula; same functional
the blood to carry oxygen around the body. group or similar chemical properties; shows a gradation in
2 ▶ a C5H12 b C4H10 c C6H14 physical properties; each member differs from the next by a –
CH2–.
3 ▶a H H
ii Compounds containing one or more carbon
H CH H C H carbon double or triple bond. b i
H H H H H Starting: orange; Finishing: colourless
ii H H
H CCCC
H and H C C C H H H
HC H
HHHH H CCH
b Any 2 of the following: H Br Br 1,2-dibromoethane
c
HHHH HHHH
376 ANSWERS

CHAPTER 26
H CC C C HH CC C C H
1 ▶ a i CH3OH ii
HH,H H, CH3CH2CH2OH
H
bi H H
H C H
H H C C OH
H
C C C H H H
H
H ii H H H H

H C C C C OH
d CH 2CH2 CH3
H H H H
CH ci Butan-1-ol
CH2 CH2 ii Ethanol
CH2 CH2
2 ▶ a a carbon-carbon double bond 2▶a HH
b H H

H C C C
HCCOH
HH
H H H
b Any two from: 300 °C; 60–70 atmosphere pressure;
c H H H Br H
phosphoric acid catalyst c
H C C C+ Br H C C C Br i Sugar cane
2
ii Yeast provides the enzyme (biological catalyst) for
HHH HHH the reaction; 30–40 °C is the optimum temperature for
the reaction. If the temperature is too low, the rate of
g) the reaction is too slow. If the temperature is too high,
d i CH3CH3 + Br2( → CH3CH2Br + HBr(g)
the enzyme will be denatured; In the presence of air
ii In this (substitution) reaction, one of the hydrogens
(aerobic conditions), enzymes in the yeast produce
has been replaced by a bromine during the
carbon dioxide and water instead of ethanol. iii
reaction. In the previous (addition) reaction,
Countries like Brazil have plenty of land and warm
nothing was lost when the two molecules combined
climate to grow sugar cane. There is also a lack of
together.
crude oil resource in these countries, so it is too
3 ▶ a 1,2-dichloropropane CH2ClCHClCH3 b ethane CH3CH3 expensive to hydrate ethene to produce ethanol.
4 ▶ a Cracking. d C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
Conditions: 1) The presence of a silicon dioxide (silica)
3 ▶ a C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
or aluminium oxide (alumina) catalyst 2) heat the
vaporized alkanes at high temperatures of 600 – 700 °C. b b i potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid
Test: shake with bromine water ii orange to green iii CH3CH2OH + 2[O] →
Result with propane: no colour change (solution CH3COOH + H2O
remains orange)
c C2H5OH → C2H4 + H2O
Result with propene: solution changes colour from
orange to colourless
5 ▶ a CH3CH2CH2CH2OH or CHAPTER 27
CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 butan-1-ol butan-2-ol 1 ▶ a i CH3COOH ii CH3CH2CH2COOH
b CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl or CH3CH2CHClCH3 b i H
1-chlorobutane 2-chlorobutane c
H C
CH3CH2CHBrCH2Br
O H
1,2-dibromobutane
H H
O
H C C C
O H
ii H H
 377

ANSWERS

c i Butanoic acid Methanol Propanoic acid

ii Ethanoic acid CH3OH CH3CH2COOH
b Propan-1-ol Methanoic acid
2 ▶C
CH3CH2CH2OH HCOOH
3 ▶aHH
O c Butan-1-ol Ethanoic acid CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
CH3COOH
H C C C
O H
4 ▶aHO HH
HH
H C C O C C H
b Orange to green. c Propan-1-ol is very flammable and
should not be heated with an open flame. The vapour
H H H b Ethanoic
can easily catch fire when heated with a Bunsen
burner. acid.
di bubbles/fizzes/effervescence; Mg decreases in size c By heating with potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute
sulfuric acid.
Mg(aq) + 2CH3COOH(aq) → (CH3COO)2Mg(aq) +
d CH3COOH(l) + CH3CH2OH(l) ⇌
H2(g) ii CH3COOCH2CH3(l)
bubbles/fizzes/effervescence
+ H2O(l)
Na2CO3(aq) + 2CH3COOH(aq) → 2CH3COONa(aq) e Heat at about 80 °C with a few drops of concentrated
+ CO2(g) + H2O(l) sulfuric acid as a catalyst.
4 ▶ a CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O b 5 ▶ Test 1: Take out 3 cm3 of each of the three samples and
Neutralisation. c Bubbles will form. put them into three separate test-tubes. Add a few pieces of
Mg or a spatula tip worth of Na2CO3 solid into each of the test-
tubes. The one that bubbles contains ethanoic acid.
CHAPTER 28 Test 2: To the remaining two samples, take out another
1 ▶ a i CH3COOCH2CH3 ii 3cm3 of each and put them into two separate boiling
CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH2CH2CH3 tubes. Add a few drops of potassium dichromate(VI) in
dilute sulfuric acid. Heat the boiling tubes in a warm
bi H O H H H
water bath. The one that changes colour from orange to
H C O C C C C H green contains ethanol.

H H H H CHAPTER 29
O H H 1 ▶ a Unsaturated: containing one or more carbon carbon
double or triple bond.
H C C O C C C H
Hydrocarbon: compounds containing carbon and
H H H H hydrogen only.
ci Methyl propanoate. ii H H b C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O c Ethene can be
ii Ethyl methanoate. used to make addition polymer polyethene, which
is used for making plastic bags, milk bottles etc.
2 ▶ a CH3COOCH2CH3 CH3COOCH2CH2CH3
2 ▶ a Joining up of lots of little molecules (the monomers) to
CH3CH2COOCH2CH3 CH3CH2COOCH2CH2CH3 make one big one (a polymer).
b • Add 1 cm3 of ethanoic acid and 1 cm3 of ethanol into
b H H
a boiling tube, then add a few drops of concentrated
sulfuric acid. H C C C
• Warm at about 80 °C.
• Allow the contents of the tube to cool. When cool, H HH
pour the mixture into a beaker containing sodium
carbonate solution. c (The “continuation” bonds at each end are an
• A layer of ester will separate and float on top of the important part of this structure. Marks will be lost in an
water. exam if they are omitted.)
• Repeat with other combinations of acid and alcohol. CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H
c Esters can be detected by smelling the product:
gently waft the odour towards nose. For example, C C C C C C
propyl ethanoate smells like pear. d Food
flavourings and perfumes. H HHHHH
3▶a Alcohol Carboxylic acid
378 ANSWERS

d Joining two or more molecules together without

anything being lost in the process. C O H H N
e C6H5 H C6H5 H etcH O CN Hetc
H H ii O
nC C C C O

H H H H n C C N N
H
f Drawing the molecule to show its relationship with the bi There will be four
H
structure of the polymer as drawn in the question: more CH2 groups in the
H CH3 “box” in the part of the diagram which comes from
the dioic acid.
C C ii The bonding between the two monomers will be
identical, as will the size of the diamine.
H C O

OCH3 END OF UNIT 4 QUESTIONS

g Either: buried in landfill sites because there would be no 1 ▶ a D (1) b Used as liquefied petroleum gas / domestic
emission of poisonous carbon monoxide or no carbon heating or
dioxide to contribute to global warming or no sulfur dioxide to cooking. (1)
contribute to acid rain. Or: incineration because no space is c Gasoline. (1)
filled up for landfills or energy can be generated to provide d Crude oil is separate into fractions by fractional
heat for office buildings. distillation. (1)
It is heated until it boils and the vapour enters a
fractionating column (1), which is cooler at the top and
hotter at the bottom (1). The fractions with a lower
boiling point condense nearer to the top of the column
and can be tapped off / the fractions with a higher
boiling point condense nearer to the bottom of the
column and can be tapped off (1).
e As the number of carbon atoms increase, the boiling
point of a hydrocarbon increases. (1)
This is because the intermolecular forces increases so
it takes more energy to break them during boiling. (1)
f 2C15H32 + 31O2 → 30CO + 32H2O correct formulae of
products (1) correct balancing of the equation (1) g i
OCO
ii C
hi 600–700 °C (1); silica / alumina as a catalyst,
accept ‘aluminium oxide / silicon dioxide /
aluminosilicate / zeolite or the correct formulae. (1)
ii To make more of the smaller-chain fractions, for
example, gasoline to use as petrol. (1) To produce
more alkenes that can be used for making
polymers (plastics). (1)
O O iii C9H20 (1)
iv The compound contains one or more carbon –
H O C C O H
carbon double or triple bond. (1)
i In a condensation reaction, when two molecules join ii Br H H H Br H
together a small molecule is lost in the process. When
the two molecules above join together, a molecule of
water is lost every time they come together. In a
condensation polymerisation reaction, this happens
repeatedly.
O O water
 379

ANSWERS

iii H H H H Cl H

Br C C C H or Br C C C H or Cl
HHH H H H H and H H
C C C C C C
H Br H
H H H H H H
H CC C H
b 2 × 12 + 4 × 1 + 1 × 16 = 44
H Br H
___88 = 2

c HHC H H 44
The molecular formula is C4H8O2.
CH2 c HHHO butanoic acid (1)
CHCH2CH3 + Br2 H H
C C C

Br Br H H HC O HCCC
d i B and D HHH
ii CnH2n+2 d (l) (l)
iii Same functional group / same or similar chemical CH3CH2CH2COOH + CH3OH ⇌ CH3CH2CH2COOCH3
properties. (1) + H2O
Shows a trend in physical properties. (1) Methylbutanoate (l)
Or Each member differs from the next by a –CH2– 4 ▶ a Test ‘Add bromine water’
unit. (1) Result with compound 1 Solution changes colour from
e i Poly(chloroethene) or polyvinylchloride (1) ii H H orange to colourless
Result with compound 2 Solution stays orange b
1 mark for the correct structure; 1 mark for the
CC continuation bonds
H Cl c Poly(but-2-ene) (1)
iii They are inert. (1) 5 ▶ a i 1 mark for the ester linkage; 1 mark for the correct
Or non-biodegradable. (1) structure of butyl and ethanoate group
HHHH OH
Or if they are burned, they release toxic gases including
carbon monoxide or hydrogen chloride. (1) H C C C C O C C H
iv No colour change / bromine water remains
orange. (1) HHHH H
Polymer of compound A is saturated / contains no ii Potassium dichromate. (VI); Dilute sulfuric acid. (1);
C=C bond. (1) f i Heat. (1)
UV light (1) b HC OH HO (CH2)4
ii Substitution. (1) CH2 C H2CCH3

c i The reaction is reversible. (1) ii Concentrate

sulfuric acid. (1)

v H 3▶a C H
O
H CH
H H H H Mass (in 100 g) 55 9 36

H C C C C H H C CC H /Ar /12 /1 /16

H H H H Number of moles 4.58 9 2.25

H /smallest number of moles /2.25 /2.25 /2.25
Ratio 2 4 1
2 ▶ a E contains an element that is not carbon or hydrogen. (1)
H O.
bi 1,3-dibromopropane 1 mark for dibromopropane The empirical formula is C2 4
d No effect on the position of equilibrium. (1); Catalyst
380 ANSWERS

increase the rate of the forward reaction and the rate canes (1); Lack of oil resources to produce ethane.
of the reverse reaction equally. (1) e H (1) c i Dilute sulfuric acid
(1); Heating. (1)
HCOH OH
H C O H+ 3H O ii CH3CH2OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O iii
Orange (1) to green. (1)
+
CCH iv Mg(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq) → (CH3COO)2Mg(aq) +
HCOH H H2(g)
1 mark for the correct formulae of products; 1 mark
H glycerol ethanoic acid
for correct balancing.
H O H
di Water is formed in the reaction. (1)
HC C O C H ii Pour the reaction mixture into water (or sodium
H carbonate solution) (1); The alcohol and the acid
H O will dissolve but the ester will float on the surface of
water. (1)
HC C O C H+ 3H 2O

H
H O

HC C O C H

H H
6 ▶ a H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 b CH2CH

CCCCCC CO
H H H H H HNH2 c i In condensation
polymerisation, two different types of monomers are
used (1) A small molecule such as water or hydrogen
chloride is produced in condensation polymerisation
as well as the polymer (1) ii O O

C CH2 C O CH2 CH2 O

d i A polyester that is biodegradable (1) ii C

7 ▶ a i Phosphoric acid (1); 300 °C or 60–70 atm pressure.
(1)
ii Bond breaking 4 × C−H + 1 × C=C + 2 × O−H =
4 × 412 + 612 + 2 × 463 = 3186 kJ/mol. (1)
Bond forming 5 × C−H + 1 × C−C + 1 × C−O + 1
× O−H =
5 × 412 + 1 × 348 + 1 × 360 + 1 × 463 = 3231 kJ/
mol. (1)
Overall 3186 – 3231 = −45 kJ/mol. (1)

ΔH = –45 kJ/mol

C2H5OH

C2H4 + H2O
iii
b i Fermentation (1) ii To provide the enzyme (zymase)
which speeds up the reaction. (1)
iii In the presence of oxygen, yeast would produce
carbon dioxide and water rather than ethanol. (1)
iv Warm climate or plenty of land to grow sugar