INTERNATIONAL

InterContinental Shanghai Wonderland

The hotel is 18 stories,16 of which are below ground

level including two projected underwater floors; two of
the floors are above the 88m deep quarry. The
abandoned quarry is partially filled with water to create
an artificial lake. The hotel is designed in an "S" shape
utilizing a convex to concave form. The architects' vision
is one of sequential hanging gardens that will produce
the effect of a green hill extending down the face of the
quarry. Both the quarry's rock face and the wings of the
blocks of guest rooms are projected to surround an atrium within the hotel. The vertical atrium made of
glass will (above the hotel) is intended to symbolize an artificial "waterfall." Gizmag called the waterfall the
"pièce de résistance" of the project.

The project would include facilities for extreme sports, a

visitor centre and a five-star hotel with some underwater
rooms. The hotel has 337 rooms as well as conference
facility for up to 1,000 people, a grand ballroom and
restaurants and cafes on the ground floor above the
hotel. There are two underwater floors, the lower one of
which will feature MEP installation and the upper one
with guest rooms and a restaurant facing an aquarium
with a depth of five metres.

Resort World Sentosa

Resort World Sentosa offers 11 two-story suites with direct

access to the resort's massive aquarium. Guests here can
experience the best of both worlds—an outdoor patio on the
upper level, and underwater views of the aquarium's 40,000
fish on the lower level. The resort was designed primarily by
American architect Michael Graves. The six hotels offer a total
of 1,840 rooms for accommodation. Each hotel is designed
with a different theme, catering to both the leisure and business visitors. The resort is split into the west,
central and east zones. Four hotels are located in the central zone:

-Crockfords Tower, formerly planned to be named Maxims Tower, is an 11-storey all-suite hotel overlooking
the Singapore harbour and the Southern Islands. The resort's casino is located beneath the tower. Both the
latter and Hotel Michael sit on the area of the former Sentosa Musical Fountain The hotel also features
Crockfords Premier, a casino club with private rooms for High Roller located on 10th floor.
-Hotel Michael is an 11-storey hotel named after Michael Graves. Together with Crockfords Tower, it
replaces the site of former Sentosa Musical Fountain
-Festive Hotel is a family-oriented hotel next to Crockfords Tower and Festive Walk. Beneath the hotel is
Festive Grand, a 1,600-seat plenary hall which will host Resorts World Sentosa's resident musical Voyage
de la Vie.
-The Hard Rock Hotel Singapore is the site of meeting and
conference facilities, and indoor exhibition space. This includes
26 differently-designed function rooms and one of Asia's
largest ballrooms with seating for 7,300 guests.

Equarius Hotel is situated at the west of the resort. The Royal

Albatross is berthed at the Historical Ships Harbour, beside
S.E.A Aquarium and the Adventure Cove Waterpark.
Petronas Towers

A Petronas Towers' structural system is a tube in tube design,

invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan. Applying a tube-structure
for extreme tall buildings is a common phenomenon.

The 88-floor towers are constructed largely of reinforced

concrete, with a steel and glass facade designed to resemble
motifs found in Islamic art, a reflection of Malaysia's Muslim
religion. Another Islamic influence on the design is that the
cross section of the towers is based on a Rub el Hizb, albeit
with circular sectors added to meet office space requirements.
The circular sectors is similar to the bottom part of the Qutub
Minar.

The towers were designed by Argentine architect César Pelli.

A distinctive postmodern style was chosen to create a 21st-
century icon for Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Planning on the
Petronas Towers started on 1 January 1992 and included
rigorous tests and simulations of wind and structural loads on
the design. Seven years of construction followed at the former
site of the original Selangor Turf Club, beginning on 1 March
1993 with excavation, which involved moving 500 truckloads
of earth every night to dig down 30 metres (98 ft) below the
surface.

Jules’ Undersea Lodge

Located in the lagoon at Key Largo Undersea Park,

Jules’ is the world’s only underwater hotel where
scuba diving is the only way to get to your room. In
addition to overnight stays in the Lodge, the Park
offers a great SCUBA training location in its Lagoon,
with a depth of up to 30′ in a protected setting.
Individuals can get Open Water certified here, do a
Discover SCUBA Diving course, or just dive around in
the lagoon.

Underwater Maintenance Distinctive Specialty

Our Underwater Maintenance Specialty is designed for the recreational diver to participate in underwater
clean-up with safety for the diver and the environment first and foremost.

Visitors can learn the importance of proper buoyancy,

the correct tools needed, use of a lift bag, analyzing
and executing the proper procedures for the task at
hand and how to work around the coral reefs to protect
them from injury. This is a one-day PADI specialty for
those already an open water diver, designed by MSDT
Daniel Blezio and conducted exclusively in Jules’
Lagoon.
Burj Al Arab Jumeirah

Considered as the most luxurious hotel in the world, Burj Al

Arab Jumeirah is the most iconic hotel not only in Dubai but in
the whole world. With its characteristic sail-like shape, this hotel
is the epitome of luxury. It offers 201 lavish and comfortable
suites, nine exquisite restaurants and bars, five swimming
pools, a spectacular private beach area, rejuvenating spa
facilities and the most luxurious services any guests can ever
imagine.

5-Star Hotel
The epitome of 5-star luxury. Live like a royalty in the famed
Burj Al Arab Jumeirah with one-of-a-kind panoramic views from
the comforts of your luxurious suites. Immerse yourself in world
class cuisines from nine different restaurants. Enjoy the sunset
on the private beaches or the 10,000 square meter leisure
facility with infinity pools.

LOCAL

Coron Underwater Garden Resort

Surrounded by lush tropical greenery, this remote, laid-back

resort next to the Sulu Sea is accessible by boat. It's 4 km from
Coron Town Proper on Busuanga Island. Bright, airy rooms with
colorful accents feature sea views, balconies and cable TV.
Overwater villas have direct sea access. The 2-bedroom family
villas add dining spaces.

Motorboat transfers from Coron Town Proper are

complimentary. There's a restaurant and a bar, as well as a
covered pier with an open-air dining area. Available water
sports include include snorkeling, paddle boarding and
kayaking.

Hotel H2O

Located off Manila Bay, the deluxe Hotel H2O

features views of the sea. This property mixes
historical-style architecture with up-to-date facilities
from 2010. Airport shuttle service, 24-hour room
service and newspaper service are also included.
The venue is set 30 minutes’ walk from Roxas
Boulevard. Intramuros is 1350 meters away.
Guests will enjoy proximity to a museum, a temple
and a church in a shopping area of Manila. All
guest rooms feature free WiFi, a sitting area and a writing desk. Some units offer views of Manila Bay.
Every fashionable room is equipped with an en suite bathroom.
Along with bureau de change, a designated place
for smoking and a gift store there is a video
projector, a business centre and a cinema
projector available on the premises. It also
features an outdoor swimming pool with a hot tub,
a whirlpool and a poolside bar. This hotel offers a
gym area and a fitness centre for active guests.

Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila

Each Sofitel is a unique blend of the French art de vivre and local
refinement. Seamlessly combining European elegance and
Filipino hospitality, Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila welcomes you
to indulge in 5-star luxury and enviable waterfront views. In an
exclusive resort setting, the lush tropical haven beckons you to
stroll landscaped gardens, luxuriate in a lagoon-style pool and
enjoy a scenic trail. Take a rejuvenation break at Le Spa, on a
mini golf course or with outdoor fitness machines.

With views of shimmering Manila Bay, the urban oasis is close to

world-class shopping, nightlife and the capital city's cultural
offerings. Explore the stately Manila Cathedral, the Chinese
garden at Rizal Park and the ancient walled city of Intramuros. A
grand and graceful spiral staircase dominates the spacious lobby,
where sophisticated French design meets traditional Filipino
touches like coconut inlays and window glass shells. Natural wood
accents infuse the elegant décor with the art de recevoir.

Bsa Twin Towers Hotel

Ideal Location
Located at Mandaluyong City’s busiest business
district, BSA Twin Towers provides you the
convenience of being close to significant places in
the area. For leisure purposes, shopping malls are
just around the corner. SM Megamall, Shangri-La
Plaza, and St. Francis Square are just some of the
establishments you can visit for a wide array of the
latest fashion trends, dining options, and other
cheap thrills. Business centers and corporations
are also just a short distance away.

Luxury Living
Two stunning pools, a jogging path, and a
children’s play room are just some of the facilities
that await every guest. Most ideal for those who
want a quick getaway during the weekends, BSA
Twin Towers can provide a fun city vacation for
anyone. Business travelers can also make use of our function room and business center for any corporate
agenda.

Shangri-La's Boracay Resort & Spa

Guests arrive at the resort's exclusive

welcome lounge in Caticlan, where a
gracious host escorts you to Shangri-La's
private speedboat. In less than 30 minutes
of cruising along the white beach of
Boracay, you will reach the shores of the
first and only deluxe resort on the beautiful
island.
Seaview Suite is a spacious haven, with beachfront living expressed through indigenous materials, from the
Abaca weave rugs to the accent lighting created with local capiz shells. Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts
bring guests luxury that they deserve, without compromising the natural resources. Staffs were committed
to serving as good stewards of the environment. Ensure that every property respect local traditions and
culture, restores natural habitats, conserves biodiversity and manages waste, water and energy.

Shangri-La mitigates impacts on the

environment by ensuring that its day-to-day
operations promote and implement
responsible environmental practices and
continual improvement.
The Group participates in the Carbon
Disclosure Project with yearly submissions
since 2011 to demonstrate the importance
given by senior management to the risks
and opportunities that climate change
presents to the organization. Many of its
hotels are certified under ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems. Hotels also have the capacity
to address local resource management issues through innovative solutions such as glass water bottling,
rainwater harvesting, use of solar energy and the incorporation of composting and herb gardens to manage
food waste.

FACILITIES
Our dedicated and experienced staff caters to the needs of guests with an extensive range of services and
facilities:

Clinic Shops
Conference Facilities Regalo Boutique
Facilities for the Physically Challenged Eco Center
Non-smoking Rooms Foreign Exchange Counter
Safe Deposit Box Paul & Shark
Wireless Internet in Public Areas Air Taxi
Children Lu-Ro
Babysitting / Child Care (4 years and above) Victor Ortega Salon
Services Food & Beverage
Butler Service in Villas and Seaview Suite 24-hour Room Service
Shoeshine Service 4 Restaurants & 2 Bars
Express Check-in and Check-out Services Business Centre Facilities
House Doctor on Call
IT Butler
Laundry & Valet Service
Postal / Courier Service
Travel & Transportation
Private Van Transfer from Boracay Airport to Shangri-La's Mabuhay Lounge
Private Speedboat Transfer from Mabuhay Lounge directly to the resort
Airport Butler Service
Private Sedan
White Beach Shuttle Service
EXPLANATORY NOTES

INTRODUCING THE FIVE STAR GRADING SYSTEM

FOR ACCOMMODATION ENTERPRISES

There are five levels of accommodation standards ranging from one to five stars applicable to hotels,
resorts and apartment hotels. To obtain higher stars, progressively higher service and facility quality, facility
condition and improved business practices like environmental management, which are determined by a
points system should be provided across all areas.

A total of 1000 points have been set as the maximum number of points that can be achieved by Hotels,
Resorts, and Apartment Hotels.

The criteria are divided into seven (7) dimensions that are common to the above mentioned categories
except for the lounge area and the kitchen area which are applicable only to apartment hotels. The
percentage that these dimensions contribute to the total score is shown in the table below:
Each dimension consists of a number of indicators which describe either the existence or availability,
quality and condition of the facility as well as the service. Every indicator is allotted points. A maximum of
177 indicators are evaluated. Quality judgment is used to determine whether a facility or service is either
Unacceptable, Acceptable, Good, Very Good, Excellent or Outstanding.

Mandatory and minimum requirements have also been established both for entry into the grading scheme
and at the different star levels.

Mandatory requirements, marked M shall refer to those requirements that are prescribed by existing laws,
without which, no accreditation shall be issued to the enterprise until such time that it rectifies said
deficiencies.

On the other hand, minimum requirements, marked m shall refer to those requirements which are minimum
to a certain classification, without which the establishment will not be awarded such classification but
instead be downgraded to a lower classification, regardless of the total points accumulated.
HOTEL CRITERIA

5-Star Service
Five-star hotel employees should be polite, attentive, discreet, and can anticipate guests’ needs. All-in-all,
consistently flawless excellence is the expectation.

- Standalone concierge staff available at least 16 hours a day

- A high staff-to-room ratio—ideally above 2.5
- Multilingual staff
- 24-hour reception, room service, valet parking, butler, doorman
- Nightly turndown
- Daily housekeeping that is also available upon request at any time
- Laundry, ironing, dry cleaning, and shoe polishing
- Guest elevators separate from staff elevators.
- Luggage storage in which bags are out of guest view
- Fine dining restaurant(s) and a standalone lounge and/or bar
- Transfers and executive or house car
 - Childcare

5-Star In-Room Amenities

- Electric safe
- Laundry bags
- Full-length mirror with lighting
- Flat-screen TV with international programming
- Stocked mini bar
- Selection of daily newspapers
- Wifi
- At least four types of spa treatments

5-Star Comfort
- Guest rooms must be plush and inviting—especially the bed. (Ideally, there is a memory foam bed
with high thread count sheets)
- Pillow menu
- Blackout shades
- Bathrobes, slippers, luxury toiletries, and large fluffy towels
- Poolside daybeds, umbrellas, lotions, ice water, attendants, and food and beverage service

As more hotels aspire to five-star quality, we expect to see the very best hotels advance the standards of
luxury. Here is what will become standard to all five-star hotels soon:

- Communication with hotel staff via text

- Remote access to room lighting, climate, and “do not disturb”
- Additional outlets for personal electronics, especially for USB plugs
- Upgraded coffee machines
- Smart TV features with access to streaming services
- Bluetooth-enabled door locks
TYPES OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

A multistory building higher than 21m or 21 to 29 floor buildings with unknown height described as high-rise
structure. Various structural systems are available to
be used in the construction of high-rise building.

1. Braced frame structural system

 Braced frames are cantilevered vertical trusses
resisting laterals loads primarily diagonal
members that together with the girders, form
the “web” of the vertical truss, with the columns
acting as the “chords’’.
 Bracing members eliminate bending in beams
and columns.
 It is used in steel construction
  This system is suitable for multistory building in the low to mid height range.
 efficient and economical for enhancing the lateral stiffness and resistance of rigid frame system.
 This system permits the use of slender members in a building.
 An outstanding advantage of braced frame is that, it can be repetitive up the height of the building
with obvious economy in design and fabrication.
 However, it might obstruct internal planning and the location of doors and windows. That is why it
shall be incorporated internally along with lines of walls and partitions.

2. Rigid frame structural system

 In rigid frame structure, beams and

columns are constructed
monolithically to withstand moments
imposed due to loads.
 The lateral stiffness of a rigid frame
depends on the bending stiffness of
the columns, girders and
connections in-plane
 It is suitable for reinforced concrete
buildings.
 It may be used in steel construction
as well, but the connections will be
costly.
 One of the advantages of rigid
frames is the likelihood of planning and fitting of windows due to open rectangular arrangement.
 Members of rigid frame system withstand bending moment, shear force, and axial loads.
 20 to 25 storey buildings can be constructed using rigid frame system.
 Advantages of rigid frame include ease of construction, labors can learn construction skills easily,
construct rapidly, and can be designed economically.
 Maximum beam span is 12.2m and larger span beams would suffer lateral deflection.
 A disadvantage is that the self-weight is resisted by the action from rigid frames.
 Finally, Burj Al Khalifa which is the tallest structure in the world is constructed using rigid frame
system.

3. Wall-frame system (dual system)

 It consists of wall and frame that interact horizontally to provide stronger and stiffer system.
 The walls are usually solid (not perforated by openings) and they can be found around the
stairwells, elevator shafts, and/or at the
perimeter of the building.
 The walls may have a positive effect on
the performance of the frames such as by
preventing a soft storey collapse.
 Wall-frame system suitable for buildings
with storey number ranges from 40-60
storey which is greater than that of shear
or rigid frame separately.
 braced frames and steel rigid frames
provide similar advantages of horizontal
interaction.

4. Shear wall system

 It is a continuous vertical wall constructed
from reinforced concrete or masonry wall.
  Shear walls withstand both gravity and lateral loads, and it acts as narrow deep cantilever beam.
 Commonly, constructed as a core of buildings
 It is highly suitable for bracing tall buildings either reinforced concrete or steel structure. This
because shear walls have substantial in plane stiffness and strength.
 Shear wall system is appropriate for hotel and residential buildings where the floor-by floor
repetitive planning allows the walls to be vertically continuous.
 It may serve as excellent acoustic and fire insulators between rooms and apartments.
 Shear wall structural system can be economical up to 35 stories building structure.
 Shear walls need not to be symmetrical in plan, but symmetry is preferred in order to avoid
torsional effects

5. Core and outrigger structural system

 Outrigger are rigid horizontal structures

designed to improve building overturning
stiffness and strength by connecting the
core or spine to closely spaced outer
columns
 The central core contains shear walls or
braced frames.
 Outrigger systems functions by tying together two structural systems (core system and a perimeter
system), and render the building to behave nearly as composite cantilever.
 The outriggers are in form of walls in reinforced concrete building and trusses in steel structures.
 Multilevel outrigger systems can provide up to five times the moment resistance of a single
outrigger system.
 Practically, Outrigger systems used for buildings up to 70 stories. Nonetheless, it can be used for
higher buildings.
 Not only does the outrigger system decline building deformations resulting from the overturning
moments but also greater efficiency is achieved in resisting forces.

6. Infilled frame structural system

 Infilled frame structure

system consists of
beam and column
framework that some of
the bays infilled with
masonry, reinforced
concrete, or block walls.
 Infill walls can be part-height or completely fill the frame.
 The walls may or may not be connected to the formwork.
 Great in plan stiffness and strength of the walls prevent bending of beams and columns under
horizontal loads. As a result, frame structural performance will be improved.
 During an earthquake, diagonal compression struts form in the infills so the structure behaves
more like a Braced Frame rather than a Moment Frame.
 It can build up to 30 storey buildings.

7. Flat plate and flat slab structural system

 This system consists of slabs (flat or plate)

connected to columns (without the use of beams).
  flat plate is a two-way reinforced concrete framing system utilizing a slab of uniform thickness, the
simplest of structural shapes.
 The flat slab is a two-way reinforced structural system that includes either drop panels or column
capitals at columns to resist heavier loads and thus permit longer spans.
 Lateral resistance depends on the flexural stiffness of the components and their connections, with
the slab corresponding to the girder of the rigid frame.
 Suitable for building up to 25 stories.

8. Tube structural system

 This system consists of exterior columns and beams that create rigid frame, and interior part of the
system which is simple frame designed to support gravity loads.
 The building behaves like equivalent hollow tube.
 It is substantially economic and need half of material required for the construction of ordinary
framed buildings.
 Lateral loads are resisted by various connections, rigid or semi-rigid, supplemented where
necessary by bracing and truss elements.

 It is used for the construction of buildings up to 60 storeys.

 Types of tube structure system include framed tube system (fig.9), trussed tube system (fig.10),
bundled tube system (fig.11), and tube in tube system (fig.12).
 Trussed tube system is formed when external bracing added to make a structure stiffer. This
structure type suitable for building up to 100 storeys.
 Bundled tube system consists of connected tubes and it withstand massive loads.
 A tube-in-tube system (hull core) is obtained, if the core is placed inside the tube frame structure

Fig.9:Framed tube structure system Fig.10:Trussed tube

system
Fig.11:Bundled tube structure system
Fig.12:Tube in a
tube system

9. Coupled wall system

  This system composed of two or
more interconnected shear walls
 Shear walls connected at the floor
levels by beam or stiff slabs.
 Stiffness of the whole system is
far greater than that of its
components.
 The effect of the shear-resistant
connecting members is to cause
the sets of walls to behave in their
partly as a composite cantilever,
bending about the common
centroidal axis of the walls.
 The system is suitable for
buildings up to 40 storey height.
 Since planer shear walls support
loads in their plane only, walls in
two orthogonal directions need to
withstand lateral loads in two
directions.

10. Hybrid structural system

 It is the combination of two or more of

basic structural forms either by direct
combination or by adopting different forms
in different parts of the structure.
 Its lack of torsional stiffness requires that
additional measures be taken, which
resulted in one bay vertical exterior
bracing and a number of levels of
perimeter vierendeel “bandages”
 It can be used for the buildings of as high
as 300m.
 According to chines code (JGJ3-2002),
hybrid system can be used for the
construction of buildings with maximum 150m height in seismic regions.
Fig.14:Vierendeel frame

Fig.15:Hybrid structure system

UNDERWATER CONSTRUCTION
Underwater construction is a method on how to place the concrete underwater. During the construction of
bridges, dams or any structure where the foundation is most likely to lie underwater, the underwater
construction is opted. Construction in water poses many difficulties especially in the places where the depth
is considerable. During underwater construction, the main objective is to create dry and water free
environment for working so that the stability of the structure is balanced.

Underwater Construction techniques:

 Caissons
 Cofferdams
CAISSONS
A caisson is retaining water tight structure used to work for the
construction of a concrete dam, on the foundation of a bridge
pier or for the repair of ships. They are sunk through water
during the process of excavation of foundations to exclude
water which eventually becomes an essential part of
the substructure.

Types of Caissons
 Box caissons
 Open caissons
 Suction caissons
 Pneumatic caissons
Box Caissons
Box caissons are the prefabricated concrete boxes of
various shapes with water tight floor and walls, which
are set down on the prepared bases. Once they are in
place, they are filled with concrete to become a part
of the permanent structure.
Box Caissons

Open Caissons
Open caissons are box type structure similar to box
caissons except that they don’t have a bottom face
and mainly consists of vertical walls. These caissons
are sunk by self-weight, concrete, water ballast
placed on top, by hydraulic jacks depending on site.

Suction caissons
Suction caissons are defined as an upturned
bucket that is embedded in the marine sediment.
 The embedment is achieved either by pushing or by creating negative pressure. This type is usually used in
offshore construction.

Pneumatic caissons
Pneumatic caissons are the ones which are closed on
top and open at the bottom. The compressed air is used
to exclude water from the caissons chamber. The
construction of this type of caisson is similar to the others
expect that, the working chamber and the shaft are made
air tight.

COFFERDAMS
Cofferdams are temporary watertight
enclosure pumped dry below the water
line to execute the building operation to
be performed on dry surface.

Types of cofferdams

 Earthen cofferdam
 Rock-fill cofferdam
 Cellular cofferdam
 Single walled
cofferdam
 Doubled cofferdam
 Crib cofferdam

Components of cofferdams Components of cofferdams

 Sheet piling
 Bracing frame
 Concrete seal

The typical cofferdam consists of

sheet piles set around a bracing
frame and are driven in the soil
sufficiently to cut off the flow
of soil and to develop lateral and
vertical support and in some
cases to cut the flow of water.

Components of cofferdams on site

COMPARISON OF CAISSONS AND COFFERDAMS
Caissons and cofferdams are selected depending on site conditions. Caissons are permanent structure
used for small area where the water height is more than 12m whereas Cofferdams are temporary
structures which are used for large area with water height up to 12m.

Underwater Concreting

This is a process where the prepared concrete is poured below the water surface using suitable methods.

Placement methods:

 Tremie method – A Tremie is a water tight pipe which is supported on a working platform above
water level.
 Pump method – It’s a method where the concrete is pumped directly into its final position including
both horizontal and vertical delivery of concrete.
 Toggle bags – Toggle bags are ideal for small amount of concrete placement. They are filled with
wet concrete and is squeezed out by a diver.
 Bagwork – In this method, bags are filled with rich mix concrete, which are made of open weave
material. They are either diver- handled bags or placed using a crane. This method is used for
temporary works or short term solutions.

SAMPLE CONCEPTS
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
363 P. CASAL ST. QUIAPO, MANILA

A PROPOSED
35-STOREY
FIVE STAR HOTEL

RESEARCH COMPILATION

Prepared by:
RETA, KRISTIEL MAE G.
 ARCH. RODRIGO DEPAZ JR.

February 2020

REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE