Python Operators

1. Arithmetic operators: Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical

operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

OPERATOR DESCRIPTION SYNTAX

+ Addition: adds two operands x+y

- Subtraction: subtracts two operands x-y

* Multiplication: multiplies two operands x*y

/ Division (float): divides the first operand by the second x/y

// Division (floor): divides the first operand by the second x // y

Modulus: returns the remainder when first operand is divided by

% the second x%y

** Power : Returns first raised to power second x ** y

# Examples of Arithmetic Operator 

a =9
b =4
  
# Addition of numbers 
add = a + b 
  
# Subtraction of numbers 
sub = a - b 
  
# Multiplication of number 
mul = a * b 
  
# Division(float) of number 
div1 = a / b 
  
# Division(floor) of number 
div2 = a // b 
  
# Modulo of both number 
mod = a % b 
  
# Power
p = a ** b
  
# print results 
print(add) 
print(sub) 
print(mul) 
print(div1) 
print(div2) 
print(mod)
print(p)

Output:
13
5
36
2.25
2
1
6561

Please refer Differences between / and // for some interesting facts about these
two operators.
 2. Relational Operators: Relational operators compares the values. It either
returns True or False according to the condition.

OPERAT

OR DESCRIPTION SYNTAX

> Greater than: True if left operand is greater than the right x>y

< Less than: True if left operand is less than the right x<y

== Equal to: True if both operands are equal x == y

!= Not equal to - True if operands are not equal x != y

Greater than or equal to: True if left operand is greater than or equal to
>= the right x >= y

Less than or equal to: True if left operand is less than or equal to the
<= right x <= y

# Examples of Relational Operators

a = 13
b = 33
  
# a > b is False
print(a > b)
  
# a < b is True
print(a < b)
  
# a == b is False
print(a == b)
  
# a != b is True
print(a != b)
  
# a >= b is False
print(a >= b)
  
# a <= b is True
print(a <= b)
Output:
False
True
False
True
False
True

3. Logical operators: Logical operators perform Logical AND, Logical OR and Logical

NOT operations.

OPERATOR DESCRIPTION SYNTAX

and Logical AND: True if both the operands are true x and y

or Logical OR: True if either of the operands is true x or y

not Logical NOT: True if operand is false not x

# Examples of Logical Operator

a = True
b = False
  
# Print a and b is False
print(a and b)
  
# Print a or b is True
print(a or b)
  
# Print not a is False
print(not a)
Output:
False
True
False
 4. Bitwise operators: Bitwise operators acts on bits and performs bit by bit
operation.
OPERATOR DESCRIPTION SYNTAX

& Bitwise AND x&y

| Bitwise OR x|y

~ Bitwise NOT ~x

^ Bitwise XOR x^y

>> Bitwise right shift x>>

<< Bitwise left shift x<<

# Examples of Bitwise operators
a = 10
b =4
  
# Print bitwise AND operation  
print(a & b)
  
# Print bitwise OR operation
print(a | b)
  
# Print bitwise NOT operation 
print(~a)
  
# print bitwise XOR operation 
print(a ^ b)
  
# print bitwise right shift operation 
print(a >> 2)
  
# print bitwise left shift operation 
print(a << 2)

Output:
0
14
-11
14
2
40
5. Assignment operators: Assignment operators are used to assign values to
the variables.

OPERATOR DESCRIPTION SYNTAX

 Assign value of right side of expression to left side
= operand x=y+z

Add AND: Add right side operand with left side operand
+= and then assign to left operand a+=b     a=a+b

Subtract AND: Subtract right operand from left operand

-= and then assign to left operand a-=b       a=a-b

Multiply AND: Multiply right operand with left operand

*= and then assign to left operand a*=b       a=a*b

Divide AND: Divide left operand with right operand and

/= then assign to left operand a/=b         a=a/b

Modulus AND: Takes modulus using left and right

%= operands and assign result to left operand a%=b   a=a%b

Divide(floor) AND: Divide left operand with right operand

//= and then assign the value(floor) to left operand a//=b       a=a//b

Exponent AND: Calculate exponent(raise power) value

**= using operands and assign value to left operand a**=b     a=a**b

Performs Bitwise AND on operands and assign value to

&= left operand a&=b     a=a&b

Performs Bitwise OR on operands and assign value to left

|= operand a|=b         a=a|b

Performs Bitwise xOR on operands and assign value to left

^= operand a^=b       a=a^b

Performs Bitwise right shift on operands and assign value

>>= to left operand a>>=b     a=a>>b

a <<= b      a= a
Performs Bitwise left shift on operands and assign value to
<<= left operand << b

6. Special operators: There are some special type of operators like-

. Identity operators-
is and is not are the identity operators both are used to check if two
values are located on the same part of the memory. Two variables that are equal
does not imply that they are identical.
 is True if the operands are identical
is not True if the operands are not identical

Examples of Identity operators

a1 = 3
b1 = 3
a2 = 'GeeksforGeeks'
b2 = 'GeeksforGeeks'
a3 = [1,2,3]
b3 = [1,2,3]

print(a1 is not b1)

    
print(a2 is b2)
  
# Output is False, since lists are mutable.

print(a3 is b3)

Output:
False
True
False

 Membership operators-

in and not in are the membership operators; used to test whether a value or

variable is in a sequence.

in True if value is found in the sequence

not in True if value is not found in the sequence

# Examples of Membership operator

x = 'Geeks for Geeks'
y = {3:'a',4:'b'}
  
  
print('G' in x)
  
print('geeks' not in x)
  
print('Geeks' not in x)
  
print(3 in y)
  
print('b' in y)
Output:
True
True
False
True
False

Precedence and Associativity of Operators: Operator precedence and associativity as

these determine the priorities of the operator.

 Operator Precedence: This is used in an expression with more than one operator

with different precedence to determine which operation to perform first.

# Examples of Operator Precedence

  # Precedence of '+' & '*' 

expr = 10 + 20 * 30
print(expr) 
  
# Precedence of 'or' & 'and'
 
name = "Alex"
age = 0
    
if name == "Alex" or name == "John" and age >= 2 :  
    print("Hello! Welcome.") 
else : 
    print("Good Bye!!")

Output:
610
Hello! Welcome.
 Operator Associativity: If an expression contains two or more operators with the
same precedence then Operator Associativity is used to determine. It can either be
Left to Right or from Right to Left.

# Examples of Operator Associativity

  
# Left-right associativity 
# 100 / 10 * 10 is calculated as  
# (100 / 10) * 10 and not  
# as 100 / (10 * 10) 

print(100 / 10 * 10) 
    
# Left-right associativity 
# 5 - 2 + 3 is calculated as  
# (5 - 2) + 3 and not  
# as 5 - (2 + 3)
 
print(5 - 2 + 3) 
    
# left-right associativity 
print(5 - (2 + 3)) 
    
# right-left associativity 
# 2 ** 3 ** 2 is calculated as  
# 2 ** (3 ** 2) and not  
# as (2 ** 3) ** 2 

print(2 ** 3 ** 2)

Output:
100.0
6
0
512
 OPERATOR DESCRIPTION   ASSOCIATIVITY

() Parentheses   left-to-right

** Exponent  right-to-left

*  /  % Multiplication/division/modulus left-to-right

+  - Addition/subtraction left-to-right

<<  >> Bitwise shift left, Bitwise shift right left-to-right

<  <=  Relational less than/less than or equal to 

>  >= Relational greater than/greater  than or equal to left-to-right

==  != Relational is equal to/is not equal to left-to-right