Armature Reaction in Alternator or Synchronous Generator PDF
Armature Reaction in Alternator or Synchronous Generator PDF
Armature Reaction in Alternator or Synchronous Generator PDF
Armature Reaction in Alternator or Synchronous Generator
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Every rotating electrical machine works based on Faraday's law. Every electrical machine
requires a magnetic field and a coil (Known as armature) with a relative motion between
them. In case of an alternator, we supply electricity to pole to produce magnetic field and
output power is taken from the armature. Due to relative motion between field and armature,
the conductor of armatures cut the flux of magnetic field and hence there would be changing
flux linkage with these armature conductors. According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction there would be an emf induced in the armature. Thus, as soon as the load is
connected with armature terminals, there is a current flowing in the armature coil. As soon as
current starts flowing through the armature conductor there is one reverse effect of this
current on the main field flux of the alternator (or synchronous generator). This reverse effect
is referred as armature reaction in alternator or synchronous generator. In other
words the effect of armature (stator) flux on the flux produced by the rotor field poles is
called armature reaction.
We already know that a current carrying conductor produces its own magnetic field, and this
magnetic field affects the main magnetic field of the alternator. It has two undesirable effects,
either it distorts the main field or it reduces the main field flux or both. They deteriorate the
performance of the machine. When the field gets distorted, it is known as cross magnetizing
effect. and when the field flux gets reduced, it is known as demagnetizing effect.
The electromechanical energy conversion takes place through magnetic field as a medium.
Due to relative motion between armature conductors and the main field, an emf is induced in
the armature windings whose magnitude depends upon the relative speed and as well as the
magnetic flux. Due to armature reaction, flux is reduced or distorted, the net emf induced is
also affected and hence the performance of the machine degrades.
Armature Reaction in Alternator
In an alternator like all other synchronous machines, the effect of armature reaction depends
on the power factor i.e the phase relationship between the terminal voltage and armature
current.
Reactive power (lagging) is the magnetic field energy, so if the generator supplies a lagging
load, this implies that it is supplying magnetic energy to the load. Since this power comes
from excitation of synchronous machine, the net reactive power gets reduced in the
generator. Hence, the armature reaction is demagnetizing in nature. Similarly, the armature
reaction has magnetizing effect when the generator supplies a leading load (as leading load
takes the leading VAR ) and in return gives lagging VAR (magnetic energy) to the generator.
In case of purely resistive load, the armature reaction is cross magnetizing only.
Let's discuss in details
The armature reaction of alternator or synchronous generator, depends upon the phase angle
between, stator armature current and induced voltage across the armature winding of
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alternator.
The phase difference between these two quantities, i.e. Armature current and voltage may
vary from 90° to + 90°
If this angle is θ, then,
To understand actual effect of this angle on armature reaction of alternator, we will consider
three standard cases,
1. When θ = 0
2. When θ = 90°
3. When θ = 90°
Armature Reaction of Alternator at Unity Power Factor
At unity power factor, the angle between armature current I and induced emf E, is zero. That
means, armature current and induced emf are in same phase. But we know theoretically that
emf induced in the armature is due to changing main field flux, linked with the armature
conductor.
As field is excited by DC, the main field flux is constant in respect to field magnets, but it
would be alternating in respect of armature as there is a relative motion between field and
armature in alternator. If main field flux of the alternator in respect of armature can be
represented as
Then induced emf E across the armature is proportional to, dφf/dt.
Hence, from this above equations (1) and (2) it is clear that, the angle between, &phif and
induced emf E will be 90°.
Now, armature flux φa is proportional to armature current I. Hence, armature flux φa is in
phase with armature current I.
Again at unity electrical power factor I and E are in same phase. So at unity pf, φa is phase
with E. So at this condition, armature flux is in phase with induced emf E and field flux is in
quadrature with E. Hence, armature flux φa is in quadrature with main field flux φf.
As this two fluxes are perpendicular to each other, the armature reaction of alternator at
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unity power factor is purely distorting or crossmagnetizing type.
As the armature flux pushes the main field flux perpendicularly, distribution of main field flux
under a pole face does not remain uniformly distributed. The flux density under the trailing
pole tips increases somewhat while under the leading pole tips it decreases.
Armature Reaction of Alternator at Lagging Zero Power Factor
At lagging zero electrical power factor, the armature current lags by 90° to induced emf in the
armature.
As the emf induced in the armature coil due to main field flux thus the emf leads the main
field flux by 90°. From equation (1) we get, the field flux,
Hence, at ωt = 0, E is maximum and φf is zero.
At ωt = 90°, E is zero and φf has maximum value.
At ωt = 180°, E is maximum and φf zero.
At ωt = 270°, E is zero and φf has negative maximum value.
Here, φf got maximum value 90° before E. Hence φf leads E by 90°.
Now, armature current I is proportional to armature flux φa , and I lags E by 90°. Hence, φa
lags E by 90°.
So, it can be concluded that, field flux φf leads E by 90°.
Therefore, armature flux and field flux act directly opposite to each other. Thus, armature
reaction of alternator at lagging zero power factor is purely demagnetizing type. That means,
armature flux directly weakens main field flux.
Armature Reaction of Alternator at Leading Power Factor
At leading power factor condition, armature current I leads induced emf E by an angle 90°.
Again, we have shown just, field flux φf leads, induced emf E by 90°.
Again, armature flux φa is proportional to armature current I. Hence, φa is in phase with I.
Hence, armature flux φa also leads E, by 90° as I leads E by 90°.
As in this case both armature flux and field flux lead induced emf E by 90°, it can be said,
field flux and armature flux are in same direction. Hence, the resultant flux is simply
arithmetic sum of field flux and armature flux. Hence, at last it can be said that, armature
reaction of alternator due to a purely leading electrical power factor is totally magnetizing
type.
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Nature of Armature Reaction
1. The armature reaction flux is constant in magnitude and rotates at
synchronous speed.
3. When the generator supplies a load at leading power factor the
armature reaction is partly de magnetizing & partly cross
magnetizing.
4. When the generator supplies a load at leading power factor the
armature reaction is partly magnetizing & partly cross
magnetizing.
5. Armature flux acts independently of main field flux.
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