GLAN-PADIDU NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

GRADE 11&12-EARTH SCIENCE

QUARTER 1 MODULE 1:FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE

COMPETENCY CODES:

 S11/12ES-Ia-e-3

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

Hello my dear student!. Ill be your buddy today. This time let us learn about
the Origin of our Solar System and its theories and evidences how the solar system
was formed. And understand how the processes you have been studying produced
Earth, your home planet.

In this module you are expected to learn the following.

 Identify theWHAT
theoriesI and hypothesis behind the origin and the formation of our
KNOW?
Solar System.

 Differentiate Jovian from Terrestrial Planets

What I know?

LETS START!

Please take this test first before we proceed to the lesson proper. Rest
assured that your scores for this test will not be recorded, but this serves as
basis for the teacher to determine your prior knowledge about the topic.

I. Multiple Choice.
Choose and encircle the letter of your answer
1. The Universe expansion occurred about how many years ago?
a.100 years b. 10 billion years c. 100 billion years d. 1 million
years
2. A system which is made up of the sun and the heavenly bodies that move around
it
a.Lunar system b. space c. Solar System d. galaxy
3. Heavenly bodies which revolve around the Sun are called:
a.Orbits b. Planets c. Stars d. Galaxies
4. Natural satellites of planets
a.Moons b. Sun c. Spacecraft d. Stars.
5. The term “Big Bang” refers to:

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 a.Ultimate fate of the universe b. formation of planets
c.Supernova Explosion d. Origin of the Universe
6.The following planets have rings around them , except
a.Jupiter b. Saturn c. Uranus d. Mars
7. The correct ascending order of distance of planets from the sun is?
a.Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn
b.Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn
c.Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Uranus
d. Earth, Jupiter, Mars, Saturn
8. Which among the planets is not a gas giant?
a. Venus b. Neptune c. Saturn d. Uranus
9. Earth is the only planet in the solar system that has
a. Clouds b. a Core c. Oceans of water d. an
atmosphere
10. The leading explanation about how the universe began called
a.Universal theory b. Solar system c. Milky way theory d. Big bang
theory

WHAT’S IN?

Well done my friend and congratulations for the job well done! Were you able
to answer all items correctly? If not, you have nothing to worry because I will help
you get through all the lessons with less difficulty.

Try this

Activity #1

Lets Jumble

Directions

Sturdy the following pictures, then arrange the jumble letters to form a word
that corresponds or best describes the picture

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 WHAT NEW?
 The Universe is a least 13.8 billion years old and the Earth/ Solar System at least
4.5-4.6 billions of years old.
 But how large exactly is a billion?
 How long will it take you to spend 1billion pesos if they spend 1 peso per
second?
A. 1 billion/ ( min*60 min/hr*24 hr/day*365day/year)
B. ~32 years
C. How long is 13.8 billion years?

WHAT IS IT?

THEORIES BEHUND THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Any explanation of the origin of the universe should be consistent with all
information about its composition, structure, accelerating expansion, cosmic
microwave background radiation among others.

Structure, Composition, and Age.

 The universe as we currently know it comprises all space and time, and all
matter and energy in it

 It is made of 4.6% baryonic matter (“ ordinary” matter consisting of protons,

electrons and neutrons: atoms, planets, galaxies, nebulae, and other bodies),
24% cold dark matter (matter that has gravity but does not emit light), 71.4%
dark energy ( a source of anti-gravity).

 Dark matter can explain may be holding galaxies together for the reason that the
low total mass is insufficient for gravity aloe to do so while dark energy can
explain the observed accelerating expansion of the universe.

 Hydrogen, Helium, and Lithium are the three most abundant elements.

 Stars- the building block of galaxies- are born out of clouds eventually results
into gravitational collapse, rotation, heating up, and transformation into a

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 protostar - the hot core of a future star as the thermonuclear reaction set in.

 Stellar interiors are like furnaces where elements are synthesized or combined/
fused together. Most stars such as Sun belong to the so-0 called “main
sequence stars”. In the core4ds of such stars, hydrogen atoms are fused
through thermonuclear reactions to make helium atoms. Massive main sequence
stars burn up their hydrogen faster that smaller stars. Stars like our Sun burn up
hydrogen in about 1o billion years.

Birth, evolution, death and rebirth of stars

 The remaining dust and gas may end up as they are or as planets, asteroids, or
other bodies in the accompanying planetary system.

 A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars and cluster of galaxies from super

cluster. In between the clusters is practically an empty space. The organization
of matter in the universe suggest that it is indeed clumpy at a certain scale. But
at a large scale, it appears homogeneous and isotropic.

 Based on the recent data, the universe is 13.8 billion years old. The diameter
of this universe is possibly infinite but should be at least 91 billion light- years ( 1
light-year = 4.4607x1012km). Its density is 4.5x120-31g/cm3.

EDWIN HUBBLE (1930)

Announced the significant discovery of the “redshift” and its interpretation that
galaxies are moving away from each other, hence as evidence for an expanding
universe, just as predicted by Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity.

He observed that spectral lines of starlight made to pass through a prism are shifted
toward the red part of the electromagnetic spectrum,i.e,;toward the band of lower
frequency, thus, the inference that the star or galaxy must be moving away from us.

Red shift as evidence for an expanding universe. The position of the absorption line
for helium for light coming from the sun are shifted towards the red end as compared
with those for a distant star. This evidence for expansion contradicted the previously
held view of static and unchanging universe.

Origin of the Universe

Non- Scientific Thought

 Ancient Egyptians believed in many Gods and myths which narrate that the
world arose from an infinite sea at the first rising of the sun.

 The Kuba people of Central Africa tell the story of a creator god Mbombo ( or
Bumjba) who, alone in a dark and water- covered Earth, felt an intense stomach
pain and then vomited the stars, sun, and moon.

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 In India, there is the narrative that Gods sacrificed Purusha, the primal man
whose head, feet, eyes, and mind became the sky, earth, sun, and moon
respectively.

 The monotheistic religion of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam claim that a

supreme being created the universe man and other living organisms.

THEORIES

 CREATIONIST THEORY

- the belief that the universe and the various forms of life were created by
God out of nothing ( ex nihilo).

- it is response to primarily to modern evolutionary theory, which explains the

diversity of life without recourse to the doctrine of God or any other divine power.

- it may also reject the big bang model of the emergence of the universe.

 OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY

 George Gamow

-is a cosmological model that combines both the Big Bang and the Big
Crunch as part of cyclical event. That is, if this theory which we live in exist between
a Big Bang and a Big Crunch.

-in other words, our universe can be a possible series of universe or it can be
the nth universe in the series.

 STEADY STATE THEORY

 In cosmology, a view that the universe is always expanding, but maintaining a

constant average density, with matter being continuously created to form new
stars and galaxies at the same rate that old ones become unobservable as a
consequence of their increasing distance and velocity of recession.

 Has no beginning, or end in time, and from any point within it the view on thev
grand scale-I.e., the average density and arrangement of galaxies- is the same.
Galaxies of all possible ages are intermingled.

 BIG BANG THEORY

 As the currently accepted theory of the origin and evolution of the universe, the
Big Bang theory postulates that 13.8 billion years ago, the universe expanded
from a tiny, dense and hot mass to its present size and much cooler state.

 The Big Bang Theory has withstood the test for expansion: 1.the red shift, 2.
abundance of hydrogen, helium and lithium, and 3. the uniformity pervasive
cosmic microwave background radiation- the remnant heat from the bang.

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Activity#2

Answer the following questions as creative as possible. You may use concept map,
tables, illustrations, and any graphic organizers. Discuss it in your own words.

Questions

1. Describe the structure and composition of the universe.

2. State the different hypothesis that preceded the Big Bang Theory of the
origin of the universe.

3. Explain the red shift and how it used as proof of an expanding universe.

4. Explain the Big Bang Theory.

WHAT’S MORE?
ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

 If we want to know how the Earth formed, we need to understand the origin and
evolution of the solar system

 SOLAR SYSTEM

-is located within the Milky Way Galaxy- is located about 25,000 light years to the
galactic center and 25,000 light years away from the rim. Revolves around the
galactic center once in 240 million years- 4.6 billion years old.

LARGE SCALE FEATURES OF THE SOLAR SYTEM

1. Much of the mass (99.85%) of the Solar System is concentrated at the center
(Sun) while angular momentum is held by outer planets.

2. Orbits of the planets are on the same plane and elliptical.

3. All planets revolve around the Sun.

4. The periods or revolution of the planets increase with increasing distance.

5. All planets are located at regular intervals of the Sun.

SMALL SCALE FEATURES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

1. Most planets rotate prograde.

2. TERRESTRIAL planets have high densities, thin or no atmosphere, rotate slowly,

rocky materials such as silicates, iron, and nickel of high melting points., poor in ices

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(H2O, NH3, CH4) and lower contents of H, He, and noble gasses.

3. JOVIAN worlds have: low densities, thick atmosphere, rotate rapidly, many
natural satellites, fluid interiors, rich in ices, H/He.

4. Most of outer Solar System object are ice rich.

Activity#3

UNSCRAMB;LE THE PLANETS

A HYPOTHESIS OF SOLAR SYSTEM

 NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS- proposed by Emanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant,

and Pirre- Simon Laplace in 1700s.

“ A rotating cloud of gas and dust that cools and contracts in the middle to form the
sun and the rest into disc that become the planets.”

ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS

-proposed by Chamnerlin and Moulton. “The planets formed from debri torn off the
Sun by a close encounter with another star.”

“That our planets, moons and sun all spun off from a collision between stars.”

PROTOPLANET HYPOTHESIS

-developed by Carl von Weiszacker and Gerald Kuiper.

“The Solar System begins to form, as a rotating cloud, or nebula collapses. But
instabilities develop in the nebula causing dust particles to pull together. Then the
dust particles merge into billions of planetesimals then collide and form protoplanets.
At the center of nebular disk the protosun increases in mass and becomes star by
the process of hydrogen fusion.

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?

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Take time to review the things that we have discussed earlier and use them to
answer the next activity.

Activity #4 Compare and Contrast

In the table below, list down the theories and hypothesis on the Origin of the
Universe and the formation of Solar System. And write down what they proposed in
the formation/ beginning of the Universe and Solar System.

Table 1

THEORIES PROPOSITION

Table 2

HYPOTHESIS PROPOSITION

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 WHAT I CAN DO?

ASSESSMENT

Multiple Choice: Choose and encircle the letter of your answer.

1. The leading explanation about how the universe began is called.

a. Universe Theory b.Solar System

b. c. Milky Way Theory d. Big Bang Theory

2. The Universe expansion occurred about how many years ago?

a.100 years b. 10 billion years

c. 100 billion years d. 1 million years

3. A system which is made up of the sun and the heavenly bodies that move around
it, is known as….

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a. Lunar System b. Space c. Solar System d. Galaxy

4. Heavenly bodies which revolve around the sun are called.

a. orbits b. planets c. stars d. galaxies

5. The following palnets have rings around them except_____

a. Jupiter b. Saturn c. Uranus d. Mars

6. Earth is the only planet in the solar system that has ______

a. clouds b. a core c. oceans of water d. an atmosphere

7. Natural satellites of planets are:

a. Moons b. Sun c. spacecraft d. hovercrafts

8. The term Big Bang refers to _________.

a. Ultimate fate of the Universe b. Formation of planets

b. Supernova Explosion d. Origin of the Universe

9. The correct ascending orders of the distance of the planets from the sun is:

a. Mars, Earth , Jupiter, Saturn

b. Earth, Mars, Saturn, Jupiter

c. Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn

d. Earth, Jupiter, Mars, Saturn

10. Which among the planets is not a gas giant?

a.Venus b. Neptune c. Saturn d. Uranus

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

For you still have to accomplish this last one activity below. Don’t worry because this
is just very easy for you.

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 Look up in the sky! It’s a bird! It’s a planet! It’s …

The Terrestrial and Jovian Planets!

While attending a symposium at the hall of justice, you notice that the superfriends,
although strong and heroic, are litte confused on the basics of the planets in our
solar system. It is time for you to use your super -human powers to straighten out
this mess and restore harmony in the hall of justice.

1. Solve both the Terrestrial Planets and the Jovian Planets logic problems. Give
them your best shot.

2. With the data and information from the logic problem, complete the following:

The only planet not included in the puzzles is Pluto. Pluto has the following
characteristics:

Body of rotation period= 153.3 hours

Equatorial radius= 1,140 km

Mean Orbital Velocity= 4.74 km/sec

A. Calculate the distance that each planet travels in its orbit as it makes one
complete revolution around the sun. Use the following information below to help in
your calculations. Carry out your calculations to 2 decimal places, and report your
answers in km. ( 1km=0.621 miles; 1mile=1.609 km)

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WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?

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