The decimal numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

8421 CODE or BCD CODE can be expressed in Binary numbers as shown

below. All these binary numbers again
DIFFERENT TYPES expressed
OF inBINARY
the last column
CODES by expanding
into 4 bits. As per the weighted binary digits,
the 4 Bit binary numbers can be expressed
according to their place value from left to
Binary code is the most simplistic form of right as 8421
data. (2³ 2² 2¹ 2⁰ =entirely
It is represented 8421). by a binary
system of digits consisting of a string of consecutive zeros and ones. Binary code is
often associated with machine code in that binary sets can be combined to form
raw code, which is interpreted by a computer or other piece of hardware.
DECIMAL NUMBER BINARY NUMBER 4 BIT EXPRESSION(8421)

0 0 0000
COMMONLY
1
USED1BINARY CODES 0001

2 10 0010
WEIGHTED BINARY
A
3 SYSTEMS 11 0011
The values
4 assigned to consecutive100 places in the decimal system
0100 which is a
place value system are 10⁴, 10³, 10², 10¹, 10⁰, 10⁻¹, 10⁻², 10⁻³… from left to
right. It5 is easily can be understood
101 that the weight of digit0101
of the decimal
system is ‘10’.
6 110 0110

7 111 0111

8 EXAMPLE:
1000 1000
A. ) (3546.25)₁₀ = 3 x 10³ + 5 x 10² + 4 x 10¹ + 6 x 10⁰ + 2 x 10⁻¹ + 5 x 10⁻²
9 1001 1001
B. ) 1110110)₂ = 1 x 2⁶+ 1 x 2⁵ + 1 x 2⁴ + 0 x 2³ + 1 x 2² + 1 x 2¹ + 0 x 2⁰
= 64 + 32 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0 = (118)10
As per the above expression all the decimal C. numbers written in the 4 Bit binary
code in the form of 8421 and this is called as 8421 Code and also as Binary coded
decimal BCD.
Whenever any binary number appears, its
BINARY
As this is a WEIGHTS decimal
straight code, any Decimal equivalent
number can be found
can be expressed easily
easily as the
because
follows:
weights of the positions are straight for easy conversion into this 8421 code.
 When there is 1 in a digit position,
There are other forms of codes which are not soofpopular
weight but rather
that position shouldconfusing.
be
They are 2421 code, 5211 code, reflectiveadded.
code, sequential code, non- weighted
coded, excess-3 code and Grey code.They are having
When there istheir
0 in own importance
a digit position, for
some of the exclusive applications and mayofbe
weight useful
that for some
position of the
should be typical
applications.
disregarded.

EXAMPLE:
Binary number 1100 has a decimal equivalent
of 8 + 4 + 0 + 0 = 12.
 This code also a 4 bit application code where
2421DECIMAL
CODE NUMBER the binary weights
BINARYcarry 2, 4, 2, 1 from left 2421
NUMBER to CODE
right.
0 0 0000

1 1 0001

2 10 0010

3 11 0011

4 100 0100

5 101 1011

6 110 1100

7 111 1101

8 1000 1110

9 1001 1111

This code is also a 4 bit application code

2421 CODE where the binary weights carry 5, 4, 2, 1 from
left to right.

NEXT
DECIMAL NUMBER BINARY NUMBER 5211 CODE

0 0 0000

1 1 0001

2 10 0011

3 11 0101

4 100 0111

5 101 1000

6 110 1010

7 111 1100

8 1000 1110

9 1001 1111
 It can be observed that in the 2421 and 5211
REFLECTIVE CODE
codes, the code for decimal 9 is the
complement of the code for decimal 0, the
code for decimal 8 is the complement of the
code for decimal 1, the code for decimal 7 is
the complement of the code for decimal 2,
the code for decimal 6 is the complement of
the code for decimal 3, the code for decimal 5
is the complement of the code for decimal 4,
these codes are called as Reflexive codes. The
same can be observed in the following table:

DECIMAL NUMBER DECIMAL NUMBER 2421 CODE 5211 CODE

0 0 0000 0000

1 1 0001 0001

2 10 0010 0011

3 11 0011 0101

4 100 0100 0111

5 101 1011 1000

6 110 1100 1010

7 111 1101 1100

8 1000 1110 1110

9 1001 1111 1111

 Sequential codes are the codes in which 2
SEQUENTIAL
DECIMAL CODE
NUMBER subsequent
BINARY numbers in binary
NUMBER representation
8421 CODE EXCESS-3
differ by only one digit. The 8421 and Excess-3
0 codes are0 examples of sequential
0000 codes. 2421 0011
and 5211 codes do not come under sequential
1 1 0001 0100
codes.
2 10 0010 0101

3 11 0011 0110

4 100 100 0111

5 101 0101 1000

6 110 0110 1001

7 111 0111 1010

8 1000 1000 1011

9 1001 1001 1100

 B NON-WEIGHTED CODES

Some of the codes will not follow the weights of the sequence binary numbers
these are called as non-weighted codes. ASCII code and Grey code are some of
the examples where they are coded for some special purpose applications and
they do not follow the weighted binary number calculations.

As mentioned above, some of the codes will

not follow the binary weights, Excee-3 code is
EXCESS- 3 CODE an example of it and it is an important 4 bit
code. The excess – 3 code of a decimal
number is achieved by adding the number 3
to the 8421 code.

Example to convert 15 to an excess-3 code, first 3 to be added to each digit as

shown below.
 DECIMAL NUMBER BINARY CODE GRAY CODE

0 0000 0000

1 0001 0001

2 0010 0011

3 0011 0010

4 0100 0110

5 0101 0111

6 0110 0101

7 0111 0100

8 1000 1100

9 1001 1101

10 1010 1111

11 1011 1110

12 1100 1010

13 1101 1011

14 1110 1001

15 1111 1000
The gray code is the code where one bit will
be differed to the preceding number. For
GRAY CODE example, decimal numbers 13 and 14 are
represented by gray code numbers 1011 and
1001, these numbers differ only in single
position that is the second position from the
right. In the same way first position on the left
changes for 7 and 8 which are 0100 and 1100
and this is also called Unit-distance code. The
gray code has very special place in digital
electronics.
 .Some binary code techniques are used
ERROR CODE for detecting and correcting errors in
data that typically occurs during data
transmission. These codes are additional
bits of data, known as parity bits, used
at the time of message transmission,
allowing users to determine the
existence of any kind of error. Parity
bits, coupled with data bits, come
together to form a code word.
 It is a well-established fact that the
ALPHANUMERIC CODE representation of a binary bit or digit is
REFERENCES limited to just two symbols, i.e. 0 and 1.
However, as the computers have evolved
https://www.electronicshub.org/binary-codes/
significantly over the past few years, this has
made communication between two
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/17052/binary-code
computers difficult because there are a whole
https://www.binarytranslator.com/different-types-of-binary-codes-used-for-modern-applications
host of more symbols included in the
communication. For instance, there are 26
alphabets with small and capital variations,
punctuation marks, numbers from 0 to 9,
special characters, and many other symbols.