Metals: Test Yourself 14.1 (Page 250)

nd
Chemistry Matters for GCE ‘O’ Level (2 Edition): Full Solutions to Textbook Questions Chapter 14
Chapter 14 Metals
Test Yourself 14.1 (page 250)
1. Arrangement of atoms in copper (pure metal):

copper atom
Arrangement of atoms in brass (alloy):

copper atom
zinc atom
2. Malleability:
A pure metal consists of only one type of atom, packed in layers. The atoms are of the same size
and thus can slide over each other easily when force is applied. This makes them malleable. Alloys
are made up of two or more types of atoms, which have different sizes. The atoms of an alloy cannot
slide over each other easily. Thus, alloys are less malleable.
Melting point:
Alloys are made by mixing other elements into pure metals. Thus, alloys have lower melting points
than the pure metals.
1. Mn(s) + H2O(g) → MnO(s) + H2(g)
2. Copper does not react with hot or cold water. Steel is an alloy that contains iron, which will react with
hot water or steam to form solid iron oxide.
3. (a) Magnesium or zinc

(b) Zinc
1. Magnesium, zinc, iron, copper
2. D
3. Copper(II) carbonate is green in colour. When it is heated, it changes to a black powder, copper(II)
oxide:
CuCO3(s) → CuO(s) + CO2(g)
When dilute sulfuric acid was added to copper(II) oxide, the oxide dissolved and a blue solution was
obtained due to the formation of copper(II) sulfate:
CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
14.1
nd
1. (a) Electrolysis
(b) Reduction of oxide using carbon
2. (a) Calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, calcium silicate, iron(III) oxide

(b) Carbon, carbon monoxide
Test Yourself 14.5 and 14.6 (page 274)
1. (a) By oiling or greasing. This prevents exposure of metal to air and water.
(b) By galvanising with a thin layer of tin. This prevents exposure of metal to air and water.
(c) By plating with chromium. This prevents exposure of metal to air and water.
(d) By attaching blocks of a more reactive metal, such as magnesium, to the legs of the steel pier.
This is sacrificial protection, where the more reactive metal reacts with air and water in place of
steel.
2. Air and water are needed for rusting to occur.
1. Using a magnet (Amongst the common metals, only iron and an alloy of iron, steel, are magnetic.)
2. • Reduce air and water pollution

• Free up land for other important uses such as agriculture and building homes
• Save on cost of extracting aluminium from ores
IT Learning Room (page 278)
(a) Steel, stainless steel, aluminium and copper

(b) Metal waste is picked out manually or separated using magnets. The sorted metals are then melted
in a furnace and made into ingots or sheets of metal.
(c) The reactions involved in making iron and steel produce a lot of carbon dioxide. Thus, recycling
reduces these emissions.
(d) Drink cans, metal construction materials and car parts
(e) ‘Waste is not waste.’ is based on the belief that waste is a potential resource for someone to use
again. It facilitates the exchange of waste materials and unwanted items from companies and
organisations (available materials) to businesses, non-profit organisations and schools that can
utilise the waste (wanted materials).
Available materials Wanted materials

Compost Electronic equipment
Leather footwear Paper
Used carpets Used ink and toner
Glass bottles cartridges
Used wood Scrap metal
(f) Buy and use only what you need. This will help to reduce waste. If your electrical appliances are
faulty, try to send them for repair first, instead of just throwing them away. Find out more about the
National Recycling Programme (NRP) and the locations of recycling bins near you. Be aware of
which items can or cannot be recycled.
14.2
nd
Get it Right (page 280)
(a) True
(b) False. The structures of pure iron and steel are shown below:
Pure iron Steel

(c) True
(d) False. Potassium is placed higher up in the reactivity series than calcium because it is more reactive
than calcium.
(e) True
(f) False. Metal carbonates below sodium decompose to form the metal oxide and carbon dioxide.
Silver oxide further decomposes to form silver.
(g) False. Metals high up in the reactivity series can only be extracted by electrolysis because they are
very reactive. They cannot be extracted by reaction with carbon.
(h) False. In the extraction of iron from haematite in the blast furnace, iron(III) oxide reacts with carbon
monoxide to form iron and carbon dioxide.
(i) True
(j) False. Zinc is used as a sacrificial metal in rust prevention as it is more reactive than iron.
(k) True
Let’s Review (pages 280–282)
Section A: Multiple-Choice Questions
1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D
Section B: Structured Questions
1. (a) Potassium, calcium, zinc

(b) 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
2. (a) Steel is a mixture of iron with one or a few other elements.

(b) Iron (pure metal) contains only one type of atom. Steel (alloy) contains different types of atoms.
Structure of iron: Structure of steel:
iron atoms of
atom different
sizes
3. (a) Hydrogen
(b)
heat-resistant wool
soaked in water
magnesium ribbon hydrogen
gas
water
14.3
nd
(c) Place a lighted splint in the gas. The lighted splint will be extinguished with a ‘pop’ sound.
(d) The reaction between potassium and steam is explosive. It is dangerous to carry out the
experiment.
4. (a) Reusing materials that would otherwise be considered waste

(b) They are unreactive and often used as uncombined metals. Thus, they can be easily separated
from other scrap metals.
(c) Cost of extracting ore, energy, land
5. (a) R, P, Q, S
(b) Q and S
(c) Electrolysis of the molten ore
6. (a) (i) Bubbles (effervescence) of hydrogen gas and a green solution formed after some time.
Ni(s) + 2HCl(aq) → NiCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(ii) No reaction occurs.
(b) (i) No reaction occurs.
(ii) Copper is displaced as a reddish-brown solid and a green solution of nickel(II) nitrate is
formed.
(c) (i) Magnesium
(ii) Magnesium is above nickel in the reactivity series; copper is below nickel in the reactivity
series.
Section C: Free-Response Questions
1. (a) A: iron(III) oxide (haematite); B: carbon (coke); C: calcium carbonate (limestone); D: air (oxygen);
E: carbon dioxide; F: carbon monoxide; G: calcium oxide
(b) CaO(s) + SiO2(s) → CaSiO3(l)
(c) Reduction of haematite to iron:
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)
Carbon monoxide is the reducing agent.
(d) (i) Hydrogen is formed from the reaction of steam with iron.
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
(ii) It can burn in oxygen and cause explosions in the blast furnace.
(e) Nickel or chromium
2. (a) To ensure that it is sulfur dioxide that is causing the corrosion

(b) A change in appearance of metal is observed.
(c) Magnesium. It is the most reactive of the three metals.
3. (a) (i) The rivets in a bridge near the sea would rust faster because of the presence of salt in the air.
(ii) The rivets used to hold the copper sheets would rust faster. Iron is more reactive than copper
and would thus corrode instead of copper.
Zinc is more reactive than iron and would thus corrode instead of iron.
(b) During the manufacture of iron, calcium silicate is formed as a by-product. It floats on top of the
molten iron. When the furnace was tapped, some of the calcium silicate could have escaped and
mixed with the iron.
14.4

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What are the main points discussed in the chapter about metals and alloys?

What are the main points discussed in the chapter about metals and alloys?

What factors affect the reactivity of metals?

What factors affect the reactivity of metals?

nd

Test Yourself 14.1 (page 250)

1. Arrangement of atoms in copper (pure metal):

Arrangement of atoms in brass (alloy):

Test Yourself 14.2 (page 254)

1. Mn(s) + H2O(g) → MnO(s) + H2(g)

3. (a) Magnesium or zinc

Test Yourself 14.3 (page 263)

1. Magnesium, zinc, iron, copper

© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

Test Yourself 14.4 (page 268)

2. (a) Calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, calcium silicate, iron(III) oxide

Test Yourself 14.5 and 14.6 (page 274)

2. Air and water are needed for rusting to occur.

Test Yourself 14.7 (page 278)

2. • Reduce air and water pollution

IT Learning Room (page 278)

(a) Steel, stainless steel, aluminium and copper

Available materials Wanted materials

© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

Get it Right (page 280)

Pure iron Steel

Let’s Review (pages 280–282)

Section A: Multiple-Choice Questions

Section B: Structured Questions

1. (a) Potassium, calcium, zinc

2. (a) Steel is a mixture of iron with one or a few other elements.

Structure of iron: Structure of steel:

© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

4. (a) Reusing materials that would otherwise be considered waste

Section C: Free-Response Questions

2. (a) To ensure that it is sulfur dioxide that is causing the corrosion

© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

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