The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance: Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections

Chapter 8
The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance

PowerPoint Lectures
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 8th Edition, Global Edition
REECE • TAYLOR • SIMON • DICKEY • HOGAN
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
Introduction
• Cancer cells
• start out as normal body cells,
• undergo genetic mutations,
• lose the ability to control the tempo of their own
division, and
• cause disease.
• Cancer therapy seeks to disrupt one or more steps
in cell division.

Introduction
• Importance of cell division

1. In a healthy body, cell division allows for
• growth,
• the replacement of damaged cells, and
• development from an embryo into an adult.
2. In sexually reproducing organisms, eggs and
sperm result from
• mitosis and
• meiosis.

Figure 8.0-1

Figure 8.0-2
Chapter 8: Big Ideas
Cell Division and The Eukaryotic Cell

Reproduction Cycle and Mitosis
Meiosis and Alterations of Chromosome

Crossing Over Number and Structure
CELL DIVISION AND REPRODUCTION

8.1 Cell division plays many important roles
in the lives of organisms
• The ability of organisms to reproduce their own

kind is a key characteristic of life.
role (importance )
Brain storming
procedure

• Cell division
• is reproduction at the cellular level,
• produces two “daughter” cells that are genetically
identical to each other and the original “parent” cell,
• requires the duplication of chromosomes, the
structures that contain most of the cell’s DNA, and
• sorts new sets of chromosomes into the resulting
pair of daughter cells.

• Living organisms reproduce by two methods.

1. Asexual reproduction
• produces offspring that are identical to the original
cell or organism and
• involves inheritance of all genes from one parent.
2. Sexual reproduction
• produces offspring that are similar to the parents but
show variations in traits and
• involves inheritance of unique sets of genes from
two parents.

To sum up the role of cell division
• Cell division is used for

1. reproduction of single-celled organisms,
2. growth of multicellular organisms from a fertilized
egg into an adult,
3. repair and replacement of cells, and
4. production of sperm and eggs.

Classwork
“ use the shared table on google classroom”
• Compare sexual to asexual reproduction with

respect to. . .
Number of parents
Number of offspring
Rate of reproduction
How frequent
Variation
Chance to reproduce

Think …. Predict …share your ideas ..

Figure 8.1b

Figure 8.1c

Figure 8.1d

Figure 8.1e

Figure 8.1f

8.2 Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission
• Prokaryotes (single-celled bacteria and archaea)

reproduce by binary fission (“dividing in half”).
• The chromosome of a prokaryote is typically
• a single circular DNA molecule associated with
proteins and
• much smaller than those of eukaryotes.

Figure 8.2a-1
Plasma
membrane Prokaryotic
Cell wall chromosome
Duplication of the chromosome

1
and separation of the copies

Figure 8.2a-2
Plasma

1
Continued elongation of the

2
cell and movement of the copies

Figure 8.2a-3
Plasma

1
Draw the and
describe
binary
fission, then
Continued elongation of the
share it with 2
cell and movement of the copies
your teacher
Division into
3
two daughter cells

Figure 8.2b
Prokaryotic chromosomes

8.2 Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission
• Binary fission of a prokaryote occurs in three

stages:
1. duplication of the chromosome and separation of
the copies,
2. continued elongation of the cell and movement of
the copies, and
3. division into two daughter cells.

THE EUKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE
AND MITOSIS

8.3 The large, complex chromosomes of
eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division
• Eukaryotic cells
• are more complex and larger than prokaryotic cells,
• have more genes, and
• store most of their genes on multiple chromosomes
within the nucleus.
• Each eukaryotic species has a characteristic
number of chromosomes in each cell nucleus.

Describe the Eukaryotic chromosome
• DNA to chromosome

• Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of

chromatin consisting of
• one long DNA molecule and
• proteins that help maintain the chromosome
structure and control the activity of its genes.
• To prepare for division, the chromatin becomes
• highly compact and
• visible with a microscope.

Compare DNA, Chromatin and Chromosomes
DNA Chromatin Chromosome

Figure 8.3a

Figure 8.3b-0
Chromosomes Chromosomal DNA
molecules
Sister chromatids
Chromosome
duplication
Sister
chromatids
Centromere
Separation
of sister
chromatids
and
distribution
into two
daughter
cells
Figure 8.3b-2
Sister chromatids
Centromere
Draw the
chromosome
and share it
with your
teacher

• Before a eukaryotic cell begins to divide, it

duplicates all of its chromosomes, resulting in two
copies called sister chromatids.
• The sister chromatids are joined together along
their lengths and are cinched especially tightly at a
narrowed “waist” called the centromere.
• When a cell divides, the sister chromatids
• separate from each other and are then called
chromosomes, and
• sort into separate daughter cells.
Figure 8.3b-1
Chromosomes Chromosomal DNA
molecules
Chromosome
duplication
Sister
chromatids
Centromere
Separation
of sister
chromatids
and
distribution
into two
daughter
cells
8.4 The cell cycle includes growing and
division phases
• The cell cycle is an ordered sequence of events

that extends from the time a cell is first formed
from a dividing parent cell until its own division.

Figure 8.4
G1 S
(first gap) (DNA synthesis)
M
n esis is G2
y t oki s
C ito (second gap)
M

8.4 The cell cycle includes growing and
division phases
• The cell cycle consists of two stages, characterized

as follows:
1. Interphase: duplication of cell contents
• G1—growth, increase in cytoplasm
• S—duplication of chromosomes
• G2—growth, preparation for division
2. Mitotic phase: division
• Mitosis—division of the nucleus
• Cytokinesis—division of cytoplasm

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Chapter 8

The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

• Importance of cell division

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Cell Division and The Eukaryotic Cell

Meiosis and Alterations of Chromosome

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

• The ability of organisms to reproduce their own

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

• Living organisms reproduce by two methods.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

• Cell division is used for

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

• Compare sexual to asexual reproduction with

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Think …. Predict …share your ideas ..

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Think …. Predict …share your ideas ..

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Think …. Predict …share your ideas ..

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

• Prokaryotes (single-celled bacteria and archaea)

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Duplication of the chromosome

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Duplication of the chromosome

Continued elongation of the

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Duplication of the chromosome

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

• Binary fission of a prokaryote occurs in three

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

• Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

• Before a eukaryotic cell begins to divide, it

• The cell cycle is an ordered sequence of events

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

• The cell cycle consists of two stages, characterized

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

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