Ethnoarchaeology:

Current Research and Field

Methods
Conference Proceedings, Rome, Italy,
13th–14th May 2010

Edited by

Francesca Lugli
Assunta Alessandra Stoppiello
Stefano Biagetti

BAR International Series 2472

2013
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Ethnoarchaeology: Current Research and Field Methods. Conference Proceedings, Rome, Italy, 13th–14th
May 2010

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The Archaeology Viewed from an Ethnoarchaeological Perspective
Ivan Briz,, Manuel Álvarez, Edgar Camarós, Jorge Caro, Adriana Mariela Lacrouts, Lorena Salvatelli,
Luisa Vietri, Debora Zurro

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to show how an ethnoarchaeological perspective can be profitable when applied to improve a
crucial issue of the archaeological and anthropological fields of research: processes of social aggregation between hunter-
gatherer populations. For that purpose, we present the analytical framework of a project addressed to identify the material
correlates of an aggregation event developed by hunter-fisher-gatherer societies who inhabited the southern tip of South
America.

KEYWORDS: Etnoarchaeology, Aggregation Process, Hunter-Fisher-Gatherers, Tierra del Fuego, Methodology.

Résumé

L’objectif de cet article est de montrer comment une perspective ethnoarchéologique peut être rentable appliquée pour
améliorer une question cruciale de l’archéologique et anthropologique: le processus d’agrégation sociale entre les
populations de chasseurs-cueilleurs. À cette fin, nous présentons le cadre d’analyse d’un projet adressé à identifier les
corrélats matériels d’un événement d’agrégation développés par les sociétés de chasseurs-pêcheurs-cueilleurs qui ont
habité l´extrême sud de l’Amérique du Sud.

MOTS CLES: ethnoarchéologie, agrégation sociale, chasseurs-pêcheurs-cueilleurs, Tierra del Fuego, méthodologie.

Introduction: the Ethnoarchaeological Perspective otherwise dispersed. They promote cooperative activities
and constitute an arena for dynamic social interaction
For many years archaeologists have been improving (CONKEY 1980; SAFFIRIO 1980; DEL REAL 1981;
theories, methods and techniques in order to achieve more WENIGER 1987; HAYDEN 1993; KELLY 1995;
accurate explanations of past societies. Within this scenario HOFMAN 1994; FRIESEN 1999; SHOTT 2004).
Etnoarchaeology has become a powerful tool to unveil the Nevertheless, archaeologists have had to face two problems
material correlates behind different social processes in considering this issue. First, the situations under which
(GOULD 1980; AGORSAH 1990; ESTÉVEZ, VILA 1996; an aggregation might occur are very variable, so the
BÉYRIES 1997; DAVID, KRAMER 2001; KUZNAR material correlates of an aggregation process are difficult to
2001; BRIZ et al. 2006; ROUX 2007). Despite the lack of identify (CONKEY 1980). Second, the limited temporal
an overall consensus to define what Ethnoarchaeology resolution of many cultural deposits makes this topic
encompasses that led to significant debates and difficult to undertake.
disagreements into the archaeological field (BRIZ 2010), According to our ethnoarchaeological approach the study
this approach can be envisioned as an interpretative of aggregation processes may be best addressed by
framework that involves the critical use of comparative data assuming an Ethnoarchaeological approach focused on the
from historically/ethnographically documented populations critical review of ethnographical sources to formulate
to develop applicable models and methods that would serve hypothesis that will be tested against the archaeological
to relate material culture (VILA, PIANA 1993). Based record. In what follows, we will attempt to show that
upon the unicity of the social sciences, -regarding to their Ethnoarchaeology is a valuable tool for archaeological
object of study-, this Ethnoarchaeological proposal research, giving an account of the aims and analytical
(ESTÉVEZ, VILA 1996; VILA, ESTÉVEZ 2001; VILA et framework of an ongoing project that has being carried out
al. 2007) relies on the dialectical contrast between the on the Beagle Channel region (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina)
anthropological knowledge and the archaeological inquiry. with the aim of studying the social aggregation processes
This mutual confrontation between methods, sources and between hunter-gatherer societies.
outcomes between both fields of knowledge opens the
possibility to readjust and to reassess the ethnographical Case Study
information yielding at the same time the improvement of
archaeological methods and techniques. In the mid-Holocene, the Magellan-Fuegian archipelago,
Following this conceptual framework we started to carry located in the southernmost extreme of South America, was
out a project addressed to analyze the processes of peopled by nomadic hunter-gatherer-fisher societies
aggregation between hunter-gatherers societies in order to (specialized in the exploitation of maritime resources) who
unveil the mechanisms of cooperation and the dynamic of moved along the coasts and the channels using some
social interaction (BRIZ et al. 2009). Aggregations nautical craft (ORQUERA, PIANA 1999). Their economy
represent the transitory banding together of groups heavily relied on the exploitation of littoral resources such

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Fig. 1. Map of Tierra del Fuego.

as pinnipeds (Otaria flavescens and Arctocephalus people, mainly during the period spans over XIXth Century
Australis), marine birds, like seagulls (Larus dominicanus) to the beginning of XXth Century (ESTÉVEZ, VILA
or albatross (Diomedea exulans), fishes, shellfishes and 2006b; VIETRI 2010). According to the ethnographic
stranded cetaceans; on the other hand, guanacos (Lama sources, temporary concentrations between Yamana people
glama guanicoe) constituted the only terrestrial faunal prey occurred when cetacean or sardine beached and offered the
hunted by sea-nomad people, and mineral and forestry’s opportunity to celebrate youngsters´ initiation ceremonies
sources from the inlands (Fig. 1). (GUSINDE 1937).
Nearly all of the known archaeological sites recorded on Consequently, the archaeological and ethnographic records
that region are shell middens that form isolated domes or hold enormous potential to carry out an
anular structures on the ground surface. The annular shell ethnoarchaeological approach addressed to identify the
middens are interpreted as the result of the accumulation material correlates of the aggregations that could be applied
of the human residues around the perimeters of dwelling to different archaeological contexts (BRIZ et al. 2009;
units that were placed in the same spot during a length of BRIZ et al. in press) (Fig. 2).
time on different occupational events (ORQUERA, Lanashuaia archaeological locality -placed on the northern
PIANA 1992; ESTÉVEZ, VILA 2006a). The study of the side of Beagle shore (54° 52,75’ S - 67°16, 49’ W) provides
formation processes led to recognize very short episodes of valuable data for testing the aggregation hypothesis
midden deposition; as a result, a fine-scaled record of past (PIANA et al. 2000) due to the spatial organization of shell
societies’ activities was achieved (BAILEY 1977; midden structures (evenly spaced, in a linear distribution
ORQUERA, PIANA 1992; STEIN 1992; ESTÉVEZ, and presumably corresponding to simultaneous
VILA 2006A; VILA et al. 2009). These contexts decrease occupations), their depositional pattern and the presence of
the acidity in the soil providing increased preservation of whale bones and offshore fish remains that might have
organic artifacts allowing the use of independent lines of implied cooperative capture techniques. Up to the present
research. research in the area has been focused on two adjacent
During historical times, these societies were called Yamana structures: Lanashuaia I, fully excavated during different
or Yaghanes (GUSINDE 1937) and their long-standing field seasons: 1995 and 1996 (PIANA et al. 2000), and
system (ORQUERA et al. in press) collapsed due to the 2005 (ÁLVAREZ et al. 2009) and Lanashuaia II, which
arrival of the Europeans who provoked a deep started to be digged in 2009 (BRIZ et al. 2009) (Fig. 3).
disintegration of their social order as a consequence of
introduced diseases, the over-hunting of pinnipeds carried Methodological Improvement
out by western industrial exploitation and the forced
integration into a western way-of-life by the missions In order to analise the intra-group interaction processes in
(GUSINDE 1937). In contrast, the western populations the context of an aggregation event, we are developping a
provided a rich ethographic and historical record of Yamana transdisciplinar multidimensional approach that combines

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Fig. 2. Lanashuaia archaeological locality on Cambaceres Bay.

Fig. 3. Lanashuaia II site. Annular structure.

83
different lines of research. After a critical review of the include form-function relationships and use-wear analysis
ethnographic sources from an ethnoarchaeological have been conducted to unveil the production-consumption
perspective, the main hypothesis as well as methodological activities developed in both sites. However, the historical
steps could be drawn. sources point out that Yamana people took advantage of a
One of the primary issues of this topic to elucidate if the wide range of resources that do not preserve in the
dwelling units (Lanashuaia I and II) are in fact the result of archaeological record. For that reason a residue analysis
simultaneous occupations. The achievement of this purpose approach has started to be developed in order to overcome
implied both appropiately designed fieldwork strategy and this constraint. This approach includes two independent
accurate laboratory analytical techniques. Different lines of methodological procedures. The first procedure consists on
research have been implemented to accomplish this issue: the extraction of possible residues from stone tool edges
- Radiocarbon dating program that includes the dating of (phytoliths, fatty acids, blood residues) and the afterward
charcoal samples collected from different layers of both confrontation with the results obtained from use-wear
sites; analysis (SHANKS et al. 2001; ZURRO et al. 2008). A
- Refitting of lithic artifacts and faunal remains control sample of the matrix in which the stone tool was
(HOFMAN, ENLOE 1992; ENLOE 2003, 2004; recovered is also examined to identify possible
MORIN et al. 2005; COOPER, QIU 2006); contamination problems (ÁLVAREZ et al. 2009; BRIZ et
- Sclerochronology (which includes the analysis of the al. in press). The second procedure implies phytoliths and
periodic growth structures in limpets (Nacella fatty acids of sediment samples collected in different places
magellanica); this technique provides indirect of the dwelling units with the aim of identifying productive
indicators of contemporary occupations to the extent and/or consumption areas. This procedure is supported by
that it allows to define seasonality of shell midden an intensive sedimentary sampling program. These studies
deposits (QUITMYER et al. 1997; VERDÚN et al. in combining with the spatial distribution activities will enable
press) (Fig. 4). to distinguish areas of production and consumption of
- Improvement of DNA analysis on whale bones remains resources.
(COOPER, WAYNE 1998; REUTHER et al. 2006) in
order to establish if they belong to the same species, Concluding Remarks
and, if so, to the same individual (Fig. 5).
The second challenge of this project consists on unveiling The increasing interest of archaological research in the
the spatial patterns and organisational principles of group analysis of social relationships poses a remarkable
gathering during the aggregation event. Extensive inflectional point that encourages a theroretical and
excavations (ORQUERA, PIANA 1996; ESTÉVEZ, VILA methodological debate. The study of intra-group interaction
2000), including exhaustive three-dimensional plotting of processes in the context of an aggregation event, can
the finds, and detailed stratigraphic studies have being contribute to this discussion providing important insights
undertaken with the aim of understanding the formation into the analysis of social relationships. Within this
processes (ORQUERA, PIANA 2001) that lead to shell framework, Etnoarchaeology become a heuristic tool to the
midden accumulations, obtaining a chronological and extent that it can be used as an experimental framework to
spatial framework to place the human finds and post derive and to adjust different methods and techniques from
depositional disturbances as well as the recording of the the ethnographical information.The critical review of
residential spaces and activity areas in and around the historical sources available for Yamana case study allowed
annular structures (MOYES 2002). The stratigraphic us to develop testable hypothesis about social aggregation
studies also involved the analysis of matrix composition of and its material correlates, including more accurate
the discriminated layers of sediments to detect single methods to deal with the archaeological record.
depositional units (ORQUERA 1996; ESTÉVEZ, VILA
2000). Following the aforementioned procedures, the inter- Acknowledgements
site variability can be assessed and the cooperative
practices can emerge. From our perspective, a shared The authors would like to acknowledge Associazione
management of social space, resources and their production Italiana di Etnoarcheologia for the invitation to assist to this
and consumption processes, like lithic tools production and Congress. Special thanks also go to the people who
use, or the direct consumption of the same sea lion by the collaborate during the fieldwork seasons. The projects
inhabitants of both dwelling units, for example, can be from which this paper arises benefitted from funding by
assumed as cooperative activities markers (BRIZ et al. The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological
2009). Research, USA (Social aggregation: a Yámana Society’s
Finally, the social practices involved in the event are short term episode to Analyse Social Interaction), Ministry
another key issue in the study of the aggregation process. of Science and Innovation of Spain (Marcadores
An array of standard and novel methods are being Arqueológicos de Relaciones Sociales: etnoarqueología de
integrated to tackle this question following a model of cazadores-recolectores en el Canal Beagle-HAR2009-
resources exploitation derived from the ethnographic 06996) and National Council of Scientific and Technical
information. Current zooarchaeological and anthracological Research-CONICET, Argentina (PIP0706).
studies, bone and lithic technology examination that

84
Fig. 4. Lanashuaia II: shell midden layer.

Fig. 5. Lanashuaia II: whale and pinniped bones.

85
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